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Cao Y, Xing R, Yang F, Zhang Y, Zhou X. Establishment of a prognostic model for pancreatic cancer based on vesicle-mediated transport protein-related genes. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38967327 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2367739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study attempted to build a prognostic riskscore model for pancreatic cancer (PC) patients based on vesicle-mediated transport protein-related genes (VMTGs). We initially conducted differential expression analysis and Cox regression analysis, followed by the construction of a riskscore model to classify PC patients into high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) groups. The GEO GSE62452 dataset further validated the model. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was employed to analyze the survival rate of the HR group and LR group. Cox analysis confirmed the independent prognostic ability of the riskscore model. Additionally, we evaluated immune status in both HR and LR groups, utilizing data from the GDSC database to predict drug response among PC patients. We identified six PC-specific genes from 724 VMTGs. Survival analysis revealed that the survival rate of the HR group was lower than that of the LR group (P<0.05). Cox analysis confirmed that the prognostic riskscore model could independently predict the survival status of PC patients (P<0.001). Immunological analysis revealed that the ESTIMATE score, immune score, and stroma score of the HR group were considerably lower than those of the LR group, and the tumor purity score of the HR group was higher. The IC50 values of Gemcitabine, Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin, and Paclitaxel in the LR group were considerably lower than those in the HR group (P<0.001). In summary, the VMTG-based prognostic riskscore model could stratify PC risk and effectively predict the survival of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renwei Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xianfei Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Liu S, Anderson PJ, Rajagopal S, Lefkowitz RJ, Rockman HA. G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Century of Research and Discovery. Circ Res 2024; 135:174-197. [PMID: 38900852 PMCID: PMC11192237 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors), also known as 7 transmembrane domain receptors, are the largest receptor family in the human genome, with ≈800 members. GPCRs regulate nearly every aspect of human physiology and disease, thus serving as important drug targets in cardiovascular disease. Sharing a conserved structure comprised of 7 transmembrane α-helices, GPCRs couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins, GPCR kinases, and β-arrestins, promoting downstream signaling through second messengers and other intracellular signaling pathways. GPCR drug development has led to important cardiovascular therapies, such as antagonists of β-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptors for heart failure and hypertension, and agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor for reducing adverse cardiovascular events and other emerging indications. There continues to be a major interest in GPCR drug development in cardiovascular and cardiometabolic disease, driven by advances in GPCR mechanistic studies and structure-based drug design. This review recounts the rich history of GPCR research, including the current state of clinically used GPCR drugs, and highlights newly discovered aspects of GPCR biology and promising directions for future investigation. As additional mechanisms for regulating GPCR signaling are uncovered, new strategies for targeting these ubiquitous receptors hold tremendous promise for the field of cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
| | - Preston J. Anderson
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University,
Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
- Deparment of Biochemistry Duke University, Durham, NC,
27710, USA
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Deparment of Biochemistry Duke University, Durham, NC,
27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Howard A. Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Duke University, Durham,
NC, 27710, USA
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3
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Saito A, Kise R, Inoue A. Generation of Comprehensive GPCR-Transducer-Deficient Cell Lines to Dissect the Complexity of GPCR Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:599-619. [PMID: 38719480 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.124.001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are targets of approximately one-third of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs owing to their involvement in almost all physiologic processes. GPCR signaling occurs through the activation of heterotrimeric G-protein complexes and β-arrestins, both of which serve as transducers, resulting in distinct cellular responses. Despite seeming simple at first glance, accumulating evidence indicates that activation of either transducer is not a straightforward process as a stimulation of a single molecule has the potential to activate multiple signaling branches. The complexity of GPCR signaling arises from the aspects of G-protein-coupling selectivity, biased signaling, interpathway crosstalk, and variable molecular modifications generating these diverse signaling patterns. Numerous questions relative to these aspects of signaling remained unanswered until the recent development of CRISPR genome-editing technology. Such genome editing technology presents opportunities to chronically eliminate the expression of G-protein subunits, β-arrestins, G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and many other signaling nodes in the GPCR pathways at one's convenience. Here, we review the practicality of using CRISPR-derived knockout (KO) cells in the experimental contexts of unraveling the molecular details of GPCR signaling mechanisms. To mention a few, KO cells have revealed the contribution of β-arrestins in ERK activation, Gα protein selectivity, GRK-based regulation of GPCRs, and many more, hence validating its broad applicability in GPCR studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review emphasizes the practical application of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transducer knockout (KO) cells in dissecting the intricate regulatory mechanisms of the GPCR signaling network. Currently available cell lines, along with accumulating KO cell lines in diverse cell types, offer valuable resources for systematically elucidating GPCR signaling regulation. Given the association of GPCR signaling with numerous diseases, uncovering the system-based signaling map is crucial for advancing the development of novel drugs targeting specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kise
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Manakkatt HM, Gurjar MS, Saharan MS, Aggarwal R. Expression analysis of genes involved in teliospores germination of Tilletia indica inciting Karnal bunt of wheat. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:726. [PMID: 38856802 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karnal bunt of wheat is an important quarantine disease, incited by Tilletia indica. It limits India's trade in wheat export. The teliospores are major source of inoculum to initiate and spread the Karnal bunt disease. The study aimed to identify the germination-related genes in the teliospores of T. indica. METHODS AND RESULTS The candidate genes in the teliospores germination were identified through the differential gene expression analysis with suitable bioinformatics analysis. Keeping in soil-borne nature of fungi, the teliospores of T. indica (2015 and 2018) were subjected to the qPCR analysis. 20 candidate genes were identified having role in germination of teliospores of T. indica. Twenty genes, viz. Ti9297 (9.31, 7.87-fold), Ti8696 (5.13, 6.54-fold), Ti7699 (8.9, 7.7-fold), Ti7858 (10.33, 6.21-fold), Ti7954 (7.46, 5.54-fold), Ti7739 (5.46, 6.46-fold), Ti9665 (10.74, 7.64-fold), Ti9335 (6.75, 4.36-fold), Ti8396 (9.35, 7.72-fold), Ti8126 (8.87, 11.31-fold), Ti7326 (6.04, 7.7-fold), Ti10208 (13.83, 5.81-fold), Ti12356 (7.83, 8.02-fold), Ti14271 (9.98, 6.32-fold), Ti9234 (11.2, 8.72-fold), Ti 8876 (6.47, 3.55-fold), Ti 10,606 (4.97, 2.35-fold), Ti7758 (10.33, 8.78-fold), Ti4692 (6.89, 9.88-fold), and Ti3932 (5.77, 4.5-fold) were found highly expressed in the germinating teliospores of 2015 and 2018, respectively. Eight genes (Ti508, Ti4152, Ti5346, Ti2375, Ti3739, Ti1134, Ti4399, and Ti4422) were downregulated in the germinating teliospores but these eight genes were showed higher expression in the dormant teliospores. CONCLUSIONS Twenty candidate genes were upregulated in the germinating teliospores are supposed to be involved in the process of germination. Eight genes were downregulated which were related to the process of the dormancy of teliospores. The study will be helpful to devise the newer management strategies for Karnal bunt disease of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Mohan Manakkatt
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Mahatma Gandhi Integrated Farming Research Institute, Piprakothi, Motihari, Bihar, 845429, India
| | - Malkhan Singh Gurjar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Mahender Singh Saharan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Duan J, He XH, Li SJ, Xu HE. Cryo-electron microscopy for GPCR research and drug discovery in endocrinology and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:349-365. [PMID: 38424377 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors, with many GPCRs having crucial roles in endocrinology and metabolism. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the field of structural biology, particularly regarding GPCRs, over the past decade. Since the first pair of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM were published in 2017, the number of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM has surpassed the number resolved by X-ray crystallography by 30%, reaching >650, and the number has doubled every ~0.63 years for the past 6 years. At this pace, it is predicted that the structure of 90% of all human GPCRs will be completed within the next 5-7 years. This Review highlights the general structural features and principles that guide GPCR ligand recognition, receptor activation, G protein coupling, arrestin recruitment and regulation by GPCR kinases. The Review also highlights the diversity of GPCR allosteric binding sites and how allosteric ligands could dictate biased signalling that is selective for a G protein pathway or an arrestin pathway. Finally, the authors use the examples of glycoprotein hormone receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor to illustrate the effect of cryo-EM on understanding GPCR biology in endocrinology and metabolism, as well as on GPCR-related endocrine diseases and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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Ajoolabady A, Pratico D, Ren J. Endothelial dysfunction: mechanisms and contribution to diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01295-8. [PMID: 38773228 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelium, lining the inner surface of blood vessels and spanning approximately 3 m2, serves as the largest organ in the body. Comprised of endothelial cells, the endothelium interacts with other bodily components including the bloodstream, circulating cells, and the lymphatic system. Functionally, the endothelium primarily synchronizes vascular tone (by balancing vasodilation and vasoconstriction) and prevents vascular inflammation and pathologies. Consequently, endothelial dysfunction disrupts vascular homeostasis, leading to vascular injuries and diseases such as cardiovascular, cerebral, and metabolic diseases. In this opinion/perspective piece, we explore the recently identified mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction across various disease subsets and critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of current therapeutic interventions at the pre-clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Philbrook A, O'Donnell MP, Grunenkovaite L, Sengupta P. Differential modulation of sensory response dynamics by cilia structure and intraflagellar transport within and across chemosensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594529. [PMID: 38798636 PMCID: PMC11118401 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sensory neurons contain morphologically diverse primary cilia that are built by intraflagellar transport (IFT) and house sensory signaling molecules. Since both ciliary structural and signaling proteins are trafficked via IFT, it has been challenging to decouple the contributions of IFT and cilia structure to neuronal responses. By acutely inhibiting IFT without altering cilia structure and vice versa , here we describe the differential roles of ciliary trafficking and sensory ending morphology in shaping chemosensory responses in C. elegans. We show that a minimum cilium length but not continuous IFT is necessary for a subset of responses in the ASH nociceptive neurons. In contrast, neither cilia nor continuous IFT are necessary for odorant responses in the AWA olfactory neurons. Instead, continuous IFT differentially modulates response dynamics in AWA. Upon acute inhibition of IFT, cilia-destined odorant receptors are shunted to ectopic branches emanating from the cilia base. Spatial segregation of receptors in these branches from a cilia-restricted regulatory kinase results in odorant desensitization defects, highlighting the importance of precise organization of signaling molecules at sensory endings in regulating response dynamics. We also find that adaptation of AWA responses upon repeated exposure to an odorant is mediated by IFT-driven removal of its cognate receptor, whereas adaptation to a second odorant is regulated via IFT-independent mechanisms. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in the contribution of IFT and cilia organization to the regulation of responses even within a single chemosensory neuron type, and establish a critical role for these processes in the precise modulation of olfactory behaviors.
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8
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Leclerc NR, Dunne TM, Shrestha S, Johnson CP, Kelley JB. TOR signaling regulates GPCR levels on the plasma membrane and suppresses the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593412. [PMID: 38798445 PMCID: PMC11118302 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to mating pheromone through the GPCRs Ste2 and Ste3, which promote growth of a mating projection in response to ligand binding. This commitment to mating is nutritionally and energetically taxing, and so we hypothesized that the cell may suppress mating signaling during starvation. We set out to investigate negative regulators of the mating pathway in nutritionally depleted environments. Here, we report that nutrient deprivation led to loss of Ste2 from the plasma membrane. Recapitulating this effect with nitrogen starvation led us to hypothesize that it was due to TORC1 signaling. Rapamycin inhibition of TORC1 impacted membrane levels of all yeast GPCRs. Inhibition of TORC1 also dampened mating pathway output. Deletion analysis revealed that TORC1 repression leads to α-arrestin-directed CME through TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. We then set out to determine whether major downstream effectors of the TOR complexes also downregulate pathway output during mating. We found that autophagy contributes to pathway downregulation through analysis of strains lacking ATG8 . We also show that Ypk1 significantly reduced pathway output. Thus, both autophagy machinery and TORC2-Ypk1 signaling serve as attenuators of pheromone signaling during mating. Altogether, we demonstrate that the stress-responsive TOR complexes coordinate GPCR endocytosis and reduce the magnitude of pheromone signaling, in ligand-independent and ligand-dependent contexts. One Sentence Summary TOR signaling regulates the localization of all Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPCRs during starvation and suppress the mating pathway in the presence and absence of ligand.
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Song B, Hou G, Xu M, Chen M. Exosomal miR-122-3p represses the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cells by targeting GRK4-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111101. [PMID: 38365112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer whose incidence continues to grow while its medical progress has stagnated. miRNAs are vital messengers that facilitate communications among different cancer cells. This study was to reveal the correlation of miR-122-3p expression with BC metastasis and Adriamycin (ADM) resistance and its mechanism of inhibiting BC metastasis. We found that expression of miR-122-3p is negatively correlated with BC metastasis and is lower in MCF-7/ADR cells. Overexpression of miR-122-3p in MCF-7/ADR cancer cells impairs their ability to migrate, invade, and stimulate blood vessel formation. Further research found that miR-122-3p directly binds to the 3' UTR of GRK4, reducing the phosphorylation of LRP6, which activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, facilitating BC development and metastasis. In addition, we observed that miR-122-3p is present in MCF-7 cells, and treatment of MCF-7/ADR cells with MCF-7-derived exosomes, but not with exosomes from miR-122-3p-deficient MCF-7 cells, has identical effects to miR-122-3p overexpression. Data from xenograft experiments further suggest that excess miR-122-3p and MCF-7-derived exosomes inhibit the growth and metastasis of MCF-7/ADR cancer cells in vivo. In conclusion our data reveal that exosomal miR-122-3p may negatively regulate BC growth and metastasis, potentially serving as a diagnostic and druggable target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu, China.; Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoxin Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maoyi Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu, China..
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Nürnberg B, Beer-Hammer S, Reisinger E, Leiss V. Non-canonical G protein signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 255:108589. [PMID: 38295906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The original paradigm of classical - also referred to as canonical - cellular signal transduction of heterotrimeric G proteins (G protein) is defined by a hierarchical, orthograde interaction of three players: the agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which activates the transducing G protein, that in turn regulates its intracellular effectors. This receptor-transducer-effector concept was extended by the identification of regulators and adapters such as the regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), receptor kinases like βARK, or GPCR-interacting arrestin adapters that are integrated into this canonical signaling process at different levels to enable fine-tuning. Finally, the identification of atypical signaling mechanisms of classical regulators, together with the discovery of novel modulators, added a new and fascinating dimension to the cellular G protein signal transduction. This heterogeneous group of accessory G protein modulators was coined "activators of G protein signaling" (AGS) proteins and plays distinct roles in canonical and non-canonical G protein signaling pathways. AGS proteins contribute to the control of essential cellular functions such as cell development and division, intracellular transport processes, secretion, autophagy or cell movements. As such, they are involved in numerous biological processes that are crucial for diseases, like diabetes mellitus, cancer, and stroke, which represent major health burdens. Although the identification of a large number of non-canonical G protein signaling pathways has broadened the spectrum of this cellular communication system, their underlying mechanisms, functions, and biological effects are poorly understood. In this review, we highlight and discuss atypical G protein-dependent signaling mechanisms with a focus on inhibitory G proteins (Gi) involved in canonical and non-canonical signal transduction, review recent developments and open questions, address the potential of new approaches for targeted pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Reisinger
- Gene Therapy for Hearing Impairment Group, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronika Leiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, and ICePhA Mouse Clinic, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Deb R, Sengar GS, Sonowal J, Pegu SR, Das PJ, Singh I, Chakravarti S, Selvaradjou A, Attupurum N, Rajkhowa S, Gupta VK. Transcriptome signatures of host tissue infected with African swine fever virus reveal differential expression of associated oncogenes. Arch Virol 2024; 169:54. [PMID: 38381218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has emerged as a threat to swine production worldwide. Evasion of host immunity by ASF virus (ASFV) is well understood. However, the role of ASFV in triggering oncogenesis is still unclear. In the present study, ASFV-infected kidney tissue samples were subjected to Illumina-based transcriptome analysis. A total of 2463 upregulated and 825 downregulated genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05). A literature review revealed that the majority of the differentially expressed host genes were key molecules in signaling pathways involved in oncogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the activation of certain oncogenic KEGG pathways, including basal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, transcriptional deregulation in cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of host-virus interactions revealed that the upregulated oncogenic RELA (p65 transcription factor) protein of Sus scrofa can interact with the A238L (hypothetical protein of unknown function) of ASFV. Differential expression of oncogenes was confirmed by qRT-PCR, using the H3 histone family 3A gene (H3F3A) as an internal control to confirm the RNA-Seq data. The levels of gene expression indicated by qRT-PCR matched closely to those determined through RNA-Seq. These findings open up new possibilities for investigation of the mechanisms underlying ASFV infection and offer insights into the dynamic interaction between viral infection and oncogenic processes. However, as these investigations were conducted on pigs that died from natural ASFV infection, the role of ASFV in oncogenesis still needs to be investigated in controlled experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Joyshikh Sonowal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, Jorhat, Assam, 785001, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Pranab Jyoti Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
| | | | - Soumendu Chakravarti
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nitin Attupurum
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Swaraj Rajkhowa
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India.
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12
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Jayakody T, Inoue A, Kannan S, Nakamura G, Kawakami K, Mendis K, Nguyen TB, Li J, Herr DR, Verma CS, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of biased agonism by Gα i/o-biased stapled peptide agonists of the relaxin-3 receptor. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eabl5880. [PMID: 38349968 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl5880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The neuropeptide relaxin-3 is composed of an A chain and a B chain held together by disulfide bonds, and it modulates functions such as anxiety and food intake by binding to and activating its cognate receptor RXFP3, mainly through the B chain. Biased ligands of RXFP3 would help to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of G proteins and β-arrestins downstream of RXFP3 that lead to such diverse functions. We showed that the i, i+4 stapled relaxin-3 B chains, 14s18 and d(1-7)14s18, were Gαi/o-biased agonists of RXFP3. These peptides did not induce recruitment of β-arrestin1/2 to RXFP3 by GPCR kinases (GRKs), in contrast to relaxin-3, which enabled the GRK2/3-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin1/2 to RXFP3. Relaxin-3 and the previously reported peptide 4 (an i, i+4 stapled relaxin-3 B chain) did not exhibit biased signaling. The staple linker of peptide 4 and parts of both the A chain and B chain of relaxin-3 interacted with extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) of RXFP3, moving it away from the binding pocket, suggesting that unbiased ligands promote a more open conformation of RXFP3. These findings highlight roles for the A chain and the N-terminal residues of the B chain of relaxin-3 in inducing conformational changes in RXFP3, which will help in designing selective biased ligands with improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharindunee Jayakody
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, P.O. Box 1490, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Gaku Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Krishan Mendis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, P.O. Box 1490, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Thanh-Binh Nguyen
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore 637551
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Sechrest ER, Barbera RJ, Ma X, Dyka F, Ahn J, Brothers BA, Cahill ME, Hall I, Baehr W, Deng WT. Expression of red/green-cone opsin mutants K82E, P187S, M273K result in unique pathobiological perturbations to cone structure and function. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1368089. [PMID: 38410159 PMCID: PMC10895044 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1368089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-and middle-wavelength cone photoreceptors, which are responsible for our visual acuity and color vision, comprise ~95% of our total cone population and are concentrated in the fovea of our retina. Previously, we characterized the disease mechanisms of the L/M-cone opsin missense mutations N94K, W177R, P307L, R330Q and G338E, all of which are associated with congenital blue cone monochromacy (BCM) or color-vision deficiency. Here, we used a similar viral vector-based gene delivery approach in M-opsin knockout mice to investigate the pathogenic consequences of the BCM or color-vision deficient associated L-cone opsin (OPN1LW) mutants K82E, P187S, and M273K. We investigated their subcellular localization, the pathogenic effects on cone structure, function, and cone viability. K82E mutants were detected predominately in cone outer segments, and its expression partially restored expression and correct localization of cone PDE6α' and cone transducin γ. As a result, K82E also demonstrated the ability to mediate cone light responses. In contrast, expression of P187S was minimally detected by either western blot or by immunohistochemistry, probably due to efficient degradation of the mutant protein. M273K cone opsin appeared to be misfolded as it was primarily localized to the cone inner segment and endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, M273K did not restore the expression of cone PDE6α' and cone transducin γ in dorsal cone OS, presumably by its inability to bind 11-cis retinal. Consistent with the observed expression pattern, P187S and M273K cone opsin mutants were unable to mediate light responses. Moreover, expression of K82E, P187S, and M273K mutants reduced cone viability. Due to the distinct expression patterns and phenotypic differences of these mutants observed in vivo, we suggest that the pathobiological mechanisms of these mutants are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Sechrest
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert J. Barbera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Frank Dyka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Junyeop Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brooke A. Brothers
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Marion E. Cahill
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Isaac Hall
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, United States
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wen-Tao Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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14
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Kee TR, Khan SA, Neidhart MB, Masters BM, Zhao VK, Kim YK, McGill Percy KC, Woo JAA. The multifaceted functions of β-arrestins and their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:129-141. [PMID: 38212557 PMCID: PMC10834518 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are multifunctional proteins that regulate G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, signaling, and internalization. The arrestin family consists of four subtypes: visual arrestin1, β-arrestin1, β-arrestin2, and visual arrestin-4. Recent studies have revealed the multifunctional roles of β-arrestins beyond GPCR signaling, including scaffolding and adapter functions, and physically interacting with non-GPCR receptors. Increasing evidence suggests that β-arrestins are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). β-arrestins physically interact with γ-secretase, leading to increased production and accumulation of amyloid-beta in AD. Furthermore, β-arrestin oligomers inhibit the autophagy cargo receptor p62/SQSTM1, resulting in tau accumulation and aggregation in FTD. In PD, β-arrestins are upregulated in postmortem brain tissue and an MPTP model, and the β2AR regulates SNCA gene expression. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, and describe their physiological functions and roles in neurodegenerative diseases. The multifaceted roles of β-arrestins and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases suggest that they may serve as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Kee
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Sophia A Khan
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Maya B Neidhart
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brianna M Masters
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Victoria K Zhao
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yenna K Kim
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Jung-A A Woo
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Poonam, Chaudhary S. Interactions between AT1R and GRKs: the determinants for activation of signaling pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:46. [PMID: 38158508 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The success of Angiotensin II receptor blockers, specifically Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists as antihypertensive drug emphasizes the involvement of AT1R in Essential hypertension. The structural insights and mutational studies of Ang II-AT1R have brought about the vision to design Ang II analogs that selectively activate the pathways with beneficial and cardioprotective effects such as cell survival and hinder the deleterious effects such as hypertrophy and cell death. AT1R belongs to G-protein coupled receptors and is regulated by G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) that either uncouples Gq protein for receptor desensitization or phosphorylate C-terminus to recruit β-arrestin for internalization of the receptor. The interaction of GRKs with ligand activated AT1R induces conformational changes and signal either Gq dependent or Gq independent pathways. These interactions might explain the complex regulatory mechanisms and offer promising ideas for hypertension therapeutics. This article reviews the functional role of AT1R, organization of GRK genes and regulation of AT1R by GRKs that play significant role in desensitization and internalization of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shashi Chaudhary
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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16
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Barki N, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Dedeo D, Bolognini D, Dwomoh L, Abdelmalik AM, Nilsen M, Stoffels M, Nagel F, Schulz S, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Phosphorylation bar-coding of free fatty acid receptor 2 is generated in a tissue-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP91861. [PMID: 38085667 PMCID: PMC10715726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) is activated by short-chain fatty acids and expressed widely, including in white adipocytes and various immune and enteroendocrine cells. Using both wild-type human FFAR2 and a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) variant we explored the activation and phosphorylation profile of the receptor, both in heterologous cell lines and in tissues from transgenic knock-in mouse lines expressing either human FFAR2 or the FFAR2-DREADD. FFAR2 phospho-site-specific antisera targeting either pSer296/pSer297 or pThr306/pThr310 provided sensitive biomarkers of both constitutive and agonist-mediated phosphorylation as well as an effective means to visualise agonist-activated receptors in situ. In white adipose tissue, phosphorylation of residues Ser296/Ser297 was enhanced upon agonist activation whilst Thr306/Thr310 did not become phosphorylated. By contrast, in immune cells from Peyer's patches Thr306/Thr310 become phosphorylated in a strictly agonist-dependent fashion whilst in enteroendocrine cells of the colon both Ser296/Ser297 and Thr306/Thr310 were poorly phosphorylated. The concept of phosphorylation bar-coding has centred to date on the potential for different agonists to promote distinct receptor phosphorylation patterns. Here, we demonstrate that this occurs for the same agonist-receptor pairing in different patho-physiologically relevant target tissues. This may underpin why a single G protein-coupled receptor can generate different functional outcomes in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Domonkos Dedeo
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Aisha M Abdelmalik
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Margaret Nilsen
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Manon Stoffels
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- 7TM Antibodies GmbHJenaGermany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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17
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Che T, Roth BL. Molecular basis of opioid receptor signaling. Cell 2023; 186:5203-5219. [PMID: 37995655 PMCID: PMC10710086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are used for pain management despite the side effects that contribute to the opioid crisis. The pursuit of non-addictive opioid analgesics remains unattained due to the unresolved intricacies of opioid actions, receptor signaling cascades, and neuronal plasticity. Advancements in structural, molecular, and computational tools illuminate the dynamic interplay between opioids and opioid receptors, as well as the molecular determinants of signaling pathways, which are potentially interlinked with pharmacological responses. Here, we review the molecular basis of opioid receptor signaling with a focus on the structures of opioid receptors bound to endogenous peptides or pharmacological agents. These insights unveil specific interactions that dictate ligand selectivity and likely their distinctive pharmacological profiles. Biochemical analysis further unveils molecular features governing opioid receptor signaling. Simultaneously, the synergy between computational biology and medicinal chemistry continues to expedite the discovery of novel chemotypes with the promise of yielding more efficacious and safer opioid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599, NC, USA.
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18
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Kahsai AW, Shah KS, Shim PJ, Lee MA, Shreiber BN, Schwalb AM, Zhang X, Kwon HY, Huang LY, Soderblom EJ, Ahn S, Lefkowitz RJ. Signal transduction at GPCRs: Allosteric activation of the ERK MAPK by β-arrestin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303794120. [PMID: 37844230 PMCID: PMC10614829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303794120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins are multivalent adaptor proteins that bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to inhibit G protein signaling, mediate receptor internalization, and initiate alternative signaling events. β-arrestins link agonist-stimulated GPCRs to downstream signaling partners, such as the c-Raf-MEK1-ERK1/2 cascade leading to ERK1/2 activation. β-arrestins have been thought to transduce signals solely via passive scaffolding by facilitating the assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes. Recently, however, β-arrestin 1 and 2 were shown to activate two downstream signaling effectors, c-Src and c-Raf, allosterically. Over the last two decades, ERK1/2 have been the most intensely studied signaling proteins scaffolded by β-arrestins. Here, we demonstrate that β-arrestins play an active role in allosterically modulating ERK kinase activity in vitro and within intact cells. Specifically, we show that β-arrestins and their GPCR-mediated active states allosterically enhance ERK2 autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of a downstream ERK2 substrate, and we elucidate the mechanism by which β-arrestins do so. Furthermore, we find that allosteric stimulation of dually phosphorylated ERK2 by active-state β-arrestin 2 is more robust than by active-state β-arrestin 1, highlighting differential capacities of β-arrestin isoforms to regulate effector signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. In summary, our study provides strong evidence for a new paradigm in which β-arrestins function as active "catalytic" scaffolds to allosterically unlock the enzymatic activity of signaling components downstream of GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem W. Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Kunal S. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Paul J. Shim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ85004
| | - Mason A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Bowie N. Shreiber
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Allison M. Schwalb
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Henry Y. Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- General Surgery Residency Program, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI48202
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Erik J. Soderblom
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- HHMI, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
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19
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, De Caro R, Maura G, Agnati LF. Modulation of Neuron and Astrocyte Dopamine Receptors via Receptor-Receptor Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1427. [PMID: 37895898 PMCID: PMC10610355 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurotransmission plays critical roles in regulating complex cognitive and behavioral processes including reward, motivation, reinforcement learning, and movement. Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, widely distributed across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions and specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions. Dopamine also acts on astrocytes, which express dopamine receptors as well. The discovery of direct receptor-receptor interactions, leading to the formation of multimeric receptor complexes at the cell membrane and providing the cell decoding apparatus with flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction, has expanded the knowledge of the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling processes. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of currently identified receptor complexes containing dopamine receptors and of their modulatory action on dopamine-mediated signaling between neurons and between neurons and astrocytes. Pharmacological possibilities offered by targeting receptor complexes in terms of addressing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with altered dopamine signaling will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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20
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Duan J, Liu H, Zhao F, Yuan Q, Ji Y, Cai X, He X, Li X, Li J, Wu K, Gao T, Zhu S, Lin S, Wang MW, Cheng X, Yin W, Jiang Y, Yang D, Xu HE. GPCR activation and GRK2 assembly by a biased intracellular agonist. Nature 2023; 620:676-681. [PMID: 37532940 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by GPCR kinases (GRKs) desensitizes G-protein signalling and promotes arrestin signalling, which is also modulated by biased ligands1-6. The molecular assembly of GRKs on GPCRs and the basis of GRK-mediated biased signalling remain largely unknown owing to the weak GPCR-GRK interactions. Here we report the complex structure of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) bound to GRK2, Gαq and the arrestin-biased ligand SBI-5537. The density map reveals the arrangement of the intact GRK2 with the receptor, with the N-terminal helix of GRK2 docking into the open cytoplasmic pocket formed by the outward movement of the receptor transmembrane helix 6, analogous to the binding of the G protein to the receptor. SBI-553 binds at the interface between GRK2 and NTSR1 to enhance GRK2 binding. The binding mode of SBI-553 is compatible with arrestin binding but clashes with the binding of Gαq protein, thus providing a mechanism for its arrestin-biased signalling capability. In sum, our structure provides a rational model for understanding the details of GPCR-GRK interactions and GRK2-mediated biased signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Lin
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Mun Y, Kim W, Shin D. Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R): Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12152. [PMID: 37569558 PMCID: PMC10418475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocortins play crucial roles in regulating the stress response, inflammation, and skin pigmentation. In this review, we focus on the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a G protein-coupled receptor primarily known for regulating skin pigmentation and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. First, we provide an overview of the structure, signaling pathways, and related diseases of MC1R. Next, we discuss the potential therapeutic use of synthetic peptides and small molecule modulators of MC1R, highlighting the development of various drugs that enhance stability through amino acid sequence modifications and small molecule drugs to overcome limitations associated with peptide characteristics. Notably, MC1R-targeted drugs have applications beyond skin pigmentation-related diseases, which predominantly affect MC1R in melanocytes. These drugs can also be useful in treating inflammatory diseases with MC1R expression present in various cells. Our review underscores the potential of MC1R-targeted drugs to treat a wide range of diseases and encourages further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonwoo Mun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Woohyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
- Gachon Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Grogan A, Lucero EY, Jiang H, Rockman HA. Pathophysiology and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1117-1129. [PMID: 36534965 PMCID: PMC10202650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), comprising the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors, serve as fundamental modulators of cardiac health and disease owing to their key roles in the regulation of heart rate, contractile dynamics, and cardiac function. Accordingly, GPCRs are heavily pursued as drug targets for a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases ranging from heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia to hypertension and coronary artery disease. Recent advancements in understanding the signalling mechanisms, regulation, and pharmacological properties of GPCRs have provided valuable insights that will guide the development of novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the cellular signalling mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and pharmacological developments of the major GPCRs in the heart, highlighting the β-adrenergic, muscarinic, and angiotensin receptors as exemplar subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emilio Y Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, 12 Durham, NC 27710, USA
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23
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Yano H, Onoue K, Tokinaga S, Ioka T, Ishihara S, Hashimoto Y, Nakada Y, Nakagawa H, Ueda T, Seno A, Nishida T, Watanabe M, Saito Y. Overexpression of GRK2 in vascular smooth muscle leads to inappropriate hypertension and acute heart failure as in clinical scenario 1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7707. [PMID: 37173348 PMCID: PMC10182096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical scenario 1 (CS1) is acute heart failure (HF) characterized by transient systolic blood pressure (SBP) elevation and pulmonary congestion. Although it is managed by vasodilators, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The sympathetic nervous system plays a key role in HF, and desensitization of cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling due to G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) upregulation is known. However, vascular β-AR signaling that regulates cardiac afterload remains unelucidated in HF. We hypothesized that upregulation of vascular GRK2 leads to pathological conditions similar to CS1. GRK2 was overexpressed in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of normal adult male mice by peritoneally injected adeno-associated viral vectors driven by the myosin heavy chain 11 promoter. Upregulation of GRK2 in VSM of GRK2 overexpressing mice augmented the absolute increase in SBP (+ 22.5 ± 4.3 mmHg vs. + 36.0 ± 4.0 mmHg, P < 0.01) and lung wet weight (4.28 ± 0.05 mg/g vs. 4.76 ± 0.15 mg/g, P < 0.01) by epinephrine as compared to those in control mice. Additionally, the expression of brain natriuretic peptide mRNA was doubled in GRK2 overexpressing mice as compared to that in control mice (P < 0.05). These findings were similar to CS1. GRK2 overexpression in VSM may cause inappropriate hypertension and HF, as in CS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kenji Onoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shiho Tokinaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Satomi Ishihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuki Nakada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ayako Seno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Nishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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Chaubey AH, Sojka SE, Onukwufor JO, Ezak MJ, Vandermeulen MD, Bowitch A, Vodičková A, Wojtovich AP, Ferkey DM. The Caenorhabditis elegans innexin INX-20 regulates nociceptive behavioral sensitivity. Genetics 2023; 223:iyad017. [PMID: 36753530 PMCID: PMC10319955 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms rely on chemical cues in their environment to indicate the presence or absence of food, reproductive partners, predators, or other harmful stimuli. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the bilaterally symmetric pair of ASH sensory neurons serves as the primary nociceptors. ASH activation by aversive stimuli leads to backward locomotion and stimulus avoidance. We previously reported a role for guanylyl cyclases in dampening nociceptive sensitivity that requires an innexin-based gap junction network to pass cGMP between neurons. Here, we report that animals lacking function of the gap junction component INX-20 are hypersensitive in their behavioral response to both soluble and volatile chemical stimuli that signal through G protein-coupled receptor pathways in ASH. We find that expressing inx-20 in the ADL and AFD sensory neurons is sufficient to dampen ASH sensitivity, which is supported by new expression analysis of endogenous INX-20 tagged with mCherry via the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Although ADL does not form gap junctions directly with ASH, it does so via gap junctions with the interneuron RMG and the sensory neuron ASK. Ablating either ADL or RMG and ASK also resulted in nociceptive hypersensitivity, suggesting an important role for RMG/ASK downstream of ADL in the ASH modulatory circuit. This work adds to our growing understanding of the repertoire of ways by which ASH activity is regulated via its connectivity to other neurons and identifies a previously unknown role for ADL and RMG in the modulation of aversive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi H Chaubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Savannah E Sojka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - John O Onukwufor
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Meredith J Ezak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Matthew D Vandermeulen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Alexander Bowitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Anežka Vodičková
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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25
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Thapaliya M, Ali H. GRK2 differentially regulates FcεRI and MRGPRB2-mediated responses in mast cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155777. [PMID: 37063868 PMCID: PMC10090543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), a subtype of mouse mast cells (MCs) expresses a G protein-coupled receptor known as Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-B2 (MRGPRB2; human ortholog MRGPRX2). GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) is a Serine/Threonine kinase that phosphorylates GPCRs to promote their desensitization and internalization. We previously showed that silencing GRK2 expression in mouse bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) blocks IgE-mediated degranulation. Compound 48/80 (C48/80), substance P (SP) and LL-37 cause degranulation in human and mouse MCs via MRGPRX2 and MRGPRB2, respectively. We also reported that C48/80 and SP cause desensitization and internalization of MRGPRX2, but LL-37 does not. Here, we generated mice with MC-specific deletion of Grk2 (Cpa3Cre+/Grk2fl/fl) to determine its role on IgE-mediated responses and to assess whether it differentially regulates degranulation in response to LL-37, C48/80 and SP. Absence of GRK2 substantially inhibited IgE-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5, calcium mobilization, and degranulation in mouse primary lung-derived MCs (PLMCs). By contrast, peritoneal MCs (PMCs) from Cpa3Cre+/Grk2fl/fl mice demonstrated significant enhancement of degranulation in response to C48/80 and SP, but not LL-37. Deletion of Grk2 in MCs attenuated IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and itch but not passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). Surprisingly, PSA was significantly reduced in Mrgprb2-/- mice. These findings suggest that GRK2 contributes to PCA and itch but not PSA. By contrast, GRK2 desensitizes MRGPRX2/B2-mediated responses to C48/80 and SP but not LL-37. However, IgE-mediated PSA likely involves the activation of MRGPRB2 by LL-37 or a similar agonist, whose function is resistant to modulation by GRK2.
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Mediate Modulations of Cell Viability and Drug Sensitivity by Aberrantly Expressed Recoverin 3 within A549 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010771. [PMID: 36614215 PMCID: PMC9820968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the currently unknown molecular mechanisms responsible for the aberrant expression of recoverin (Rec) within cancerous cells, we examined two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of Rec-negative lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells which had been transfected with a plasmid containing human recoverin cDNA (A549 Rec) or an empty plasmid as a mock control (A549 MOCK). Using these cells, we measured cytotoxicity by several anti-tumor agents (2D), cellular metabolism including mitochondrial and glycolytic functions by a Seahorse bio-analyzer (2D), the physical properties, size and stiffness of the 3D spheroids, trypsin sensitivities (2D and 3D), and RNA sequencing analysis (2D). Compared with the A549 MOCK, the A549 Rec cells showed (1) more sensitivity toward anti-tumor agents (2D) and a 0.25% solution of trypsin (3D); (2) a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation; and (3) the formation of larger and stiffer 3D spheroids. RNA sequencing analysis and bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that aberrantly expressed Rec is most likely associated with several canonical pathways including G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling and signaling by the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). The findings reported here indicate that the aberrantly expressed Rec-induced modulation of the cell viability and drug sensitivity may be GPCR mediated.
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27
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The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 Regulation in Inflammation and Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415880. [PMID: 36555521 PMCID: PMC9784940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 is associated with inflammation and pathological pain. Impairment of GRK6 expression was described in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and this was shown to be accompanied by an imbalance of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we discuss novel aspects of GRK6 interaction and its impact upon hyperalgesia and inflammatory processes. In this review, we compile important findings concerning GRK6 regulation for a better pathophysiological understanding of the intracellular interaction in the context of inflammation and show clinical implications-for example, the identification of possible therapy goals in the treatment of chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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28
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Liu Z, Zhang L, Qian C, Zhou Y, Yu Q, Yuan J, Lv Y, Zhang L, Chang X, Li Y, Liu Y. Recurrent hypoglycemia increases hepatic gluconeogenesis without affecting glycogen metabolism or systemic lipolysis in rat. Metabolism 2022; 136:155310. [PMID: 36063868 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) impairs secretion of counterregulatory hormones. Whether and how RH affects responses within metabolically important peripheral organs to counterregulatory hormones are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of RH on metabolic pathways associated with glucose counterregulation within liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. METHODS Using a widely adopted rodent model of 3-day recurrent hypoglycemia, we first checked expression of counterregulatory hormone G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), their inhibitory regulators and downstream enzymes catalyzing glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis by qPCR and western blot. Then, we examined epinephrine-induced phosphorylation of PKA substrates to validate adrenergic sensitivity in each organ. Next, we measured hepatic and skeletal glycogen content, degree of breakdown by epinephrine and abundance of phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase under hypoglycemia and that of phosphorylated glycogen synthase during recovery to evaluate glycogen turnover. Further, we performed pyruvate and lactate tolerance tests to assess gluconeogenesis. Additionally, we measured circulating FFA and glycerol to check lipolysis. The abovementioned studies were repeated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Finally, we conducted epinephrine tolerance test to investigate systemic glycemic excursions to counterregulatory hormones. Saline-injected rats served as controls. RESULTS RH increased counterregulatory hormone GPCR signaling in liver and epidydimal white adipose tissue (eWAT), but not in skeletal muscle. For glycogen metabolism, RH did not affect total content or epinephrine-stimulated breakdown in liver and skeletal muscle. Although RH decreased expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase 2, it did not affect hepatic glycogen biosynthesis during recovery from hypoglycemia or after fasting-refeeding. For gluconeogenesis, RH upregulated fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1 and monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 that imports lactate as precursor, resulting in a lower blood lactate profile during hypoglycemia. In agreement, RH elevated fasting blood glucose and caused higher glycemic excursions during pyruvate tolerance test. For lipolysis, RH did not affect circulating levels of FFA and glycerol after overnight fasting or upon epinephrine stimulation. Interestingly, RH upregulated the trophic fatty acid transporter FATP1 and glucose transporter GLUT4 to increase lipogenesis in eWAT. These aforementioned changes of gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and lipogenesis were validated in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Finally, RH increased insulin sensitivity to accelerate glucose disposal, which was attributable to upregulated visceral adipose GLUT4. CONCLUSIONS RH caused metabolic adaptations related to counterregulation within peripheral organs. Specifically, adrenergic signaling was enhanced in liver and visceral fat, but not in skeletal muscle. Glycogen metabolism remained unchanged. Hepatic gluconeogenesis was augmented. Systemic lipolysis was unaffected, but visceral lipogenesis was enhanced. Insulin sensitivity was increased. These findings provided insights into mechanisms underlying clinical problems associated with intensive insulin therapy, such as high gluconeogenic flux and body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215699, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yunfan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Leheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China.
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29
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Ferrero KM, Koch WJ. GRK2 in cardiovascular disease and its potential as a therapeutic target. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 172:14-23. [PMID: 35878706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the leading cause of death globally. Despite major advances in the field of pharmacological CVD treatments, particularly in the field of heart failure (HF) research, case numbers and overall mortality remain high and have trended upwards over the last few years. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for developing HF therapeutics remains a key research focus. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical myocardial signal transducers which regulate cardiac contractility, growth, adaptation and metabolism. Additionally, GPCR dysregulation underlies multiple models of cardiac pathology, and most pharmacological therapeutics currently used in HF target these receptors. Currently-approved treatments have improved patient outcomes, but therapies to stop or reverse HF are lacking. A recent focus on GPCR intracellular-regulating proteins such as GPCR kinases (GRKs) has uncovered GRK2 as a promising target for combating HF. Current literature strongly establishes increased levels and activity of GRK2 in multiple models of CVD. Additionally, the GRK2 interactome includes numerous proteins which interact with differential domains of GRK2 to modulate both beneficial and deleterious signaling pathways in the heart, indicating that these domains can be targeted with a high level of specificity unique to various cardiac pathologies. These data support the premise that GRK2 should be at the forefront of a novel investigative drug search. This perspective reviews cardiac GPCRs, describes the structure and functions of GRK2 in cardiac function and maladaptive pathology, and summarizes the ongoing and future research for targeting this critical kinase across cellular, animal and human models of cardiac dysfunction and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Ferrero
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Center for Translational Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Azcutia V, Kelm M, Kim S, Luissint AC, Flemming S, Abernathy-Close L, Young VB, Nusrat A, Miller MJ, Parkos CA. Distinct stimulus-dependent neutrophil dynamics revealed by real-time imaging of intestinal mucosa after acute injury. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac249. [PMID: 36712325 PMCID: PMC9802210 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clinical symptoms in many inflammatory diseases of the intestine are directly related to neutrophil (PMN) migration across colonic mucosa and into the intestinal lumen, yet in-vivo studies detailing this process are lacking. Using real-time intravital microscopy and a new distal colon loop model, we report distinct PMN migratory dynamics in response to several models of acute colonic injury. PMNs exhibited rapid swarming responses after mechanically induced intestinal wounds. Similar numbers of PMNs infiltrated colonic mucosa after wounding in germ-free mice, suggesting microbiota-independent mechanisms. By contrast, acute mucosal injury secondary to either a treatment of mice with dextran sodium sulfate or an IL-10 receptor blockade model of colitis resulted in lamina propria infiltration with PMNs that were largely immotile. Biopsy wounding of colonic mucosa in DSS-treated mice did not result in enhanced PMN swarming however, intraluminal application of the neutrophil chemoattractant LTB4 under such conditions resulted in enhanced transepithelial migration of PMNs. Analyses of PMNs that had migrated into the colonic lumen revealed that the majority of PMNs were directly recruited from the circulation and not from the immotile pool in the mucosa. Decreased PMN motility parallels upregulation of the receptor CXCR4 and apoptosis. Similarly, increased expression of CXCR4 on human PMNs was observed in colonic biopsies from people with active ulcerative colitis. This new approach adds an important tool to investigate mechanisms regulating PMN migration across mucosa within the distal intestine and will provide new insights for developing future anti-inflammatory and pro-repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Azcutia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Kelm
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Sven Flemming
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Abernathy-Close
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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31
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Dahlgren C, Lind S, Mårtensson J, Björkman L, Wu Y, Sundqvist M, Forsman H. G
protein coupled pattern recognition receptors expressed in neutrophils
: Recognition, activation/modulation, signaling and receptor regulated functions. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:69-92. [PMID: 36285739 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cell in human blood, express receptors that recognize damage/microbial associated pattern molecules of importance for cell recruitment to sites of inflammation. Many of these receptors belong to the family of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptor-proteins span the plasma membrane in expressing cells seven times and the down-stream signaling rely in most cases on an activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. The GPCRs expressed in neutrophils recognize a number of structurally diverse ligands (activating agonists, allosteric modulators, and inhibiting antagonists) and share significant sequence homologies. Studies of receptor structure and function have during the last 40 years generated important information on GPCR biology in general; this knowledge aids in the overall understanding of general pharmacological principles, governing regulation of neutrophil function and inflammatory processes, including novel leukocyte receptor activities related to ligand recognition, biased/functional selective signaling, allosteric modulation, desensitization, and reactivation mechanisms as well as communication (receptor transactivation/cross-talk) between GPCRs. This review summarizes the recent discoveries and pharmacological hallmarks with focus on some of the neutrophil expressed pattern recognition GPCRs. In addition, unmet challenges, including recognition by the receptors of diverse ligands and how biased signaling mediate different biological effects are described/discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg. Göteborg Sweden
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32
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Lupisella J, St-Onge S, Carrier M, Cook EM, Wang T, Sum C, Fernando G, Apgar K, Zhang R, Carson N, Snyder BJ, Ryan CS, Ma X, Dierks EA, Little S, Kick EK, Wurtz NR, Bouvier M, Héroux M, Garcia RA. Molecular Mechanisms of Desensitization Underlying the Differential Effects of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Agonists on Cardiac Structure-Function Post Myocardial Infarction. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:892-906. [PMID: 36268126 PMCID: PMC9578139 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) plays an integral role in the transition of macrophages from a pro-inflammatory program to one that is pro-resolving. FPR2-mediated stimulation of resolution post myocardial infarction has demonstrated efficacy in rodent models and is hypothesized to reduce progression into heart failure. FPR2 agonists that promote long-lasting receptor internalization can lead to persistent desensitization and diminished therapeutic benefits. In vitro signaling profiles and propensities for receptor desensitization of two clinically studied FPR2 agonists, namely, BMS-986235 and ACT-389949, were evaluated. In contrast to BMS-986235, pre-stimulation with ACT-389949 led to a decrease in its potency to inhibit cAMP production. Moreover, ACT-389949 displayed greater efficacy for β-arrestin recruitment, while efficacy of Gi activation was similar for both agonists. Following agonist-promoted FPR2 internalization, effective recycling to the plasma membrane was observed only with BMS-986235. Use of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) knock-out cells revealed a differential impact of GRK2 versus GRK5/6 on β-arrestin recruitment and Gi activation promoted by the two FPR2 agonists. In vivo, decreases of granulocytes in circulation were greatly diminished in mice treated with ACT-389949 but not for BMS-986235. With short-term dosing, both compounds induced a pro-resolution polarization state in cardiac monocyte/macrophages post myocardial infarction. By contrast, with long-term dosing, only BMS-986235 preserved the infarct wall thickness and increased left ventricular ejection fraction in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Altogether, the study shows that differences in the desensitization profiles induced by ACT-389949 and BMS-986235 at the molecular level may explain their distinct inflammatory/pro-resolving activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lupisella
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Stéphane St-Onge
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marilyn Carrier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Erica M. Cook
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Chi Sum
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Kendra Apgar
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nancy Carson
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley J. Snyder
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Carol S. Ryan
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Sean Little
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Ellen K. Kick
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Madeleine Héroux
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ricardo A. Garcia
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Targeting CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhuo Y, Crecelius JM, Marchese A. G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation of distal C-tail sites specifies βarrestin1-mediated signaling by chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102351. [PMID: 35940305 PMCID: PMC9465349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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36
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Stojilkovic SS, Previde RM, Sherman AS, Fletcher PA. Pituitary corticotroph identity and receptor-mediated signaling: A transcriptomics perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 25. [PMID: 36177190 PMCID: PMC9514143 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent single-cell RNA sequencing has offered an unprecedented view of pituitary cell transcriptomic profiles. In this review, these new data are briefly discussed and compared with the classical literature, focusing on pituitary corticotrophs. These cells are introduced by discussing their marker genes, followed by a review of G protein-coupled receptor gene expression, heterotrimeric G protein genes, and genes encoding signaling pathways downstream of G proteins: adenylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, phospholipases, and protein kinases. The expression patterns of enzyme-linked plasma membrane and nuclear hormone receptor genes was also analyzed. The overview of these selected groups of genes sheds new light on corticotrophic receptors and their signaling pathways and provides guidance for further basic and clinical research by identifying genes that not been studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: Stanko S. Stojilkovic ()
| | - Rafael M. Previde
- Section on Cellular Signaling, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arthur S. Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fredriksson J, Holdfeldt A, Mårtensson J, Björkman L, Møller TC, Müllers E, Dahlgren C, Sundqvist M, Forsman H. GRK2 selectively attenuates the neutrophil NADPH-oxidase response triggered by β-arrestin recruiting GPR84 agonists. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119262. [PMID: 35341806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to avoid a prolonged pro-inflammatory neutrophil response, signaling downstream of an agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) has to be rapidly terminated. Among the family of GPCR kinases (GRKs) that regulate receptor phosphorylation and signaling termination, GRK2, which is highly expressed by immune cells, plays an important role. The medium chain fatty acid receptor GPR84 as well as formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), receptors expressed in neutrophils, play a key role in regulating inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of GRK2 inhibitors on neutrophil functions induced by GPR84 and FPR2 agonists. GRK2 was shown to be expressed in human neutrophils and analysis of subcellular fractions revealed a cytosolic localization. The GRK2 inhibitors enhanced and prolonged neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by GPR84- but not FPR2-agonists, suggesting a receptor selective function of GRK2. This suggestion was supported by β-arrestin recruitment data. The ROS production induced by a non β-arrestin recruiting GPR84 agonist was not affected by the GRK2 inhibitor. Termination of this β-arrestin independent response relied, similar to the response induced by FPR2 agonists, primarily on the actin cytoskeleton. In summary, we show that GPR84 utilizes GRK2 in concert with β-arrestin and actin cytoskeleton dependent processes to fine-tune the activity of the ROS generating NADPH-oxidase in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Fredriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Müllers
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Guzmán-Silva A, Martínez-Morales JC, Medina LDC, Romero-Ávila MT, Villegas-Comonfort S, Solís KH, García-Sáinz JA. Mutation of putative phosphorylation sites in the free fatty acid receptor 1: Effects on signaling, receptor phosphorylation, and internalization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 545:111573. [PMID: 35065200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 phosphorylation sites were studied using mutants, including a) a mutant with T215V in the third intracellular loop (3IL), b) another with changes in the carboxyl terminus (C-term): T287V, T293V, S298A, and c) a mutant with all of these changes (3IL/C-term). Agonist-induced increases in intracellular calcium were similar between cells expressing wild-type or mutant receptors. In contrast, agonist-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was reduced in mutants compared to wild type. Phorbol ester-induced FFA1 receptor phosphorylation was rapid and robust in cells expressing the wild-type receptor and essentially abolished in the mutants. Agonist-induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and receptor internalization were decreased in cells expressing the mutant receptors compared to those expressing the wild-type receptor. Our data suggest that the identified sites might participate in receptor phosphorylation, signaling, and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Guzmán-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Medina
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, División de CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México, 09340, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sócrates Villegas-Comonfort
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karina Helivier Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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39
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Zhang F, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Pu X. Molecular insights into the allosteric coupling mechanism between an agonist and two different transducers for μ-opioid receptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5282-5293. [PMID: 35170592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as the most important class of pharmacological targets regulate G-protein and β-arrestin-mediated signaling through allosteric interplay, which are responsible for different biochemical and physiological actions like therapeutic efficacy and side effects. However, the allosteric mechanism underlying preferentially recruiting one transducer versus the other has been poorly understood, limiting drug design. Motivated by this issue, we utilize accelerated molecular dynamics simulation coupled with potential of mean force (PMF), molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and protein structure network (PSN) to study two ternary complex systems of a representative class A GPCR (μ-opioid receptor (μOR)) bound by an agonist and one specific transducer (G-protein and β-arrestin). The results show that no significant difference exists in the whole structure of μOR between two transducer couplings, but displays transducer-dependent changes in the intracellular binding region of μOR, where the β-arrestin coupling results in a narrower crevice with TM7 inward movement compared with the G-protein. In addition, both the G-protein and β-arrestin coupling can increase the binding affinity of the agonist to the receptor. However, the interactions between the agonist and μOR also exhibit transducer-specific changes, in particular for the interaction with ECL2 that plays an important role in recruiting β-arrestin. The allosteric network analysis further indicates that Y1483.33, F1523.37, F1563.41, N1914.49, T1603.45, Y1062.42, W2936.48, F2896.44, I2485.54 and Y2525.58 play important roles in equally activating G-protein and β-arrestin. In contrast, M1613.46 and R1653.50 devote important contributions to preferentially recruit G-protein while D1643.49 and R179ICL2 are revealed to be important for selectively activating β-arrestin. The observations provide useful information for understanding the biased activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhui Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichi Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Chen H, Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu H. QR code model: a new possibility for GPCR phosphorylation recognition. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35236365 PMCID: PMC8889771 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane proteins in the human body and are responsible for accurately transmitting extracellular information to cells. Arrestin is an important member of the GPCR signaling pathway. The main function of arrestin is to assist receptor desensitization, endocytosis and signal transduction. In these processes, the recognition and binding of arrestin to phosphorylated GPCRs is fundamental. However, the mechanism by which arrestin recognizes phosphorylated GPCRs is not fully understood. The GPCR phosphorylation recognition "bar code model" and "flute" model describe the basic process of receptor phosphorylation recognition in terms of receptor phosphorylation sites, arrestin structural changes and downstream signaling. These two models suggest that GPCR phosphorylation recognition is a process involving multiple factors. This process can be described by a "QR code" model in which ligands, GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, arrestin, and phosphorylation sites work together to determine the biological functions of phosphorylated receptors. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Street, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Endomembrane-Based Signaling by GPCRs and G-Proteins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030528. [PMID: 35159337 PMCID: PMC8834376 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and G-proteins have a range of roles in many physiological and pathological processes and are among the most studied signaling proteins. A plethora of extracellular stimuli can activate the GPCR and can elicit distinct intracellular responses through the activation of specific transduction pathways. For many years, biologists thought that GPCR signaling occurred entirely on the plasma membrane. However, in recent decades, many lines of evidence have proved that the GPCRs and G-proteins may reside on endomembranes and can start or propagate signaling pathways through the organelles that form the secretory route. How these alternative intracellular signaling pathways of the GPCR and G-proteins influence the physiological and pathological function of the endomembranes is still under investigation. Here, we review the general role and classification of GPCRs and G-proteins with a focus on their signaling pathways in the membrane transport apparatus.
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42
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Li XC, Ma X, Mi WL, Chu YX, Wang YQ, Mao-Ying QL. Neuronal GRK2 regulates microglial activation and contributes to electroacupuncture analgesia on inflammatory pain in mice. Biol Res 2022; 55:5. [PMID: 35115050 PMCID: PMC8812183 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the development of chronic pain. Acupuncture is an alternative therapy widely used for pain management. In this study, we investigated the role of spinal neuronal GRK2 in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia. Methods The mice model of inflammatory pain was built by subcutaneous injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) into the plantar surface of the hind paws. The mechanical allodynia of mice was examined by von Frey test. The mice were subjected to EA treatment (BL60 and ST36 acupuncture points) for 1 week. Overexpression and downregulation of spinal neuronal GRK2 were achieved by intraspinal injection of adeno associated virus (AAV) containing neuron-specific promoters, and microglial activation and neuroinflammation were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results Intraplantar injection with CFA in mice induced the decrease of GRK2 and microglial activation along with neuroinflammation in spinal cord. EA treatment increased the spinal GRK2, reduced neuroinflammation, and significantly decreased CFA-induced mechanical allodynia. The effects of EA were markedly weakened by non-cell-specific downregulation of spinal GRK2. Further, intraspinal injection of AAV containing neuron-specific promoters specifically downregulated neuronal GRK2, and weakened the regulatory effect of EA on CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and microglial activation. Meanwhile, overexpression of spinal neuronal GRK2 decreased mechanical allodynia. All these indicated that the neuronal GRK2 mediated microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and subsequently contributed to CFA-induced inflammatory pain. Conclusion The restoration of the spinal GRK2 and subsequent suppression of microglial activation and neuroinflammation might be an important mechanism for EA analgesia. Our findings further suggested that the spinal GRK2, especially neuronal GRK2, might be the potential target for EA analgesia and pain management, and we provided a new experimental basis for the EA treatment of pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-022-00374-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chen Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Mi
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Liang Mao-Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Comparison of the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 on hypothalamic appetite regulating factors and sleep-like behavior in chicks. Neurosci Lett 2022; 768:136362. [PMID: 34838926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2, proglucagon-derived brain-gut peptides, function as anorexigenic neuropeptides in mammals. We previously showed that central administration of GLP-1 and GLP-2 potently suppressed food intake in chicks. GLP-1 and GLP-2 specifically activate their receptors GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) and GLP-2 receptor (GLP2R), respectively in chickens. In adult chickens, GLP1R and GLP2R are expressed in different brain regions. These findings raise the hypothesis that both GLP-1 and GLP-2 function as anorexigenic peptides in the chicken brain but the mechanisms underlying the anorexigenic effects are different between them. In the present study, we compared several aspects of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in chicks. GLP1R mRNA levels in the brain stem and optic lobes were significantly higher than in other parts of the brain, whereas GLP2R mRNA was densely expressed in the telencephalon. Intracerebroventricular administration of either GLP-1 or GLP-2 significantly reduced the mRNA levels of corticotrophin releasing factor and AMP-kinase (AMPK) α1. The mRNA level of proopiomelanocortin was significantly increased, and those of AMPKα2 and GLP2R were significantly decreased by GLP-2, whereas the mRNA level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 was significantly increased, and that of GLP1R was significantly decreased by GLP-1. Intracerebroventricular administration of either GLP-1 or GLP-2 induced sleep-like behavior in chicks. Our findings suggest that the anorexigenic peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2 induce similar behavioral changes in chicks, but the mechanism may differ between them.
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Pluhackova K, Wilhelm FM, Müller DJ. Lipids and Phosphorylation Conjointly Modulate Complex Formation of β 2-Adrenergic Receptor and β-arrestin2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:807913. [PMID: 35004696 PMCID: PMC8733679 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.807913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of human membrane proteins that bind extracellular ligands at their orthosteric binding pocket to transmit signals to the cell interior. Ligand binding evokes conformational changes in GPCRs that trigger the binding of intracellular interaction partners (G proteins, G protein kinases, and arrestins), which initiate diverse cellular responses. It has become increasingly evident that the preference of a GPCR for a certain intracellular interaction partner is modulated by a diverse range of factors, e.g., ligands or lipids embedding the transmembrane receptor. Here, by means of molecular dynamics simulations of the β2-adrenergic receptor and β-arrestin2, we study how membrane lipids and receptor phosphorylation regulate GPCR-arrestin complex conformation and dynamics. We find that phosphorylation drives the receptor’s intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) away from a native negatively charged membrane surface to interact with arrestin. If the receptor is embedded in a neutral membrane, the phosphorylated ICL3 attaches to the membrane surface, which widely opens the receptor core. This opening, which is similar to the opening in the G protein-bound state, weakens the binding of arrestin. The loss of binding specificity is manifested by shallower arrestin insertion into the receptor core and higher dynamics of the receptor-arrestin complex. Our results show that receptor phosphorylation and the local membrane composition cooperatively fine-tune GPCR-mediated signal transduction. Moreover, the results suggest that deeper understanding of complex GPCR regulation mechanisms is necessary to discover novel pathways of pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Pluhackova
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wilhelm
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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Borges JI, Carbone AM, Cora N, Sizova A, Lymperopoulos A. GTPγS Assay for Measuring Agonist-Induced Desensitization of Two Human Polymorphic Alpha 2B-Adrenoceptor Variants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:267-273. [PMID: 36068469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α2-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) mediate many cellular actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine, including inhibition of their secretion (sympathetic inhibition) from adrenal chromaffin cells. Like many other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they undergo agonist-dependent phosphorylation and desensitization by GPCR kinases (GRKs), a phenomenon recently shown to play a major role in the sympathetic overdrive that accompanies and aggravates chronic heart failure. A three-glutamic acid deletion polymorphism in the human α2B-AR subtype gene (Glu301-303) causes impaired agonist-promoted receptor phosphorylation and desensitization, resulting in enhanced signaling to inhibition of cholinergic-induced catecholamine secretion in adrenal chromaffin cells. One of the various pharmacological assays that can be used to quantify and quantitatively compare the degrees of agonist-dependent desensitization, i.e., G protein decoupling, of these two polymorphic α2B-AR variants (or of any two GPCRs for that matter) is the guanosine-5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) assay that can directly quantify heterotrimeric G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana I Borges
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra M Carbone
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anastasiya Sizova
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1399-1410. [PMID: 34958040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high priority mission while searching for a disease modifying therapy for AD, a devastating major public health crisis. Clinical observations have identified a prodromal stage of AD for which the patients have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) though do not yet meet AD diagnostic criteria. As an identifiable transitional stage before the onset of AD, MCI should become the high priority target for AD prevention, assuming successful prevention of MCI and/or its conversion to AD also prevents the subsequent AD. By pulling this string, one demonstrated cause of amnestic MCI appears to be the deficiency of G protein-coupled receptor-5 (GRK5). The most compelling evidence is that GRK5 knockout (GRK5KO) mice naturally develop into aMCI during aging. Moreover, GRK5 deficiency was reported to occur during prodromal stage of AD in CRND8 transgenic mice. When a GRK5KO mouse was crossbred with Tg2576 Swedish amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse, the resulted double transgenic GAP mice displayed exaggerated behavioral and pathological changes across the spectrum of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GRK5 deficiency possesses unique features and advantage to serve as a prophylactic therapeutic target for MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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47
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Zang Y, Kahsai AW, Pakharukova N, Huang LY, Lefkowitz RJ. The GPCR-β-arrestin complex allosterically activates C-Raf by binding its amino terminus. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101369. [PMID: 34757127 PMCID: PMC8633562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) convert external stimuli into cellular signals through heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) and β-arrestins (βarrs). In a βarr-dependent signaling pathway, βarrs link GPCRs to various downstream signaling partners, such as the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade. Agonist-stimulated GPCR-βarr complexes have been shown to interact with C-Raf and are thought to initiate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway through simple tethering of these signaling partners. However, recent evidence shows that in addition to canonical scaffolding functions, βarrs can allosterically activate downstream targets, such as the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src. Here, we demonstrate the direct allosteric activation of C-Raf by GPCR-βarr1 complexes in vitro. Furthermore, we show that βarr1 in complex with a synthetic phosphopeptide mimicking the human V2 vasopressin receptor tail that binds and functionally activates βarrs also allosterically activates C-Raf. We reveal that the interaction between the phosphorylated GPCR C terminus and βarr1 is necessary and sufficient for C-Raf activation. Interestingly, the interaction between βarr1 and C-Raf was considerably reduced in the presence of excess activated H-Ras, a small GTPase known to activate C-Raf, suggesting that H-Ras and βarr1 bind to the same region on C-Raf. Furthermore, we found that βarr1 interacts with the Ras-binding domain of C-Raf. Taken together, these data suggest that in addition to canonical scaffolding functions, GPCR-βarr complexes directly allosterically activate C-Raf by binding to its amino terminus. This work provides novel insights into how βarrs regulate effector molecules to activate downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Pakharukova
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Hámor PU, Schwendt M. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Trafficking and its Role in Drug-Induced Neurobehavioral Plasticity. Brain Plast 2021; 7:61-76. [PMID: 34868874 PMCID: PMC8609495 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system that guides developmental and experience-dependent changes in many cellular substrates and brain circuits, through the process collectively referred to as neurobehavioral plasticity. Regulation of cell surface expression and membrane trafficking of glutamate receptors represents an important mechanism that assures optimal excitatory transmission, and at the same time, also allows for fine-tuning neuronal responses to glutamate. On the other hand, there is growing evidence implicating dysregulated glutamate receptor trafficking in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders. This review provides up-to-date information on the molecular determinants regulating trafficking and surface expression of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in the rodent and human brain and discusses the role of mGluR trafficking in maladaptive synaptic plasticity produced by addictive drugs. As substantial evidence links glutamatergic dysfunction to the progression and the severity of drug addiction, advances in our understanding of mGluR trafficking may provide opportunities for the development of novel pharmacotherapies of addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U. Hámor
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Li M, Zhao R, Du Y, Shen X, Ning Q, Li Y, Liu D, Xiong Q, Zhang Z. The Coordinated KNR6-AGAP-ARF1 Complex Modulates Vegetative and Reproductive Traits by Participating in Vesicle Trafficking in Maize. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102601. [PMID: 34685581 PMCID: PMC8533723 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The KERNEL NUMBER PER ROW6 (KNR6)-mediated phosphorylation of an adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPase-activating protein (AGAP) forms a key regulatory module for the numbers of spikelets and kernels in the ear inflorescences of maize (Zea mays L.). However, the action mechanism of the KNR6–AGAP module remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized the AGAP-recruited complex and its roles in maize cellular physiology and agronomically important traits. AGAP and its two interacting Arf GTPase1 (ARF1) members preferentially localized to the Golgi apparatus. The loss-of-function AGAP mutant produced by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in defective Golgi apparatus with thin and compact cisternae, together with delayed internalization and repressed vesicle agglomeration, leading to defective inflorescences and roots, and dwarfed plants with small leaves. The weak agap mutant was phenotypically similar to knr6, showing short ears with fewer kernels. AGAP interacted with KNR6, and a double mutant produced shorter inflorescence meristems and mature ears than the single agap and knr6 mutants. We hypothesized that the coordinated KNR6–AGAP–ARF1 complex modulates vegetative and reproductive traits by participating in vesicle trafficking in maize. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight into the regulation of inflorescence development, and ear length and kernel number, in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Ran Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yanfang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Ning
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yunfu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Dan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qing Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.S.); (Q.N.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (Q.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Umbarkar P, Ejantkar S, Tousif S, Lal H. Mechanisms of Fibroblast Activation and Myocardial Fibrosis: Lessons Learned from FB-Specific Conditional Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092412. [PMID: 34572061 PMCID: PMC8471002 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Cardiac fibrosis is associated with HF progression. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. This is a physiological response to tissue injury. However, uncontrolled fibrosis leads to adverse cardiac remodeling and contributes significantly to cardiac dysfunction. Fibroblasts (FBs) are the primary drivers of myocardial fibrosis. However, until recently, FBs were thought to play a secondary role in cardiac pathophysiology. This review article will present the evolving story of fibroblast biology and fibrosis in cardiac diseases, emphasizing their recent shift from a supporting to a leading role in our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. Indeed, this story only became possible because of the emergence of FB-specific mouse models. This study includes an update on the advancements in the generation of FB-specific mouse models. Regarding the underlying mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis, we will focus on the pathways that have been validated using FB-specific, in vivo mouse models. These pathways include the TGF-β/SMAD3, p38 MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK), and Hippo signaling. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibroblast activation and fibrosis may provide a novel therapeutic target for the management of adverse fibrotic remodeling in the diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.U.); (H.L.); Tel.: +1-205-996-4248 (P.U.); +1-205-996-4219 (H.L.); Fax: +1-205-975-5104 (H.L.)
| | - Suma Ejantkar
- School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Sultan Tousif
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.U.); (H.L.); Tel.: +1-205-996-4248 (P.U.); +1-205-996-4219 (H.L.); Fax: +1-205-975-5104 (H.L.)
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