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Singh P. Macroeconomic antecedents of racial disparities in psychiatric-related emergency department visits. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1287791. [PMID: 38932936 PMCID: PMC11200170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1287791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To test whether monthly declines in aggregate employment precede a rise in African American psychiatric-related ED visits (PREDVs) relative to white visits among low-income, working-age populations. Design This study used repeated cross-sectional time series data for 6.7 million PREDVs among African Americans and white individuals from the State Emergency Department Database in 48 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) across four states (Arizona, California, New York, New Jersey) from 2006 to 2011. MSA-level monthly employment data were obtained from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The outcome was specified as the race of a PREDV (African American = 1, white = 0). The exposure was operationalized as monthly percent change in MSA-level aggregate employment lagged by 0 to 3 months. Analysis included logistic regressions with county, month and year fixed effects, and clustered standard errors to examine the relation between odds of an African American PREDV (relative to white) following 0 to 3 months lag of MSA-level aggregate employment change. Findings Logistic regression results indicate that the odds of PREDVs for publicly insured, working-age African Americans (relative to white individuals) increase 3 months after ambient employment decline (OR: 0.994, 95% CI: [0.990 0.998]). Conclusion Economic downturns may marginally increase psychiatric help-seeking in EDs among publicly insured (low-income), working-age African Americans relative to white individuals. Findings from this study may contribute to the theoretical understanding of dynamic drivers of racial disparities in psychiatric ED visits.
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2
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Asare S. Association of cigarette smoking with changes in macroeconomic conditions. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 54:101397. [PMID: 38703460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This study uses data from the 1987-2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level employment rates from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics to estimate the association between macroeconomic conditions and cigarette smoking. Our finding suggests a positive association, which constantly declined with time after the 2001 recession. We find that a one percentage point increase in the employment rate is associated with a 1.4% higher likelihood of smoking cigarettes in the overall sample but declined to 0.4% among cohorts surveyed from 2011 to 2022. We also find strong positive and heterogeneous associations among sociodemographic groups, except among Blacks and persons aged 65 years and older, among whom there is no association; however, the positive associations consistently decreased among these sociodemographic groups. Consequently, the strong positive association disappeared in several sociodemographic groups in cohorts surveyed over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asare
- Tobacco Control Research, Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, United States of America.
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3
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Lowenstein C. "Deaths of despair" over the business cycle: New estimates from a shift-share instrumental variables approach. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101374. [PMID: 38518546 PMCID: PMC11060774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
This study presents new evidence of the effects of short-term economic fluctuations on suicide, fatal drug overdose, and alcohol-related mortality among working-age adults in the United States from 2003-2017. Using a shift-share instrumental variables approach, I find that a one percentage point increase in the aggregate employment rate decreases current-year non-drug suicides by 1.7 percent. These protective effects are concentrated among working-age men and likely reflect a combination of individual labor market experiences as well as the indirect effects of local economic growth. I find no consistent evidence that short-term business cycle changes affect drug or alcohol-related mortality. While the estimated protective effects are small relative to secular increases in suicide in recent decades, these findings are suggestive of important, short-term economic factors affecting specific causes of death and should be considered alongside the longer-term and multifaceted social, economic, and cultural determinants of America's "despair" epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lowenstein
- University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy and Management, 2121 Berkeley Way, Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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4
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Xiang R, Hou X, Li R. Health risks from extreme heat in China: Evidence from health insurance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120300. [PMID: 38359625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Global warming has accentuated the effects of extreme heat on health. Health insurance, functioning as a risk management tool, has the potential to alleviate these impacts. Consequently, this paper investigates the correlation between extreme heat events and the demand for health insurance in China. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we have observed a substantial increase in the likelihood of residents purchasing health insurance during extreme heat events. To be specific, for every extra day of extreme heat events annually, there is a 0.3% increase in the probability of purchasing health insurance. This effect is not uniform across different demographic groups. It is particularly pronounced among middle-aged and elderly individuals, rural residents, those with lower educational levels, higher income brackets, and individuals residing in underprivileged areas with limited access to green spaces and healthcare facilities. Furthermore, our study indicates that the increased frequency of extreme heat events not only impacts individuals' physical health but also triggers negative emotions, which in turn drive risk-averse behavior related to health insurance purchases. These findings carry substantial policy implications for mitigating the economic consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojun Xiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Hou
- Financial Technology Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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5
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Tasfi JT, Mostofa SM. Understanding complex causes of suicidal behaviour among graduates in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:560. [PMID: 38389062 PMCID: PMC10882760 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study utilizes both fieldwork and desk-based discourse analysis of newspaper reports to investigate the concerning number of suicides among graduates in Bangladesh. According to some reports, a majority of suicide cases involve young adults who are either currently studying at university or have recently completed their degree (between the ages of 20 and 32). This research contends that patriarchal social expectations in Bangladesh place significant pressure on young adults to secure well-paying jobs to support their families and uphold their family's status, which can have a negative impact on their mental health. Furthermore, this article identifies additional risk factors that contribute to the high suicide rates among graduates in Bangladesh. These factors include unemployment, poverty, relationship problems, drug addiction, political marginalization, and the stigma of shame, all of which can cause low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. Moreover, the research suggests that families in Bangladesh have not been providing adequate support to their young members when facing challenges in life. On the contrary, families have added to the pressure on young adults, which can be attributed to joiner's theory of the effect of industrialization on family norms and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Tasnim Tasfi
- Department of World Religions and Culture, University of Dhaka, Arts Building, 1000, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Md Mostofa
- Department of World Religions and Culture, University of Dhaka, Arts Building, 1000, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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6
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Casal B, Iglesias E, Rivera B, Currais L, Storti CC. Identifying the impact of the business cycle on drug-related harms in European countries. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 122:104240. [PMID: 37890393 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence resulting from the analysis of the association between economic fluctuations and their impact on the substance use is mixed and inconclusive. Effects can be pro-cyclical (drug-related harms are predicted to rise when economic conditions improve), counter-cyclical (drug-related harms are predicted to rise in bad economic times) or unrelated to business cycle conditions as different transmission mechanisms could operate simultaneously. METHODS The main aim of this study is to assess, from a macroeconomic perspective, the impact of economic cycles on illegal drug-related harms in European countries over the 2000-2020 period. To this end, the regime-dependent relationship between drug-related harm, proxied by unemployment, and the business cycle, proxied by overdose deaths will be identified. Applying a time dynamic linear analysis, within the framework of threshold panel data models, structural-breaks will also be tested. RESULTS The relationship between economic cycles (proxied by unemployment) and drug-related harms (proxied by overdose deaths) is negative, and therefore found to be pro-cyclical. One percentage point in the country unemployment rate is predicted to reduce the overdose death rate by a statistically significant percentage of 2.42. A counter-cyclical component was identified during the 2008 economic recession. The threshold model captures two effects: when unemployment rates are lower than the estimated thresholds, ranging from 3.92% to 4.12%, drug-related harms and unemployment have a pro-cyclical relationship. However, when unemployment rates are higher than this threshold, this relationship becomes counter-cyclical. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between economic cycles and drug-related harms is pro-cyclical. However, in situations of economic downturns, a counter-cyclical effect is detected, as identified during the 2008 economic recession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casal
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economy. University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Emma Iglesias
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economy. University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Berta Rivera
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economy. University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Luis Currais
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economy. University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Claudia Costa Storti
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Morrison L, Frank CJ. Social Determinants of Mental and Behavioral Health. Prim Care 2023; 50:679-688. [PMID: 37866840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Both mental illness and overall mental health are determined by a complicated interplay of life experiences and genetic predisposition. While genetic predisposition is difficult to modify, many of the life experiences that worsen mental health and exacerbate serious mental illness are associated with social policies and cultural norms that are changeable. Now that we have identified these associations, it is time to rigorously test scalable interventions to address these risks. These interventions will need to focus on high-impact stages in life (like childhood) and will need to address risk beyond the individual by focusing on the family and community.
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Roelfs DJ, Shor E. Financial Stress, Unemployment, and Suicide - A Meta-Analysis. CRISIS 2023; 44:506-517. [PMID: 37194640 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Socioeconomic factors such as financial stress and unemployment are known predictors of suicide. However, no large-scale meta-analyses exist. Aims: Determine the suicide risk following unemployment or financial stress. Method: Literature searched through July 31, 2021. Robust meta-analysis and metaregression of the risk of suicide following financial stress (23 studies) or unemployment (43 studies), from 20 nations. Subgroup meta-analyses by sex, age, year, country, and methodology. Results: The suicide risk following financial stress or unemployment was not significantly elevated among those with diagnosed mental illness. In the general population, we found significantly elevated suicide risks for financial stress (RR: 1.742; 95% CI: 1.339, -2.266) and unemployment (RR: 1.874; CI: 1.501, -2.341). However, neither was significant among studies controlling for physical/mental health (perhaps partially due to lower statistical power). We observed no significant differences by sex, age, or by GDP. We observed a higher suicide risk following unemployment in more recent years. Limitations: Publication bias was evident. We could not examine some individual-level characteristics, most notably the severity/duration of unemployment/financial stress. Heterogeneity was high for some meta-analyses. Studies from non-OECD countries are under-represented. Conclusion: After accounting for physical/mental health, financial stress and unemployment weakly associated with suicide, and the associations may be nonsignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Roelfs
- Department of Sociology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eran Shor
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Kirsch JA, Coe C, Ryff CD. Racial and Educational Disparities in Cumulative Exposure to Hardships of the 2008 Great Recession and Inflammation. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:699-709. [PMID: 37506298 PMCID: PMC10543484 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional analysis examined self-reported economic hardships of the 2008 Great Recession, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and psychological well-being (PWB) as predictors of systemic inflammatory physiology at midlife. We also tested for differential vulnerability in the relationship between recession hardship and inflammatory physiology by race/ethnicity, education, and PWB. METHODS Adults from the Midlife in the United States Refresher sample completed a survey and biomedical assessments after the recession ( n = 592 non-Hispanic White respondents, n = 158 Black/African American respondents, n = 108 respondents with other race/ethnicity). Cumulative recession hardship was the sum of financial, housing, and employment-related events. Outcomes included circulating levels of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein. General linear regression models tested main effects interactions between primary predictor variables. RESULTS Educational attainment was inversely associated with recession hardships ( b = -0.18, 95% confidence interval = -0.26 to -0.11, p < .001). Black/African American respondents reported more recession hardships than White respondents ( b = 1.17, 95% confidence interval = 0.67 to 1.68, p < .001). More recession hardships predicted higher levels of interleukin 6 ( b = 0.06, p < .001) and C-reactive protein ( b = 0.04, p = .004). Analyses did not support race/ethnicity, education, and PWB as moderators of the association between recession hardship and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Race/ethnicity and education independently predicted disparities in cumulative recession hardship exposure. Recession hardship predicted higher blood levels of inflammatory proteins associated with long-term health. The lack of findings for differential vulnerability in the relationship between recession hardship and inflammatory markers by race/ethnicity, education, or PWB was possibly due to the limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Kirsch
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and the Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Christopher Coe
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Carol D. Ryff
- Department of Psychology and the Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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10
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Chowdhury R, Cook S, Watson D. Reconsidering the relationship between health and income in the UK. Soc Sci Med 2023; 332:116094. [PMID: 37499482 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The present paper revisits and extends the examination of the long-run relationship between UK life expectancy and income provided by Tapia Granados (2012). Adopting a more detailed form of analysis, a clear break corresponding to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic is identified in the long span of data examined. This finding of structural change, along with detected uncertainty regarding the orders of integration of the series examined, results in the application of split-sample analysis employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling. The results obtained reverse the 'no long-run relationship' conclusion of Tapia Granados (2012) with overwhelming evidence presented in support of a negative relationship between life expectancy and income. Our findings add to both health-income research and a burgeoning literature on the reproduction and replication of previously published empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosen Chowdhury
- School of Social Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
| | - Steve Cook
- School of Social Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
| | - Duncan Watson
- School of Economics, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.
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Piiroinen I, Tuomainen TP, Tolmunen T, Kraav SL, Jarroch R, Voutilainen A. Change in sense of coherence mediates the association between economic recession and mortality among middle-aged men: A population-based cohort study from Eastern Finland. Soc Sci Med 2023; 332:116127. [PMID: 37531907 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
A financial recession has been associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality, but little is known about how psychosocial fluctuations in stress tolerance or orientation to life affect this association. Sense of Coherence (SOC) is a core construct in the Salutogenic Model of Health and is determined by generalized resistance resources and measures one's orientation to life by comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. We followed the mortality of a cohort of middle-aged Finnish men (n = 854) from the 1980s to the end of 2019. The cohort baseline was stratified into four age groups at baseline: 42, 48, 54, and 60. SOC was measured twice, at the baseline and at the 11-year follow-up visit. Between these SOC measurements, Finland confronted a deep financial recession, the effects of which were examined at the follow-up visit by questionnaires related to economic hardship (sum of nine items) and experience of the recession (one item). Using age group, marital status, employment status, and education as covariates, the change in SOC mediated both the economic hardship and the experience of recession relations to mortality: the indirect effects -19.57 (95% CI -43.23 to -0.92), and -26.82 (95% CI -59.52 to -0.61), respectively. Every one-point increase in economic hardship predicted about 2 and a half weeks shorter life expectancy, and those who experienced very strong disadvantages of economic recession had about 3 and a half months lower life expectancy by the end of 2019 than those who fully avoided the disadvantages. Furthermore, the younger age groups, 42 and 48, experienced the recession more severely than the older groups, 54 and 60. We conclude that following how orientation to life changes among middle-aged might be an informative approach after a recession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Piiroinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; School of Social Services and Health Care, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Tommi Tolmunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Siiri-Liisi Kraav
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Rand Jarroch
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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12
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Reynolds MM, Homan PA. Income Support Policy Packages and Birth Outcomes in U.S. States: An Ecological Analysis. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2023; 42:73. [PMID: 38213513 PMCID: PMC10783327 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-023-09797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that generous social welfare programs play a role in maternal and child health. However, most studies examine a single policy in isolation. Drawing from research documenting low-income families 'packaging' of social policies, we create a novel measure summarizing the value of a collection of income support policies for the working poor. This collection includes: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the minimum wage, and the unemployment insurance (UI) program. Using U.S. state-level administrative data from 1996 to 2014, we estimate fixed effects regression models to examine the relationship between birth outcomes and income support policies (individually and combined). We find that increases in the combined value of the four income supports are significantly associated with reductions in preterm births and low birthweight births, but not infant mortality rates. States with the highest observed levels of combined income support had 14% fewer PTBs and 7% fewer LBWs than states with the lowest levels of income support. Of the four individual income support policies, only unemployment insurance has no significant independent effects. SNAP benefits have the largest and most consistent effects, reducing poor birth outcomes across all three indicators. An annual increase of $1000 in SNAP benefits is associated with a 3% decline in infant deaths, 5% decline in preterm births, and 2% decline in low birthweight births. These results suggest that increasing the generosity of income support policies may be a promising strategy for improving birth outcomes in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Reynolds
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
| | - Patricia A. Homan
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Population Health, Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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13
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Blomqvist S, Virtanen M, Westerlund H, Magnusson Hanson LL. Associations between COVID-19-related changes in the psychosocial work environment and mental health. Scand J Public Health 2023; 51:664-672. [PMID: 36964650 PMCID: PMC10040465 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231160633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals' lives have been substantially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe changes in psychosocial work environment and mental health and to investigate associations between job insecurity and mental ill-health in relation to changes in other psychosocial work factors, loneliness and financial worries. METHODS A sub-sample of individuals from the eighth Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health answered a web-based survey in early 2021 about current and pandemic-related changes in health, health behaviours, work and private life. We investigated participants working before the pandemic (N=1231) in relation to standardised measures on depression, anxiety and loneliness, together with psychosocial work factors, in descriptive and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS While 9% reached the clinical threshold for depression and 6% for anxiety, more than a third felt more worried, lonelier or in a low mood since the start of the pandemic. Two per cent had been dismissed from their jobs, but 16% experienced workplace downsizings. Conditioning on socio-demographic factors and prior mental-health problems, the 8% experiencing reduced job security during the pandemic had a higher risk of anxiety, but not of depression, compared to employees with unaltered or increased job security. Loneliness and other psychosocial work factors explained more of the association than objective measures of job insecurity and financial worries. CONCLUSIONS Reduced job security during the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have increased the risk of anxiety among individuals with a strong labour market attachment, primarily via loneliness and other psychosocial work factors. This illustrates the potentially far-reaching effects of the pandemic on mental health in the working population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blomqvist
- Stress Research Institute at Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Marianna Virtanen
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Hugo Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute at Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Maietti E, Sanmarchi F, Toth F, de Pietro C, Fantini MP, Golinelli D. Changes in private health service utilisation and access to the Italian National Health Service between 2006 and 2019: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070975. [PMID: 37247961 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research highlighted that in the early 2000s a significant share of the Italian population used and paid out of pocket for private healthcare services even when they could potentially have received the same treatments from the National Health Service (NHS). The decrease in public investments in healthcare and the increase in health needs due to the population ageing may have modified the use of private health services and equity of access to the Italian NHS. This study aims to investigate the change in the prevalence of individuals who have fully paid out of pocket for accessing healthcare services in Italy between 2006 and 2019 and the main reasons behind this choice. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparative study. PARTICIPANTS AND COMPARISON Two representative samples of the Italian population were collected in 2006 and 2019. OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of access to fully paid out-of-pocket private health services; type of service of the last fully paid out-of-pocket access; main reasons for the last fully paid out-of-pocket access. RESULTS We found an increase in the prevalence of people who declared having fully paid out of pocket at least one access to health services during their lifetime from 79.0% in 2006 to 91.9% in 2019 (adjusted OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.98 to 3.58). 'To avoid waiting times' was the main reason and it was significantly more frequent in 2019 compared with 2006 (adjusted OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.45 to 2.11). CONCLUSIONS This comparative study, conducted the year before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighted an increase in the prevalence of Italian residents who have fully paid out of pocket for access to health services to overcome long waiting times. Our findings may indicate a reduced access and possible worsening of the equity of access to the public and universalistic Italian NHS between 2006 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maietti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanmarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Toth
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo de Pietro
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pia Fantini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Golinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, Local Health Authority of Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
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15
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Nolte-Troha C, Roser P, Henkel D, Scherbaum N, Koller G, Franke AG. Unemployment and Substance Use: An Updated Review of Studies from North America and Europe. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081182. [PMID: 37108016 PMCID: PMC10137824 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the relationship between unemployment and psychiatric disorders has been a subject of high interest. Currently, regarding the correlation between unemployment and substance-use disorders (SUDs), only older, often isolated and fragmented research results are available in the literature. This review was based on an extensive literature search of the European and North American literature in most relevant databases for "unemployment" and "substance use" related to "drugs", "alcohol", "nicotine", and "tobacco" between November 2022 and January 2023, according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. A total of 59,117 papers were identified, of which only 33 articles were identified as relevant to the research objective. The literature showed significantly higher prevalence rates of SUDs involving divergent psychotropic substances among unemployed people. Unemployment was found to be a risk factor for SUD, and vice versa. However, the correlation between unemployment and relapses or smoking cessation was inconsistent. In addition, there appeared to be a mild effect of business cycles on SUD. The results showed significant multifaceted correlations between unemployment and SUD, indicating that prevention and early intervention are required to prevent harmful psychosocial consequences, such as social disintegration and severe psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nolte-Troha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Patrik Roser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Henkel
- Main Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), University of Applied Sciences Frankfurt, Nibelungenplatz 1, 60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Koller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas G Franke
- University of Applied Labour Studies, Seckenheimer Landstr. 16, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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Teepe GW, Glase EM, Reips UD. Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression: A Google Ngram analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284091. [PMID: 37027368 PMCID: PMC10081798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies rely on self-reports to investigate these factors. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the impact of an additional factor on a societal level, namely digitalization, by using a linguistic big data approach. We extend related work by using the Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) to retrieve and adjust word frequencies from a large corpus of books (8 million books or 6 percent of all books ever published) and to subsequently investigate word changes in terms of anxiety disorders, depression, and digitalization. Our analyses comprise and compare data from six languages, British English, German, Spanish, Russian, French, and Italian. We also retrieved word frequencies for the control construct "religion". Our results show an increase in word frequency for anxiety, depression, and digitalization over the last 50 years (r = .79 to .89, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words (r = .98, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and digitalization words (r = .81, p < .001), and a significant correlation between the frequency of depression and anxiety words (r = .81, p < .001). For the control construct religion, we found no significant correlations for word frequency over the last 50 years and no significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words. Our results showed a negative correlation between the frequency of depression and religion words (r = -.25, p < .05). We also improved the method by excluding terms with double meanings detected by 73 independent native speakers. Implications for future research and professional and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisbert Wilhelm Teepe
- Department of Management, Economics and Technology, Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stapleton F, Abad JC, Barabino S, Burnett A, Iyer G, Lekhanont K, Li T, Liu Y, Navas A, Obinwanne CJ, Qureshi R, Roshandel D, Sahin A, Shih K, Tichenor A, Jones L. TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:165-199. [PMID: 37062429 PMCID: PMC10102706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Societal factors associated with ocular surface diseases were mapped using a framework to characterize the relationship between the individual, their health and environment. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating factors on ocular surface diseases were considered in a systematic review. Age and sex effects were generally well-characterized for inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune and trauma-related conditions. Sex and gender, through biological, socio-economic, and cultural factors impact the prevalence and severity of disease, access to, and use of, care. Genetic factors, race, smoking and co-morbidities are generally well characterized, with interdependencies with geographical, employment and socioeconomic factors. Living and working conditions include employment, education, water and sanitation, poverty and socioeconomic class. Employment type and hobbies are associated with eye trauma and burns. Regional, global socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions, include remoteness, geography, seasonality, availability of and access to services. Violence associated with war, acid attacks and domestic violence are associated with traumatic injuries. The impacts of conflict, pandemic and climate are exacerbated by decreased food security, access to health services and workers. Digital technology can impact diseases through physical and mental health effects and access to health information and services. The COVID-19 pandemic and related mitigating strategies are mostly associated with an increased risk of developing new or worsening existing ocular surface diseases. Societal factors impact the type and severity of ocular surface diseases, although there is considerable interdependence between factors. The overlay of the digital environment, natural disasters, conflict and the pandemic have modified access to services in some regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Juan Carlos Abad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antioquia Ophthalmology Clinic-Clofan, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Stefano Barabino
- ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Ospedale L. Sacco-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anthea Burnett
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geetha Iyer
- C. J. Shah Cornea Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaevalin Lekhanont
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tianjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alejandro Navas
- Conde de Valenciana, National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Riaz Qureshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Danial Roshandel
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kendrick Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anna Tichenor
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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18
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Lange S, Cayetano C, Jiang H, Tausch A, Oliveira e Souza R. Contextual factors associated with country-level suicide mortality in the Americas, 2000-2019: a cross-sectional ecological study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 20:100450. [PMID: 37095770 PMCID: PMC10122114 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The suicide mortality rate in the Region of the Americas has been increasing, while decreasing in all other World Health Organization regions; highlighting the urgent need for enhanced prevention efforts. Gaining a better understanding of population-level contextual factors associated with suicide may aid such efforts. We aimed to evaluate the contextual factors associated with country-level, sex-specific suicide mortality rates in the Region of the Americas for 2000-2019. Methods Annual sex-specific age-standardized suicide mortality estimates were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates database. To investigate the sex-specific suicide mortality rate trend over time in the region, we performed joinpoint regression analysis. We then applied a linear mixed model to estimate the effects of specific contextual factors on the suicide mortality rate across countries in the region over time. All potentially relevant contextual factors, obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 covariates and The World Bank, were selected in a step-wise manner. Findings We found that the mean country-level suicide mortality rate among males in the region decreased as health expenditure per capita and the proportion of the country with a moderate population density increased; and increased as the death rate due to homicide, prevalence of intravenous drug use, risk-weighted prevalence of alcohol use, and unemployment rate increased. The mean country-level suicide mortality rate among females in the region decreased as the number of employed medical doctors per 10,000 population and the proportion of the country with a moderate population density increased; and increased when relative education inequality and unemployment rate increased. Interpretation Although there was some overlap, the contextual factors that significantly impacted the suicide mortality rate among males and females were largely different, which mirrors the current literature on individual-level risk factors for suicide. Taken together, our data supports that sex should be considered when adapting and testing suicide risk reduction interventions, and when developing national suicide prevention strategies. Funding This work received no funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, T521, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 2S1.
| | - Claudina Cayetano
- Mental Health and Substance Use Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Tausch
- Mental Health and Substance Use Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Crandall A, Daines C, Hanson CL, Barnes MD. The effects of COVID-19 stressors and family life on anxiety and depression one-year into the COVID-19 pandemic. FAMILY PROCESS 2023; 62:336-351. [PMID: 35352346 PMCID: PMC9111589 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Coronavirus (COVID-19)-related stressors and family health on adult anxiety and depressive symptoms 1 year into the pandemic. The sample consisted of 442 adults living in the United States who were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results indicated that compared to a sample 1 month into the pandemic, participants in the current sample reported worse family health and increases in both positive and negative perceptions of the pandemic on family life and routines. COVID-19 stressors and perceived negative effects of the pandemic on family life increased the odds for moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety while having more family health resources decreased the odds for depression and anxiety symptoms. Participants reported lower odds for worse depression and anxiety since the beginning of the pandemic when they reported more positive family meaning due to the pandemic. The results suggest a need to consider the impact of family life on mental health in pandemics and other disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantel Daines
- Department of Public HealthBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Carl L. Hanson
- Department of Public HealthBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
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20
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Pinna Pintor M, Suhrcke M, Hamelmann C. The impact of economic sanctions on health and health systems in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-010968. [PMID: 36759018 PMCID: PMC9923316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Economic sanctions restrict customary commercial and financial ties between states to induce change in political constitution or conduct of the targeted country. Although the stated goals of sanctions often include humanitarian objectives, prospective procedures for health risk assessment are not regularly incorporated in their implementation. Moreover, past experience suggests that the burden of economic isolation may fall on the civilian population. We present key findings from a WHO-sponsored evidence review on the impact of economic sanctions on health and health systems in low-income and middle-income countries, aiming at comprehensive coverage and explicit consideration of issues of causality and mechanisms. METHODS Broad searches of PubMed and Google Scholar (1970-2021) were designed to retrieve published and grey English-language literature expected to cut across disciplines, terminology and research methods. Studies providing an impact estimate were rated by a structured assessment based on ROBINS-I risk of bias domains, synthesised via vote counting and contextualised into the broader literature through a thematic synthesis. RESULTS Included studies (185) were mostly peer-reviewed, mostly single-country, largely coming from medicine and public health, and chiefly concerned with three important target countries-Iraq, Haiti and Iran. Among studies providing impact estimates (31), most raised multiple risk-of-bias concerns. Excluding those with data integrity issues, a significant proportion (21/27) reported consistently adverse effects of sanctions across examined outcomes, with no apparent association to assessed quality, focus on early episodes or publication period. The thematic synthesis highlights the complexity of sanctions, their multidimensionality and the possible mechanisms of impact. CONCLUSION Future research should draw on qualitative knowledge to collect domain-relevant data, combining it with better estimation techniques and study design. However, only the adoption of a risk assessment framework based on prospective data collection and monitoring can certify claims that civilians are adequately protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pinna Pintor
- Living Conditions, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Suhrcke
- Living Conditions, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg,University of York Centre for Health Economics, York, UK
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21
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Gibson-Davis C, Boen CE, Keister LA, Lowell W. Net worth poverty and adult health. Soc Sci Med 2023; 318:115614. [PMID: 36610245 PMCID: PMC10018316 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study broadens the traditional focus on income as the primary measure of economic deprivation by providing the first analysis of wealth deprivation, or net worth poverty (NWP), and adult health. Net worth poverty-having wealth (assets minus debts) less than one-fourth of the federal poverty line-likely exacerbates the negative effects of income poverty (IP). In 2019, one-third of US households were net worth poor, with substantially higher rates among Black (60%) relative to White (25%) households. We estimate longitudinal growth curve (i.e., linear mixed effects) models to test how NWP, IP, and the interaction of the two predict a diverse set of health measures. We also consider whether NWP resulting from either low assets or high debts is more predictive of health outcomes and test for heterogeneous associations by race. Data come from Panel Study of Income Dynamics on 8,962 individuals ages 25 to 64, observed between 2011 and 2019 (n = 26,776). Adjusting for income poverty, net worth poverty, relative to no poverty, was associated with a one-quarter to one-third increase in the likelihood of reporting poor self-rated health, psychological distress, and work limitations. Simultaneously experiencing both NWP and IP was associated with the largest deficits. Both asset-driven (low asset) and debt-driven (high debt) NWP reduced health, but asset-driven NWP had stronger associations (e.g., a 5-percentage point increase of being in poor health, twice that of debt-driven). White, relative to Black, adults exhibited statistically larger associations for psychological distress (4.3 vs 1.1 percentage points) and work limitations (3.7 vs. 1.5 percentage points). White and Black adults who were jointly net worth and income poor exhibited the most disadvantage. Findings underscore how wealth is a critical component of financial deprivation and that wealth deprivation, particularly the lack of assets, merits attention in socioeconomic studies of health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gibson-Davis
- Sanford School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Courtney E Boen
- Department of Sociology and Demography, Population Studies and Population Aging Research Centers, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lisa A Keister
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Warren Lowell
- Sanford School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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22
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Heerde JA, Merrin GJ, Le VT, Toumbourou JW, Bailey JA. Health of Young Adults Experiencing Social Marginalization and Vulnerability: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1711. [PMID: 36767076 PMCID: PMC9914820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People who experience social marginalization and vulnerability have uniquely complex health needs and are at risk of poor health outcomes. Regression analyses using longitudinal data from a cross-national, population-based sample of young adults participating in the International Youth Development Study, tested associations between social marginalization and vulnerabilities and physical health, mental health, and substance use outcomes. Participants from Victoria, Australia, and Washington State in the US were surveyed at ages 25 (2014) and 29 years (2018; N = 1944; 46.7% male). A history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), LGBT identity, financial insecurity, and justice system involvement at age 25 predicted poor health outcomes at age 28, including lower perceived health status, risk for chronic illness, depression and anxiety symptoms, and diagnosed mental health/substance use disorders. Tests of model equivalence across states showed that a history of ACEs was more strongly related to health status and serious injury at age 28 and justice system involvement at age 25 was more strongly related to age 28 serious injury in Victoria than in Washington State. Findings strengthen the case for future population-based research identifying life-course interventions and state policies for reducing poor health and improving health equity among members of socially marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Heerde
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Gabriel J. Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Vi T. Le
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Wang X, Ma Z, Chen J, Dong J. Can Regional Eco-Efficiency Forecast the Changes in Local Public Health: Evidence Based on Statistical Learning in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1381. [PMID: 36674136 PMCID: PMC9859319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Regional eco-efficiency affects local public health through intermediaries such as economic and environmental impacts. Considering multiple factors, the implicit and uncertain relationship with regional characteristics, and the limited data availability, this paper investigated the forecasting of changes in local public health-including the number of visits to hospitals (VTH), outpatients with emergency treatment (OWET), number of inpatients (NI), number of health examinations (NOHE), and patients discharged (PD)-using calculated regional eco-efficiency with the Least Square-Support Vector Machine-Forecasting Model and acquired empirical evidence, utilizing the province-level data in China. Results: (1) regional eco-efficiency is a good predictor in both a single and multi-factor situation; (2) the prediction accuracy for five dimensions of the changes in local public health was relatively high, and the volatility was lower and more stable throughout the whole forecasting period; and (3) regional heterogeneity, denoted by three economic and demographic factors and three medical supply and technical level factors, improved the forecasting performance. The findings are meaningful for provincial-level decision-makers in China in order for them to know the current status or trends of medical needs, optimize the allocation of medical resources in advance, and enable ample time to tackle urgent emergencies, and, finally, the findings can serve to evaluate the social effects of improving regional eco-efficiency via local enterprises or individuals and adopting sustainable development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianning Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Big Data Marketing Research and Applications Center, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhengang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiusheng Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingrong Dong
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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24
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Zhang Z, Hong M. Research on the heterogeneous effects of residents' income on mental health. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:5043-5065. [PMID: 36896535 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of residents' income on mental health is complex, and there are heterogeneous effects of residents' income on different types of mental health. Based on the annual panel data of 55 countries from 2007 to 2019, this paper divides residents' income into three dimensions: absolute income, relative income and income gap. Mental health is divided into three aspects: subjective well-being, prevalence of depression and prevalence of anxiety. Panel Tobit model is used to study the heterogeneous impact of residents' income on mental health. The results show that, on the one hand, different dimensions of residents' income have a heterogeneous impact on mental health, specifically, absolute income has a positive impact on mental health, while relative income and income gap have no significant impact on mental health. On the other hand, the impact of different dimensions of residents' income on different types of mental health is heterogeneous. Specifically, absolute income and income gap have heterogeneous effects on different types of mental health, while relative income has no significant impact on different types of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Hong
- Guangzhou Institute of International Finance, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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25
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The Effect of the Great Recession on Italian Life Expectancy. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2023; 42:3. [PMID: 36742059 PMCID: PMC9884069 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-023-09755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2008 economic crisis, also called the Great Recession, produced only a moderate rise in unemployment in Italy, but the consequences for public debt management were far more serious. Italy makes for a good case study for evaluating the effect on life expectancy at birth of the cost containment program in the health care system, implemented after the crisis began. To this end we employed the Artificial Control method using the data from the Human Mortality Database to assess the causal effect of the 2008 economic crisis on the subsequent evolution of life expectancy at birth (until 2019, before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic). Our analysis identifies a significant deceleration in the progression of Italian life expectancy. Ten years after the onset of the crisis, Italy appears to have lost almost 1 year of life expectancy with respect to what would have been expected had the crisis never happened.
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Gailey S, Mortensen LH, Bruckner TA. Job loss and fetal growth restriction: identification of critical trimesters of exposure. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 76:174-180. [PMID: 35605768 PMCID: PMC10194830 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research suggests that job loss in a household during pregnancy may perturb fetal growth. However, this work often cannot rule out unmeasured confounding due to selection into job loss. Recent work using data on exogenous job loss (due to a plant closure) finds that a father's unexpected job loss during his spouse's pregnancy increases the risk of a low weight birth. Using a unique set of linked registries in Denmark, we build on this work and examine whether associations between a father's unexpected job loss and low birthweight differ by trimester of in utero exposure. We additionally examine trimester-specific associations of job loss with small-for-gestational-age, a proxy for restricted fetal growth, which may cause low birthweight. METHODS We apply a sibling control design to over 1.4 million live births in Denmark, 1980 to 2017, to examine whether this plausibly exogenous form of job loss corresponds with increased risk of low weight or small-for-gestational-age births, depending on the timing of displacement in the first, second, or third trimester. RESULTS Results indicate an elevated risk of low birthweight (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.62) and small-for-gestational-age (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.93) among gestations exposed to job loss in the second trimester of pregnancy. Sensitivity analyses using continuous outcome measures (e.g., birthweight in grams, birthweight for gestational age percentile) and maternal fixed effects analyses produce substantively similar inference. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the notion that unexpected job loss may affect fetal growth and that the second trimester in particular appears sensitive to this external stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gailey
- Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Laust H Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim A Bruckner
- University of California Irvine, Center for Population, Inequality and Policy and Program in Public Health, Irvine, California, USA
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Depression predicts equivalized income five years later, but not vice versa: Results from the prospective Gutenberg Health Study. Soc Sci Med 2022; 313:115395. [PMID: 36183523 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bartoll-Roca X, Marí-Dell'Olmo M, Gotsens M, Palència L, Pérez K, Díez E, Borrell C. Neighbourhood income inequalities in mental health in Barcelona 2001-2016: a Bayesian smoothed estimate. GACETA SANITARIA 2022; 36:534-539. [PMID: 35644735 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obtaining reliable health estimates at the small area level (such as neighbourhoods) using survey data usually poses the problem of small sample sizes. To overcome this limitation, we explored smoothing techniques in order to estimate poor mental health prevalence at the neighbourhood level and analyse its profile by income in Barcelona city (Spain). METHOD A Bayesian smoothing model with a logit-normal transformation was applied to four repeated cross-sectional waves of the Barcelona health survey for 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Mental health status was identified from the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Income inequalities were analysed with neighbourhood income in quantiles for each year and trends in the pooled analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of poor mental health ranged from 14.6% in 2001 to 18.9% in 2016. The yearly difference between neighbourhoods was 12.4% in 2001, 16.7% in 2006, 14.2% in 2011, and 20.0% in 2016. The odds ratio and 95% credible interval (95%CI) of experiencing poor mental health was 1.40 times higher (95%CI: 1.02-1.91) in less advantaged neighbourhoods than in more advantaged neighbourhoods in 2001, 1.61 times higher (95%CI: 1.01-2.59) in 2006 and 2.31 times higher (95%CI: 1.57-3.40) in 2016. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the Bayesian smoothed techniques allows detection of inequalities in health in neighbourhoods and monitoring of interventions against them. In Barcelona, mental health problems are more prevalent in low-income neighbourhoods and raised in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bartoll-Roca
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Marí-Dell'Olmo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Gotsens
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Palència
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine Pérez
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elia Díez
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Kim B, Kim DH, Jang SY, Shin J, Lee SG, Kim TH. Family economic hardship and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904985. [PMID: 36148341 PMCID: PMC9486021 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined whether pandemic related family economic hardships influenced adolescents' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods Data were collected from 54,948 adolescents who participated in the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis to examine the association between family economic hardship and mental health (anxiety, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation). Results Among the adolescents, 39.7, 24.7, and 5.9% reported slight, moderate, and severe economic hardship, respectively. COVID-19 related family economic hardship was significantly associated with higher odds of adolescents reporting anxiety, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. This association was stronger among adolescents with low to middle family economic status. Conclusions This study suggests that adolescents from more economically vulnerable families are likely to be at a higher risk for long-term mental health effects due to the financial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomgyeol Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk-Yong Jang
- Department of Healthcare Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Healthcare Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Tae Hyun Kim
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Jacques Wels, Booth C, Wielgoszewska B, Green MJ, Di Gessa G, Huggins CF, Griffith GJ, Kwong ASF, Bowyer RCE, Maddock J, Patalay P, Silverwood RJ, Fitzsimons E, Shaw R, Thompson EJ, Steptoe A, Hughes A, Chaturvedi N, Steves CJ, Katikireddi SV, Ploubidis GB. Mental and social wellbeing and the UK coronavirus job retention scheme: Evidence from nine longitudinal studies. Soc Sci Med 2022; 308:115226. [PMID: 35932537 PMCID: PMC9296227 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major economic disruptions. In March 2020, the UK implemented the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme - known as furlough - to minimize the impact of job losses. We investigate associations between change in employment status and mental and social wellbeing during the early stages of the pandemic. METHODS Data were from 25,670 respondents, aged 17-66, across nine UK longitudinal studies. Furlough and other employment changes were defined using employment status pre-pandemic and during the first lockdown (April-June 2020). Mental and social wellbeing outcomes included psychological distress, life satisfaction, self-rated health, social contact, and loneliness. Study-specific modified Poisson regression estimates, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic mental and social wellbeing, were pooled using meta-analysis. Associations were also stratified by sex, age, education, and household composition. RESULTS Compared to those who remained working, furloughed workers were at greater risk of psychological distress (adjusted risk ratio, ARR = 1.12; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.29), low life satisfaction (ARR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.22), loneliness (ARR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.23), and poor self-rated health (ARR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.50). Nevertheless, compared to furloughed workers, those who became unemployed had greater risk of psychological distress (ARR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.12, 1.52), low life satisfaction (ARR = 1.16; 95%CI: 0.98, 1.38), and loneliness (ARR = 1.67; 95%CI: 1.08, 2.59). Effects were not uniform across all sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS During the early stages of the pandemic, those furloughed had increased risk of poor mental and social wellbeing, but furloughed workers fared better than those who became unemployed, suggesting that furlough may have partly mitigated poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Wels
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, UK.
| | - Charlotte Booth
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Bożena Wielgoszewska
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Michael J Green
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Giorgio Di Gessa
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Alex S F Kwong
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth C E Bowyer
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, UK
| | - Jane Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, UK; Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Richard J Silverwood
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Emla Fitzsimons
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Richard Shaw
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ellen J Thompson
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, UK
| | - Alun Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, UK
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, UK
| | | | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
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Eun SJ. Trends and disparities in avoidable, treatable, and preventable mortalities in South Korea, 2001-2020: comparison of capital and non-capital areas. Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022067. [PMID: 35989656 PMCID: PMC9754920 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the regional avoidable mortality trends in Korea and examine the trends in avoidable mortality disparities between the Seoul Capital Area and non-Seoul-Capital areas, thereby exploring the underlying reasons for the trend changes. METHODS Age-standardized mortality rates from avoidable causes between 2001-2020 were calculated by region. Regional disparities in avoidable mortality were quantified on both absolute and relative scales. Trends and disparities in avoidable mortality were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. RESULTS Avoidable, treatable, and preventable mortalities in Korea decreased at different rates over time by region. The largest decreases were in the non-Seoul-Capital non-metropolitan area for avoidable and preventable mortality rates and the non-Seoul- Capital metropolitan area for treatable mortality rates, despite the largest decline being in the Seoul Capital Area prior to around 2009. Absolute and relative regional disparities in avoidable and preventable mortalities generally decreased. Relative disparities in treatable mortality between areas widened. Regional disparities in all types of mortalities tended to improve after around 2009, especially among males. In females, disparities in avoidable, treatable, and preventable mortalities between areas improved less or even worsened. CONCLUSIONS Trends and disparities in avoidable mortality across areas in Korea seem to have varied under the influence of diverse social changes. Enhancing health services to underserved areas and strengthening gender-oriented policies are needed to reduce regional disparities in avoidable mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Eun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Correspondence: Sang Jun Eun Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea E-mail:
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Salinari G, Benassi F. The long-term effect of the Great Recession on European mortality. JOURNAL OF POPULATION RESEARCH 2022; 39:417-439. [PMID: 35966415 PMCID: PMC9358630 DOI: 10.1007/s12546-022-09290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Some European countries, such as Greece and Spain, were severely hit by the 2008 economic crisis whereas others, such as Germany, were practically spared by it. This divergence allowed us to implement a difference in differences research design which offered the possibility to observe the long-lasting effects produced by the crisis on European life expectancy. Our analysis—based on Eurostat data from 2001 to 2019—shows that life expectancy increased faster, after the onset of the crisis, in those countries where the rise in unemployment was more intense. Furthermore, our results show that this gain in life expectancy persisted, and sometimes further increased, until 2019 when most macro-economic variables had returned to their pre-crisis values. Previous research has identified that mortality behaves procyclically in developed countries: when the economy slows down mortality decreases and vice versa. Our findings show, by contrast, that life expectancy behaves asymmetrically: it responded to an increase but not to a decrease in unemployment. This calls for a reconsideration of the causal mechanisms linking together the economic cycle and mortality in developed countries.
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Figueiredo DCMMD, Sanchéz-Villegas P, Figueiredo AMD, Moraes RMD, Daponte-Codina A, Schmidt Filho R, Vianna RPDT. Effects of the economic recession on suicide mortality in Brazil: interrupted time series analysis. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75Suppl 3:e20210778. [PMID: 35703676 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to analyze trends in suicide rates in Brazil in the period before and after the start of the economic recession. METHODS interrupted time series research using national suicide data recorded in the period between 2012 and 2017 with socioeconomic subgroups analyses. Quasi-Poisson regression model was employed to analyze trends in seasonally adjusted data. RESULTS there was an abrupt increase in the risk of suicide after economic recession in the population with less education (12.5%; RR = 1.125; 95%CI: 1.027; 1.232) and in the South Region (17.7%; 1.044; 1.328). After an abrupt reduction, there was a progressive increase in risk for the black and brown population and for those with higher education. In most other population strata, there was a progressive increase in the risk of suicide. CONCLUSIONS the Brazilian economic recession caused different effects on suicide rates, considering social strata, which requires health strategies and policies that are sensitive to the most vulnerable populations.
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Prevalence and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Five Years after the Devastating Wildfires. TRAUMA CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural disasters adversely impact individuals living in places where they occur, resulting in emotional distress. The wildfire that occurred in Fort McMurray (FMM), Alberta in 2016 is no different. Objective: This study aims to identify the prevalence and predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) symptoms in residents of FMM five years after the devastating wildfires. Methods: Data for the study were collected through a cross-sectional survey conducted online from the 24th of April to the 2nd of June 2021. A validated instrument, the GAD-7 scale, was used to collect information on anxiety. Results: This study involved 186 residents of FMM, of which the majority were females (85.5%), employed (94.1%), working at school boards (50.0%), and were either married, cohabiting, or partnered (71.0%). The prevalence of likely GAD among the study sample was 42.5%. Unemployed respondents were seventeen times more likely to develop GAD symptoms (OR = 16.62; 95% C.I. 1.23–223.67) while respondents who would like to receive mental health counseling were five times more likely to experience GAD symptoms (OR = 5.35; 95% C.I. 2.03–14.15). Respondents who suffered a loss of property because of the wildfire were two times more likely to develop GAD symptoms (OR = 2.36; 95% C.I. 1.01–22.62). Conclusion: Policymakers may mitigate GAD symptoms, particularly after natural disasters, by making long-term mental health counseling available and a key component of post-disaster management, and by investing in the social capital of the people to build resilience and support to deal with the post-disaster mental health effects.
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Dufault SM, Chen KT, Picciotto S, Neophytou AM, Eisen EA. The Impact of Job Loss on Self-injury Mortality in a Cohort of Autoworkers: Application of a Novel Causal Approach. Epidemiology 2022; 33:386-394. [PMID: 35383646 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent increases in national rates of suicide and fatal overdose have been linked to a deterioration of economic and social stability. The American auto industry experienced comparable pressures beginning in the 1980s with the emergence of a competitive global market. METHODS Using the United Autoworkers-General Motors (GM) cohort as a case study, we examine the impact of employment loss on these self-injury mortality events. For 29,538 autoworkers employed on or after 1 January 1970, we apply incremental propensity score interventions, a novel causal inference approach, to examine how proportional shifts in the odds of leaving active GM employment affect the cumulative incidence of self-injury mortality. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of self-injury mortality was 0.87% (255 cases) at the observed odds of leaving active GM employment (δ = 1) over a 45-year period. A 10% decrease in the odds of leaving active GM employment (δ = 0.9) results in an estimated 8% drop in self-injury mortality (234 cases) while a 10% increase (δ = 1.1) results in a 19% increase in self-injury mortality (303 cases). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that leaving active employment at GM increases the risk of death due to suicide or drug overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Dufault
- From the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kevin T Chen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sally Picciotto
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Andreas M Neophytou
- Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, opioid overdose deaths contributed to the dramatic rise in all-cause mortality among non-Hispanic Whites. To date, efforts among scholars to understand the role of local area labor market conditions on opioid overdose mortality have led to mixed results. We argue the reason for these disparate findings is scholars have not considered the moderating effects of income support policies such as unemployment insurance. The present study leverages two sources of variation-county mass layoffs and changes in the generosity of state unemployment insurance benefits-to investigate if unemployment benefits moderate the relationship between job loss and county opioid overdose death rates. Our difference-in-differences estimation strategy reveals that the harmful effects of job loss on opioid overdose mortality decline with increasing state unemployment insurance benefit levels. These findings suggest that social policy in the form of income transfers played a crucial role in disrupting the link between job loss and opioid overdose mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Wu
- The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Evangelist
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Work, and Poverty Solutions, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Marshall GL, Ingraham B, Major J, Kahana E, Stansbury K. Modeling the impact of financial hardship and age on self-rated health and depressive symptoms pre/post the great recession. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101102. [PMID: 35607356 PMCID: PMC9123258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events such as a recession, could be devastating on a macro and micro level. Although there have been a number of articles written examining the health effects of the recession, little is known about age differences in the relationship between financial stressors and health pre and post the 2008 recession. Using the Health and Retirement study, we investigated the relationship between two forms of financial hardships, mental and physical health among middle aged (N = 4403) and older adults) (N = 2709). Our findings indicate that with regard to financial hardships experienced pre/post recessionary periods there are differences by age. Specifically, older adults tend to report having less financial hardship than their younger counterparts. Additionally, reduced medication use due to costs was a significant predictor of poor self-rated health among middle aged participants compared to older adults. These results highlight the selective impact of recessions on certain age groups. They also suggests that economic recessions may also produce short-term procyclical health effects. Future research should focus on the relationship between other sources of financial hardship among middle-aged and older adults pre/post-recession at shorter time intervals. This is a longitudinal study using the Health and Retirement Study data from 2006-2016. Examines the relationship between financial hardships and health outcomes before, during and after the great recession. Few studies have explored age differences and financial-related stressors pre and post the 2008 recession.
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Khudaykulov A, Changjun Z, Obrenovic B, Godinic D, Alsharif HZH, Jakhongirov I. The fear of COVID-19 and job insecurity impact on depression and anxiety: An empirical study in China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35287294 PMCID: PMC8906526 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The employees' psychological health and resilience in times of emergency and general uncertainty was chosen due to the immense implications for economics, entrepreneurs, psychologists and psychiatrists, and policymakers. This study aims to provide an insight into uncertainty-induced anxiety and depression among Chinese employees in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Analysis performed in the context of China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath is significant due to the universal nature of external shock impact on psychological welfare, applicable across nations and business sectors and in similar contexts. The statistical analysis was performed with SEM software AMOS version 23. The research model consisting of fear of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, depression, was empirically tested. A purposive sampling technique was applied with the online questionnaire shared with employees in companies located in China. Respondents were working in educational services, information technology, engineering, electronics, and other sectors on white-collar jobs. The data collection was conducted from May to August 2020, in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. The research sample consisting of 283 respondents was used for analysis. Path analysis was performed, and standardized parameter estimates, standard errors, and p-values were calculated. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of job insecurity on depression and anxiety. Furthermore, results indicate that the fear of COVID-19 significantly impacts anxiety and depression but does not impact job insecurity. The findings can be used in a multidisciplinary effort to mitigate the psychological damage. Furthermore, they complement the ongoing epidemiological and scientific discourse on people's personal health and choice of coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akmal Khudaykulov
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zheng Changjun
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bojan Obrenovic
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - Danijela Godinic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Dadgar I, Norström T. Is there a link between all-cause mortality and economic fluctuations? Scand J Public Health 2022; 50:6-15. [PMID: 34666579 PMCID: PMC8808227 DOI: 10.1177/14034948211049979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: All-cause mortality is a global indicator of the overall health of the population, and its relation to the macro economy is thus of vital interest. The main aim was to estimate the short-term and the long-term impact of macroeconomic change on all-cause mortality. Variations in the unemployment rate were used as indicator of temporary fluctuations in the economy. Methods: We used time-series data for 21 OECD countries spanning the period 1960-2018. We used four outcomes: total mortality (0+), infant mortality (<1), mortality in the age-group 20-64, and old-age mortality (65+). Data on GDP/capita were obtained from the Maddison Project. Unemployment data (% unemployed in the work force) were sourced from Eurostat. We applied error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and the long-term impact of macroeconomic change on all-cause mortality. Results: We found that increases in unemployment were statistically significantly associated with decreases in all mortality outcomes except old-age mortality. Increases in GDP were associated with significant lowering long-term effects on mortality. Conclusions: Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that an increase in unemployment leads to a decrease in all-cause mortality. However, economic growth, as indicated by increased GDP, has a long-term protective health impact as indexed by lowered mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Dadgar
- Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thor Norström
- Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fan Y, Fang M, Zhang X, Yu Y. Will the economic growth benefit public health? Health vulnerability, urbanization and COVID-19 in the USA. THE ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 70:81-99. [PMID: 35095177 PMCID: PMC8782711 DOI: 10.1007/s00168-021-01103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Economic growth has a significant impact on health vulnerability primarily through the process of urbanization. This paper conducts a pioneer study by analyzing the impact of regional economic growth and urbanization on the public health vulnerability in the 51 states and territories of the USA from 2011 to 2018 with a fixed-effect panel data regression model. We construct an epidemiological vulnerability index (EVI) using regional smoking, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, collect CDC social vulnerability index (SVI) as state-level public health vulnerability status, and use COVID-19 to test the actual effect of health vulnerability. The preliminary results show that higher regional economic growth is related to lower EVI and SVI, while urbanization is positively associated with regional health vulnerability and the severity of COVID-19 from case rate and death rate. Robustness check with unemployment shows the same result. We conclude that economic growth is related to lower public health vulnerability, and urbanization has negative public health benefits. Our finding indicates an urgent need to balance the externalities generated by economic development and urbanization trends on public health vulnerability by promoting reasonable medical resource distribution, health practices and safety, improving social and environmental justice, and other health management measures. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00168-021-01103-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fan
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fang
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yongda Yu
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Akinola OA, Doabler CT. Determinants of employment outcomes of transition-age youth with depressive disorders. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-211172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Transition-age youth (TAY) with depressive disorders struggle with finding and retaining gainful employment. Thousands of these youth enroll in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) program each year to improve their employment outcomes. However, there is a dearth of information on the factors that facilitate or impede their success in the program. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to shed light on the effects of demographic characteristics and vocational rehabilitation services on successful employment and earnings of TAY with depressive disorders in the state-federal VR program. METHOD: The sample comprised of 4,772 participants drawn from the Rehabilitation Services Administration dataset. Regression analyses were employed to examine the effects of demographic characteristics and vocational rehabilitation services on successful employment and earnings. RESULTS: Results indicated that employment outcomes varied by demographic characteristics such as race/ethnicity, severity of disability and level of education. Also, certain VR services had significant positive or negative relationships with successful employment and earnings. CONCLUSIONS: Highlighting the promise of the state-federal programs for supporting TAY with depressive disorders to successfully participate in the labor market, findings from this study expand upon the literature by suggesting practices and services for optimizing employment potentials of this population.
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Ruiz-Palomino P, Yáñez-Araque B, Jiménez-Estévez P, Gutiérrez-Broncano S. Can servant leadership prevent hotel employee depression during the COVID-19 pandemic? A mediating and multigroup analysis. TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 2022; 174:121192. [PMID: 34538969 PMCID: PMC8437813 DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hospitality industry has been severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, with changes that have harmed employees' psychological well-being. However, having supervisors who are servant may make a difference. With a focus on serving others and the care taken to ensure their employees' highest priority needs are served, these leaders could help employees feel less depressed in these complicated times. By instilling servant behaviors in followers that help them become people that others can trust or with whom they can develop friendships, leaders could help these employees earn greater levels of personal social capital (PSC) through which to more successfully address pandemic times, especially if furloughed. Using structural equation modeling to analyze a sample of 205 hotel employees in Spain, we found that servant leadership directly decreases depression, and that PSC mediates this relationship. Our multigroup analyses (MGA) findings also reveal that when these employees are furloughed, the negative effect of PSC and the mediating role of PSC in this relationship is stronger. New light is thus shed on how servant leadership is effective in reducing employee depressive symptoms in times of severe changes such as those produced by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz-Palomino
- Department of Business Administration, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Social Sciences, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Benito Yáñez-Araque
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Applied Intelligent Systems Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Estévez
- Department of Business Administration, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, Toledo, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez-Broncano
- Department of Business Administration, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Social Sciences, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
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Moulin F, El-Aarbaoui T, Bustamante JJH, Héron M, Mary-Krause M, Rouquette A, Galéra C, Melchior M. Risk and protective factors related to children's symptoms of emotional difficulties and hyperactivity/inattention during the COVID-19-related lockdown in France: results from a community sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-12. [PMID: 33751230 PMCID: PMC7942211 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 epidemic has spread worldwide since December 2019. To contain it, preventive measures including social distancing, economic shutdown, and school closures were introduced, carrying the risk of mental health burden in adults and children. Although the knowledge base regarding children's response to trauma and adverse events in general has broadened, descriptions of their mental health during epidemics remain scarce. In particular, the role of family socioeconomic characteristics and parental mental health are poorly understood. METHODS We assessed the correlates of children's emotional difficulties and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention during the COVID-19 lockdown in a French community-based sample. Data came from 432 community-based parents (27-46 years, TEMPO cohort) and their children (mean age 6.8 ± 4.1) interviewed online. Children's symptoms of emotional difficulties and hyperactivity/inattention were assessed using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire during the 5th week of home confinement. Family socioeconomic characteristics and parental mental health and substance use were assessed weekly during the first 5 weeks of home confinement. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS 7.1% of children presented symptoms of emotional difficulties and 24.7% symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention. Family financial difficulties and parental symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as children's sleeping difficulties and screen time, were associated with the presence of psychological difficulties. CONCLUSION Children's emotional and behavioural difficulties are associated with parental mental health and socioeconomic difficulties. In the unprecedented situation of the COVID-19 epidemic, parents and professionals involved in caring for children should pay special attention to their mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Moulin
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Bordeaux, France. .,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Tarik El-Aarbaoui
- grid.503257.60000 0000 9776 8518INSERM Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, ERES UMRS 1136, Paris, France
| | | | - Mégane Héron
- grid.503257.60000 0000 9776 8518INSERM Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, ERES UMRS 1136, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Mary-Krause
- grid.503257.60000 0000 9776 8518INSERM Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, ERES UMRS 1136, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rouquette
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Paris, France ,grid.413784.d0000 0001 2181 7253AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cédric Galéra
- grid.508062.90000 0004 8511 8605Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Bordeaux, France ,grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniversité de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ,grid.489895.10000 0001 1554 2345Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- grid.503257.60000 0000 9776 8518INSERM Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, ERES UMRS 1136, Paris, France
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Figueiredo DCMMD, Sanchéz-Villegas P, Figueiredo AMD, Moraes RMD, Daponte-Codina A, Schmidt Filho R, Vianna RPDT. Efeitos da recessão econômica na mortalidade por suicídio no Brasil: análise com séries temporais interrompidas. Rev Bras Enferm 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0778pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as tendências nas taxas de suicídio no Brasil, no período antes e depois do início da recessão econômica. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais interrompidas utilizando dados nacionais de suicídio registrados no período entre 2012 e 2017 com análises por subgrupos socioeconômicos. Modelo de regressão quasi-Poisson foi empregado para analisar as tendências dos dados ajustados sazonalmente. Resultados: observou-se aumento abrupto no risco de suicídio após recessão econômica na população com menor escolaridade (12,5%; RR = 1,125; IC95%:1,027; 1,232) e na Região Sul (17,7%; 1,044; 1,328). Após redução abrupta, ocorreu aumento progressivo no risco para a população de pretos e pardos e na de maior escolaridade. Na maioria dos demais estratos populacionais, verificou-se aumento progressivo no risco de suicídio. Conclusões: a recessão econômica brasileira produziu efeitos diferentes nas taxas de suicídio, considerando os estratos sociais, o que demanda estratégias de saúde e políticas sensíveis às populações mais vulneráveis.
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Woo J, Choi H, Engel R. Economic Stress and Life Satisfaction in Retirement Among Korean Older Adults: The Roles of Different Types of Social Support. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2022; 65:97-111. [PMID: 34080523 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2021.1937430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Woo
- School of Social Work at University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Hyojin Choi
- School of Social Work at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rafael Engel
- School of Social Work at University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Road and Transportation Lead to Better Health and Sustainable Destination Development in Host Community: A Case of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312832. [PMID: 34886559 PMCID: PMC8657269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Road and transportation plays a vital role in the sustainable development and prosperity of the area. This study investigates the impact of road and transportation on the health of the host community and its sustainable destination development. Data were collected from the host community and were analyzed through factor analysis and structure equation modeling to evaluate the in-hand data of the structural relationship. It is revealed that road and transportation has a significant role in the improvement of health. Moreover, income mediates the effects of accessibility and employment on health. This study will help the authorities and policy maker to formulate policy regarding road and transportation that will improve health of the host community and its sustainable development. The study is limited to the seven districts of Hazara division and explores the societal aspect of CPEC on the host community, future researcher may investigate other regions and may select some other variables such as effect on GDP, per capita income, etc.
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47
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Sanmarchi F, Esposito F, Bucci A, Toscano F, Golinelli D. Association between Economic Growth, Mortality, and Healthcare Spending in 31 High-Income Countries. Forum Health Econ Policy 2021; 24:101-118. [PMID: 36259392 DOI: 10.1515/fhep-2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association between gross domestic product (GDP), mortality rate (MR) and current healthcare expenditure (CHE) in 31 high-income countries. We used panel data from 2000 to 2017 collected from WHO and OECD databases. The association between CHE, GDP and MR was investigated through a random-effects model. To control for reverse causality, we adopted a test of Granger causality. The model shows that the MR has a statistically significant and negative effect on CHE and that an increase in GDP is associated with an increase of CHE (p < 0.001). The Granger causality analysis shows that all the variables exhibit a bidirectional causality. We found a two-way relationship between GDP and CHE. Our analysis highlights the economic multiplier effect of CHE. In the debate on the optimal allocation of resources, this evidence should be taken into due consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sanmarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bucci
- Department of Economics, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Toscano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York City, USA
| | - Davide Golinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Monnier M, Moulin F, Thierry X, Vandentorren S, Côté S, Barbosa S, Falissard B, Plancoulaine S, Charles MA, Simeon T, Geay B, Marchand L, Ancel PY, Melchior M, Rouquette A, Galera C. Children's mental and behavioral health, schooling, and socioeconomic characteristics during school closure in France due to COVID-19: the SAPRIS project. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22373. [PMID: 34789783 PMCID: PMC8599695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 limitation strategies have led to widespread school closures around the world. The present study reports children's mental health and associated factors during the COVID-19 school closure in France in the spring of 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the SAPRIS project set up during the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Using multinomial logistic regression models, we estimated associations between children's mental health, children's health behaviors, schooling, and socioeconomic characteristics of the children's families. The sample consisted of 5702 children aged 8-9 years, including 50.2% girls. In multivariate logistic regression models, children's sleeping difficulties were associated with children's abnormal symptoms of both hyperactivity-inattention (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 2.05; 95% Confidence Interval 1.70-2.47) and emotional symptoms (aOR 5.34; 95% CI 4.16-6.86). Factors specifically associated with abnormal hyperactivity/inattention were: male sex (aOR 2.29; 95% CI 1.90-2.76), access to specialized care prior to the pandemic and its suspension during school closure (aOR 1.51; 95% CI 1.21-1.88), abnormal emotional symptoms (aOR 4.06; 95% CI 3.11-5.29), being unschooled or schooled with assistance before lockdown (aOR 2.13; 95% CI 1.43-3.17), and tutoring with difficulties or absence of a tutor (aOR 3.25; 95% CI 2.64-3.99; aOR 2.47; 95% CI 1.48-4.11, respectively). Factors associated with children's emotional symptoms were the following: being born pre-term (aOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.03-1.73), COVID-19 cases among household members (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.08-2.73), abnormal symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention (aOR 4.18; 95% CI 3.27-5.34) and modest income (aOR 1.45; 95% CI 1.07-1.96; aOR 1.36; 95% CI 1.01-1.84). Multiple characteristics were associated with elevated levels of symptoms of hyperactivity-inattention and emotional symptoms in children during the period of school closure due to COVID-19. Further studies are needed to help policymakers to balance the pros and cons of closing schools, taking into consideration the educational and psychological consequences for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Monnier
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Flore Moulin
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Thierry
- ELFE Joint Unit, French Institute for Demographic Studies (Ined), French Institute for Medical Research and Health (Inserm), Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Vandentorren
- Inserm, UMR 1219, Vintage Team, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, 94415, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Sylvana Côté
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- Inserm, UVSQ, CESP, DevPsy, Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
- Research Team (EPOPé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre d'Investigations Cliniques P1419, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risks in Pregnancy, Cochin Hotel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Plancoulaine
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, Université de Paris, 75004, Paris, France
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, Université de Paris, 75004, Paris, France
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Ancel
- Research Team (EPOPé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique-Centre d'Investigations Cliniques P1419, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Risks in Pregnancy, Cochin Hotel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Sociale (ERES), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rouquette
- Inserm, UVSQ, CESP, DevPsy, Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
- Public Health and Epidemiology Department, AP-HP Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cédric Galera
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U 1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France.
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Li MT, Zhang J, Zhang DC, Che QQ, Liu ZL, Yang PW, Luo XW, Cai TS. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Synthetic Drug Dependence Scale in a Chinese Sample. Front Psychol 2021; 12:717029. [PMID: 34764905 PMCID: PMC8576389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In contrast to the drug situation in the rest of the world, synthetic drugs, rather than traditional drugs, have been the dominant abused drugs in China since 2019. However, the public misconception that synthetic drugs are not as addictive as traditional drugs, such as opioids and the scarcity of specific measurement instruments, have hindered the clinical diagnosis and treatment of synthetic drug abusers, thus the development of a localized instrument to evaluate dependence on synthetic drugs is in urgently needed. Method: Using a sample of 618 Chinese synthetic drug abusers (Mean age = 34.69 years; 44.17% female), the present study developed and examined the psychometric properties of a self-reporting instrument, the Synthetic Drug Dependence Scale (SDDS), which consists of four subscales: physical dependence, psychological dependence, health injury, and social function injury. Results: The SDDS revealed a three-factor model structure (weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) = 0.876, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.965, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.953, and Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.070), with good internal consistency (composite reliability = 0.912, alfa = 0.801) and convergent validity. Elevated scores on the SDDS were associated with a higher level of reward sensitivity, punishment sensitivity, and stronger impulsivity. Interestingly, psychological dependence was the only significant predictor (p < 0.05) of criterion variables compared with the other three subscales, implying the important role of psychological factors in synthetic drugs dependence. Adequate measurement equivalence across sex, age (18–30 and 31–57 years old), and employment group (employed and unemployed) was also established. Conclusion: The SDDS appears to be an effective and reliable instrument that could be used to further investigate the characteristics of synthetic and traditional drug dependence, promoting a deeper understanding of the physical and psychological roles in drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ting Li
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Corrective Education, Hunan Judicial Police Vocational College, Changsha, China
| | - Dong-Cheng Zhang
- School of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Qing Che
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ze-Lan Liu
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pei-Wen Yang
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Wei Luo
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tai-Sheng Cai
- The Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lee JO, Kapteyn A, Clomax A, Jin H. Estimating influences of unemployment and underemployment on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: who suffers the most? Public Health 2021; 201:48-54. [PMID: 34781158 PMCID: PMC8671193 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate whether unemployment and underemployment are associated with mental distress and whether employment insecurity and its mental health consequences are disproportionately concentrated among specific social groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN This is a population-based longitudinal study. METHODS Data came from the Understanding America Study, a population-based panel in the United States. Between April and May 2020, 3548 adults who were not out of the labor force were surveyed. Analyses using targeted maximum likelihood estimation examined the association of employment insecurity with depression, assessed using the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and anxiety, measured with the 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale. Stratified models were evaluated to examine whether employment insecurity and its mental health consequences are disproportionately concentrated among specific social groups. RESULTS Being unemployed or underemployed was associated with increased odds of having depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-2.02) and anxiety (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.26, 1.79), relative to having a full-time job. Employment insecurity was disproportionately concentrated among Hispanics (54.3%), Blacks (60.6%), women (55.9%), young adults (aged 18-29 years; 57.0%), and those without a college degree (62.7%). Furthermore, Hispanic workers, subsequent to employment insecurity, experienced worse effects on depression (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.40) and anxiety (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.09). Those who completed high school or less reported worse depression subsequent to employment insecurity (AOR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.55, 3.85). CONCLUSIONS Both unemployment and underemployment threaten mental health during the pandemic, and the mental health repercussions are not felt equally across the population. Employment insecurity during the pandemic should be considered an important public health concern that may exacerbate pre-existing mental health disparities during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - A Kapteyn
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Clomax
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Jin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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