Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat

Efficacy of fish oil supplementation on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a meta-analysis

Objective

Globally, the occurrence of Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is on a steady rise. Fish oil has anti-inflammatory effects and can improve lipid metabolism. The article aims to assess the impact of fish oil supplementation on MASLD.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science up to September 31, 2024, for randomized control trials (RCTs). The risk of bias of the included RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Outcomes measured were aspects of liver injury, lipid profile, insulin resistance, anthropometric measurements, and more.

Results

Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 439 participants were incorporated into the analysis. In general, the risk of bias in these RCTs was either low or not clearly defined. Pooled analysis showed that triglycerides [TG, pooled standard mean difference (SMD): -0.40 (95% CI: -0.58 to -0.21)], aspartate transaminase [AST, SMD: -0.29 (95% CI: -0.48 to -0.10)], HOMA-IR [SMD: -2.06 (95% CI: -3.36 to -0.49)] and waist circumference [Waist-C, SMD: -0.31 (95% CI: -0.54 to -0.08)] were significantly improved. But showed no significant benefits on alanine transaminase [ALT, SMD: -0.15 (95% CI: -0.45 to 0.15)], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT, SMD: -0.07 (95% CI: -0.26 to 0.12)], body mass index [BMI, SMD: 0.16 (95% CI: -0.34 to 0.02)], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL, SMD: 0.02 (95% CI: -0.18 to 0.22)], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL, SMD: -0.01 (95% CI: -0.20 to 0.18)], Total Cholesterol [TC, SMD: -0.34 (95% CI: -0.70 to 0.01)] and so on.

Conclusion

The current evidence supports the fish oil supplementation in improving MASLD. Fish oil supplementation may also regulate blood lipids and improve glucose metabolism disorders.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, identifier CRD42024513246.

Algerian Prickly Pear Seed By-Products: Fatty Acids Composition, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory Activities towards Tyrosinase, Urease, α-Amylase, and Cholinesterase, along with the Ability to Protect from Thermal Protein Denaturation

Prickly pear seed is a source of the most expensive oil in the world, which is rich in vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its extraction generates a large quantity of press cake. These two by-products need to be valued. The current study aimed to assess the fatty acid composition of oil and the phytochemical composition of press cake. In addition, the antioxidant and the inhibition of thermal protein denaturation effects of both Algerian seed by-products were evaluated with their inhibitory action against the activities of urease, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and cholinesterase enzymes. The GC MS analysis result revealed the richness of our oil in linoleic (74%) and palmitic (13%) acids methyl esters, respectively. The chemical composition of press cake was characterized by a high value of dry matter (94.94 ± 0.05%), especially the carbohydrates (85.13 ± 0.94%). The results of antioxidant activity presented by IC50 and A0.5 ranged from 7.51 ± 0.03 to 88.10 ± 0.92 µg/mL. Furthermore, the IC50 values were 40.19 ± 1.21 and 61.18 ± 0.03 µg/mL in thermal protein denaturation assay, and ranging from 22.97 ± 0.72 to 385.99 ± 0.27 µg/mL for the inhibition of enzymatic activities. These results indicate that the studied oil can be one of the strongest oils for its impressive effects and also encourage us to reuse its press cake in feed livestock.

Development of high-yielding white maize hybrids with better chapatti-making quality compared to traditionally used local landraces

Introduction

The present research focuses on the chapatti making quality of high-yielding white maize hybrids compared to available low-yielding local yellow and white landraces in India.

Materials and methods

In this study, the top nine superior hybrids were selected for testing the physical properties of the maize kernels, proximate composition of flours and chapattis, physical parameters of chapatti, textural properties, sensory evaluation of chapattis and pasting properties of maize flour.

Results and discussion

The results revealed the superiority of white maize hybrids (WMH), viz., WHM 1, WHM 2, and WHM 8 over the local yellow and white landraces for most of the parameters studied. In sensory analysis, though, the yellow landrace was considered superior by the panellists in terms of colour but the white maize hybrids outperformed in overall sensory analysis and were more acceptable than the yellow and white maize landraces. These high yielding white maize hybrids with good consumer acceptance may cater for the needs of rural and tribal populations in India who prefer white maize as a staple food.

Deletion of Elovl5 leads to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient mice

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease for which hepatic steatosis and atherogenic dyslipidemia are significant risk factors. We investigated the effects of endogenously generated very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VL-PUFAs) on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis development using mice that lack ELOVL5, a PUFA elongase that is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA from the essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acids, and the LDL receptor (LDLR). Elovl5-/-;Ldlr-/- mice manifest increased liver triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations due to the activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, a transcription factor that activates enzymes required for de novo lipogenesis. Plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in VLDL, IDL, and LDL were markedly elevated in Elovl5-/-;Ldlr-/- mice fed a chow and the mice exhibited marked aortic atherosclerotic plaques. Bone marrow-derived monocytes from wild-type (WT) and Elovl5-/- mice were polarized to M1 and M2 macrophages, and the effects of ELOVL5 on inflammatory activity were determined. There were no differences in most of the markers tested for M1 and M2 polarized cells between WT and Elovl5-/- cells, except for a slight increase in PGE2 secretion in Elovl5-/- cells, likely due to elevated Cox-2 expression. These results suggest that the deletion of Elovl5 leads to hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia, which are the major factors in severe atherosclerosis in Elovl5-/-;Ldlr-/- mice.

Metabolic Reprogramming in Gliocyte Post-cerebral Ischemia/ Reperfusion: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Potential

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. However, the clinical efficacy of recanalization therapy as a preferred option is significantly hindered by reperfusion injury. The transformation between different phenotypes of gliocytes is closely associated with cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury (CI/RI). Moreover, gliocyte polarization induces metabolic reprogramming, which refers to the shift in gliocyte phenotype and the overall transformation of the metabolic network to compensate for energy demand and building block requirements during CI/RI caused by hypoxia, energy deficiency, and oxidative stress. Within microglia, the pro-inflammatory phenotype exhibits upregulated glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, and glutamine synthesis, whereas the anti-inflammatory phenotype demonstrates enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Reactive astrocytes display increased glycolysis but impaired glycogenolysis and reduced glutamate uptake after CI/RI. There is mounting evidence suggesting that manipulation of energy metabolism homeostasis can induce microglial cells and astrocytes to switch from neurotoxic to neuroprotective phenotypes. A comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms and manipulation strategies targeting metabolic pathways could potentially enable gliocytes to be reprogrammed toward beneficial functions while opening new therapeutic avenues for CI/RI treatment. This review provides an overview of current insights into metabolic reprogramming mechanisms in microglia and astrocytes within the pathophysiological context of CI/RI, along with potential pharmacological targets. Herein, we emphasize the potential of metabolic reprogramming of gliocytes as a therapeutic target for CI/RI and aim to offer a novel perspective in the treatment of CI/RI.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanisms and Clinical Use

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic fatty liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Currently, there are no therapies for NAFLD that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we examine the rationale for using ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in NAFLD therapy. This focus is based on the finding that NAFLD severity is associated with a reduction of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFAs. Because C20-22 ω3 PUFAs are pleiotropic regulators of cell function, loss of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs has the potential to significantly impact hepatic function. We describe NAFLD prevalence and pathophysiology as well as current NAFLD therapies. We also present evidence from clinical and preclinical studies that evaluated the capacity of C20-22 ω3 PUFAs to treat NAFLD. Given the clinical and preclinical evidence, dietary C20-22 ω3 PUFA supplementation has the potential to decrease human NAFLD severity by reducing hepatosteatosis and liver injury.

Different Dietary Ratios of Camelina Oil to Sandeel Oil Influence the Capacity to Synthesise and Deposit EPA and DHA in Zucker Fa/Fa Rats

Plant-based food provides more ALA (α-linolenic acid) and less EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) than marine food. Earlier studies indicate that cetoleic acid (22:1n-11) stimulates the n-3 pathway from ALA to EPA and DHA. The present study aimed to investigate the dietary effects of camelina oil (CA) high in ALA and sandeel oil (SA) high in cetoleic acid on the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA. Male Zucker fa/fa rats were fed a diet of soybean oil (Ctrl) or diets of CA, SA, or a combination of CA and SA. Significantly higher levels of DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) and DHA in blood cells from the CA group compared to the Ctrl indicate an active conversion of ALA to DPA and DHA. Increasing the uptake and deposition of EPA and DHA meant that a trend towards a decrease in the liver gene expression of Elovl5, Fads1, and Fads2 along with an increase in the dietary content of SA was observed. However, 25% of the SA could be exchanged with CA without having a significant effect on EPA, DPA, or DHA in blood cells, indicating that bioactive components in SA, such as cetoleic acid, might counteract the inhibiting effect of the high dietary content of DHA on the n-3 biosynthetic pathway.

Activation of NR1H3 attenuates the severity of septic myocardial injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

Most sepsis deaths are due to the development of multiple organ failure, in which heart failure is a recognized manifestation of sepsis. To date, the role of liver X receptors α (NR1H3) in sepsis is still uncertain. Here, we hypothesized that NR1H3 mediates multiple essential sepsis-related signalings to attenuate septic heart failure. Adult male C57BL/6 or Balbc mice and HL-1 myocardial cell line were performed for in vivo and in vitro experiments, respectively. NR1H3 knockout mice or NR1H3 agonist T0901317 was applied to evaluate the impact of NR1H3 on septic heart failure. We found decreased myocardial expression levels of NR1H3-related molecules while increased NLRP3 level in septic mice. NR1H3 knockout worsensed cardiac dysfunction and injury in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), in association with exacerbated NLRP3-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis-related markers. The administration of T0901317 reduced systemic infection and improve cardiac dysfunction in septic mice. Moreover, Co-IP assays, luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, confirmed that NR1H3 directly repressed NLRP3 activity. Finally, RNA-seq detection further clarified an overview of the roles of NR1H3 in sepsis. In general, our findings indicate that NR1H3 had a significant protective effect against sepsis and sepsis-induced heart failure.

Interaction among dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, fatty acid desaturase 2 genetic variants, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes patients

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic polymorphisms are strongly correlated with the risk of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the impact of FADS1 and FADS2 genetic variants on plasma lipid status, and assessed interactions between FADS genetic polymorphisms and plasma n-3/n-6 fatty acids regarding lipid status within a population of 816 Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Selected tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (FADS1 rs174546 [T/C]; FADS2 rs174602 [A/G] and rs2072114 [A/G]) were genotyped (n = 816).

RESULTS

The distribution of genotypes were compared with reports publicly available in the Genome Aggregation Database for East Asian populations (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). In the subgroup of patients not taking lipid-lowering medications (n = 192), we observed that the G allele of FADS2 rs174602 was statistically significantly correlated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (P = 0.001), whereas the G allele of rs2072114 was marginally associated with LDL-C concentrations (P = 0.091). Using a general linear model adjusted for confounding factors, statistically significant interactions (P = 0.016) between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rs2072114 and a low alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)/linoleic acid (18:2n-6) ratio; the G allele correlated with lower LDL-C levels among individuals with a low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid ratio. Interaction between rs174602 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid values on LDL-C was only marginally significant (P = 0.063).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show the role of n-3/n-6 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in modifying the effects of genetic susceptibility on lipoprotein concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our findings highlight the potential of interventions with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids regarding developing individualized prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes presenting with co-occurring dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.

The effect of simvastatin on gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 mRNA in rat hepatic tissues

The study aimed to assess the effect of simvastatin on gene expression of LDLR, SREBPs, and SCD1 in rat hepatic tissues fed with high-fat diets (HFD) and its association with some biochemical parameters. Thirty-two male Wister albino rats were divided into four equal groups (three test and one control groups). The biochemical parameters were determined by using spectrophotometer techniques and the Elisa method. Low-density lipoprotein receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, stearoyl-CoA desaturase1, Beta-actin were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. At the end of study, the livers of the rats were separated and changes of hepatic tissue were determined. LDLR, SREBP2, and SCD1 expression increased significantly when compared G1 versus G4 and G2 versus G4. The expression of LDLR, SREBP2, and SCD1 also increased significantly when compared G2 versus G3, G1versus G3 and G1 versus G3 and G2 versus G3. The serum level of cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, LDL, and HDL increased significantly when compared G1 versus G3. LDL showed significantly decreased when compared G1 versus G2. Cholesterol, glucose and HDL and triglyceride levels were increased significantly when compared G1 versus G4 and G2. Treatment of rats with HFD and simvastatin 20 mg/kg, triglyceride and LDL were almost the same as a control group and LDLR expression increased 98% in liver tissue. Gene expressions may be up-regulated in liver tissue and they showed different effects on biochemical parameters.

Effects of Amino Acids Supplementation on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in HepG2 Cells

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes are representing symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which is often accompanied with hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Since liver is the major site of glucose and lipid metabolism, this study aimed to understand the effects of SCAAs and BCAAs supplementations on glucose and lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. These cells were pretreated with SAMe, betaine, taurine, and BCAA for 24 h, followed by treatments of a high concentration of glucose (50 mM) or palmitic acid (PA, 0.5 mM) for 48 h to simulate high-glucose and high-fat environments. Pretreatment of BCAA and SCAAs inhibited the fat accumulation. At the transcriptional level, glucose and PA treatment led to significant increase of mRNA gluconeogenic enzyme. The mRNA expression level of GLUT2 was decreased by 20% in the SAMe-treated group and inhibited glucose synthesis by reducing the level of gluconeogenic enzyme. After SAMe or BCAA pretreatment, the mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes was decreased. The PPAR-γ expression was increased after BCAA pretreatment, but SAMe not only downregulated the expression of PPAR-γ, but also inhibited the expression of ChREBP approximately 20% and SREBP-1c decreased by about 15%. Taken together, the effect of SAMe on glucose and lipid metabolism is significant especially on inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis under the metabolic syndrome environment.

Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in metabolic diseases and cancers

Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are multipurpose proteins that can modulate lipid fluxes, trafficking, signaling, and metabolism. FABPs regulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, its inhibition can improve type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In addition, FABPs are involved in obesity, metabolic disease, cardiac dysfunction, and cancers. FABPs are promising tissue biomarkers in solid tumors for diagnostic and/or prognostic targets for novel therapeutic strategies. The signaling responsive elements of FABPs and determinants of FABP-mediated functions may be exploited in preventing or treating these diseases.

Supplementation of Enriched Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and CLA Cheese on High Fat Diet: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Fat Profile

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and the onset of several metabolic diseases. This association is particularly evident in a diet rich in saturated fatty acids, typical of animal foods, such as dairy products. However, these foods are the main source of fatty acids with a proven nutraceutical effect, such as the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which have demonstrated important roles in the prevention of various diseases. In the present study, the effect of a supplementation with cheese enriched with ω-3 fatty acids and CLA on the metabolism and lipid profiles of C57bl/6 mice was evaluated. In particular, the analyses were conducted on different tissues, such as liver, muscle, adipose tissue and brain, known for their susceptibility to the effects of dietary fats. Supplementing cheese enriched in CLA and ω-3 fats reduced the level of saturated fat and increased the content of CLA and ALA in all tissues considered, except for the brain. Furthermore, the consumption of this cheese resulted in a tissue-specific response in the expression levels of genes involved in lipid and mitochondrial metabolism. As regards genes involved in the inflammatory response, the consumption of enriched cheese resulted in a reduction in the expression of inflammatory genes in all tissues analyzed. Considering the effects that chronic inflammation associated with a high-calorie and high-fat diet (meta-inflammation) or aging (inflammaging) has on the onset of chronic degenerative diseases, these data could be of great interest as they indicate the feasibility of modulating inflammation (thus avoiding/delaying these pathologies) with a nutritional and non-pharmacological intervention.

Olive Oil Extracts and Oleic Acid Attenuate the LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Murine RAW264.7 Macrophages but Induce the Release of Prostaglandin E2

Olive oil contains high amounts of oleic acid (OA). Although OA has been described to inhibit inflammatory processes, the effects of olive oil on cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, we compared the effects of major fatty acids (FA) from olive oil with those of olive oil extracts (OOE) on inflammatory mediators and alterations in the cellular phospholipid composition in murine macrophages. Upon treatment with different OOE, FA compositions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages were analyzed using gas chromatography. Olive oil extracts and OA significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), cyclooxygenase (Cox2), and interleukin-6 mRNA. In addition, a significant decrease in Cox2 and iNos protein expression was observed. The formation of nitric oxide was significantly reduced, while the formation of prostaglandin (PG) E2 from arachidonic acid significantly increased after treatment with OOE or OA. The latter was associated with a shift in the phospholipid FA composition from arachidonic acid to OA, resulting in an elevated availability of arachidonic acid. Together, OOE and OA mediate anti-inflammatory effects in vitro but increase the release of arachidonic acid and hereinafter PGE2, likely due to elongation of OA and competitive incorporation of fatty acids into membrane phospholipids.

Differentially expressed genes reflect disease-induced rather than disease-causing changes in the transcriptome

Comparing transcript levels between healthy and diseased individuals allows the identification of differentially expressed genes, which may be causes, consequences or mere correlates of the disease under scrutiny. We propose a method to decompose the observational correlation between gene expression and phenotypes driven by confounders, forward- and reverse causal effects. The bi-directional causal effects between gene expression and complex traits are obtained by Mendelian Randomization integrating summary-level data from GWAS and whole-blood eQTLs. Applying this approach to complex traits reveals that forward effects have negligible contribution. For example, BMI- and triglycerides-gene expression correlation coefficients robustly correlate with trait-to-expression causal effects (rBMI = 0.11, PBMI = 2.0 × 10-51 and rTG = 0.13, PTG = 1.1 × 10-68), but not detectably with expression-to-trait effects. Our results demonstrate that studies comparing the transcriptome of diseased and healthy subjects are more prone to reveal disease-induced gene expression changes rather than disease causing ones.

Triglyceride-lowering and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk reduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have been extensively studied as both dietary supplement and pharmaceutical agent for the prevention of ASCVD. Epidemiological and retrospective studies have long shown the inverse relationship of omega-3 PUFA consumption and ASCVD event but results of previous large randomized controlled trials have not consistently shown the same effect. Meta-analysis and a recent clinical trial using a high dose of eicosapentaenoic acid showed convincing protective effects of omega-3 PUFAs on ASCVD. Emerging evidence shows that both chronic inflammation and hypertriglyceridemia increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Amelioration of the inflammatory process and reduction of hypertriglyceridemia provide two mechanisms on the prevention and management of ASCVD, and agents with both of these effects are more potent and desirable. Omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-hypertriglyceridemia effect, ameliorate inflammation, and maintain the resolution of inflammation homeostasis pleiotropically through multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review presents the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, the mechanisms of omega-3 PUFAs on the reduction of the atherosclerotic risk, and the current clinical utilities of omega-3 PUFAs on the prevention of ASCVD.

Phytohormone abscisic acid boosts pentobarbital-induced sleep through activation of GABA-A, PPARβ and PPARγ receptor signaling

BACKGROUND

Sleep disorders induce anxiety and forgetfulness and change habits. The chemical hypnotic drugs currently used have serious side effects and, therefore, people are drawn towards using natural compounds such as plant-based healing agents. Abscisic acid (ABA) is produced in a variety of mammalian tissues and it is involved in many neurophysiological functions.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the possible effect of ABA on pentobarbital-induced sleep and its possible signaling through GABA-A and PPAR (γ and β) receptors, in male Wistar rats.

METHODS

The possible effect of ABA (5 and 10 µg/rat, intracerebroventricularly) on sleep onset latency time and duration was evaluated in a V-maze model of sleep. Pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected to induce sleep 30 min after administration of ABA. PPARβ (GSK0660, 80 nM/rat), PPARγ (GW9662, 3 nM/rat) or GABA-A receptor (bicuculline, 6 µg/rat) antagonists were given 15 min before ABA injection. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used as a positive control group.

RESULTS

ABA at 5 µg significantly boosted the pentobarbital-induced subhypnotic effects and promoted induction of sleep onset in a manner comparable to diazepam treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with bicuculline significantly abolished the ABA effects on sleep parameters, while the amplifying effects of ABA on the induction of sleep onset was not significantly affected by PPARβ or PPARγ antagonists. The sleep prolonging effect of ABA was significantly prevented by both PPAR antagonists.

CONCLUSIONS

The data showed that ABA boosts pentobarbital-induced sleep and that GABA-A, PPARβ and PPARγ receptors are, at least in part, involved in ABA signaling.

Impact of curcumin on fatty acid metabolism

Free fatty acids (FFAs) and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) activity have significantly contributed to disease states such as insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, blood pressure, and several types of cancer. Currently, several treatment options are available for patients with these conditions. Due to safety concerns, adverse effects, limited efficacy, and low tolerability associated with many medications, the identification of novel agents with less toxicity and a more favorable outcome is warranted. Curcumin is a phenolic compound derived from the turmeric plant with various biological activities, including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to February 2020 for studies that demonstrated the efficacy and mechanisms of curcumin action on FFAs, FAS, and β-oxidation activity, as well as the desaturation system. Most of the evidence is in-vivo and in-vitro studies that demonstrate that curcumin possesses regulatory properties on FFAs levels through its effects on FAS and β-oxidation activity as well as desaturation system, which could improve insulin resistance, obesity, and other FFAs-related disorders. The present study provides a review of the existing in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical evidence on the effect of curcumin on FFAs and FAS activity, β-oxidation, and desaturation system.

Microglia reprogram metabolic profiles for phenotype and function changes in central nervous system

In response to various types of environmental and cellular stress, microglia rapidly activate and exhibit either pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes to maintain tissue homeostasis. Activation of microglia can result in changes in morphology, phagocytosis capacity, and secretion of cytokines. Furthermore, microglial activation also induces changes to cellular energy demand, which is dependent on the metabolism of various metabolic substrates including glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Accumulating evidence demonstrates metabolic reprogramming acts as a key driver of microglial immune response. For instance, microglia in pro-inflammatory states preferentially use glycolysis for energy production, whereas, cells in anti-inflammatory states are mainly powered by oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding microglial metabolic pathways under physiological and pathological circumtances. We will then discuss how metabolic reprogramming can orchestrate microglial response to a variety of central nervous system pathologies. Finally, we highlight how manipulating metabolic pathways can reprogram microglia towards beneficial functions, and illustrate the therapeutic potential for inflammation-related neurological diseases.

Dietary fatty acid intake, plasma fatty acid levels, and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

PURPOSE

Previous population studies on the associations between dietary fatty acids (FAs), plasma FAs levels, and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have yielded inconclusive results. Herein, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the associations between specific type of dietary FAs, plasma FAs on early and advanced AMD risk.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were systematically searched for observational cohort studies published through May 2020. For highest versus lowest comparison and dose-response analyses, the relative risk (RR) estimates with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were analyzed using random effects model.

RESULTS

11 studies with 167,581 participants were included in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up periods (ranging from 3 to 28 years), 6,318 cases of AMD were recorded. Dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) combined (per 1 g/day increment) were found to be negatively associated with early AMD (RR: 0.67, 95% CI [0.51, 0.88]). Each 1 g/day increment of DHA (RR: 0.50, 95% CI [0.32, 0.78]) and EPA (RR: 0.40, 95% CI [0.18, 0.87]) was associated with a 50% and 60% reduction of early AMD risk, respectively. Plasma DHA (RR: 0.72, 95% CI [0.55, 0.95]) and EPA (RR: 0.57, 95% CI [0.40, 0.81]) indicated significant negative relationship with advanced AMD.

CONCLUSION

Increasing dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically DHA and EPA, were associated with a reduced risk of early subtype of AMD, while other types of FAs did not present significant results. Further research is warranted to explore the potential association between dietary FA, plasma FA levels, and advanced subtype of AMD.

Differences in erythrocyte phospholipid membrane long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the prevalence of fatty acid desaturase genotype among African Americans and European Americans

Numerous studies have reported an association between genetic variants in fatty acid desaturases (FADS1 and FADS2) and plasma or erythrocyte long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. Increased levels of n-6 PUFAs have been associated with inflammation and several chronic diseases, including diabetes and cancer. We hypothesized that genetic variants of FADS that more efficiently convert precursor n-6 PUFA to arachidonic acid (AA) may explain the higher burden of chronic diseases observed in African Americans. To test this hypothesis, we measured the level of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and genotyped the rs174537 FADS variants associated with higher AA conversion among African American and European American populations. We included data from 1,733 individuals who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using gas chromatography. Generalized linear models were used to estimate association of race and genotype on erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA levels while controlling for self-reported dietary intake. We found that African Americans have higher levels of AA and a higher prevalence of GG allele compared to whites, 81% vs 43%, respectively. Homozygous GG genotype was negatively associated with precursor PUFAs (linoleic [LA], di-homo-γ-linolenic [DGLA]), positively associated with both product PUFA (AA, docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), product to precursor ratio (AA to DGLA), an indirect measure of FADs efficiency and increased urinary isoprostane F2 (F2-IsoP) and isoprostane F3 (F3-IsoP), markers of oxidative stress. Increased consumption of n-6 PUFA and LA resulting in increased AA and subsequent inflammation may be fueling increased prevalence of chronic diseases especially in African descent.

Blockade of High-Fat Diet Proteomic Phenotypes Using Exercise as Prevention or Treatment

The increasing consumption of high-fat foods combined with a lack of exercise is a major contributor to the burden of obesity in humans. Aerobic exercise such as running is known to provide metabolic benefits, but how the overconsumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise interact is not well characterized at the molecular level. Here, we examined the plasma proteome in mice for the effects of aerobic exercise as both a treatment and as a preventative regimen for animals on either a HFD or a healthy control diet. This analysis detected large changes in the plasma proteome induced by the HFD, such as increased abundance of SERPINA7, ALDOB, and downregulation of SERPINA1E and complement factor D (CFD; adipsin). Some of these changes were significantly reverted using exercise as a preventative measure but not as a treatment regimen. To determine if either the intensity or duration of exercise influenced the outcome, we compared high-intensity interval training and endurance running. Endurance running slightly outperformed high-intensity interval training exercise, but overall, both provided similar reversion in abundance of plasma proteins modulated by the HFD, including SERPINA7, apolipoprotein E, SERPINA1E, and CFD. Finally, we compared the changes induced by overconsumption of a HFD with previous data from mice fed on an isocaloric high-saturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. This identified several common changes, including not only increased apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein E but also highlighted changes specific for overconsumption of a HFD (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B, SERPINA7, and CFD), saturated fatty acid-based diets (SERPINA1E), or polyunsaturated fatty acid-based diets (haptoglobin). Together, these data highlight the importance of early intervention with exercise to revert HFD-induced phenotypes and suggest some of the molecular mechanisms leading to the changes in the plasma proteome generated by HFD consumption. Web-based interactive visualizations are provided for this dataset (larancelab.com/hfd-exercise), which give insight into diet and exercise phenotypic interactions on the plasma proteome.

Effects of dietary components on intestinal permeability in health and disease

Altered intestinal permeability plays a role in many pathological conditions. Intestinal permeability is a component of the intestinal barrier. This barrier is a dynamic interface between the body and the food and pathogens that enter the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, dietary components can directly affect this interface, and many metabolites produced by the host enzymes or the gut microbiota can act as signaling molecules or exert direct effects on this barrier. Our aim was to examine the effects of diet components on the intestinal barrier in health and disease states. Herein, we conducted an in-depth PubMed search based on specific key words (diet, permeability, barrier, health, disease, and disorder), as well as cross references from those articles. The normal intestinal barrier consists of multiple components in the lumen, epithelial cell layer and the lamina propria. Diverse methods are available to measure intestinal permeability. We focus predominantly on human in vivo studies, and the literature is reviewed to identify dietary factors that decrease (e.g., emulsifiers, surfactants, and alcohol) or increase (e.g., fiber, short-chain fatty acids, glutamine, and vitamin D) barrier integrity. Effects of these dietary items in disease states, such as metabolic syndrome, liver disease, or colitis are documented as examples of barrier dysfunction in the multifactorial diseases. Effects of diet on intestinal barrier function are associated with precise mechanisms in some instances; further research of those mechanisms has potential to clarify the role of dietary interventions in treating diverse pathologic states.

Examining the association between serum free fatty acids and blood levels of testosterone

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have uncovered the effects that ingested fat has on human blood levels of testosterone. Yet, few reports have discussed the effect of circulating serum free fatty acids (FFAs). The present study aimed to explore the relationship between serum free fatty acids and blood levels of testosterone.

METHODS

In total, 5719 adults were pooled from the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2012. Based on multivariable-linear regression models, we employed a total of 30 FFAs to interpret the relationship of FFAs with blood levels of testosterone. Two models with covariate adjustments were designated for further evaluation and analysis.

RESULTS

Capric acid [β = -0.014, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.023, -0.004, P = 0.005], myristic acid (β = -0.001, 95% CI = -0.001, 0.000, P ≤ 0.001), pentadecanoic acid (β = -0.013, 95% CI = -0.018, -0.008, P ≤ 0.001), margaric acid (β = -0.011, 95% CI = -0.017, -0.005, P ≤ 0.001) and alpha-linolenic acid (β = -0.001, 95% CI = -0.002, 0.000, P = 0.004) in the fully adjusted model were significantly negatively correlated with the testosterone level inh obese men. In the fully adjusted model for the female analysis, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, myristoleic acid, oleic acid, nervonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid were found significantly associated with the testosterone level.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate a significant negative correlation between serum FFAs and blood levels of testosterone. Furthermore, we reveal the essentiality of serum FFAs and their potential effects on the reduction of testosterone levels.

Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Effects on Growth, Metabolism, and Body Composition of the Offspring

Simple Summary

The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pregnancies. There were no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows and the postnatal features of the piglets. Piglets from the supplemented sows, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate afterwards. Consequently, they reached higher weight and corpulence with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acids profiles than control offspring at juvenile stages.

Abstract

Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive leaves and fruits, and n3 PUFAs, from linseed oil, on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. The results obtained indicate that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy has no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows (prolificacy, homogeneity of the litter, and percentage of stillborns and low-birth-weight, LBW, piglets) and the postnatal features of the piglets (growth patterns, adiposity, and metabolic traits). Conversely, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, piglets from the supplemented sows showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate. Thus, at juvenile stages afterwards, the offspring from the treated group reached higher weight and corpulence, with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acid profiles, in spite of similar adiposity, than offspring in the control group. However, much caution and more research are still needed before practical recommendation and use in human pregnancies.

The Influence of Feed and Drinking Water on Terrestrial Animal Research and Study Replicability

For more than 50 years, the research community has made strides to better determine the nutrient requirements for many common laboratory animal species. This work has resulted in high-quality animal feeds that can optimize growth, maintenance, and reproduction in most species. We have a much better understanding of the role that individual nutrients play in physiological responses. Today, diet is often considered as an independent variable in experimental design, and specialized diet formulations for experimental purposes are widely used. In contrast, drinking water provided to laboratory animals has rarely been a consideration in experimental design except in studies of specific water-borne microbial or chemical contaminants. As we advance in the precision of scientific measurements, we are constantly discovering previously unrecognized sources of experimental variability. This is the nature of science. However, science is suffering from a lack of experimental reproducibility or replicability that undermines public trust. The issue of reproducibility/replicability is especially sensitive when laboratory animals are involved since we have the ethical responsibility to assure that laboratory animals are used wisely. One way to reduce problems with reproducibility/replicability is to have a strong understanding of potential sources of inherent variability in the system under study and to provide "…a clear, specific, and complete description of how the reported results were reached [1]." A primary intent of this review is to provide the reader with a high-level overview of some basic elements of laboratory animal nutrition, methods used in the manufacturing of feeds, sources of drinking water, and general methods of water purification. The goal is to provide background on contemporary issues regarding how diet and drinking water might serve as a source of extrinsic variability that can impact animal health, study design, and experimental outcomes and provide suggestions on how to mitigate these effects.

Protectin DX ameliorates inflammation in sepsis-induced acute lung injury through mediating PPARγ/NF-κB pathway

Previous reports have demonstrated that the newly identified lipid mediator protectin DX (PDX) could effectively attenuate multiple organ injuries in sepsis. The aim of our study was to clarify whether PDX could improve acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis and elucidate the relevant potential mechanism. After inducing sepsis by the cecal ligation and puncture approach, mice were treated with a high or low dose of PDX. Pathological changes in the pulmonary tissue were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and lung injury score was evaluated. Lung permeability and edema were assessed by lung wet/dry ratio, and protein and cellular load of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Inflammatory cytokine levels in BALF were measured by ELISA and the expression of PPARγ in the lung tissue was analyzed by immunoblotting. The results suggested that PDX could diminish the inflammatory response in lung tissue after sepsis by upregulating PPARγ and inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of NF-κB p65. PDX treatment lowered the levels of pro-inflammation cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1, and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased in the BALF. It also improved lung permeability and reduced lung injury. Furthermore, the protective effect of PDX on lung tissue could be reversed by GW9662, a specific PPAR-γ antagonist. Taken together, our study indicated that PDX could ameliorate the inflammatory response in ALI by activating the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway in a mouse model of sepsis.

Free-Radical-Mediated Formation of Trans-Cardiolipin Isomers, Analytical Approaches for Lipidomics and Consequences of the Structural Organization of Membranes

Free-radical-mediated processes, such as peroxidation, isomerization and hydrogenation affecting fatty acid integrity and biological functions, have a trans-disciplinary relevance. Cardiolipins (CL, (1,3-diphosphatidyl-sn-glycerol)) and tetra-linoleoyl-CL are complex phospholipids, exclusively present in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM) lipids, where they maintain membrane integrity and regulate enzyme functionalities. Peroxidation pathways and fatty acid remodeling are known causes of mitochondrial disfunctions and pathologies, including cancer. Free-radical-mediated isomerization with the change of the cis CL into geometrical trans isomers is an unknown process with possible consequences on the supramolecular membrane lipid organization. Here, the formation of mono-trans CL (MT-CL) and other trans CL isomers (T-CL) is reported using CL from bovine heart mitochondria and thiyl radicals generated by UV-photolysis from 2-mercaptoethanol. Analytical approaches for CL isomer separation and identification via ¹H/¹³C NMR are provided, together with the chemical study of CL derivatization to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), useful for lipidomics and metabolomics research. Kinetics information of the radical chain isomerization process was obtained using γ-irradiation conditions. The CL isomerization affected the structural organization of membranes, as tested by the reduction in unilamellar liposome diameter, and accompanied the well-known process of oxidative consumption induced by Fenton reagents. These results highlight a potential new molecular modification pathway of mitochondrial lipids with wide applications to membrane functions and biological consequences.

Resolvin D1 Prevents the Impairment in the Retention Memory and Hippocampal Damage in Rats Fed a Corn Oil-Based High Fat Diet by Upregulation of Nrf2 and Downregulation and Inactivation of p66Shc

This study investigated the effect of a high-fat diet rich in corn oil (CO-HFD) on the memory retention and hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats, and examined if the underlying mechanisms involve modulating Resolvin D1 (RvD1) levels and activation of p⁶⁶Shc. Also, we tested if co-administration of RvD1 could prevent these neural adverse effects induced by CO-HFD. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 18/each) as control fed standard diet (STD) (3.82 kcal/g), STD + RvD1 (0.2 µg/Kg, i.p/twice/week), CO-HFD (5.4 kcal/g), and CO-HFD + RvD1. All treatments were conducted for 8 weeks. With normal fasting glucose levels, CO-HFD induced hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased HOMA-IRI and reduced the rats' memory retention. In parallel, CO-HFD increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), cytoplasmic cytochrome-c, and cleaved caspase-3 and significantly decreased levels of glutathione (GSH), Bcl-2, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in rats' hippocampi. Besides, CO-HFD significantly reduced hippocampal levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and RvD1, as well as total protein levels of Nrf2 and significantly increased nuclear protein levels of p-NF-κB. Concomitantly, CO-HFD increased hippocampal protein levels of p-JNK, p53, p⁶⁶Shc, p-p⁶⁶Shc, and NADPH oxidase. However, without altering plasma and serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids, co-administration of RvD1 to CO-HFD completely reversed all these events. It also resulted in similar effects in the STD fed-rats. In conclusion, CO-HFD impairs memory function and induces hippocampal damage by reducing levels of RvD1 and activation of JNK/p53/p⁶⁶Shc/NADPH oxidase, effects that are prevented by co-administration of RvD1.

Lauric Acid Modulates Cancer-Associated microRNA Expression and Inhibits the Growth of the Cancer Cell

BACKGROUND

microRNAs are known to regulate various protein-coding gene expression posttranscriptionally. Fatty acids are cell membrane constituents and are also known to influence the biological activities of the cells like signal transduction, growth and differentiation of the cells, apoptosis induction, and other physiological functions. In our experiments, we used lauric acid to analyse its effects on human cancerous cell lines.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to speculate the miRNA expression profile in lauric acid treated and untreated cancerous cell lines and further study the metabolic pathways of the targeted tumour suppressor and oncogenes.

METHODS

The KB cells and HepG2 cells were treated with lauric acid and miRNA was isolated and the expression of tumour suppressor and oncogenic miRNA was measured by quantitative PCR. The untreated cells were used as control. The metabolic pathways of the target tumour suppressor and oncogenes were examined by GeneMANIA software.

RESULTS

Interestingly, the lauric acid treatment suppresses the expression of oncogenic miRNA and significantly upregulated the expression of some tumour suppressor miRNAs. GeneMANIA metabolic pathway revealed that the upregulated tumour suppressor miRNAs regulate several cancer-associated pathways such as DNA damage, signal transduction p53 class mediator, stem cell differentiation, cell growth, cell cycle phase transition, apoptotic signalling pathway, cellular response to stress and radiation, etc. whereas oncogenic miRNAs regulate the cancer-associated pathway like cell cycle phase transition, apoptotic signalling pathway, cell growth, response to oxidative stress, immune response activating cell surface protein signalling pathway, cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity, epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathways, etc. Conclusion: In our study, we found that lauric acid works as an anticancer agent by altering the expression of miRNAs.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA methylation in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically (75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family history. Several processes are involved in the development of CRC such as a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation play a vital role in the progression of CRC. Complex interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as a diet and sedentary lifestyle, lead to the development of CRC. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing CRC. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it has been suggested that PUFAs are pleiotropic agents that alter chromatin remodeling, membrane structure and downstream cell signaling. Moreover, PUFAs can alter the epigenome via modulation of DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent investigations linking PUFAs and DNA methylation-associated CRC risk.

Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated rich fish oil supplementation on ovarian function and interferon stimulated genes in the repeat breeding cow

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) improve utero-ovarian functions and embryonic survival in postpartum dairy cows. Because early embryonic mortality is the major cause of repeat breeding (RB) in cows, there was investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] rich fish oil (FO) from -2 to +2 weeks of artificial insemination on the size of preovulatory follicle (POF), serum progesterone (P₄) and relative abundance of the mRNA of interferon stimulated genes (ISG) that encode for these proteins in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in the RB cow (n = 12). The diet of control group was supplemented with palm oil (PO). The results indicated serum concentrations of EPA and DHA were greater by 4.6- and 3.5-fold, respectively at the end of feeding study in the RB cows of the FO group. The diameter of POF was larger by 2.2 mm in FO group; however, serum P₄ did not vary from day 14-20 post-artificial insemination. Greater abundance of ISG mRNA transcripts such as ISG15, RTP4, Mx2 and OAS1 in the PBL of pregnant cows of FO group indicates day 20 conceptuses produced more IFN-τ. It is concluded that supplementation of FO during the breeding period increased the size of POF and enhanced the abundance of ISG mRNA transcripts in RB cows that became pregnant.

Fatty acids of lipids of blood serum and liver of rats with tetracyclin-induced hepatosis and at correction

Irrational pharmacotherapy with tetracyclines can cause mitochondrial cytopathies of liver cells and the development of toxic dystrophy. The issue of violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids and their functional role in the development of liver dystrophy has not been studied enough. Therefore, the aim of the work was to determine the features of changes in the fatty acid composition of blood serum and liver lipids in rats with tetracycline-induced hepatosis and the corrective efficacy of the phospholipid-acceptable dietary supplement “FLP-MD”. It was experimentally established that, in the composition of blood serum lipids and liver tissue, key changes in modeling tetracycline-induced hepatosis in rats (250 mg/kg for 7 days) are primarily tested for polyene fatty acids (PUFAs). In blood serum this is manifested by a decrease in the level of docosadiienoic (22:2ω6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3), as well as the total PUFA content due to representatives of the ω3 family, respectively, by 1.3 times. At the same time, a decrease in the content of eicosapentenoic (20:5ω3), docosapentaenoic (22:5ω3), docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids and the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) and ω3/ω6 PUFA ratios, respectively, are noted in the lipid fraction of the liver, respectively by 1.3 times. In contrast to these animals, the use of reparative action of a phospholipid-acceptable dietary supplement “FLP-MD” (13.5 mg/kg) in sick rats provides a significant increase in the level of these fatty acids both in blood serum and in the liver and the restoration of their profile for other representatives. Thus, the components of the “FLP-MD” dietary supplement show a corrective effect on the fatty acid composition of the lipid component of blood serum and liver tissue of animals with tetracycline-induced hepatosis. Indicators have been experimentally established for the diagnosis of toxic liver damage and preclinical trials of the hepatoprotective efficacy of new drugs, which is a promising area of research in veterinary hepatopathology.

n-3 PUFA Sources (Precursor/Products): A Review of Current Knowledge on Rabbit

This review compares the effects of different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources on biological activity, physiological/reproductive endpoints, and health implications with a special emphasis on a rabbit case study. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are members of two classes of PUFAs, namely the n-6 and n-3 series, which are required for normal human health. Both are considered precursors of a cascade of molecules (eicosanoids), which take part in many biological processes (inflammation, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, thromboregulation, etc.). However, their biological functions are opposite and are mainly related to the form (precursor or long-chain products) in which they were administered and to the enzyme-substrate preference. ALA is widely present in common vegetable oils and foods, marine algae, and natural herbs, whereas its long-chain PUFA derivatives are available mainly in fish and animal product origins. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of n-3 PUFAs seems mostly to be tissue-dependent and acts in a tissue-selective manner. Furthermore, dietary n-3 PUFAs widely affect the lipid oxidation susceptibility of all tissues. In conclusion, sustainable sources of n-3 PUFAs are limited and exert a different effect about (1) the form in which they are administered, precursor or derivatives; (2) their antioxidant protections; and (3) the purpose to be achieved (health improvement, physiological and reproductive traits, metabolic pathways, etc.).

Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84

Fatty acid receptors have been recognized as important players in glycaemic control. This study is the first to describe a role for the medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor G-protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 84 in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin secretion. We are able to show that Gpr84 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Mice with global deletion of Gpr84 [Gpr84 knockout (KO)] exhibit a mild impairment in glucose tolerance when fed a MCFA-enriched diet. Studies in mice and pancreatic islets suggest that glucose intolerance is accompanied by a defect in insulin secretion. MCFA-fed KO mice also exhibit a significant impairment in the intrinsic respiratory capacity of their skeletal muscle mitochondria, but at the same time also exhibit a substantial increase in mitochondrial content. Changes in canonical pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover are unable to explain these mitochondrial differences. Our results show that Gpr84 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function and quality control.-Montgomery, M. K., Osborne, B., Brandon, A. E., O'Reilly, L., Fiveash, C. E., Brown, S. H. J., Wilkins, B. P., Samsudeen, A., Yu, J., Devanapalli, B., Hertzog, A., Tolun, A. A., Kavanagh, T., Cooper, A. A., Mitchell, T. W., Biden, T. J., Smith, N. J., Cooney, G. J., Turner, N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84.

Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in female Ldlr -/- mice

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, particularly in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. NAFLD ranges in severity from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and NASH can progress to cirrhosis, primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver failure. As such, NAFLD has emerged as a major public health concern. Herein, we used a lipidomic and transcriptomic approach to identify lipid markers associated with western diet (WD) induced NASH in female mice.

METHODS

Female mice (low-density lipoprotein receptor null (Ldlr -/-) were fed a reference or WD diet for 38 and 46 weeks. Transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches, coupled with statistical analyses, were used to identify associations between major NASH markers and transcriptomic & lipidomic markers.

RESULTS

The WD induced all major hallmarks of NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice, including steatosis (SFA, MUFA, MUFA-containing di- and triacylglycerols), inflammation (TNFα), oxidative stress (Ncf2), and fibrosis (Col1A). The WD also increased transcripts associated with membrane remodeling (LpCat), apoptosis & autophagy (Casp1, CtsS), hedgehog (Taz) & notch signaling (Hey1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (S1004A) and cancer (Gpc3). WD feeding, however, suppressed the expression of the hedgehog inhibitory protein (Hhip), and enzymes involved in triglyceride catabolism (Tgh/Ces3, Ces1g), as well as the hepatic abundance of C18-22 PUFA-containing phosphoglycerolipids (GpCho, GpEtn, GpSer, GpIns). WD feeding also increased hepatic cyclooxygenase (Cox1 & 2) expression and pro-inflammatory ω6 PUFA-derived oxylipins (PGE2), as well as lipid markers of oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF2α). The WD suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins (19, 20-DiHDPA) as well as the expression of enzymes involved in fatty epoxide metabolism (Cyp2C, Ephx).

CONCLUSION

WD-induced NASH in female Ldlr -/- mice was characterized by a massive increase in hepatic neutral and membrane lipids containing SFA and MUFA and a loss of C18-22 PUFA-containing membrane lipids. Moreover, the WD increased hepatic pro-inflammatory oxylipins and suppressed the hepatic abundance of reparative oxylipins. Such global changes in the type and abundance of hepatic lipids likely contributes to tissue remodeling and NASH severity.

PPARα-Mediated Positive-Feedback Loop Contributes to Cold Exposure Memory

Fluctuations in food availability and shifts in temperature are typical environmental changes experienced by animals. These environmental shifts sometimes portend more severe changes; e.g., chilly north winds precede the onset of winter. Such telltale signs may be indicators for animals to prepare for such a shift. Here we show that HEK293A cells, cultured under starvation conditions, can “memorize” a short exposure to cold temperature (15 °C), which was evidenced by their higher survival rate compared to cells continuously grown at 37 °C. We refer to this phenomenon as “cold adaptation”. The cold-exposed cells retained high ATP levels, and addition of etomoxir, a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, abrogated the enhanced cell survival. In our standard protocol, cold adaptation required linoleic acid (LA) supplementation along with the activity of Δ-6-desaturase (D6D), a key enzyme in LA metabolism. Moreover, supplementation with the LA metabolite arachidonic acid (AA), which is a high-affinity agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), was able to underpin the cold adaptation, even in the presence of a D6D inhibitor. Cold exposure with added LA or AA prompted a surge in PPARα levels, followed by the induction of D6D expression; addition of a PPARα antagonist or a D6D inhibitor abrogated both their expression, and reduced cell survival to control levels. We also found that the brief cold exposure transiently prevents PPARα degradation by inhibiting the ubiquitin proteasome system, and starvation contributes to the enhancement of PPARα activity by inhibiting mTORC1. Our results reveal an innate adaptive positive-feedback mechanism with a PPARα-D6D-AA axis that is triggered by a brief cold exposure in cells. “Cold adaptation” could have evolved to increase strength and resilience against imminent extreme cold temperatures.

In Vitro Digested Nut Oils Attenuate the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages

Nut consumption is known for its health benefits, in particular in inflammatory diseases. A possible mechanism for these effects could be their beneficial fatty acid composition. Nuts mainly contain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies investigating the effects of nut extracts on inflammatory processes on the molecular level are rare. We therefore prepared oily nut extracts after in vitro digestion and saponification of the fat-soluble constituents. Besides chromatographic analysis, cell culture experiments were performed using murine macrophages (RAW264.7) to study the capacity of different nut extracts (hazelnut, almond, walnut, macadamia, and pistachio) to modulate inflammatory processes. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid in hazelnut, almond, macadamia, and pistachio extracts. Both oily nut extracts and pure oleic acid significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of iNos, Cox2, Tnfα, Il1β, and Il6 mRNAs. iNos protein expression was down-regulated followed by reduced nitric oxide formation. Thus, nut extracts at concentrations achievable in the digestive tract inhibit the expression and formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Hence, a beneficial contribution of nut consumption to inflammatory diseases can be assumed. We are convinced that these results provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms involved in the health-beneficial effects of nuts.

Lipidome of plasma lipoproteins and liver is zinc- modulated in High fat diet treated mice

Zinc (Zn) and Zn-transcription Factors regulate the metabolic pathways of lipids and glucose, consequently nutritional zinc deficiency or excess, activates stress pathways and deranges the hepatic metabolism of lipids. High fat diet (HFD) also leads to lipids' profile disorders as well as to intracellular free radicals (FR) accumulation and finally to metabolic stress-syndrome. Study of nutritional Zn effects on the lipidome of plasma lipoproteins and liver, in HFD-mice, was the aim of the present research. Three Zn enriched HF-Diets as follows, 3 mg/kg feed (Zn deficient diet), 30 mg/kg feed (Zn sufficient diet), 300mgZn /kg feed (Zn excess diet) (Mucedola s.r.l Italy-55% cal) were applied respectively to three groups of male wild type (wt) mice (Hybrid F1/F1),C57Bl/6xCBA, one month old, for 10 weeks. Accordingly, mice body weight rate and ¹H-NMR spectrum analysis of liver extracts and plasma HDL and non-HDL lipoproteins were evaluated at the end of the experimental period. It is concluded that Zn sufficient diet (30 mg/Kg Feed) creates a highly protective lipidomic profile on plasma and liver lipoproteins of HFD-mice, related to significantly increased antiatherogenic indicators in lipids' composition, compared to mice in nutritional Zn deficiency or excess.

Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant supplementation on the transcriptional level of genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism in swine

Porcine fat traits depend mostly on the interaction between nutritional and genetic factors. However, the pathways and biological processes influenced by this interaction are still poorly known in pigs, although they can have a huge impact on meat quality traits. The present research provides new knowledge insight into the effect of four diets (D1 = standard diet; D2 = linseed supplementation; D3 = linseed, vitamin E and selenium supplementation; D4 = linseed and plant-derived polyphenols supplementation) on the expression of 24 candidate genes selected for their role in lipid and energy metabolism. The data indicated that 10 out of 24 genes were differentially expressed among diets, namely ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, CHREBP (MLXPL), ELOVL6, FASN, G6PD, PLIN2, RXRA and SCD. Results from the univariate analysis displayed an increased expression of ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, CHREBP, ELOVL6, FASN, PLIN2, RXRA and SCD in D4 compared to D2. Similarly, ACACA, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, ELOVL6 and SCD were highly expressed in D4 compared to D3, while no differences were observed in D2-D3 comparison. Moreover, an increased expression of G6PD and ELOVL6 genes in D4 compared to D1 was observed. Results from the multivariate analysis confirmed that D2 was not different from D3 and that ACACA, SCD and FASN expression made D4 different from D2 and D3. Comparing D4 and D1, the expression levels of ELOVL6 and ACACA were the most influenced. This research provides evidence that the addition of both n-3 PUFA and polyphenols, derived from linseed, grape-skin and oregano supplementation in the diets, stimulates the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and in oxidative processes. Results evidenced a greater effect on gene expression of the diet added with both plant extracts and n-3 PUFA, resulting in an increased expression of genes coding for fatty acid synthesis, desaturation and elongation in pig Longissimus thoracis muscle.

Abrogation of GH action in Kupffer cells results in increased hepatic CD36 expression and exaggerated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of GH signaling on Kupffer cells and the resulting changes in lipid homeostasis and their underlying mechanism(s) in the livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice.

DESIGN

Male macrophage specific-growth hormone receptor knockout mice (MacGHR KO) and their litter mate controls were fed a high fat diet containing 60% calories from fat for 26 weeks. Lipid content and lipid profiles in the liver and circulation were analyzed. Expression levels of CD36 in the liver were quantified by RT-PCR and Western Blot.

RESULTS

Increased hepatic lipid content and abundance of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids were observed in the liver of MacGHR KO mice. These findings were associated with increased steady state levels of CD36 mRNA and protein in MacGHR KO mice when compared with their litter mate controls.

CONCLUSION

GH action in Kupffer cells is required for maintaining hepatic lipid homeostasis, in part via regulation of hepatic CD36 expression.

Role of metabolic programming in the modulation of microglia phagocytosis by lipids

Microglia phagocytosis is an essential process to maintain lifelong brain homeostasis and clear potential toxic factors from the neuropil. Microglia can engulf cells or part of cells through the expression of specific receptors at their surface and activation of downstream signaling pathways to engulf material. Microglia phagocytosis is finely regulated and is under the dependence of many factors, including environmental cues such as dietary lipids. Yet, the molecular mechanisms implicated are still largely unknown. The present publication is a 'hypothesis review', assessing the possibility that lipid-mediated modulation of phagocytosis occurs by affecting bioenergetic pathways within microglia. I assess our present knowledge and the elements that allow drawing such hypothesis. I also list some of the important gaps in the literature that need to be filled in. I also consider opportunities for future therapeutic target including nutritional interventions.

Protective role of the ELOVL2/docosahexaenoic acid axis in glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in rodent beta cells and human islets

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to influence glucose homeostasis. We recently showed that Elovl2 expression in beta cells, which regulates synthesis of endogenous DHA, was associated with glucose tolerance and played a key role in insulin secretion. The present study aimed to examine the role of the very long chain fatty acid elongase 2 (ELOVL2)/DHA axis on the adverse effects of palmitate with high glucose, a condition defined as glucolipotoxicity, on beta cells.

METHODS

We detected ELOVL2 in INS-1 beta cells and mouse and human islets using quantitative PCR and western blotting. Downregulation and adenoviral overexpression of Elovl2 was carried out in beta cells. Ceramide and diacylglycerol levels were determined by radio-enzymatic assay and lipidomics. Apoptosis was quantified using caspase-3 assays and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Palmitate oxidation and esterification were determined by [U-¹⁴C]palmitate labelling.

RESULTS

We found that glucolipotoxicity decreased ELOVL2 content in rodent and human beta cells. Downregulation of ELOVL2 drastically potentiated beta cell apoptosis induced by glucolipotoxicity, whereas adenoviral Elovl2 overexpression and supplementation with DHA partially inhibited glucolipotoxicity-induced cell death in rodent and human beta cells. Inhibition of beta cell apoptosis by the ELOVL2/DHA axis was associated with a decrease in ceramide accumulation. However, the ELOVL2/DHA axis was unable to directly alter ceramide synthesis or metabolism. By contrast, DHA increased palmitate oxidation but did not affect its esterification. Pharmacological inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase and etomoxir, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid β-oxidation, attenuated the protective effect of the ELOVL2/DHA axis during glucolipotoxicity. Downregulation of CPT1 also counteracted the anti-apoptotic action of the ELOVL2/DHA axis. By contrast, a mutated active form of Cpt1 inhibited glucolipotoxicity-induced beta cell apoptosis when ELOVL2 was downregulated.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

Our results identify ELOVL2 as a critical pro-survival enzyme for preventing beta cell death and dysfunction induced by glucolipotoxicity, notably by favouring palmitate oxidation in mitochondria through a CPT1-dependent mechanism.

α-Synuclein and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Molecular Basis of the Interaction and Implication in Neurodegeneration

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a 140-amino acid protein, the physiological function of which has yet to be clarified. It is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, and the interaction of the protein with brain lipids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly abundant in the brain where they play critical roles in neuronal membrane fluidity and permeability, serve as energy reserves and function as second messengers in cell signaling. PUFA concentration and composition in the brain are altered with age when also an increase of lipid peroxidation is observed. Considering that PD is clearly correlated with oxidative stress, PUFA abundance and composition became of great interest in neurodegeneration studies because of PUFA’s high propensity to oxidize. The high levels of the PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain areas containing α-syn inclusions in patients with PD further support the hypothesis of possible interactions between α-syn and DHA. Additionally, a possible functional role of α-syn in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids was recently proposed. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between α-syn and fatty acids and the effect exerted by the protein on their oxidative state. We highlight recent findings supporting a neuroprotective role of the protein, linking α-syn, altered lipid composition in neurodegenerative disorders and PD development.

Factors affecting adipose tissue development in chickens: A review

The intense genetic selection for rapid growth in broilers has resulted in an increase in voluntary feed intake and growth rate, accompanied by increased fat deposition in adipose tissue depots throughout the body. Adipose tissue expansion is a result of the formation of adipocytes (several processes collectively referred to as adipogenesis) and cellular accumulation of triacylglycerols inside lipid droplets. In mammals, different anatomical depots are metabolically distinct. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development have been characterized in mammalian models, whereas information in avian species is scarce. The purpose of this review is to describe factors regulating adipogenesis in chickens, with an emphasis on dietary factors and the broiler. Results from many studies have demonstrated effects of dietary nutrient composition on adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α and β, and sterol regulatory element binding proteins orchestrate a series of cellular events that lead to an increase in activity of fatty acid transport proteins and enzymes that are responsible for triacylglycerol synthesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development may provide a practical strategy to affect body composition of the commercial broiler while providing insights on diets that maximize conversion into muscle rather than fat and affect depot-dependent deposition of lipids. Because of the propensity to overeat and become obese, the broiler chicken also represents an attractive biomedical model for eating disorders and obesity in humans.

An Overview of Novel Dietary Supplements and Food Ingredients in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by interconnected factors related to metabolic disturbances, and is directly related to the occurrence of some diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. MetS is described as one or both of insulin resistance and visceral adiposity, considered the initial causes of abnormalities that include hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and prothrombotic state, as well as polycystic ovarian syndrome in women. Other than in MetS, visceral adiposity and the pro-inflammatory state are also key in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in modern society. Both MetS and NAFLD are related to diet and lifestyle, and their treatment may be influenced by dietary pattern changes and the use of certain dietary supplements. This study aimed to review the role of food ingredients and supplements in the management of MetS and NAFLD specifically in human clinical trials. Moreover, bioactive compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be used as strategies for preventing the onset of and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as MetS and NAFLD, improving the inflammatory state and other comorbidities, such as obesity, dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).