Overcoming Common Anxieties in Knowledge Translation: Advice for Scholarly Issue Advocates

Policy Points Faced with urgent threats to human health and well-being such as climate change, calls among the academic community are getting louder to contribute more effectively to the implementation of the evidence generated by our research into public policy. As interest in knowledge translation (KT) surges, so have a number of anxieties about the field's shortcomings. Our paper is motivated by a call in the literature to render useful advice for those beginning in KT on how to advance impact at a policy level. By integrating knowledge from fields such as political science, moral psychology, and marketing, we suggest that thinking and acting like marketers, lobbyists, movements, and political scientists would help us advance on the quest to bridge the chasm between evidence and policy.

Compelling care: A grounded theory of transmasculine self-defense and collective protection at the clinic

Despite formidable inequities in health care systems, transgender people are accessing clinical services in record numbers and gaining recognition as a patient population. This article examines how transgender people are negotiating their care and, in so doing, challenging patterns of marginalization and exclusion. Interviews with twenty-six transmasculine adults were collected and analyzed in the context of a community-led initiative foregrounding low-income people and people of color in Los Angeles County using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Participants gained agency in clinical settings by compelling care, a grounded theory that explains how patients contest medical authority and shift power through everyday acts to defend themselves and future patients. Histories of mistreatment and unequal social power drive patients to engage with health care providers judiciously and with a sense of social responsibility. In tracing seemingly decentralized acts of self-defense (e.g., vetting providers, disrupting gender norms, directing treatment), the study shows how patients rely on community resources and marshal collective protection. The theory recasts patients as constitutive actors in a changing landscape of care and as integral to, and one of many fronts of, collective struggle. In turn, the study lends theoretical insights to anti-racist understandings of medical mistrust andoffers a depathologized framework toward the development of community-building health equity interventions.

Health in Chile's Recent Constitutional Process: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Civil Proposals

(1) Background: In response to the recent political crisis in Chile, the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution'' was approved. We aimed to analyze the health-related civil proposals uploaded to the official website for popular participation in the new constitution in Chile. (2) Methods: We carried out a qualitative thematic analysis of 126 health-related valid proposals. Moreover, we analyzed their link to the Health Goals 2030, established by the Ministry of Health of Chile and to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (3) Results: Sixteen main categories were reached. In all, they were organized into four main areas: (i) the right to health and the establishment of a universal health system; (ii) effective access to selected healthcare services; (iii) improving health outcomes for all and for the relevant subgroups; and (iv) the social determinants of health, health in all the policies, and community health. We found that these four areas were strongly linked to the Health Goals 2030 for Chile and to the SDGs. (4) Conclusions: Despite the fact that the new constitutional proposal was rejected in September 2022, the civil health-related proposals and the areas of health and healthcare were of interest to the citizens as the request showed a strong demand from the population for participation in matters of health, healthcare, and public health.

What has been preventing the emergence of a broad social movement on diabetes (and NCDs)? Insights from the mobilisation of diabetes patients' associations in Bamako, Mali

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. While international strategies for their prevention and control call for greater civil society participation, many observers regret the lack of a broad social movement to address these diseases. This study focuses on diabetes patients' associations engaged from 1991 to 2014 in Bamako, Mali, and explores what factors influenced their capacity to build a collective national movement to address this disease and shape policy reforms in this area. Our findings show that the emergence of such a movement was limited by several constraints. The focus of diabetes patients' associations on technical biomedical issues silenced the daily embodied experience of patients and reduced the use of human-rights approaches. Moreover, few financial, material and social resources coupled with a fragmented base limited the scope and strength of claims made by patients' associations to obtain treatment at reduced coasts. Finally, modes of actions performed failed to challenge more structural inequalities and imbalances of power. Exacerbated by limited political opportunities, these constraints weakened the associations' ability to drive policy change on diabetes. They reflect some of the current weaknesses of the global mobilisation to address diabetes and NCDs.

Movement Pandemic Adaptability: Health Inequity and Advocacy among Latinx Immigrant and Indigenous Peoples

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated longstanding inequities in resources and healthcare, stacked on top of historical systems that exploit immigrants and communities of color. The range of relief, mutual aid, and advocacy responses to the pandemic highlights the role of social movement organizations in addressing the ways that immigration status creates systemic barriers to adequate health and wellbeing. This paper conceptualizes what I call, “movement pandemic adaptability,” drawing from a decolonial-inspired study including participant-observation (September 2018–September 2020), interviews (n = 31), and focus groups (n = 12) with community members and health advocates. Data collection began before the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2018–February 2019) and continued during its emergence and the initial shelter-in-place orders (March 2019–September 2020). Movement pandemic adaptability emerged as a strategy of drawing from pre-existing networks and solidarities to provide culturally relevant resources for resilience that addressed vulnerabilities created by restrictions against undocumented people and language barriers for communities that speak Spanish and a range of Indigenous languages. This paper presents how the relationship between immigration status and health is influenced by the local context, as well as the decisions of advocates, policymakers, and community members.

The Importance of Sociocultural Context When Choosing to Eat Healthier

OBJECTIVE

To explore how working women in metropolitan Malaysia make food decisions.

DESIGN

A grounded theory approach and semistructured interviews.

SETTING

A large university in metropolitan Malaysia.

PARTICIPANTS

Twenty-four female employees purposively recruited to vary in ethnicity, body mass index, age, and marital status via convenience sampling.

PHENOMENON OF INTEREST

Perceptions of sociocultural influences on healthy eating behavior among working women.

ANALYSIS

Researchers audio-recorded interviews and analyzed verbatim transcripts.

RESULTS

Working women shared a desire to eat a healthier, more balanced diet by reducing processed food consumption through home-cooked meals. Participants described aspects of their living situations and cultural values about food that made it seem impossible to change their diets. Living with other people limited their ability to cook the food they wanted to eat. In addition, unspoken rules about communal eating in Malaysia, such as not refusing food and not wasting food, prevented working women from practicing healthy eating.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

In this population of working women in metropolitan Malaysia, experiences of time scarcity and limited sociocultural support for behavior change were major barriers to healthy eating. Interventions could prioritize leveraging these realities about food to facilitate environments in which women feel like they have control of their own food intake.

Has COVID-19 changed how people think about the drivers of health? If so, does it matter?

Background

Could the COVID-19 pandemic prompt shifts in Americans' basic views on health mindset and policy solutions to health crises?

Methods

A sample of 1,637 individuals rated the extent to which items (e.g., the role of environmental vs. individual factors) "may affect people's health and wellbeing," both before (2018) and during the pandemic. In summer 2020 and fall 2021 they responded to questions about vaccination status and perceptions of COVID-19 related policies. We assessed changes in health mindset using repeated measures logistic regression, and used cross-sectional logistic regressions to assess whether variations in mindset explain COVID-19 related attitudes and behavior.

Results

Between 2018 and 2021 respondents gave increasing weight to where people live and genetic factors and less weight to the role of individual health choices. Views on the importance of access to healthcare did not change appreciably. Those who reported that health care and place have a strong effect on health and wellbeing were significantly more likely to get vaccinated. Moreover, those who strongly believed that place is important were significantly less likely to agree that their local government went too far in restricting their freedom and that the local economy should have been left alone.

Conclusion

Respondents were more likely in 2021 than in 2018 to recognize social determinants of health, and this is associated with a greater openness to pandemic-control measures. It remains to be seen, however, whether the changes in health mindset will persist over time and contribute to changes in policy and practice.

Defining Priorities for Action and Research on the Commercial Determinants of Health: A Conceptual Review

In recent years, the concept of commercial determinants of health (CDoH) has attracted scholarly, public policy, and activist interest. To date, however, this new attention has failed to yield a clear and consistent definition, well-defined metrics for quantifying its impact, or coherent directions for research and intervention. By tracing the origins of this concept over 2 centuries of interactions between market forces and public health action and research, we propose an expanded framework and definition of CDoH. This conceptualization enables public health professionals and researchers to more fully realize the potential of the CDoH concept to yield insights that can be used to improve global and national health and reduce the stark health inequities within and between nations. It also widens the utility of CDoH from its main current use to study noncommunicable diseases to other health conditions such as infectious diseases, mental health conditions, injuries, and exposure to environmental threats. We suggest specific actions that public health professionals can take to transform the burgeoning interest in CDoH into meaningful improvements in health. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(12):2202-2211. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306491).

A health political science for health promotion

If health promotion as a field of change for human and ecological health is to maintain its urgency, it needs to continue building its policy credentials. This paper charts the development of policy as a concern for IUHE/IUHPE (International Union for Health Education/International Union for Health Promotion and Education) from the mid-1970s when 'health education policies' were prominent issues, to the launch of Healthy Public Policy (in the 1980s) and Health in All Policy (in the 2000s). We argue that solid conceptual and theoretical foundations exist to frame and develop the relevance and connectedness of health promotion more prominently. We start off with a brief introduction into (health) political science, and then illustrate the urgency of the argument with three case studies. The first takes a critical realist perspective on 'closing the gap' in Australian Indigenous populations. With recent evidence it demonstrates that the core of the policymaking process needs to re-align itself with an Indigenous narrative. The second case study reviews the politics of healthy urban planning and health equity in cities. Taking a critical theory institutionalist view, the case describes how the political and narrative parallels between urban theory and health equity have gone underexplored. With an explicit gaze to connect the two, the field could become a large and influential driver of enhanced health promotion and public health policy. The third case describes the languages, policy frames, and distinctions, in four urban/health paradigms. It shows that unconscious policy and practice bias exists in policy priorities and processes. We conclude with observations and recommendations on the role of health promotion as a conceptual realm and field of activity. We show that all health promoters should be aware of the political nature of their enterprise. Tools and analyses exist to help further action.

Framing climate change as a human health issue: enough to tip the scale in climate policy?

Almost four decades of climate science have not yet led to transformative policy change at the pace and scale required to confront the climate crisis. Colleagues in the planetary health community attribute much potential to framing climate change as human health issue in order to create greater impact on policy makers. In this Personal View, we discuss the promise and limitations of this approach by drawing on insights from political science and public policy with regards to the complexity of these contentious policy issues. We argue that we, as academics, have a moral obligation to embrace an active role in the knowledge-to-action (KTA) sphere and that we would be well advised to expand our KTA approach to include evidence-based strategies, such as lobbying or civil resistance. As scientists, we can no longer wait to embrace the realpolitik insights of political science to move our evidence into policy action.

A Systematic Scoping Review of Media Campaigns to Develop a Typology to Evaluate Their Collective Impact on Promoting Healthy Hydration Behaviors and Reducing Sugary Beverage Health Risks

Interventions to discourage sugary beverages and encourage water consumption have produced modest and unsustainable behavioral changes to reduce obesity and noncommunicable disease risks. This systematic scoping review examined media campaigns to develop a typology to support healthy hydration nonalcoholic beverage behaviors. Our three-step methodology included the following: (1) review and summarize expert-recommended healthy beverage guidelines; (2) review six English-language electronic databases guided by PRISMA to describe existing campaign types by issue, goal and underlying theory; and (3) develop a media campaign typology to support policies, systems and environments to encourage healthy hydration behaviors. Results showed no international consensus for healthy beverage guidelines, though we describe expert-recommended healthy beverage guidelines for the United States. Of 909 records identified, we included 24 articles describing distinct media campaigns and nine sources that defined models, schemes or taxonomies. The final media campaign typology included: (1) corporate advertising, marketing or entertainment; (2) corporate social responsibility, public relations/cause marketing; (3) social marketing; (4) public information, awareness, education/ health promotion; (5) media advocacy/countermarketing; and (6) political or public policy. This proof-of-concept media campaign typology can be used to evaluate their collective impact and support for a social change movement to reduce sugary beverage health risks and to encourage healthy hydration behaviors.

Modeling brain, symptom, and behavior in the winds of change

Neuropsychopharmacology addresses pressing questions in the study of three intertwined complex systems: the brain, human behavior, and symptoms of illness. The field seeks to understand the perturbations that impinge upon those systems, either driving greater health or illness. In the pursuit of this aim, investigators often perform analyses that make certain assumptions about the nature of the systems that are being perturbed. Those assumptions can be encoded in powerful computational models that serve to bridge the wide gulf between a descriptive analysis and a formal theory of a system's response. Here we review a set of three such models along a continuum of complexity, moving from a local treatment to a network treatment: one commonly applied form of the general linear model, impulse response models, and network control models. For each, we describe the model's basic form, review its use in the field, and provide a frank assessment of its relative strengths and weaknesses. The discussion naturally motivates future efforts to interlink data analysis, computational modeling, and formal theory. Our goal is to inspire practitioners to consider the assumptions implicit in their analytical approach, align those assumptions to the complexity of the systems under study, and take advantage of exciting recent advances in modeling the relations between perturbations and system function.

Social movements and the contested institutional identity of the hospital

Taking popular protest as a common reaction to changes in hospital services as its point of departure, this paper explores how a social movement has taken on the issue of the hospital as an institution. In the wake of the transformation of Norwegian public hospitals into health enterprises (trusts), this paper explores community resistance to the proposals and plans of decision-makers to restructure hospitals. The study is based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the website/blog for the local hospital movement's activities from 2007 until 2017 and of its involvement and resistance in respect of three instances of proposed change to the hospital structure during this period. The study reveals that the health enterprises and the managerialism they represent pose a threat to individual safety and sense of belonging, and to the preservation and identity of the local community. Moreover, the framing of the cause of the local hospital movement illuminates how the institutional identity of the hospital is highly contested between the institutional categories of 'public administration' on the one hand, and 'the company' on the other. The impact of the local hospital movement has proven modest in terms of influencing and reversing decisions to restructure hospitals, but it has been considerable in terms of cultural support for its concepts and values, not just concerning hospitals and health care services, but also with regard to democratic governance.

Factors related to health civic engagement: results from the 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes to understand progress towards a Culture of Health

Background

Civic engagement, including voting, volunteering, and participating in civic organizations, is associated with better psychological, physical and behavioral health and well-being. In addition, civic engagement is increasingly viewed (e.g., in Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Culture of Health action framework) as a potentially important driver for raising awareness of and addressing unhealthy conditions in communities. As such, it is important to understand the factors that may promote civic engagement, with a particular focus on the less-understood, health civic engagement, or civic engagement in health-related and health-specific activities. Using data from a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (U.S.), we examined whether the extent to which individuals feel they belong in their community (i.e., perceived sense of community) and the value they placed on investing in community health were associated with individuals’ health civic engagement.

Methods

Using data collected on 7187 nationally representative respondents from the 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes, we examined associations between sense of community, valued investment in community health, and perceived barriers to taking action to invest in community health, with health civic engagement. We constructed continuous scales for each of these constructs and employed multiple linear regressions adjusting for multiple covariates including U.S. region and city size of residence, educational attainment, family income, race/ethnicity, household size, employment status, and years living in the community.

Results

Participants who endorsed (i.e., responded with mostly or completely) all 16 sense of community scale items endorsed an average of 22.8% (95%CI: 19.8–25.7%) more of the health civic engagement scale items compared with respondents who did not endorse any of the sense of community items. Those who endorsed (responded that it was an important or top priority) all items capturing valued investment in community health endorsed 14.0% (95%CI: 11.2–16.8%) more of the health civic engagement items than those who did not endorse any valued investment in community health items.

Conclusions

Health civic engagement, including voting and volunteering to ultimately guide government decisions about health issues, may help improve conditions that influence health and well-being for all. Focusing on individuals’ sense of community and highlighting investments in community health may concurrently be associated with increased health civic engagement and improved community and population health.

Environmental Interventions for Physical and Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Los Angeles

The fields of urban planning and public health were conceived under the same pressures and goals at their inception in the 17th and 18th centuries and continue to address the health concerns of an ever-increasing urban population. While the mutual need that both philosophies have for each other becomes more tangible through research and practice, the application of their interrelatedness continues to benefit residents and visitors of mindfully-built environments. In health-conscious Los Angeles, there lacks a comprehensive assessment of health-centered considerations being implemented by those entrusted with the responsibility of shaping our cities. As a greater majority of the world’s population moves into urban settings, built environment interventions play a progressively vital role in addressing physical and mental health concerns. This piece hopes to bring to attention the need for focused and dynamic approaches in addressing health concerns by means of design, planning, and policy, by focusing on the challenges and opportunities faced by the geographic and human resources of the Greater Los Angeles area.

Desarrollo infantil y condición socioeconómica. Artículo de revisión

Introducción. El desarrollo infantil parte de factores endógenos y exógenos; entre estos últimos se encuentra la condición socioeconómica, la cual puede influir en la salud y las oportunidades en la vida adulta.Objetivos. Conocer y analizar la influencia de las condiciones socioeconómicas en el desarrollo infantil.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en 10 bases de datos mediante una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 2012 y 2017. Se seleccionaron los artículos con base en las palabras clave y la relación entre el desarrollo infantil y la condición socioeconómica.Resultados. Se seleccionaron 10 artículos. Las variables más utilizadas para valorar condición socioeconómica fueron ingresos familiares y educación parental y para desarrollo infantil, áreas de cognición, motricidad fina y gruesa. Se encontró una relación significativa entre desarrollo infantil y nivel socioeconómico, escolaridad, ocupación de los padres, estado civil de la madre y condiciones de la vivienda, que suponen una desventaja y la probabilidad de alteración en el desarrollo infantil.Conclusión. El desarrollo infantil está influenciado por condiciones socioeconómicas determinadas por aspectos histórico-culturales, abordadas en su mayoría desde la sociología funcionalista como factores aislados. Se propone un enfoque metodológico holístico e integrador que dé lugar a la historicidad como elemento nodal.

Grassroots Intervention to Increase Appointment of Pediatric Emergency Care Coordinators in Massachusetts Emergency Departments

OBJECTIVES

Appointment of a pediatric emergency care coordinator (PECC) is considered the single best intervention to improve pediatric emergency care and has been recommended for all U.S. general emergency departments (EDs) for more than a decade. Unfortunately, many EDs do not adhere with this recommendation. In 2017, we performed a grassroots intervention to establish a PECC in every Massachusetts ED.

METHODS

We conducted annual surveys of all 73 Massachusetts EDs from 2014 to 2018. Data collection included ED visit volumes, presence of a pediatric area, and PECC status. The intervention in 2017-2018 included e-mails and telephone calls to every ED director to not only assess PECC status but also encourage him/her to appoint one as needed.

RESULTS

Survey response rates were > 85% in all years and 100% during 2016 to 2018. While Massachusetts EDs did not materially change over time (in terms of visit volumes or presence of a pediatric area), the 2017 intervention increased the percentage of EDs with an appointed PECC. Specifically, PECCs were present in approximately 30% of EDs during 2014 to 2016, climbed to 85% in 2017, and reached 100% in 2018. Most of the newly appointed PECCs were physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

Through a relatively simple grassroots intervention, we increased the appointment of PECCs in Massachusetts EDs from 30% to 100%. In addition to providing PECCs with online educational materials, ongoing work is focused on building community, identifying best practices, and implementing interventions at the local level.

Drivers Of Health As A Shared Value: Mindset, Expectations, Sense Of Community, And Civic Engagement

Making health a shared value is central to building a culture of health, a new action framework intended to spur faster progress toward equitable health outcomes in the United States. Unlike in other US social movements, such as the environmental and civil rights movements, the necessary understanding of shared values has not yet been achieved for health. Discussions about values regarding health have primarily focused on health care instead of health or well-being. These discussions have not progressed to a clear focus on prioritizing values on health instead of simply health care. The evidence base for understanding health as a shared value is only now emerging. Making health a shared value is the first of four Action Areas in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Culture of Health Action Framework. We assert that the achievement of this shared understanding of health as a cultural value will be enhanced through action in specific drivers: mindset and expectations, sense of community, and civic engagement. Building on a literature review and stakeholder engagement, this article examines the evidence base for these drivers and identifies where policy and research actions are needed to advance positive change on population health and well-being outcomes.

A surgical intervention for the body politic: Generation Squeeze applies the Advocacy Coalition Framework to social determinants of health knowledge translation

SETTING

The World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) observes that building political will is central to all its recommendations, because governments respond to those who organize and show up. Since younger Canadians are less likely to vote or to organize in between elections, they are less effective at building political will than their older counterparts. This results in an age gap between SDoH research and government budget priorities. Whereas Global AgeWatch ranks Canada among the top countries for aging, UNICEF ranks Canada among the least generous OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries for the generations raising young children.

INTERVENTION

A surgical intervention into the body politic. Guided by the "health political science" literature, the intervention builds a non-profit coalition to perform science-based, non-partisan democratic engagement to increase incentives for policy-makers to translate SDoH research about younger generations into government budget investments.

OUTCOMES

All four national parties integrated policy recommendations from the intervention into their 2015 election platforms. Three referred to, or consulted with, the intervention during the election. The intervention coincided with all parties committing to the single largest annual increase in spending on families with children in over a decade.

IMPLICATIONS

Since many population-level decisions are made in political venues, the concept of population health interventions should be broadened to include activities designed to mobilize SDoH science in the world of politics. Such interventions must engage with the power dynamics, values, interests and institutional factors that mediate the path by which science shapes government budgets.

The reallocation challenge: Containing Canadian medical care spending to invest in the social determinants of health

We argue that Canadian provincial governments should contain medical care spending in order to invest more in the social determinants of health (SDH). Others have said this, many times. Doing it has not proven easy. We therefore emphasize the potential contribution of the priority-setting and resource allocation literature. This literature identifies formal tools and approaches that have built cultures of support for resource shifts, while providing pragmatic means for advancing efficiency and equity. Although reallocation towards SDH from other areas of the health care system is financially viable and supported by existing research, it will require new emphasis on the design of population health interventions that make reallocation politically expedient.

Social innovation for the promotion of health equity

The role of social innovations in transforming the lives of individuals and communities has been a source of popular attention in recent years. This article systematically reviews the available evidence of the relationship between social innovation and its promotion of health equity. Guided by Fair Foundations: The VicHealth framework for health equity and examining four types of social innovation--social movements, service-related social innovations, social enterprise and digital social innovations--we find a growing literature on social innovation activities, but inconsistent evaluative evidence of their impacts on health equities, particularly at the socio-economic, political and cultural level of the framework. Distinctive characteristics of social innovations related to the promotion of health equity include the mobilization of latent or unrealised value through new combinations of (social, cultural and material) resources; growing bridging social capital and purposeful approaches to linking individual knowledge and experience to institutional change. These have implications for health promotion practice and for research about social innovation and health equity.

The politics of health mobilization in the United States: The promise and pitfalls of "disease constituencies"

A critical review of recent literature on U.S. social movements concerned with matters of health and illness prompts reconsideration of the prevailing conception of such movements as necessarily isolated and particularistic. With a focus on disease-constituency-based mobilization-presently the most potent model of efficacious activism to be found in the domain of health and illness in the United States-I argue that such activism may tend in two directions: a specific response to an imminent disease threat, and a bridging of collective action frames and identities that can lead to connections across differences and broader mobilization. Case studies have demonstrated how patient activism has affected the management of illness, attitudes and practices of health professionals, research practices, processes of innovation, state policies, and corporate behavior. Through close analysis of patient group mobilization and its distinctive orientation toward knowledge and expertise, I argue that patient groups in practice may connect with or influence one another or a range of other forms of mobilization in relation to health, and I examine the "linkage mechanisms"-spillover, coalition, and frame amplification-by which this can occur. Rather than imagine a stark opposition between particularistic, single-issue health politics, on the one hand, and universalistic efforts to transform the meaning and practice of health and health care in the United States, on the other, I propose closer attention to the potentially Janus-faced character of many health movement organizations and the ways in which they may look either inward or outward.

A Review of Opportunities to Improve the Health of People Involved in the Criminal Justice System in the United States

In the past decade, many constituencies have questioned the efficacy, cost, and unintended consequences of mass incarceration in the United States. Although substantial evidence now demonstrates that US incarceration policies have had unintended adverse health consequences, we know less about the strategies and policies that can prevent or reduce these problems for justice-involved individuals and how the criminal justice system (CJS) can contribute to the Healthy People 2020 national goal of eliminating inequities in health. This review examines strategies that have been used to improve the health of people at various stages of CJS involvement, including diversion from jail and prison stays into community settings, improvements to the social and physical environments within correctional facilities, provision of health and other services to inmates, assistance for people leaving correctional facilities to make the transition back to the community, and systems coordination and integration.

Public Health, Embodied History, and Social Justice: Looking Forward

This essay was delivered as a commencement address at the University of California-Berkeley School of Public Health on May 17, 2015. Reflecting on events spanning from 1990 to 1999 to 2015, when I gave my first, second, and third commencement talks at the school, I discuss four notable features of our present era and offer five insights for ensuring that health equity be the guiding star to orient us all. The four notable features are: (1) growing recognition of the planetary emergency of global climate change; (2) almost daily headlines about armed conflicts and atrocities; (3) growing public awareness of and debate about epic levels of income and wealth inequalities; and (4) growing activism about police killings and, more broadly, "Black Lives Matter." The five insights are: (1) public health is a public good, not a commodity; (2) the "tragedy of the commons" is a canard; the lack of a common good is what ails us; (3) good science is not enough, and bad science is harmful; (4) good evidence--however vital--is not enough to change the world; and (5) history is vital, because we live our history, embodied. Our goal: a just and sustainable world in which we and every being on this planet may truly thrive.