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Grebe S, Porcar-Castell A, Riikonen A, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM. Accounting for photosystem I photoinhibition sheds new light on seasonal acclimation strategies of boreal conifers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3973-3992. [PMID: 38572950 PMCID: PMC11233416 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The photosynthetic acclimation of boreal evergreen conifers is controlled by regulatory and photoprotective mechanisms that allow conifers to cope with extreme environmental changes. However, the underlying dynamics of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) remain unresolved. Here, we investigated the dynamics of PSII and PSI during the spring recovery of photosynthesis in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies using a combination of chlorophyll a fluorescence, P700 difference absorbance measurements, and quantification of key thylakoid protein abundances. In particular, we derived a new set of PSI quantum yield equations, correcting for the effects of PSI photoinhibition. Using the corrected equations, we found that the seasonal dynamics of PSII and PSI photochemical yields remained largely in balance, despite substantial seasonal changes in the stoichiometry of PSII and PSI core complexes driven by PSI photoinhibition. Similarly, the previously reported seasonal up-regulation of cyclic electron flow was no longer evident, after accounting for PSI photoinhibition. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of considering the dynamics of PSII and PSI to elucidate the seasonal acclimation of photosynthesis in overwintering evergreens. Beyond the scope of conifers, our corrected PSI quantum yields expand the toolkit for future studies aimed at elucidating the dynamic regulation of PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Grebe
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Riikonen
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Paakkarinen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Demircan N, Sonmez MC, Akyol TY, Ozgur R, Turkan I, Dietz KJ, Uzilday B. Alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytes as a safety valve for controlling ROS production during salinity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14397. [PMID: 38894507 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC) is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Electron fluxes depend on environmental parameters, e.g., ionic and osmotic conditions and endogenous factors, and this may cause severe imbalances. Plants have evolved alternative sinks to balance the reductive load on the electron transport chains in order to avoid overreduction, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and to cope with environmental stresses. These sinks act primarily as valves for electron drainage and secondarily as regulators of tolerance-related metabolism, utilizing the excess reductive energy. High salinity is an environmental stressor that stimulates the generation of ROS and oxidative stress, which affects growth and development by disrupting the redox homeostasis of plants. While glycophytic plants are sensitive to high salinity, halophytic plants tolerate, grow, and reproduce at high salinity. Various studies have examined the ETC systems of glycophytic plants, however, information about the state and regulation of ETCs in halophytes under non-saline and saline conditions is scarce. This review focuses on alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytic plants. In cases where information on halophytes is lacking, we examined the available knowledge on the relationship between alternative sinks and gradual salinity resilience of glycophytes. To this end, transcriptional responses of involved components of photosynthetic and respiratory ETCs were compared between the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana and the halophyte Schrenkiella parvula, and the time-courses of these transcripts were examined in A. thaliana. The observed regulatory patterns are discussed in the context of reactive molecular species formation in halophytes and glycophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Demircan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Turgut Yigit Akyol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rengin Ozgur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Soil and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Yasar University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Baris Uzilday
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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3
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Messant M, Hani U, Lai TL, Wilson A, Shimakawa G, Krieger-Liszkay A. Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:669-678. [PMID: 37921075 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX controls the oxidation level of the plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane and acts as a safety valve upon abiotic stress, but detailed characterization of its role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus is limited. Here we used PTOX mutants in two model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. In Arabidopsis, lack of PTOX leads to a severe defect in pigmentation, a so-called variegated phenotype, when plants are grown at standard light intensities. We created a green Arabidopsis PTOX mutant expressing the bacterial carotenoid desaturase CRTI and a double mutant in Marchantia lacking both PTOX isoforms, the plant-type and the alga-type PTOX. In both species, lack of PTOX affected the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Exposure of plants to high light intensity showed in the absence of PTOX higher susceptibility of photosystem I to light-induced damage while photosystem II was more stable compared with the wild type demonstrating that PTOX plays both, a pro-oxidant and an anti-oxidant role in vivo. Our results shed new light on the function of PTOX in the protection of photosystem I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Umama Hani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thanh-Lan Lai
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Adjélé Wilson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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4
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Calzadilla PI, Song J, Gallois P, Johnson GN. Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 38177155 PMCID: PMC10767095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast localized plastoquinone oxygen oxidoreductase suggested to have the potential to act as a photoprotective safety valve for photosynthesis. However, PTOX overexpression in plants has been unsuccessful at inducing photoprotection, and the factors that control its activity remain elusive. Here, we show that significant PTOX activity is induced in response to high light in the model species Eutrema salsugineum and Arabidopsis thaliana. This activation correlates with structural reorganization of the thylakoid membrane. Over-expression of PTOX in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana perturbed in thylakoid stacking also results in such activity, in contrast to wild type plants with normal granal structure. Further, PTOX activation protects against photoinhibition of Photosystem II and reduces reactive oxygen production under stress conditions. We conclude that structural re-arrangements of the thylakoid membranes, bringing Photosystem II and PTOX into proximity, are both required and sufficient for PTOX to act as a Photosystem II sink and play a role in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ignacio Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Junliang Song
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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5
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Tikhonov AN. Electron Transport in Chloroplasts: Regulation and Alternative Pathways of Electron Transfer. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1438-1454. [PMID: 38105016 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This work represents an overview of electron transport regulation in chloroplasts as considered in the context of structure-function organization of photosynthetic apparatus in plants. Main focus of the article is on bifurcated oxidation of plastoquinol by the cytochrome b6f complex, which represents the rate-limiting step of electron transfer between photosystems II and I. Electron transport along the chains of non-cyclic, cyclic, and pseudocyclic electron flow, their relationships to generation of the trans-thylakoid difference in electrochemical potentials of protons in chloroplasts, and pH-dependent mechanisms of regulation of the cytochrome b6f complex are considered. Redox reactions with participation of molecular oxygen and ascorbate, alternative mediators of electron transport in chloroplasts, have also been discussed.
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6
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Molinari PE, Krapp AR, Zurbriggen MD, Carrillo N. Lighting the light reactions of photosynthesis by means of redox-responsive genetically encoded biosensors for photosynthetic intermediates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2005-2018. [PMID: 37195389 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis involves light and dark phases. In the light phase, photosynthetic electron transport provides reducing power and energy to support the carbon assimilation process. It also contributes signals to defensive, repair, and metabolic pathways critical for plant growth and survival. The redox state of components of the photosynthetic machinery and associated routes determines the extent and direction of plant responses to environmental and developmental stimuli, and therefore, their space- and time-resolved detection in planta becomes critical to understand and engineer plant metabolism. Until recently, studies in living systems have been hampered by the inadequacy of disruptive analytical methods. Genetically encoded indicators based on fluorescent proteins provide new opportunities to illuminate these important issues. We summarize here information about available biosensors designed to monitor the levels and redox state of various components of the light reactions, including NADP(H), glutathione, thioredoxin, and reactive oxygen species. Comparatively few probes have been used in plants, and their application to chloroplasts poses still additional challenges. We discuss advantages and limitations of biosensors based on different principles and propose rationales for the design of novel probes to estimate the NADP(H) and ferredoxin/flavodoxin redox poise, as examples of the exciting questions that could be addressed by further development of these tools. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are remarkable tools to monitor the levels and/or redox state of components of the photosynthetic light reactions and accessory pathways. Reducing equivalents generated at the photosynthetic electron transport chain in the form of NADPH and reduced ferredoxin (FD) are used in central metabolism, regulation, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Redox components of these pathways whose levels and/or redox status have been imaged in plants using biosensors are highlighted in green (NADPH, glutathione, H2O2, thioredoxins). Analytes with available biosensors not tried in plants are shown in pink (NADP+). Finally, redox shuttles with no existing biosensors are circled in light blue. APX, ASC peroxidase; ASC, ascorbate; DHA, dehydroascorbate; DHAR, DHA reductase; FNR, FD-NADP+ reductase; FTR, FD-TRX reductase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; MDA, monodehydroascorbate; MDAR, MDA reductase; NTRC, NADPH-TRX reductase C; OAA, oxaloacetate; PRX, peroxiredoxin; PSI, photosystem I; PSII: photosystem II; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TRX, thioredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela E Molinari
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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7
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Pang X, Nawrocki WJ, Cardol P, Zheng M, Jiang J, Fang Y, Yang W, Croce R, Tian L. Weak acids produced during anaerobic respiration suppress both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4207. [PMID: 37452043 PMCID: PMC10349137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While photosynthesis transforms sunlight energy into sugar, aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation) catabolizes sugars to fuel cellular activities. These processes take place within one cell across several compartments, however it remains largely unexplored how they interact with one another. Here we report that the weak acids produced during fermentation down-regulate both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. This effect is mechanistically explained with an "ion trapping" model, in which the lipid bilayer selectively traps protons that effectively acidify subcellular compartments with smaller buffer capacities - such as the thylakoid lumen. Physiologically, we propose that under certain conditions, e.g., dim light at dawn, tuning down the photosynthetic light reaction could mitigate the pressure on its electron transport chains, while suppression of respiration could accelerate the net oxygen evolution, thus speeding up the recovery from hypoxia. Since we show that this effect is conserved across photosynthetic phyla, these results indicate that fermentation metabolites exert widespread feedback control over photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. This likely allows algae to better cope with changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Pang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière chez les Microalgues, UMR7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cardol
- Génétique et Physiologie des Microalgues, InBioS/Phytosystems, Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, B22, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab Amsterdam Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lijin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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8
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Saroussi S, Redekop P, Karns DAJ, Thomas DC, Wittkopp TM, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Restricting electron flow at cytochrome b6f when downstream electron acceptors are severely limited. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:789-804. [PMID: 36960590 PMCID: PMC10231464 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms frequently experience abiotic stress that restricts their growth and development. Under such circumstances, most absorbed solar energy cannot be used for CO2 fixation and can cause the photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage the photosynthetic reaction centers of PSI and PSII, resulting in a decline in primary productivity. This work describes a biological "switch" in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that reversibly restricts photosynthetic electron transport (PET) at the cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) complex when the capacity for accepting electrons downstream of PSI is severely limited. We specifically show this restriction in STARCHLESS6 (sta6) mutant cells, which cannot synthesize starch when they are limited for nitrogen (growth inhibition) and subjected to a dark-to-light transition. This restriction represents a form of photosynthetic control that causes diminished electron flow to PSI and thereby prevents PSI photodamage but does not appear to rely on a ΔpH. Furthermore, when electron flow is restricted, the plastid alternative oxidase (PTOX) becomes active, functioning as an electron valve that dissipates some excitation energy absorbed by PSII and allows the formation of a proton motive force (PMF) that would drive some ATP production (potentially sustaining PSII repair and nonphotochemical quenching [NPQ]). The restriction at the Cyt b6f complex can be gradually relieved with continued illumination. This study provides insights into how PET responds to a marked reduction in availability of downstream electron acceptors and the protective mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Petra Redekop
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Devin A J Karns
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Dylan C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Gao H, McCormick AJ, Roston RL, Lu Y. Editorial: Structure and function of chloroplasts, Volume III. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145680. [PMID: 36938040 PMCID: PMC10014905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Alistair J. McCormick
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Roston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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10
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Dunn AK. Alternative oxidase in bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148929. [PMID: 36265564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While alternative oxidase (AOX) was discovered in bacteria in 2003, the expression, function, and evolutionary history of this protein in these important organisms is largely unexplored. To date, expression and functional analysis is limited to studies in the Proteobacteria Novosphingobium aromaticivorans and Vibrio fischeri, where AOX likely plays roles in maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis and supporting responses to cellular stress. This review describes the history of the study of AOX in bacteria, details current knowledge of the predicted biochemical and structural characteristics, distribution, and function of bacterial AOX, and highlights interesting areas for the future study of AOX in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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11
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Joliot P, Sellés J, Wollman FA, Verméglio A. High efficient cyclic electron flow and functional supercomplexes in Chlamydomonas cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148909. [PMID: 35952798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A very high rate for cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI (~180 s-1 or 210 s-1 in minimum medium or in the presence of a carbon source respectively) is measured in the presence of methyl viologen (MV) in intact cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under anaerobic conditions. The observation of an efficient CEF in the presence of methyl viologen is in agreement with the previous results reports of Asada et al. in broken chloroplasts (Plant Cell Physiol. 31(4) (1990) 557-564). From the analysis of the P700 and PC absorbance changes, we propose that a confinement between 2 PC molecules, 1 PSI and 1 cytb6f corresponding to a functional supercomplex is responsible for these high rates of CEF. Supercomplex formation is also observed in the absence of methyl viologen, but with lower maximal CEF rate (about 100 s-1) suggesting that this compound facilitates the mediation of electron transfer from PSI acceptors to the stromal side of cytb6f. Further analysis of CEF in mutants of Chlamydomonas defective in state transitions shows the requirement of a kinase-driven transition to state 2 to establish this functional supercomplex configuration. However, a movement of the LHCII antennae is not involved in this process. We discuss the possible involvement of auxiliary proteins, among which is a small cytb6f-associated polypeptide, the PETO protein, which is one of the targets of the STT7 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Joliot
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS UMR 7141, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Julien Sellés
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS UMR 7141, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Françis-André Wollman
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS UMR 7141, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - André Verméglio
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Chloroplaste et Perception de la Lumière Chez les Microalgues, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS UMR 7141, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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12
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Fitzpatrick D, Aro EM, Tiwari A. True oxygen reduction capacity during photosynthetic electron transfer in thylakoids and intact leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:112-128. [PMID: 35166847 PMCID: PMC9070831 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in electron transport processes of living organisms in oxygenic environments. Chloroplasts are plant bioenergetics hubs where imbalances between photosynthetic inputs and outputs drive ROS generation upon changing environmental conditions. Plants have harnessed various site-specific thylakoid membrane ROS products into environmental sensory signals. Our current understanding of ROS production in thylakoids suggests that oxygen (O2) reduction takes place at numerous components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC). To refine models of site-specific O2 reduction capacity of various PETC components in isolated thylakoids of Arabidopsis thaliana, we quantified the stoichiometry of oxygen production and consumption reactions associated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry and specific inhibitors. Combined with P700 spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping, we demonstrate that electron flow to photosystem I (PSI) is essential for H2O2 accumulation during the photosynthetic linear electron transport process. Further leaf disc measurements provided clues that H2O2 from PETC has a potential of increasing mitochondrial respiration and CO2 release. Based on gas exchange analyses in control, site-specific inhibitor-, methyl viologen-, and catalase-treated thylakoids, we provide compelling evidence of no contribution of plastoquinone pool or cytochrome b6f to chloroplastic H2O2 accumulation. The putative production of H2O2 in any PETC location other than PSI is rapidly quenched and therefore cannot function in H2O2 translocation to another cellular location or in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Fitzpatrick
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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13
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Lysenko V, Varduny T. High levels of anoxygenic photosynthesis revealed by dual-frequency Fourier photoacoustics in Ailanthus altissima leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:573-586. [PMID: 35413232 DOI: 10.1071/fp21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to oxygenic photosynthesis, true anoxygenic photosynthesis is not associated with O2 evolution originated from water photolysis but still converts light energy to that of the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP. In a narrow sense, anoxygenic photosynthesis is mainly known as to be related to the purple and green sulfur bacteria, but in a broad sense, it also occurs in the vascular plants. The portion of photosynthetic water photolysis that is compensated by the processes of O2 uptake (respiration, photorespiration, Mehler cycle, etc.) may be referred to as 'quasi' anoxygenic photosynthesis. Photoacoustic method allows for the separate detection of photolytic O2 at frequencies of measuring light about 20-40Hz, whereas at 250-400Hz, it detects the photochemical energy storage. We have developed a fast-Fourier transform photoacoustic method enabling measurements of both these signals simultaneously in one sample. This method allows to calculate oxygenic coefficients, which reflect the part of photochemically stored light energy that is used for the water photolysis. We show that the true anoxygenic photosynthesis in Ailanthus altissima Mill. leaves reached very high levels under low light, under moderate light at the beginning of the 1-h period, and at the end of the 40-min period under saturating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Botanichesky spusk 7, 344041 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Botanichesky spusk 7, 344041 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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14
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Sattari Vayghan H, Nawrocki WJ, Schiphorst C, Tolleter D, Hu C, Douet V, Glauser G, Finazzi G, Croce R, Wientjes E, Longoni F. Photosynthetic Light Harvesting and Thylakoid Organization in a CRISPR/Cas9 Arabidopsis Thaliana LHCB1 Knockout Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833032. [PMID: 35330875 PMCID: PMC8940271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light absorbed by chlorophylls of Photosystems II and I drives oxygenic photosynthesis. Light-harvesting complexes increase the absorption cross-section of these photosystems. Furthermore, these complexes play a central role in photoprotection by dissipating the excess of absorbed light energy in an inducible and regulated fashion. In higher plants, the main light-harvesting complex is trimeric LHCII. In this work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the five genes encoding LHCB1, which is the major component of LHCII. In absence of LHCB1, the accumulation of the other LHCII isoforms was only slightly increased, thereby resulting in chlorophyll loss, leading to a pale green phenotype and growth delay. The Photosystem II absorption cross-section was smaller, while the Photosystem I absorption cross-section was unaffected. This altered the chlorophyll repartition between the two photosystems, favoring Photosystem I excitation. The equilibrium of the photosynthetic electron transport was partially maintained by lower Photosystem I over Photosystem II reaction center ratio and by the dephosphorylation of LHCII and Photosystem II. Loss of LHCB1 altered the thylakoid structure, with less membrane layers per grana stack and reduced grana width. Stable LHCB1 knockout lines allow characterizing the role of this protein in light harvesting and acclimation and pave the way for future in vivo mutational analyses of LHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sattari Vayghan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech J. Nawrocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Tolleter
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Véronique Douet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fiamma Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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15
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Rog I, Chaturvedi AK, Tiwari V, Danon A. Low light-regulated intramolecular disulfide fine-tunes the role of PTOX in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:585-597. [PMID: 34767654 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-based regulation links the activity of numerous chloroplast proteins with photosynthesis-derived redox signals. The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a thylakoid-bound plastoquinol oxidase that has been implicated in multiple roles in the light and in the dark, which could require different levels of PTOX activity. Here we show that Arabidopsis PTOX contains a conserved C-terminus domain (CTD) with cysteines that evolved progressively following the colonization of the land by plants. Furthermore, the CTD contains a regulatory disulfide that is in the oxidized state in the dark and is rapidly reduced, within 5 min, in low light intensity (1-5 µE m-2 sec-1 ). The reduced PTOX form in the light was reoxidized within 15 min after transition to the dark. Mutation of the cysteines in the CTD prevented the formation of the oxidized form. This resulted in higher levels of reduced plastoquinone when measured at transition to the onset of low light. This is consistent with the reduced state of PTOX exhibiting diminished PTOX oxidase activity under conditions of limiting PQH2 substrate. Our findings suggest that AtPTOX-CTD evolved to provide light-dependent regulation of PTOX activity for the adaptation of plants to terrestrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avihai Danon
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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16
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Ivanov AG, Krol M, Savitch LV, Szyszka-Mroz B, Roche J, Sprott DP, Selstam E, Wilson KW, Gardiner R, Öquist G, Hurry VM, Hüner NPA. The decreased PG content of pgp1 inhibits PSI photochemistry and limits reaction center and light-harvesting polypeptide accumulation in response to cold acclimation. PLANTA 2022; 255:36. [PMID: 35015152 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Decreased PG constrains PSI activity due to inhibition of transcript and polypeptide abundance of light-harvesting and reaction center polypeptides generating a reversible, yellow phenotype during cold acclimation of pgp1. Cold acclimation of the Arabidopsis pgp1 mutant at 5 °C resulted in a pale-yellow phenotype with abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure compared to its green phenotype upon growth at 20 °C despite a normal cold-acclimation response at the transcript level. In contrast, wild type maintained its normal green phenotype and chloroplast ultrastructure irrespective of growth temperature. In contrast to cold acclimation of WT, growth of pgp1 at 5 °C limited the accumulation of Lhcbs and Lhcas assessed by immunoblotting. However, a novel 43 kD polypeptide of Lhcb1 as well as a 29 kD polypeptide of Lhcb3 accumulated in the soluble fraction which was absent in the thylakoid membrane fraction of cold-acclimated pgp1 which was not observed in WT. Cold acclimation of pgp1 destabilized the Chl-protein complexes associated with PSI and predisposed energy distribution in favor of PSII rather than PSI compared to the WT. Functionally, in vivo PSI versus PSII photochemistry was inhibited in cold-acclimated pgp1 to a greater extent than in WT relative to controls. Greening of the pale-yellow pgp1 was induced when cold-acclimated pgp1 was shifted from 5 to 20 °C which resulted in a marked decrease in excitation pressure to a level comparable to WT. Concomitantly, Lhcbs and Lhcas accumulated with a simultaneous decrease in the novel 43 and 29kD polypeptides. We conclude that the reduced levels of phosphatidyldiacylglycerol in the pgp1 limit the capacity of the mutant to maintain the structure and function of its photosynthetic apparatus during cold acclimation. Thus, maintenance of normal thylakoid phosphatidyldiacylglycerol levels is essential to stabilize the photosynthetic apparatus during cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marianna Krol
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Leonid V Savitch
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A OC6, Canada
| | - Beth Szyszka-Mroz
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jessica Roche
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- , 6/136 Austin St, Mt. Victoria, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand
| | - D P Sprott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A OC6, Canada
| | - Eva Selstam
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kenneth W Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Richard Gardiner
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gunnar Öquist
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan M Hurry
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Norman P A Hüner
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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17
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Hüner NPA, Smith DR, Cvetkovska M, Zhang X, Ivanov AG, Szyszka-Mroz B, Kalra I, Morgan-Kiss R. Photosynthetic adaptation to polar life: Energy balance, photoprotection and genetic redundancy. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153557. [PMID: 34922115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The persistent low temperature that characterize polar habitats combined with the requirement for light for all photoautotrophs creates a conundrum. The absorption of too much light at low temperature can cause an energy imbalance that decreases photosynthetic performance that has a negative impact on growth and can affect long-term survival. The goal of this review is to survey the mechanism(s) by which polar photoautotrophs maintain cellular energy balance, that is, photostasis to overcome the potential for cellular energy imbalance in their low temperature environments. Photopsychrophiles are photosynthetic organisms that are obligately adapted to low temperature (0⁰- 15 °C) but usually die at higher temperatures (≥20 °C). In contrast, photopsychrotolerant species can usually tolerate and survive a broad range of temperatures (5⁰- 40 °C). First, we summarize the basic concepts of excess excitation energy, energy balance, photoprotection and photostasis and their importance to survival in polar habitats. Second, we compare the photoprotective mechanisms that underlie photostasis and survival in aquatic cyanobacteria and green algae as well as terrestrial Antarctic and Arctic plants. We show that polar photopsychrophilic and photopsychrotolerant organisms attain energy balance at low temperature either through a regulated reduction in the efficiency of light absorption or through enhanced capacity to consume photosynthetic electrons by the induction of O2 as an alternative electron acceptor. Finally, we compare the published genomes of three photopsychrophilic and one photopsychrotolerant alga with five mesophilic green algae including the model green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We relate our genomic analyses to photoprotective mechanisms that contribute to the potential attainment of photostasis. Finally, we discuss how the observed genomic redundancy in photopsychrophilic genomes may confer energy balance, photoprotection and resilience to their harsh polar environment. Primary production in aquatic, Antarctic and Arctic environments is dependent on diverse algal and cyanobacterial communities. Although mosses and lichens dominate the Antarctic terrestrial landscape, only two extant angiosperms exist in the Antarctic. The identification of a single 'molecular key' to unravel adaptation of photopsychrophily and photopsychrotolerance remains elusive. Since these photoautotrophs represent excellent biomarkers to assess the impact of global warming on polar ecosystems, increased study of these polar photoautotrophs remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P A Hüner
- Dept. of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - David R Smith
- Dept. of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | | | - Xi Zhang
- Dept. of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Dept. of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada; Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Beth Szyszka-Mroz
- Dept. of Biology and the Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Isha Kalra
- Dept. of Microbiology, Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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18
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Brown MB, Milligan AM, Behrenfeld MJ. Interspecies differences in the response of fluorescence transients to changes in growth irradiance reflect different photoacclimation strategies in two diatom species. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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19
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Chadee A, Alber NA, Dahal K, Vanlerberghe GC. The Complementary Roles of Chloroplast Cyclic Electron Transport and Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase to Ensure Photosynthetic Performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748204. [PMID: 34650584 PMCID: PMC8505746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts use light energy and a linear electron transport (LET) pathway for the coupled generation of NADPH and ATP. It is widely accepted that the production ratio of ATP to NADPH is usually less than required to fulfill the energetic needs of the chloroplast. Left uncorrected, this would quickly result in an over-reduction of the stromal pyridine nucleotide pool (i.e., high NADPH/NADP+ ratio) and under-energization of the stromal adenine nucleotide pool (i.e., low ATP/ADP ratio). These imbalances could cause metabolic bottlenecks, as well as increased generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Chloroplast cyclic electron transport (CET) and the chloroplast malate valve could each act to prevent stromal over-reduction, albeit in distinct ways. CET avoids the NADPH production associated with LET, while the malate valve consumes the NADPH associated with LET. CET could operate by one of two different pathways, depending upon the chloroplast ATP demand. The NADH dehydrogenase-like pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the pathway involving PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1). Similarly, the malate valve could couple with one of two different mitochondrial electron transport pathways, depending upon the cytosolic ATP demand. The cytochrome pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. In both Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, PGR5/PGRL1 pathway mutants have increased amounts of AOX, suggesting complementary roles for these two lesser-ATP yielding mechanisms of preventing stromal over-reduction. These two pathways may become most relevant under environmental stress conditions that lower the ATP demands for carbon fixation and carbohydrate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Zendonadi Dos Santos N, Piepho HP, Condorelli GE, Licieri Groli E, Newcomb M, Ward R, Tuberosa R, Maccaferri M, Fiorani F, Rascher U, Muller O. High-throughput field phenotyping reveals genetic variation in photosynthetic traits in durum wheat under drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2858-2878. [PMID: 34189744 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) is a powerful non-invasive technique for probing photosynthesis. Although proposed as a method for drought tolerance screening, ChlF has not yet been fully adopted in physiological breeding, mainly due to limitations in high-throughput field phenotyping capabilities. The light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) sensor has recently been shown to reliably provide active ChlF data for rapid and remote characterisation of plant photosynthetic performance. We used the LIFT sensor to quantify photosynthesis traits across time in a large panel of durum wheat genotypes subjected to a progressive drought in replicated field trials over two growing seasons. The photosynthetic performance was measured at the canopy level by means of the operating efficiency of Photosystem II ( Fq'/Fm' ) and the kinetics of electron transport measured by reoxidation rates ( Fr1' and Fr2' ). Short- and long-term changes in ChlF traits were found in response to soil water availability and due to interactions with weather fluctuations. In mild drought, Fq'/Fm' and Fr2' were little affected, while Fr1' was consistently accelerated in water-limited compared to well-watered plants, increasingly so with rising vapour pressure deficit. This high-throughput approach allowed assessment of the native genetic diversity in ChlF traits while considering the diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Eder Licieri Groli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Newcomb
- Maricopa Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Maricopa, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard Ward
- Maricopa Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Maricopa, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Maccaferri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Onno Muller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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21
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Lodeyro AF, Krapp AR, Carrillo N. Photosynthesis and chloroplast redox signaling in the age of global warming: stress tolerance, acclimation, and developmental plasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5919-5937. [PMID: 34111246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is characterized by the increased intensity and frequency of environmental stress events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which have a debilitating impact on photosynthesis and growth, compromising the production of food, feed, and biofuels for an expanding population. The need to increase crop productivity in the context of global warming has fueled attempts to improve several key plant features such as photosynthetic performance, assimilate partitioning, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Chloroplast redox metabolism, including photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 reductive assimilation, are primary targets of most stress conditions, leading to excessive excitation pressure, photodamage, and propagation of reactive oxygen species. Alterations in chloroplast redox poise, in turn, provide signals that exit the plastid and modulate plant responses to the environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes could provide novel tools to increase crop yield in suboptimal environments. We describe herein various interventions into chloroplast redox networks that resulted in increased tolerance to multiple sources of environmental stress. They included manipulation of endogenous components and introduction of electron carriers from other organisms, which affected not only stress endurance but also leaf size and longevity. The resulting scenario indicates that chloroplast redox pathways have an important impact on plant growth, development, and defense that goes beyond their roles in primary metabolism. Manipulation of these processes provides additional strategies for the design of crops with improved performance under destabilized climate conditions as foreseen for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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22
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Wang D, Wang C, Li C, Song H, Qin J, Chang H, Fu W, Wang Y, Wang F, Li B, Hao Y, Xu M, Fu A. Functional Relationship of Arabidopsis AOXs and PTOX Revealed via Transgenic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692847. [PMID: 34367216 PMCID: PMC8336870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) are terminal oxidases of electron transfer in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. Here, taking advantage of the variegation phenotype of the Arabidopsis PTOX deficient mutant (im), we examined the functional relationship between PTOX and its five distantly related homologs (AOX1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2). When engineered into chloroplasts, AOX1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2 rescued the im defect, while AOX1a partially suppressed the mutant phenotype, indicating that AOXs could function as PQH2 oxidases. When the full length AOXs were overexpressed in im, only AOX1b and AOX2 rescued its variegation phenotype. In vivo fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOXs and subcellular fractionation assays showed that AOX1b and AOX2 could partially enter chloroplasts while AOX1c and AOX1d were exclusively present in mitochondria. Surprisingly, the subcellular fractionation, but not the fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOX1a, revealed that a small portion of AOX1a could sort into chloroplasts. We further fused and expressed the targeting peptides of AOXs with the mature form of PTOX in im individually; and found that targeting peptides of AOX1a, AOX1b, and AOX2, but not that of AOX1c or AOX1d, could direct PTOX into chloroplasts. It demonstrated that chloroplast-localized AOXs, but not mitochondria-localized AOXs, can functionally compensate for the PTOX deficiency in chloroplasts, providing a direct evidence for the functional relevance of AOX and PTOX, shedding light on the interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts and the complex mechanisms of protein dual targeting in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cai Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaqi Hao
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Alber NA, Vanlerberghe GC. The flexibility of metabolic interactions between chloroplasts and mitochondria in Nicotiana tabacum leaf. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1625-1646. [PMID: 33811402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effect of mitochondrial function on photosynthesis, wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana tabacum with varying amounts of alternative oxidase (AOX) were treated with different respiratory inhibitors. Initially, each inhibitor increased the reduction state of the chloroplast electron transport chain, most severely in AOX knockdowns and least severely in AOX overexpressors. This indicated that the mitochondrion was a necessary sink for photo-generated reductant, contributing to the 'P700 oxidation capacity' of photosystem I. Initially, the Complex III inhibitor myxothiazol and the mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin caused an increase in photosystem II regulated non-photochemical quenching not evident with the Complex III inhibitor antimycin A (AA). This indicated that the increased quenching depended upon AA-sensitive cyclic electron transport (CET). Following 12 h with oligomycin, the reduction state of the chloroplast electron transport chain recovered in all plant lines. Recovery was associated with large increases in the protein amount of chloroplast ATP synthase and mitochondrial uncoupling protein. This increased the capacity for photophosphorylation in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation and enabled the mitochondrion to act again as a sink for photo-generated reductant. Comparing the AA and myxothiazol treatments at 12 h showed that CET optimized photosystem I quantum yield, depending upon the P700 oxidation capacity. When this capacity was too high, CET drew electrons away from other sinks, moderating the P700+ amount. When P700 oxidation capacity was too low, CET acted as an electron overflow, moderating the amount of reduced P700. This study reveals flexible chloroplast-mitochondrion interactions able to overcome lesions in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
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Messant M, Krieger-Liszkay A, Shimakawa G. Dynamic Changes in Protein-Membrane Association for Regulating Photosynthetic Electron Transport. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051216. [PMID: 34065690 PMCID: PMC8155901 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis has to work efficiently in contrasting environments such as in shade and full sun. Rapid changes in light intensity and over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain cause production of reactive oxygen species, which can potentially damage the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus, to avoid such damage, photosynthetic electron transport is regulated on many levels, including light absorption in antenna, electron transfer reactions in the reaction centers, and consumption of ATP and NADPH in different metabolic pathways. Many regulatory mechanisms involve the movement of protein-pigment complexes within the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, a certain number of chloroplast proteins exist in different oligomerization states, which temporally associate to the thylakoid membrane and modulate their activity. This review starts by giving a short overview of the lipid composition of the chloroplast membranes, followed by describing supercomplex formation in cyclic electron flow. Protein movements involved in the various mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching, including thermal dissipation, state transitions and the photosystem II damage–repair cycle are detailed. We highlight the importance of changes in the oligomerization state of VIPP and of the plastid terminal oxidase PTOX and discuss the factors that may be responsible for these changes. Photosynthesis-related protein movements and organization states of certain proteins all play a role in acclimation of the photosynthetic organism to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan;
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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Gasulla F, del Campo EM, Casano LM, Guéra A. Advances in Understanding of Desiccation Tolerance of Lichens and Lichen-Forming Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:807. [PMID: 33923980 PMCID: PMC8073698 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic associations (holobionts) established between fungi (mycobionts) and certain groups of cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae (photobionts). This symbiotic association has been essential in the colonization of terrestrial dry habitats. Lichens possess key mechanisms involved in desiccation tolerance (DT) that are constitutively present such as high amounts of polyols, LEA proteins, HSPs, a powerful antioxidant system, thylakoidal oligogalactolipids, etc. This strategy allows them to be always ready to survive drastic changes in their water content. However, several studies indicate that at least some protective mechanisms require a minimal time to be induced, such as the induction of the antioxidant system, the activation of non-photochemical quenching including the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, lipid membrane remodeling, changes in the proportions of polyols, ultrastructural changes, marked polysaccharide remodeling of the cell wall, etc. Although DT in lichens is achieved mainly through constitutive mechanisms, the induction of protection mechanisms might allow them to face desiccation stress in a better condition. The proportion and relevance of constitutive and inducible DT mechanisms seem to be related to the ecology at which lichens are adapted to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.C.); (L.M.C.)
| | | | | | - Alfredo Guéra
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.C.); (L.M.C.)
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Rödiger A, Agne B, Dobritzsch D, Helm S, Müller F, Pötzsch N, Baginsky S. Chromoplast differentiation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1431-1442. [PMID: 33258209 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here a detailed analysis of the proteome adjustments that accompany chromoplast differentiation from chloroplasts during bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit ripening. While the two photosystems are disassembled and their constituents degraded, the cytochrome b6 f complex, the ATPase complex, and Calvin cycle enzymes are maintained at high levels up to fully mature chromoplasts. This is also true for ferredoxin (Fd) and Fd-dependent NADP reductase, suggesting that ferredoxin retains a central role in the chromoplasts' redox metabolism. There is a significant increase in the amount of enzymes of the typical metabolism of heterotrophic plastids, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis increase in abundance, supporting the pigment reorganization that goes together with chromoplast differentiation. The majority of plastid encoded proteins decline but constituents of the plastid ribosome and AccD increase in abundance. Furthermore, the amount of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remains unchanged despite a significant increase in phytoene desaturase (PDS) levels, suggesting that the electrons from phytoene desaturation are consumed by another oxidase. This may be a particularity of non-climacteric fruits such as bell pepper that lack a respiratory burst at the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rödiger
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Birgit Agne
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fränze Müller
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Pötzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Lysenko V, Kosolapov A, Usova E, Tatosyan M, Varduny T, Dmitriev P, Rajput V, Krasnov V, Kunitsina A. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and oxygen evolution in Chlorella vulgaris cells: Blue vs. red light. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153392. [PMID: 33636555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in cells of the Chlorella vulgaris strain (Europolytest, Russia) were studied under low, moderate and high photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD 40, 130 and 350 μmol photons m-2 s-1) of the red and blue actinic light. A novel method of a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) Fourier chlorophyll fluorometry was applied to obtain photoinduction curves simultaneously for the red and blue measuring light for one sample. It was found that the red light did not induce oxygen evolution at low and moderate PPFD, whereas at high PPFD it caused a declining oxygen release. There was only a trace fluorescence kinetics at the low PPFD, but noticeable fluorescence kinetics under the red light was observed at the low and moderate PPFD. Particularly, the moderate red illumination of Chlorella cells excited a high chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics along with the absence of oxygen evolution that suggests anoxygenic photosynthesis. In contrast, the blue light induced a significant oxygen evolution as well as fluorescence kinetics already at low PPFD which were both further increased with the PPFD increasing. In addition, a high value of the chromatic divergence of quantum yield of photosystem II was revealed between the red and blue measuring light under high PPFD of the red actinic light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Kosolapov
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elena Usova
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Margarita Tatosyan
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel Dmitriev
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu Rajput
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vladimir Krasnov
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Rostov State Medical University, Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry No. 1, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kunitsina
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Kazama T, Hayakawa K, Kuwahara VS, Shimotori K, Imai A, Komatsu K. Development of photosynthetic carbon fixation model using multi-excitation wavelength fast repetition rate fluorometry in Lake Biwa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0238013. [PMID: 33529253 PMCID: PMC7853527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct measurements of gross primary productivity (GPP) in the water column are essential, but can be spatially and temporally restrictive. Fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRf) is a bio-optical technique based on chlorophyll a (Chl-a) fluorescence that can estimate the electron transport rate (ETRPSII) at photosystem II (PSII) of phytoplankton in real time. However, the derivation of phytoplankton GPP in carbon units from ETRPSII remains challenging because the electron requirement for carbon fixation (Фe,C), which is mechanistically 4 mol e− mol C−1 or above, can vary depending on multiple factors. In addition, FRRf studies are limited in freshwater lakes where phosphorus limitation and cyanobacterial blooms are common. The goal of the present study is to construct a robust Фe,C model for freshwater ecosystems using simultaneous measurements of ETRPSII by FRRf with multi-excitation wavelengths coupled with a traditional carbon fixation rate by the 13C method. The study was conducted in oligotrophic and mesotrophic parts of Lake Biwa from July 2018 to May 2019. The combination of excitation light at 444, 512 and 633 nm correctly estimated ETRPSII of cyanobacteria. The apparent range of Фe,C in the phytoplankton community was 1.1–31.0 mol e− mol C−1 during the study period. A generalised linear model showed that the best fit including 12 physicochemical and biological factors explained 67% of the variance in Фe,C. Among all factors, water temperature was the most significant, while photosynthetically active radiation intensity was not. This study quantifies the in situ FRRf method in a freshwater ecosystem, discusses core issues in the methodology to calculate Фe,C, and assesses the applicability of the method for lake GPP prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kazama
- Lake Biwa Branch Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Victor S. Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimotori
- Lake Biwa Branch Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akio Imai
- Lake Biwa Branch Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Komatsu
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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29
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Hughes DJ, Giannini FC, Ciotti AM, Doblin MA, Ralph PJ, Varkey D, Verma A, Suggett DJ. Taxonomic Variability in the Electron Requirement for Carbon Fixation Across Marine Phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:111-127. [PMID: 32885422 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) has been increasingly used to measure marine primary productivity by oceanographers to understand how carbon (C) uptake patterns vary over space and time in the global ocean. As FRRf measures electron transport rates through photosystem II (ETRPSII ), a critical, but difficult to predict conversion factor termed the "electron requirement for carbon fixation" (Φe,C ) is needed to scale ETRPSII to C-fixation rates. Recent studies have generally focused on understanding environmental regulation of Φe,C , while taxonomic control has been explored by only a handful of laboratory studies encompassing a limited diversity of phytoplankton species. We therefore assessed Φe,C for a wide range of marine phytoplankton (n = 17 strains) spanning multiple taxonomic and size classes. Data mined from previous studies were further considered to determine whether Φe,C variability could be explained by taxonomy versus other phenotypic traits influencing growth and physiological performance (e.g., cell size). We found that Φe,C exhibited considerable variability (~4-10 mol e- · [mol C]-1 ) and was negatively correlated with growth rate (R2 = 0.7, P < 0.01). Diatoms exhibited a lower Φe,C compared to chlorophytes during steady-state, nutrient-replete growth. Inclusion of meta-analysis data did not find significant relationships between Φe,C and class, or growth rate, although confounding factors inherent to methodological inconsistencies between studies likely contributed to this. Knowledge of empirical relationships between Φe,C and growth rate coupled with recent improvements in quantifying phytoplankton growth rates in situ, facilitate up-scaling of FRRf campaigns to routinely derive Φe,C needed to assess ocean C-cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Fernanda C Giannini
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Laboratorio Aquarela, Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar/USP) - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hypolito Rego, km 131.5, Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea M Ciotti
- Laboratorio Aquarela, Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar/USP) - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hypolito Rego, km 131.5, Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Shimakawa G, Hanawa H, Wada S, Hanke GT, Matsuda Y, Miyake C. Physiological Roles of Flavodiiron Proteins and Photorespiration in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668805. [PMID: 34489990 PMCID: PMC8418088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Against the potential risk in oxygenic photosynthesis, that is, the generation of reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic electron transport needs to be regulated in response to environmental fluctuations. One of the most important regulations is keeping the reaction center chlorophyll (P700) of photosystem I in its oxidized form in excess light conditions. The oxidation of P700 is supported by dissipating excess electrons safely to O2, and we previously found that the molecular mechanism of the alternative electron sink is changed from flavodiiron proteins (FLV) to photorespiration in the evolutionary history from cyanobacteria to plants. However, the overall picture of the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport is still not clear in bryophytes, the evolutionary intermediates. Here, we investigated the physiological roles of FLV and photorespiration for P700 oxidation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha by using the mutants deficient in FLV (flv1) at different O2 partial pressures. The effective quantum yield of photosystem II significantly decreased at 2kPa O2 in flv1, indicating that photorespiration functions as the electron sink. Nevertheless, it was clear from the phenotype of flv1 that FLV was dominant for P700 oxidation in M. polymorpha. These data suggested that photorespiration has yet not replaced FLV in functioning for P700 oxidation in the basal land plant probably because of the lower contribution to lumen acidification, compared with FLV, as reflected in the results of electrochromic shift analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginga Shimakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hanawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
| | - Guy T. Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Japan
- *Correspondence: Chikahiro Miyake,
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Divergence of photosynthetic strategies amongst marine diatoms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244252. [PMID: 33370327 PMCID: PMC7769462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton, and in particular diatoms, are responsible for almost half of all primary production on Earth. Diatom species thrive from polar to tropical waters and across light environments that are highly complex to relatively benign, and so have evolved highly divergent strategies for regulating light capture and utilization. It is increasingly well established that diatoms have achieved such successful ecosystem dominance by regulating excitation energy available for generating photosynthetic energy via highly flexible light harvesting strategies. However, how different light harvesting strategies and downstream pathways for oxygen production and consumption interact to balance excitation pressure remains unknown. We therefore examined the responses of three diatom taxa adapted to inherently different light climates (estuarine Thalassioisira weissflogii, coastal Thalassiosira pseudonana and oceanic Thalassiosira oceanica) during transient shifts from a moderate to high growth irradiance (85 to 1200 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Transient high light exposure caused T. weissflogii to rapidly downregulate PSII with substantial nonphotochemical quenching, protecting PSII from inactivation or damage, and obviating the need for induction of O2 consuming (light-dependent respiration, LDR) pathways. In contrast, T. oceanica retained high excitation pressure on PSII, but with little change in RCII photochemical turnover, thereby requiring moderate repair activity and greater reliance on LDR. T. pseudonana exhibited an intermediate response compared to the other two diatom species, exhibiting some downregulation and inactivation of PSII, but high repair of PSII and induction of reversible PSII nonphotochemical quenching, with some LDR. Together, these data demonstrate a range of strategies for balancing light harvesting and utilization across diatom species, which reflect their adaptation to sustain photosynthesis under environments with inherently different light regimes.
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Havaux M. Plastoquinone In and Beyond Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1252-1265. [PMID: 32713776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) is an essential component of photosynthesis that carries electrons in the linear and alternative electron transport chains, and is also a redox sensor that regulates state transitions and gene expression. However, a large fraction of the PQ pool is located outside the thylakoid membranes, in the plastoglobules and the chloroplast envelopes, reflecting a wider range of functions beyond electron transport. This review describes new functions of PQ in photoprotection, as a potent antioxidant, and in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor in the biosynthesis of chloroplast metabolites. It also focuses on the essential need for tight environmental control of PQ biosynthesis and for active exchange of this compound between the thylakoid membranes and the plastoglobules. Through its multiple functions, PQ connects photosynthesis with metabolism, light acclimation, and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7265, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, CEA/Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Messant M, Shimakawa G, Perreau F, Miyake C, Krieger-Liszkay A. Evolutive differentiation between alga- and plant-type plastid terminal oxidase: Study of plastid terminal oxidase PTOX isoforms in Marchantia polymorpha. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148309. [PMID: 32956677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha contains two isoforms of the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water using plastoquinol as substrate. Phylogenetic analyses showed that one isoform, here called MpPTOXa, is closely related to isoforms occurring in plants and some algae, while the other isoform, here called MpPTOXb, is closely related to the two isoforms occurring in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mutants of each isoform were created in Marchantia polymorpha using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. While no obvious phenotype was found for these mutants, chlorophyll fluorescence analyses demonstrated that the plastoquinone pool was in a higher reduction state in both mutants. This was visible at the level of fluorescence measured in dark-adapted material and by post illumination fluorescence rise. These results suggest that both isoforms have a redundant function. However, when P700 oxidation and re-reduction was studied, differences between these two isoforms were observed. Furthermore, the mutant affected in MpPTOXb showed a slight alteration in the pigment composition, a higher non-photochemical quenching and a slightly lower electron transport rate through photosystem II. These differences may be explained either by differences in the enzymatic activities or by different activities attributed to preferential involvement of the two PTOX isoforms to either linear or cyclic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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Kayama M, Chen JF, Nakada T, Nishimura Y, Shikanai T, Azuma T, Miyashita H, Takaichi S, Kashiyama Y, Kamikawa R. A non-photosynthetic green alga illuminates the reductive evolution of plastid electron transport systems. BMC Biol 2020; 18:126. [PMID: 32938439 PMCID: PMC7495860 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plastid electron transport systems are essential not only for photosynthesis but also for dissipating excess reducing power and sinking excess electrons generated by various redox reactions. Although numerous organisms with plastids have lost their photoautotrophic lifestyles, there is a spectrum of known functions of remnant plastids in non-photosynthetic algal/plant lineages; some of non-photosynthetic plastids still retain diverse metabolic pathways involving redox reactions while others, such as apicoplasts of apicomplexan parasites, possess highly reduced sets of functions. However, little is known about underlying mechanisms for redox homeostasis in functionally versatile non-photosynthetic plastids and thus about the reductive evolution of plastid electron transport systems. Results Here we demonstrated that the central component for plastid electron transport systems, plastoquinone/plastoquinol pool, is still retained in a novel strain of an obligate heterotrophic green alga lacking the photosynthesis-related thylakoid membrane complexes. Microscopic and genome analyses revealed that the Volvocales green alga, chlamydomonad sp. strain NrCl902, has non-photosynthetic plastids and a plastid DNA that carries no genes for the photosynthetic electron transport system. Transcriptome-based in silico prediction of the metabolic map followed by liquid chromatography analyses demonstrated carotenoid and plastoquinol synthesis, but no trace of chlorophyll pigments in the non-photosynthetic green alga. Transient RNA interference knockdown leads to suppression of plastoquinone/plastoquinol synthesis. The alga appears to possess genes for an electron sink system mediated by plastid terminal oxidase, plastoquinone/plastoquinol, and type II NADH dehydrogenase. Other non-photosynthetic algae/land plants also possess key genes for this system, suggesting a broad distribution of an electron sink system in non-photosynthetic plastids. Conclusion The plastoquinone/plastoquinol pool and thus the involved electron transport systems reported herein might be retained for redox homeostasis and might represent an intermediate step towards a more reduced set of the electron transport system in many non-photosynthetic plastids. Our findings illuminate a broadly distributed but previously hidden step of reductive evolution of plastid electron transport systems after the loss of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Kayama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Feng Chen
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakada
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomonori Azuma
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyashita
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kashiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kamikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida nihonmatsu cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa oiwake cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Tan Y, Zhang QS, Zhao W, Liu Z, Ma MY, Zhong MY, Wang MX, Xu B. Chlororespiration Serves as Photoprotection for the Photo-Inactivated Oxygen-Evolving Complex in Zostera marina, a Marine Angiosperm. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1517-1529. [PMID: 32492141 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative electron sink, chlororespiration, comprising the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex and plastid terminal plastoquinone oxidase, may play a significant role in sustaining the redox equilibrium between stroma and thylakoid membrane. This study identified a distinct role for chlororespiration in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina, whose oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is prone to photo-inactivation as a result of its inherent susceptibility to excess irradiation. The strong connectivity between OEC peripheral proteins and key chlororespiratory enzymes, as demonstrated in the interaction network of differentially expressed genes, suggested that the recovery of photo-inactivated OEC was connected with chlororespiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence, transcriptome and Western blot data verified a new physiological role for chlororespiration to function as photoprotection and generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane for the recovery of photo-inactivated OEC. Chlororespiration was only activated in darkness following excess irradiation exposure, which might be related to electron deficiency in the electron transport chain because of the continuous impairment of the OEC. The activation of chlororespiration in Z. marina was prone to proactivity, which was also supported by the further activation of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway synthesizing NADPH to meet the demand of chlororespiration during darkness. This phenomenon is distinct from the common assumption that chlororespiration is prone to consuming redundant reducing power during the short transition phase from light to dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Quan Sheng Zhang
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Ming Yu Ma
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Ming Yu Zhong
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Meng Xin Wang
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- Phycology Laboratory, Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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Schmidt SB, Eisenhut M, Schneider A. Chloroplast Transition Metal Regulation for Efficient Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:817-828. [PMID: 32673582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants require sunlight, water, CO2, and essential nutrients to drive photosynthesis and fulfill their life cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus resides in chloroplasts and fundamentally relies on transition metals as catalysts and cofactors. Accordingly, chloroplasts are particularly rich in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Owing to their redox properties, those metals need to be carefully balanced within the cell. However, the regulation of transition metal homeostasis in chloroplasts is poorly understood. With the availability of the arabidopsis genome information and membrane protein databases, a wider catalogue for searching chloroplast metal transporters has considerably advanced the study of transition metal regulation. This review provides an updated overview of the chloroplast transition metal requirements and the transporters involved for efficient photosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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The plastid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex: structure, function and evolutionary dynamics. Biochem J 2020; 476:2743-2756. [PMID: 31654059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex is a large protein complex that reduces plastoquinone and pumps protons into the lumen generating protonmotive force. In plants, the complex consists of both nuclear and chloroplast-encoded subunits. Despite its perceived importance for stress tolerance and ATP generation, chloroplast-encoded NDH subunits have been lost numerous times during evolution in species occupying seemingly unrelated environmental niches. We have generated a phylogenetic tree that reveals independent losses in multiple phylogenetic lineages, and we use this tree as a reference to discuss possible evolutionary contexts that may have relaxed selective pressure for retention of ndh genes. While we are still yet unable to pinpoint a singular specific lifestyle that negates the need for NDH, we are able to rule out several long-standing explanations. In light of this, we discuss the biochemical changes that would be required for the chloroplast to dispense with NDH functionality with regards to known and proposed NDH-related reactions.
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Sattari Vayghan H, Tavalaei S, Grillon A, Meyer L, Ballabani G, Glauser G, Longoni P. Growth Temperature Influence on Lipids and Photosynthesis in Lepidium sativum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32655589 PMCID: PMC7325982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has a major impact on plant development and growth. In temperate climates, the seasonal temperature displays large variations that can affect the early stages of plant growth and development. Sessile organisms need to be capable of responding to these conditions, so that growth temperature induces morphological and physiological changes in the plant. Besides development, there are also important molecular and ultrastructural modifications allowing to cope with different temperatures. The chloroplast plays a crucial role in plant energetic metabolism and harbors the photosynthetic apparatus. The photosynthetic light reactions are at the interface between external physical conditions (light, temperature) and the cell biochemistry. Therefore, photosynthesis requires structural flexibility to be able to optimize its efficiency according to the changes of the external conditions. To investigate the effect of growth temperature on the photosynthetic apparatus, we followed the photosynthetic performances and analyzed the protein and lipid profiles of Lepidium sativum (cress) grown at three different temperatures. This revealed that plants developing at temperatures above the optimum have a lower photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, plants grown under elevated and low temperatures showed a different galactolipid profile, especially the amount of saturated galactolipids decreased at low temperature and increased at high temperature. From the analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction, we assessed the impact of growth temperature on the re-oxidation of plastoquinone, which is the lipidic electron carrier of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We show that, at low temperature, along with an increase of unsaturated structural lipids and plastochromanol, there is an increase of the plastoquinone oxidation rate in the dark. These results emphasize the importance of the thylakoid membrane composition in preserving the photosynthetic apparatus under non-optimal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sattari Vayghan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shahrzad Tavalaei
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Armand Grillon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Léa Meyer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gent Ballabani
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Bolte S, Marcon E, Jaunario M, Moyet L, Paternostre M, Kuntz M, Krieger-Liszkay A. Dynamics of the localization of the plastid terminal oxidase inside the chloroplast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2661-2669. [PMID: 32060533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that shares structural similarities with alternative oxidases (AOXs). Multiple roles have been attributed to PTOX, such as involvement in carotene desaturation, a safety valve function, participation in the processes of chlororespiration, and setting the redox poise for cyclic electron transport. PTOX activity has been previously shown to depend on its localization at the thylakoid membrane. Here we investigate the dynamics of PTOX localization dependent on the proton motive force. Infiltrating illuminated leaves with uncouplers led to a partial dissociation of PTOX from the thylakoid membrane. In vitro reconstitution experiments showed that the attachment of purified recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-OsPTOX to liposomes and isolated thylakoid membranes was strongest at slightly alkaline pH values in the presence of lower millimolar concentrations of KCl or MgCl2. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PTOX, confocal microscopy images showed that PTOX formed distinct spots in chloroplasts of dark-adapted or uncoupler-treated leaves, while the protein was more equally distributed in a network-like structure in the light. We propose a dynamic PTOX association with the thylakoid membrane depending on the presence of a proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bolte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-FRE 3631 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Imaging Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Jaunario
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Maité Paternostre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Vanlerberghe GC, Dahal K, Alber NA, Chadee A. Photosynthesis, respiration and growth: A carbon and energy balancing act for alternative oxidase. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:197-211. [PMID: 32278748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes knowledge of alternative oxidase, a mitochondrial electron transport chain component that lowers the ATP yield of plant respiration. Analysis of mutant and transgenic plants has established that alternative oxidase activity supports leaf photosynthesis. The interaction of alternative oxidase respiration with chloroplast metabolism is important under conditions that challenge energy and/or carbon balance in the photosynthetic cell. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase provides an extra-chloroplastic means to optimize the status of chloroplast energy pools (ATP, NADPH) and to manage cellular carbohydrate pools in response to changing rates of carbon fixation and carbon demand for growth and maintenance. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms ensure that alternative oxidase can respond effectively when carbon and energy balance are being challenged. This function appears particularly significant under abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, or temperature extremes. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase respiration positively affects growth and stress tolerance, despite it lowering the energy yield and carbon use efficiency of respiration. In part, this beneficial effect relates to the ability of alternative oxidase respiration to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species generation in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Recent evidence suggests that alternative oxidase respiration is an interesting target for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada.
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B4Z7, Canada
| | - Nicole A Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
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Fernández-Marín B, Gulías J, Figueroa CM, Iñiguez C, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Cavieres LA, Bravo LA, García-Plazaola JI, Gago J. How do vascular plants perform photosynthesis in extreme environments? An integrative ecophysiological and biochemical story. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:979-1000. [PMID: 31953876 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we review the physiological and molecular mechanisms that allow vascular plants to perform photosynthesis in extreme environments, such as deserts, polar and alpine ecosystems. Specifically, we discuss the morpho/anatomical, photochemical and metabolic adaptive processes that enable a positive carbon balance in photosynthetic tissues under extreme temperatures and/or severe water-limiting conditions in C3 species. Nevertheless, only a few studies have described the in situ functioning of photoprotection in plants from extreme environments, given the intrinsic difficulties of fieldwork in remote places. However, they cover a substantial geographical and functional range, which allowed us to describe some general trends. In general, photoprotection relies on the same mechanisms as those operating in the remaining plant species, ranging from enhanced morphological photoprotection to increased scavenging of oxidative products such as reactive oxygen species. Much less information is available about the main physiological and biochemical drivers of photosynthesis: stomatal conductance (gs ), mesophyll conductance (gm ) and carbon fixation, mostly driven by RuBisCO carboxylation. Extreme environments shape adaptations in structures, such as cell wall and membrane composition, the concentration and activation state of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, and RuBisCO evolution, optimizing kinetic traits to ensure functionality. Altogether, these species display a combination of rearrangements, from the whole-plant level to the molecular scale, to sustain a positive carbon balance in some of the most hostile environments on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Gulías
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - María J Clemente-Moreno
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Molecular Physiology Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Golm, Germany
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - León A Bravo
- Lab. de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Dpt. de Cs. Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Cs. Agropecuarias y Forestales, Instituto de Agroindustria, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
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Novák Vanclová AMG, Zoltner M, Kelly S, Soukal P, Záhonová K, Füssy Z, Ebenezer TE, Lacová Dobáková E, Eliáš M, Lukeš J, Field MC, Hampl V. Metabolic quirks and the colourful history of the Euglena gracilis secondary plastid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1578-1592. [PMID: 31580486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Euglena spp. are phototrophic flagellates with considerable ecological presence and impact. Euglena gracilis harbours secondary green plastids, but an incompletely characterised proteome precludes accurate understanding of both plastid function and evolutionary history. Using subcellular fractionation, an improved sequence database and MS we determined the composition, evolutionary relationships and hence predicted functions of the E. gracilis plastid proteome. We confidently identified 1345 distinct plastid protein groups and found that at least 100 proteins represent horizontal acquisitions from organisms other than green algae or prokaryotes. Metabolic reconstruction confirmed previously studied/predicted enzymes/pathways and provided evidence for multiple unusual features, including uncoupling of carotenoid and phytol metabolism, a limited role in amino acid metabolism, and dual sets of the SUF pathway for FeS cluster assembly, one of which was acquired by lateral gene transfer from Chlamydiae. Plastid paralogues of trafficking-associated proteins potentially mediating fusion of transport vesicles with the outermost plastid membrane were identified, together with derlin-related proteins, potential translocases across the middle membrane, and an extremely simplified TIC complex. The Euglena plastid, as the product of many genomes, combines novel and conserved features of metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Petr Soukal
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - ThankGod E Ebenezer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Eva Lacová Dobáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Marek Eliáš
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, 252 50, Czechia
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Chen Z, Chen J, Liu J, Li L, Qin S, Huang Q. Transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of an astaxanthin-hyperproducing Haematococcus pluvialis mutant obtained by low-temperature plasma (LTP) mutagenesis under high light irradiation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Essemine J, Lyu MJA, Qu M, Perveen S, Khan N, Song Q, Chen G, Zhu XG. Contrasting Responses of Plastid Terminal Oxidase Activity Under Salt Stress in Two C 4 Species With Different Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32733515 PMCID: PMC7359412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reveals contrasting responses of photosynthesis to salt stress in two C4 species: a glycophyte Setaria viridis (SV) and a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (SA). Specifically, the effect of short-term salt stress treatment on the photosynthetic CO2 uptake and electron transport were investigated in SV and its salt-tolerant close relative SA. In this experiment, at the beginning, plants were grown in soil then were exposed to salt stress under hydroponic conditions for two weeks. SV demonstrated a much higher susceptibility to salt stress than SA; while, SV was incapable to survive subjected to about 100 mM, SA can tolerate salt concentrations up to 550 mM with slight effect on photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates and electrons transport chain conductance (gETC ). Regardless the oxygen concentration used, our results show an enhancement in the P700 oxidation with increasing O2 concentration for SV following NaCl treatment and almost no change for SA. We also observed an activation of the cyclic NDH-dependent pathway in SV by about 2.36 times upon exposure to 50 mM NaCl for 12 days (d); however, its activity in SA drops by about 25% compared to the control without salt treatment. Using PTOX inhibitor (n-PG) and that of the Qo-binding site of Cytb6/f (DBMIB), at two O2 levels (2 and 21%), to restrict electrons flow towards PSI, we successfully revealed the presence of a possible PTOX activity under salt stress for SA but not for SV. However, by q-PCR and western-blot analysis, we showed an increase in PTOX amount by about 3-4 times for SA under salt stress but not or very less for SV. Overall, this study provides strong proof for the existence of PTOX as an alternative electron pathway in C4 species (SA), which might play more than a photoprotective role under salt stress.
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Raven JA, Beardall J, Quigg A. Light-Driven Oxygen Consumption in the Water-Water Cycles and Photorespiration, and Light Stimulated Mitochondrial Respiration. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vanlerberghe GC, Dahal K, Chadee A. Does the stromal concentration of P i control chloroplast ATP synthase protein amount in contrasting growth environments? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1675473. [PMID: 31583956 PMCID: PMC6866698 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1675473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the growth environment can generate imbalances in chloroplast photosynthetic metabolism. Under water deficit, stomatal closure limits CO2 availability such that the production of ATP and NADPH by the thylakoid membrane-localized electron transport chain may not match the consumption of these energy intermediates by the stroma-localized Calvin-Benson cycle, thus challenging energy balance. Alternatively, in an elevated CO2 atmosphere, carbon fixation by the Calvin-Benson cycle may outpace the activity of downstream carbohydrate-utilizing processes, thus challenging carbon balance. Our previous studies have shown that, in both of the above scenarios, a mitochondrial alternative oxidase contributes to maintaining energy or carbon balance, highlighting the importance of photosynthesis-respiration interactions in optimizing photosynthesis in different growth environments. In these previous studies, we observed aberrant amounts of chloroplast ATP synthase protein across the different transgenic plant lines and growth conditions, compared to wild-type. Based on these observations, we develop here the hypothesis that an important determinant of chloroplast ATP synthase protein amount is the stromal concentration of inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase is a master regulator of photosynthesis. Coarse control of ATP synthase protein amount by the stromal inorganic phosphate status could provide a means to coordinate the electron transport and carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Maia RA, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Roque ALM, Thiers KLL, Dos Santos CP, da Silva JHM, Feijó DF, Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Costa JH. Differential expression of recently duplicated PTOX genes in Glycine max during plant development and stress conditions. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:355-370. [PMID: 31506801 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2) and reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Its function has been associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, chlororespiration and environmental stress responses in plants. In the majority of plant species, a single gene encodes the protein and little is known about events of PTOX gene duplication and their implication to plant metabolism. Previously, two putative PTOX (PTOX1 and 2) genes were identified in Glycine max, but the evolutionary origin and the specific function of each gene was not explored. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this gene duplication occurred apparently during speciation involving the Glycine genus ancestor, an event absent in all other available plant leguminous genomes. Gene expression evaluated by RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data revealed that both PTOX genes are ubiquitously expressed in G. max tissues, but their mRNA levels varied during development and stress conditions. In development, PTOX1 was predominant in young tissues, while PTOX2 was more expressed in aged tissues. Under stress conditions, the PTOX transcripts varied according to stress severity, i.e., PTOX1 mRNA was prevalent under mild or moderate stresses while PTOX2 was predominant in drastic stresses. Despite the high identity between proteins (97%), molecular docking revealed that PTOX1 has higher affinity to substrate plastoquinol than PTOX2. Overall, our results indicate a functional relevance of this gene duplication in G. max metabolism, whereas PTOX1 could be associated with chloroplast effectiveness and PTOX2 to senescence and/or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Alves Maia
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba - IFPB, Campus Princesa Isabel, 58755-000, BR-426, S/N - Rural Zone, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Ferreira Feijó
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology Park Alentejo (PACT), 7005-841, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil.
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal.
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Grossman A, Sanz-Luque E, Yi H, Yang W. Building the GreenCut2 suite of proteins to unmask photosynthetic function and regulation. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:697-718. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Alternative outlets for sustaining photosynthetic electron transport during dark-to-light transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11518-11527. [PMID: 31101712 PMCID: PMC6561286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903185116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most forms of life on Earth cannot exist without photosynthesis. Our food and atmosphere depend on it. To obtain high photosynthetic yields, light energy must be efficiently coupled to the fixation of CO2 into organic molecules. Suboptimal environmental conditions can severely impact the conversion of light energy to biomass and lead to reactive oxygen production, which in turn can cause cellular damage and loss of productivity. Hence, plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria have evolved a network of alternative outlets to sustain the flow of photosynthetically derived electrons. Our work is focused on the nature and integration of these outlets, which will inform a rational engineering of crop plants and algae to optimize photosynthesis and meet the increased global demand for food. Environmental stresses dramatically impact the balance between the production of photosynthetically derived energetic electrons and Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (CBBC) activity; an imbalance promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species and causes cell damage. Hence, photosynthetic organisms have developed several strategies to route electrons toward alternative outlets that allow for storage or harmless dissipation of their energy. In this work, we explore the activities of three essential outlets associated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosynthetic electron transport: (i) reduction of O2 to H2O through flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and (ii) plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) and (iii) the synthesis of starch. Real-time measurements of O2 exchange have demonstrated that FLVs immediately engage during dark-to-light transitions, allowing electron transport when the CBBC is not fully activated. Under these conditions, we quantified maximal FLV activity and its overall capacity to direct photosynthetic electrons toward O2 reduction. However, when starch synthesis is compromised, a greater proportion of the electrons is directed toward O2 reduction through both the FLVs and PTOX, suggesting an important role for starch synthesis in priming/regulating CBBC and electron transport. Moreover, partitioning energized electrons between sustainable (starch; energetic electrons are recaptured) and nonsustainable (H2O; energetic electrons are not recaptured) outlets is part of the energy management strategy of photosynthetic organisms that allows them to cope with the fluctuating conditions encountered in nature. Finally, unmasking the repertoire and control of such energetic reactions offers new directions for rational redesign and optimization of photosynthesis to satisfy global demands for food and other resources.
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