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Han Y, Wang Y, Li S, Sato K, Yamagishi S. Exploration of the shared pathways and common biomarker in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and type 2 diabetes using integrated bioinformatics analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304404. [PMID: 38848397 PMCID: PMC11161051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors of the central nervous system that typically present with symptoms such as headache and visual impairment, and those reflecting endocrine abnormalities, which seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Patients with craniopharyngiomas are at higher cardiometabolic risk, defined as conditions favoring the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, the underlying common pathogenic mechanisms of craniopharyngiomas and type 2 diabetes are not clear. Especially due to the difficulty of conducting in vitro or in vivo experiments on craniopharyngioma, we thought the common pathway analysis between craniopharyngioma and type 2 diabetes based on bioinformatics is a powerful and feasible method. In the present study, using public datasets (GSE94349, GSE68015, GSE38642 and GSE41762) obtained from the GEO database, the gene expression associated with adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a subtype of craniopharyngioma, and type 2 diabetes were analyzed using a bioinformatic approach. We found 11 hub genes using a protein-protein interaction network analysis. Of these, seven (DKK1, MMP12, KRT14, PLAU, WNT5B, IKBKB, and FGF19) were also identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis. Finally, single-gene validation and receptor operating characteristic analysis revealed that four of these genes (MMP12, PLAU, KRT14, and DKK1) may be involved in the common pathogenetic mechanism of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and type 2 diabetes. In addition, we have characterized the differences in immune cell infiltration that characterize these two diseases, providing a reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Han
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yong Wang
- Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamagishi
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Optical Neuroanatomy, Institute of Photonics Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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2
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Eerola K, Longo F, Reinbothe TM, Richard JE, Shevchouk OT, López-Ferreras L, Mishra D, Asker M, Tolö J, Miranda C, Musovic S, Olofsson CS, Rorsman P, Skibicka KP. Hindbrain insulin controls feeding behavior. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101614. [PMID: 36244663 PMCID: PMC9637798 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic insulin was discovered a century ago, and this discovery led to the first lifesaving treatment for diabetes. While still controversial, nearly one hundred published reports suggest that insulin is also produced in the brain, with most focusing on hypothalamic or cortical insulin-producing cells. However, specific function for insulin produced within the brain remains poorly understood. Here we identify insulin expression in the hindbrain's dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and determine the role of this source of insulin in feeding and metabolism, as well as its response to diet-induced obesity in mice. METHODS To determine the contribution of Ins2-producing neurons to feeding behavior in mice, we used the cross of transgenic RipHER-cre mouse and channelrhodopsin-2 expressing animals, which allowed us to optogenetically stimulate neurons expressing Ins2 in vivo. To confirm the presence of insulin expression in Rip-labeled DVC cells, in situ hybridization was used. To ascertain the specific role of insulin in effects discovered via optogenetic stimulation a selective, CNS applied, insulin receptor antagonist was used. To understand the physiological contribution of insulin made in the hindbrain a virogenetic knockdown strategy was used. RESULTS Insulin gene expression and presence of insulin-promoter driven fluorescence in rat insulin promoter (Rip)-transgenic mice were detected in the hypothalamus, but also in the DVC. Insulin mRNA was present in nearly all fluorescently labeled cells in DVC. Diet-induced obesity in mice altered brain insulin gene expression, in a neuroanatomically divergent manner; while in the hypothalamus the expected obesity-induced reduction was found, in the DVC diet-induced obesity resulted in increased expression of the insulin gene. This led us to hypothesize a potentially divergent energy balance role of insulin in these two brain areas. To determine the acute impact of activating insulin-producing neurons in the DVC, optic stimulation of light-sensitive channelrhodopsin 2 in Rip-transgenic mice was utilized. Optogenetic photoactivation induced hyperphagia after acute activation of the DVC insulin neurons. This hyperphagia was blocked by central application of the insulin receptor antagonist S961, suggesting the feeding response was driven by insulin. To determine whether DVC insulin has a necessary contribution to feeding and metabolism, virogenetic insulin gene knockdown (KD) strategy, which allows for site-specific reduction of insulin gene expression in adult mice, was used. While chow-fed mice failed to reveal any changes of feeding or thermogenesis in response to the KD, mice challenged with a high-fat diet consumed less food. No changes in body weight were identified, possibly resulting from compensatory reduction in thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest an important role for hindbrain insulin and insulin-producing cells in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Eerola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Unit of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Francesco Longo
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Devesh Mishra
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Tolö
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Rorsman
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Nutritional Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. Fax: +46 31 786 3512.
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3
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Wang X, Li H. Chronic high-fat diet induces overeating and impairs synaptic transmission in feeding-related brain regions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019446. [PMID: 36226318 PMCID: PMC9549200 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to overeating, which can exacerbate unhealthy weight gain. However, the mechanisms for mediating such linkages are elusive. In the current study, we hypothesized that synaptic remodeling occurs in feeding-related brain regions of obese mice. To investigate this, we established a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and observed that these mice consumed excessive calories. The effect of chronic HFD feeding on lipid droplet accumulation in different brain structures was also investigated. We found that lipid droplets accumulated on the ependyma of the third ventricle (3V), which is surrounded by key areas of the hypothalamus that are involved in feeding. Then, the spontaneous synaptic activity of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) was recorded in these hypothalamic areas. HFD induced a decreased amplitude of mEPSC in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), meanwhile, increased the frequency in the VMH. In addition, HFD reduced the frequency of mIPSC in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and increased the amplitude of mIPSC in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Subsequently, we also measured the synaptic activity of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons, which play a vital role in the hedonic aspect of eating, and discovered that HFD diminished the frequency of both mEPSC and mIPSC in the NAc. These findings suggest that chronic HFD feeding leads to lipid accumulation and synaptic dysfunction in specific brain regions, which are associated with energy homeostasis and reward regulation, and these impairments may lead to the overeating of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Wang,
| | - Haohong Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Centre and Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Ministry of Education (MoE) Frontier Research Center of Brain and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Haohong Li,
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4
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Erichsen JM, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. Peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance: Role in metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology 2022; 203:108877. [PMID: 34762922 PMCID: PMC8642294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, insulin and leptin resistance can occur both peripherally and centrally. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity share several key features including insulin and leptin resistance. While the peripheral effects of these disorders are well-known (i.e. cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, etc.), the CNS complications of leptin and insulin resistance have come into sharper focus. Both preclinical and clinical findings have indicated that insulin and leptin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Importantly, these studies also suggest that these deficits in neuroplasticity can be reversed by restoration of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In view of these observations, this review will describe, in detail, the peripheral and central functions of insulin and leptin and explain the role of insulin and leptin resistance in various metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Erichsen
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Jim R Fadel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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5
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Farias Quipildor G, Mao K, Beltran PJ, Barzilai N, Huffman DM. Modulation of Glucose Production by Central Insulin Requires IGF-1 Receptors in AgRP Neurons. Diabetes 2021; 70:2237-2249. [PMID: 34285117 PMCID: PMC8928909 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Similar to insulin, central administration of IGF-1 can suppress hepatic glucose production (HGP), but it is unclear whether this effect is mediated via insulin receptors (InsRs) or IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs) in the brain. To this end, we used pharmacologic and genetic approaches in combination with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps to decipher the role of these receptors in mediating central effects of IGF-1 and insulin on HGP. In rats, we observed that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of IGF-1 or insulin markedly increased the glucose infusion rate (GIR) by >50% and suppressed HGP (P < 0.001). However, these effects were completely prevented by preemptive ICV infusion with an IGF-1R and InsR/IGF-1R hybrid (HybridR) blocking antibody. Likewise, ICV infusion of the InsR antagonist, S961, which also can bind HybridRs, interfered with the ability of central insulin, but not IGF-1, to increase the GIR. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic clamps in mice lacking IGF-1Rs in AgRP neurons revealed ∼30% reduction in the GIR in knockout animals, which was explained by an impaired ability of peripheral insulin to completely suppress HGP (P < 0.05). Signaling studies further revealed an impaired ability of peripheral insulin to trigger ribosomal S6 phosphorylation or phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate production in AgRP neurons lacking IGF-1Rs. In summary, these data suggest that attenuation of IGF-1R signaling in the mediobasal hypothalamus, and specifically in AgRP neurons, can phenocopy impaired regulation of HGP as previously demonstrated in mice lacking InsRs in these cells, suggesting a previously unappreciated role for IGF-1Rs and/or HybridRs in the regulation of central insulin/IGF-1 signaling in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Farias Quipildor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kai Mao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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6
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Rawlinson S, Andrews ZB. Hypothalamic insulin signalling as a nexus regulating mood and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12939. [PMID: 33634518 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin has long been known as a metabolic hormone critical in the treatment of diabetes for its peripheral effects on blood glucose. However, in the last 50 years, insulin has entered the realm of neuroendocrinology and many studies have described its function on insulin receptors in the brain in relation to both metabolic and mood disorders. Indeed, rodent models of impaired insulin signalling show signs of dysregulated energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as anxiety-like and depressive behaviours. Importantly, many metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes increase the risk of developing mood disorders; however, the brain mechanisms underlying the connection between metabolism and mood remain unresolved. We present the current literature on the importance of the insulin receptor with respect to regulating glucose and energy homeostasis and mood-related behaviours. Specifically, we hypothesise that the insulin receptor in the hypothalamus, classically known as the homeostatic centre of the brain, plays a causal role in linking metabolic and behavioural effects of insulin signalling. In this review, we discuss insulin signalling in the hypothalamus as a critical point of neural integration controlling metabolism and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Rawlinson
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Lee NJ, Herzog H. Coordinated regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis by insulin and the NPY system. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 33:e12925. [PMID: 33427385 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a major contributor to many important physiological processes. Although its function in the periphery has been studied in detail, the contributions that it makes to functions in the brain are far less understood. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones comprise a major target of insulin in the brain and are inhibited by its action. In particular, NPY neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are critical control centres for insulin's central action on control energy homeostasis, as well as glucose homeostasis regulation. However, the colocalisation of insulin receptors with NPY neurones is also found in many other brain areas, although very little is known about their interactions and control functions. In this review, we explore the recent advances that have been made to further the understanding of the hypothalamic insulin receptor-NPY network, as well as provide insights from other lesser explored areas, such as the amygdala and hippocampus. We will also look at the peripheral interaction of the NPY system with insulin release, thereby closing the loop between these two energy and glucose homeostasis controlling systems and highlighting the critical interaction points that may be dysregulated in conditions of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Lee
- Eating Disorder Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Eating Disorder Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Kullmann S, Kleinridders A, Small DM, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Preissl H, Heni M. Central nervous pathways of insulin action in the control of metabolism and food intake. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:524-534. [PMID: 32445739 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acts on the CNS to modulate behaviour and systemic metabolism. Disturbances in brain insulin action represent a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health. Current findings from human research suggest that boosting central insulin action in the brain modulates peripheral metabolism, enhancing whole-body insulin sensitivity and suppressing endogenous glucose production. Moreover, central insulin action curbs food intake by reducing the salience of highly palatable food cues and increasing cognitive control. Animal models show that the mesocorticolimbic circuitry is finely tuned in response to insulin, driven mainly by the dopamine system. These mechanisms are impaired in people with obesity, which might increase their risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated diseases. Overall, current findings highlight the role of insulin action in the brain and its consequences on peripheral metabolism and cognition. Hence, improving central insulin action could represent a therapeutic option for people at an increased risk of developing metabolic and cognitive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - André Kleinridders
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Dana M Small
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Modern Diet and Physiology Research Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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Carey M, Lontchi-Yimagou E, Mitchell W, Reda S, Zhang K, Kehlenbrink S, Koppaka S, Maginley SR, Aleksic S, Bhansali S, Huffman DM, Hawkins M. Central K ATP Channels Modulate Glucose Effectiveness in Humans and Rodents. Diabetes 2020; 69:1140-1148. [PMID: 32217610 PMCID: PMC7243288 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a potent regulator of endogenous glucose production (EGP). Loss of this "glucose effectiveness" is a major contributor to elevated plasma glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetes (T2D). KATP channels in the central nervous system have been shown to regulate EGP in humans and rodents. We examined the contribution of central KATP channels to glucose effectiveness. Under fixed hormonal conditions (studies using a pancreatic clamp), hyperglycemia suppressed EGP by ∼50% in both humans without diabetes and normal Sprague-Dawley rats. By contrast, antagonism of KATP channels with glyburide significantly reduced the EGP-lowering effect of hyperglycemia in both humans and rats. Furthermore, the effects of glyburide on EGP and gluconeogenic enzymes were abolished in rats by intracerebroventricular administration of the KATP channel agonist diazoxide. These findings indicate that about half of the suppression of EGP by hyperglycemia is mediated by central KATP channels. These central mechanisms may offer a novel therapeutic target for improving glycemic control in subjects with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Carey
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | | | - Sarah Reda
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kehao Zhang
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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10
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Zhou M, Xu X, Wang H, Yang G, Yang M, Zhao X, Guo H, Song J, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Li L. Effect of central JAZF1 on glucose production is regulated by the PI3K-Akt-AMPK pathway. FASEB J 2020; 34:7058-7074. [PMID: 32275331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901836rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of central juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1 (JAZF1) in glucose regulation remains unclear. Here, we activated mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) JAZF1 in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats by an adenovirus expressing JAZF1 (Ad-JAZF1). We evaluated the changes in the hypothalamic insulin receptor (InsR)-PI3K-Akt-AMPK pathway and hepatic glucose production (HGP). To investigate the impact of MBH Ad-JAZF1 on HGP, we activated MBH JAZF1 in the presence or absence of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP ) channel inhibition, hepatic branch vagotomy (HVG), or an AMPK activator (AICAR). In HFD-fed rats, MBH Ad-JAZF1 decreased body weight and food intake, and inhibited HGP by increasing hepatic insulin signaling. Under insulin stimulation, MBH Ad-JAZF1 increased InsR and Akt phosphorylation, and phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate (PIP3) formation; however, AMPK phosphorylation was decreased in the hypothalamus. The positive effect of MBH JAZF1 on hepatic insulin signaling and HGP was prevented by treatment with a KATP channel inhibitor or HVG. The metabolic impact of hypothalamic JAZF1 was also blocked by MBH AICAR. Ad-JAZF1 treatment in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in an elevation of InsR and Akt phosphorylation following insulin stimulation. Our findings show that hypothalamic JAZF1 regulates HGP via the InsR-PI3K-Akt-AMPK pathway and KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huilin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030706. [PMID: 32183037 PMCID: PMC7140703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), by mechanisms that are not entirely clarified. Elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA) during obesity cause insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, the two main features of T2D, which are both aggravated with the progressive development of hyperglycemia. The inflammatory kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) responds to various cellular stress signals activated by cytokines, free fatty acids and hyperglycemia, and is a key mediator in the transition between obesity and T2D. Specifically, JNK mediates both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, and is therefore a potential target for T2D therapy.
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Shi Z, Zhao D, Cassaglia PA, Brooks VL. Sites and sources of sympathoexcitation in obese male rats: role of brain insulin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R634-R648. [PMID: 31967846 PMCID: PMC7099464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00317.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In males, obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigate insulin, via an action in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), and downstream neuropathways, including melanocortin receptor 3/4 (MC3/4R) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH). We studied conscious and α-chloralose-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet, which causes obesity prone (OP) rats to accrue excess fat and obesity-resistant (OR) rats to maintain fat content, similar to rats fed a standard control (CON) diet. Nonspecific blockade of the ArcN with muscimol and specific blockade of ArcN insulin receptors (InsR) decreased lumbar SNA (LSNA), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in OP, but not OR or CON, rats, indicating that insulin supports LSNA in obese males. In conscious rats, intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin increased MAP only in OP rats and also improved HR baroreflex function from subnormal to supranormal. The brain sensitization to insulin may elucidate how insulin can drive central SNA pathways when transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier may be impaired. Blockade of PVN, but not DMH, MC3/4R with SHU9119 decreased LSNA, HR, and, MAP in OP, but not OR or CON, rats. Interestingly, nanoinjection of the MC3/4R agonist melanotan II (MTII) into the PVN increased LSNA only in OP rats, similar to PVN MTII-induced increases in LSNA in CON rats after blockade of sympathoinhibitory neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors. ArcN InsR expression was not increased in OP rats. Collectively, these data indicate that obesity increases SNA, in part via increased InsR signaling and downstream PVN MC3/4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ding Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Priscila A Cassaglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Heni M, Wagner R, Willmann C, Jaghutriz BA, Vosseler A, Kübler C, Hund V, Scheffler K, Peter A, Häring HU, Preissl H, Kullmann S, Fritsche A. Insulin Action in the Hypothalamus Increases Second-Phase Insulin Secretion in Humans. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:929-937. [PMID: 31689708 DOI: 10.1159/000504551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies and initial correlative data in humans indicate that insulin action in the brain may affect pancreatic insulin secretion. An important brain region for this process is the hypothalamus, an area that can develop insulin resistance. METHODS Fifteen young, healthy men (27 ± 3 years) with a wide BMI spectrum (20-30 kg/m2) underwent 2 hyperglycemic clamps (target blood glucose: 10 mmol/L). In this double-blind study, subjects received 160 U of insulin or placebo as a nasal spray on 2 days in randomized order. On another day, insulin sensitivity of the hypothalamus was determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Glucose levels were comparable on both study days. In the whole group, C-peptide levels were not significantly different between conditions. Though, there was a significant interaction between insulin sensitivity of the hypothalamus × nasal spray × time on C-peptide levels (p = 10-6). The group was therefore divided according to median hypothalamic insulin sensitivity. C-peptide concentrations were higher after intranasal insulin compared to placebo spray in the group with a strong hypothalamic insulin response (p < 0.0001, β = 6.00 ± 1.24) and lower in the brain insulin-resistant group (p = 0.005, β = -2.68 ± 0.95). Neither somatostatin nor glucagon kinetics was altered by the nasal spray. CONCLUSIONS In participants with high hypothalamic insulin sensitivity, insulin action in the brain enhanced second-phase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. This reaction could, for example, contribute to late postprandial glucose regulation by suppressing hepatic glucose production by portal venous insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany,
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany,
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Willmann
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Assad Jaghutriz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vosseler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kübler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verena Hund
- University Pharmacy, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Ren H, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Yan S, Reilly AM, Chan O, Accili D. Altered Central Nutrient Sensing in Male Mice Lacking Insulin Receptors in Glut4-Expressing Neurons. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2038-2048. [PMID: 31199472 PMCID: PMC6691683 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the central nervous system influences satiety, counterregulation, and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Neurons expressing the Glut4 glucose transporter influence peripheral insulin sensitivity. Here, we analyzed the effects of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in hypothalamic Glut4 neurons on glucose sensing as well as leptin and amino acid signaling. By measuring electrophysiological responses to low glucose conditions, we found that the majority of Glut4 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) were glucose excitatory neurons. GLUT4-Cre-driven insulin receptor knockout mice with a combined ablation of IR in Glut4-expressing tissues showed increased counterregulatory response to either 2-deoxyglucose-induced neuroglycopenia or systemic insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The latter response was recapitulated in mice with decreased VMH IR expression, suggesting that the effects on the counterregulatory response are likely mediated through the deletion of IRs on Glut4 neurons in the VMH. Using immunohistochemistry in fluorescently labeled hypothalamic Glut4 neurons, we showed that IR signaling promoted hypothalamic cellular signaling responses to the rise of insulin, leptin, and amino acids associated with feeding. We concluded that hypothalamic Glut4 neurons modulated the glucagon counterregulatory response and that IR signaling in Glut4 neurons was required to integrate hormonal and nutritional cues for the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Correspondence: Hongxia Ren, PhD, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. E-mail: ; or Owen Chan, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, EIHG Building 533, Room 2420B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. E-mail:
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shijun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Austin M Reilly
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Correspondence: Hongxia Ren, PhD, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. E-mail: ; or Owen Chan, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, EIHG Building 533, Room 2420B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. E-mail:
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
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15
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Valério Prates K, Ribeiro TA, Pavanello A, Jacinto Saavedra LP, Moreira VM, da Silva Silveira S, Martins IP, Francisco FA, Ferreira Junior MD, Alves VS, Tófolo LP, Previate C, da Silva Franco CC, Gomes RM, Palma-Rigo K, Malta A, de Freitas Mathias PC. Potential attenuation of early-life overfeeding-induced metabolic dysfunction by chronic maternal acetylcholinesterase inhibitor exposure. Toxicology 2019; 425:152250. [PMID: 31326399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that low concentration perinatal exposure to environmental contaminants, such as organophosphate (OP) is associated with later life insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this work was to investigate whether chronic maternal OP exposure exacerbates metabolic dysfunctions in early-overfed rats. During pregnancy and lactational periods, dams received OP by gavage. To induce neonatal overnutrition at postnatal day 3, pups were standardized to 9 or 3 per nest. At 90-days-old, glucose-insulin homeostasis and insulin release from pancreatic islets were analyzed. While both OP exposure and overfeeding alone did induce diabetogenic phenotypes in adulthood, there was no exacerbation in rats that experienced both. Unexpectedly, the group that experienced both had improved adiposity, metabolic parameters, attenuated insulin release from isolated islets in the presence of glucose and low function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, as well as an attenuation of beta cell mass hyperplasia. High levels of butyrylcholinesterase and low levels of insulin in milk may contribute to the OP-induced developmental programming. Our study showed that maternal OP exposure may program insulin release as well as endocrine pancreas structure, thus affecting metabolism in adulthood. Our data suggest that while perinatal OP exposure alone increases the risk for later life T2D, it actually reverses many of the programmed metabolic dysfunction that is induced by postnatal overfeeding. These surprising results may suggest that low-dose administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors could be of utility in preventing detrimental developmental programming that is caused by early-life overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Valério Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas Paulo Jacinto Saavedra
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Mota Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sandra da Silva Silveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Flávio Andrade Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Vander Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carina Previate
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Kesia Palma-Rigo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Shi Z, Hansen KM, Bullock KM, Morofuji Y, Banks WA, Brooks VL. Resistance to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin in late pregnant rats. J Physiol 2019; 597:4087-4100. [PMID: 31209877 DOI: 10.1113/jp278282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Pregnancy increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), although the mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. We tested whether insulin or leptin, two sympathoexcitatory hormones increased during pregnancy, contribute to this. Transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier in some brain regions, and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), was increased, although brain insulin degradation was also increased. As a result, brain and CSF insulin levels were not different between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. The sympathoexcitatory responses to insulin and leptin were abolished in pregnant rats. Blockade of arcuate nucleus insulin receptors did not lower SNA in pregnant or non-pregnant rats. Collectively, these data suggest that pregnancy renders the brain resistant to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin, and that these hormones do not mediate pregnancy-induced sympathoexcitation. Increased muscle SNA stimulates glucose uptake. Therefore, during pregnancy, peripheral insulin resistance coupled with blunted insulin- and leptin-induced sympathoexcitation ensures adequate delivery of glucose to the fetus. ABSTRACT Pregnancy increases basal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), although the mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. Insulin and leptin are two sympathoexcitatory hormones that increase during pregnancy, yet, pregnancy impairs central insulin- and leptin-induced signalling. Therefore, to test whether insulin or leptin contribute to basal sympathoexcitation or, instead, whether pregnancy induces resistance to the sympathoexcitatory effects of insulin and leptin, we investigated α-chloralose anaesthetized late pregnant rats, which exhibited increases in lumbar SNA (LSNA), splanchnic SNA and heart rate (HR) compared to non-pregnant animals. In pregnant rats, transport of insulin into cerebrospinal fluid and across the blood-brain barrier in some brain regions increased, although brain insulin degradation was also increased; brain and cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels were not different between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Although i.c.v. insulin increased LSNA and HR and baroreflex control of LSNA and HR in non-pregnant rats, these effects were abolished in pregnant rats. In parallel, pregnancy completely prevented the actions of leptin with respect to increasing lumbar, splanchnic and renal SNA, as well as baroreflex control of SNA. Blockade of insulin receptors (with S961) in the arcuate nucleus, the site of action of insulin, did not decrease LSNA in pregnant rats, despite blocking the effects of exogenous insulin. Thus, pregnancy is associated with central resistance to insulin and leptin, and these hormones are not responsible for the increased basal SNA of pregnancy. Because increases in LSNA to skeletal muscle stimulates glucose uptake, blunted insulin- and leptin-induced sympathoexcitation reinforces systemic insulin resistance, thereby increasing the delivery of glucose to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Effects of Feeding-Related Peptides on Neuronal Oscillation in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030292. [PMID: 30832213 PMCID: PMC6463148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays an important role in feeding behavior, obesity, and thermoregulation. The VMH contains glucose-sensing neurons, the firing of which depends on the level of extracellular glucose and which are involved in maintaining the blood glucose level via the sympathetic nervous system. The VMH also expresses various receptors of the peptides related to feeding. However, it is not well-understood whether the action of feeding-related peptides mediates the activity of glucose-sensing neurons in the VMH. In the present study, we examined the effects of feeding-related peptides on the burst-generating property of the VMH. Superfusion with insulin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor, and orexin increased the frequency of the VMH oscillation. In contrast, superfusion with leptin, cholecystokinin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, galanin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y decreased the frequency of the oscillation. Our findings indicated that the frequency changes of VMH oscillation in response to the application of feeding-related peptides showed a tendency similar to changes of sympathetic nerve activity in response to the application of these substances to the brain.
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18
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is the brain region responsible for the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. The regulation of this process arises from the ability of the hypothalamus to orchestrate complex physiological responses such as food intake and energy expenditure, circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility. Metabolic alterations such as obesity can compromise these hypothalamic regulatory functions. Alterations in circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility further contribute to aggravate the metabolic dysfunction of obesity and contribute to the development of chronic disorders such as depression and infertility.At cellular level, obesity caused by overnutrition can damage the hypothalamus promoting inflammation and impairing hypothalamic neurogenesis. Furthermore, hypothalamic neurons suffer apoptosis and impairment in synaptic plasticity that can compromise the proper functioning of the hypothalamus. Several factors contribute to these phenomena such as ER stress, oxidative stress, and impairments in autophagy. All these observations occur at the same time and it is still difficult to discern whether inflammatory processes are the main drivers of these cellular dysfunctions or if the hypothalamic hormone resistance (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) can be pinpointed as the source of several of these events.Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of obesity in the hypothalamus is crucial for the development of strategies that can prevent or attenuate the deleterious effects of obesity.
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Jin S, Diano S. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Hypothalamic Regulation of Metabolism. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3596-3604. [PMID: 30203064 PMCID: PMC6157417 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that play an important role in bioenergetic processes. In the central nervous system, high energy-demanding neurons are critically dependent on mitochondria to fulfill their appropriate functions. The hypothalamus is a key brain area for maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis via the ability of hypothalamic neurons to sense, integrate, and respond to numerous metabolic signals. Mitochondrial function has emerged as an important component in the regulation of hypothalamic neurons controlling glucose and energy homeostasis. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction in hypothalamic neurons may contribute to the development of various metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating the link between mitochondria and hypothalamic neural control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Finally, this review provides an insight to understand how mitochondria in hypothalamic neurons may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders, such as T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jin
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
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20
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Carnagarin R, Matthews VB, Herat LY, Ho JK, Schlaich MP. Autonomic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: a Specific Role for Sympathetic Nervous System Activation. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 30232652 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes are increasingly common and associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The mechanisms driving these developments are incompletely understood but likely to include autonomic dysregulation. The latest evidence for such a role is briefly reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings highlight the relevance of autonomic regulation in glucose metabolism and identify sympathetic activation, in concert with parasympathetic withdrawal, as a major contributor to the development of metabolic disorders and an important mediator of the associated adverse cardiovascular consequences. Methods targeting sympathetic overactivity using pharmacological and device-based approaches are available and appear as logical additional approaches to curb the burden of metabolic disorders and alleviate the associated morbidity from cardiovascular causes. While the available data are encouraging, the role of therapeutic inhibition of sympathetic overdrive in the prevention of the metabolic disorders and the associated adverse outcomes requires adequate testing in properly sized randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit / Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Vance B Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit / Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Lakshini Y Herat
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit / Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Jan K Ho
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit / Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit / Medical Research Foundation, University of Western Australia, Level 3, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.
- Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
- Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Wang HH, Zhou CL, Lv M, Yang Q, Li JX, Hou M, Lin J, Liu XM, Wu YT, Sheng JZ, Huang HF. Prenatal High Estradiol Exposure Induces Sex-Specific and Dietarily Reversible Insulin Resistance Through Decreased Hypothalamic INSR. Endocrinology 2018; 159:465-476. [PMID: 29155986 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An adverse intrauterine environment may induce adult disease in offspring, but the mechanisms are not well understood. It is reported that fresh embryo transfer (ET) in assisted reproductive technology leads to high maternal estradiol (E2), and prenatal high E2 exposure increases the risk of organ disorders in later life. We found that male newborns and children of fresh ET showed elevated fasting insulin and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) scores. Male mice with high prenatal estradiol exposure (HE) grew heavier than control mice and developed insulin resistance; they also showed increased food intake, with increased orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression. The hypothalamic insulin receptor (INSR) was decreased in male HE mice, associated with elevated promoter methylation. Chronic food restriction (FR) in HE mice reversed insulin resistance and rescued hypothalamic INSR expression by correcting the elevated Insr promoter methylation. Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to high E2 may induce sex-specific metabolic disorders in later life through epigenetic programming of hypothalamic Insr promoter, and dietary intervention may reverse insulin resistance by remodeling its methylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lv
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ju-Xue Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Kullmann S, Heni M, Hallschmid M, Fritsche A, Preissl H, Häring HU. Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1169-209. [PMID: 27489306 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic effects, influencing eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, and cognition. Disturbances in brain insulin action can be observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in aging and dementia. Decreases in insulin sensitivity of central nervous pathways, i.e., brain insulin resistance, may therefore constitute a joint pathological feature of metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging methods have provided new means of probing brain insulin action, revealing the influence of insulin on both global and regional brain function. In this review, we highlight recent findings on brain insulin action in humans and its impact on metabolism and cognition. Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance. We also describe the beneficial effects of enhanced brain insulin signaling on human eating behavior and cognition and discuss potential applications in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Lee SH, Zabolotny JM, Huang H, Lee H, Kim YB. Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood. Mol Metab 2016; 5:589-601. [PMID: 27656397 PMCID: PMC5021669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin, a pleotrophic hormone, has diverse effects in the body. Recent work has highlighted the important role of insulin's action in the nervous system on glucose and energy homeostasis, memory, and mood. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we review experimental and clinical work that has broadened the understanding of insulin's diverse functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including glucose and body weight homeostasis, memory and mood, with particular emphasis on intranasal insulin. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Implications for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and mood disorders are discussed in the context of brain insulin action. Intranasal insulin may have potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, South Korea.
| | - Janice M Zabolotny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA.
| | - Hu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Dr., Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Hyon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, South Korea.
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA.
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24
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Seoane-Collazo P, Fernø J, Gonzalez F, Diéguez C, Leis R, Nogueiras R, López M. Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis. Endocrine 2015; 50:276-91. [PMID: 26089260 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of energy homeostasis is tightly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). Several key areas such as the hypothalamus and brainstem receive and integrate signals conveying energy status from the periphery, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, and insulin, ultimately leading to modulation of food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and peripheral metabolism. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the response to such signals, innervating peripheral metabolic tissues, including brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT), liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The ANS consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (SNS and PSNS). The SNS regulates BAT thermogenesis and EE, controlled by central areas such as the preoptic area (POA) and the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei (VMH, DMH, and ARC). The SNS also regulates lipid metabolism in WAT, controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), VMH, and ARC. Control of hepatic glucose production and pancreatic insulin secretion also involves the LHA, VMH, and ARC as well as the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), via splanchnic sympathetic and the vagal parasympathetic nerves. Muscle glucose uptake is also controlled by the SNS via hypothalamic nuclei such as the VMH. There is recent evidence of novel pathways connecting the CNS and ANS. These include the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase-SNS-BAT axis which has been demonstrated to be a key modulator of thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of the ANS in the modulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Clinical Science, K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Service of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Unit of Investigation in Nutrition, Growth and Human Development of Galicia, Pediatric Department (USC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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25
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Fan X, Chan O, Ding Y, Zhu W, Mastaitis J, Sherwin R. Reduction in SGLT1 mRNA Expression in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Improves the Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia in Recurrently Hypoglycemic and Diabetic Rats. Diabetes 2015; 64:3564-72. [PMID: 26130763 PMCID: PMC4587643 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the sodium-glucose transporter SGLT1 in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays a role in glucose sensing and in regulating the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, and if so, whether knockdown of in the VMH can improve counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in diabetic rats or rats exposed to recurrent bouts of hypoglycemia (RH). Normal Sprague-Dawley rats as well as RH or streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats received bilateral VMH microinjections of an adenoassociated viral vector containing either the SGLT1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or a scrambled RNA sequence. Subsequently, these rats underwent a hypoglycemic clamp to assess hormone responses. In a subgroup of rats, glucose kinetics was determined using tritiated glucose. The shRNA reduced VMH SGLT1 expression by 53% in nondiabetic rats, and this augmented glucagon and epinephrine responses and hepatic glucose production during hypoglycemia. Similarly, SGLT1 knockdown improved the glucagon and epinephrine responses in RH rats and restored the impaired epinephrine response to hypoglycemia in STZ-diabetic animals. These findings suggest that SGLT1 in the VMH plays a significant role in the detection and activation of counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Inhibition of SGLT1 may offer a potential therapeutic target to diminish the risk of hypoglycemia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yuyan Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Wanling Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jason Mastaitis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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26
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Coppari R. Hypothalamic neurones governing glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:399-405. [PMID: 25778859 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The notion that the brain directly controls the level of glucose in the blood (glycaemia) independent of its known action on food intake and body weight has been known ever since 1849. That year, the French physiologist Dr Claude Bernard reported that physical puncture of the floor of the fourth cerebral ventricle rapidly leads to an increased level of sugar in the blood (and urine) in rabbits. Despite this important discovery, it took approximately 150 years before significant efforts aimed at understanding the underlying mechanism of brain-mediated control of glucose metabolism were made. Technological developments allowing for genetically-mediated manipulation of selected molecular pathways in a neurone-type-specific fashion unravelled the importance of specific molecules in specific neuronal populations. These neuronal pathways govern glucose metabolism in the presence and even in the absence of insulin. Also, a peculiarity of these pathways is that certain biochemically-defined neurones govern glucose metabolism in a tissue-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coppari
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Raoux M, Vacher P, Papin J, Picard A, Kostrzewa E, Devin A, Gaitan J, Limon I, Kas MJ, Magnan C, Lang J. Multilevel control of glucose homeostasis by adenylyl cyclase 8. Diabetologia 2015; 58:749-57. [PMID: 25403481 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Nutrient homeostasis requires integration of signals generated by glucose metabolism and hormones. Expression of the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase ADCY8 is regulated by glucose and the enzyme is capable of integrating signals from multiple pathways. It may thus have an important role in glucose-induced signalling and glucose homeostasis. METHODS We used pharmacological and genetic approaches in beta cells to determine secretion and calcium metabolism. Furthermore, Adcy8 knockout mice were characterised. RESULTS In clonal beta cells, inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases or their downstream targets reduced the glucose-induced increase in cytosolic calcium and insulin secretion. This was reproduced by knock-down of ADCY8, but not of ADCY1. These agents also inhibited glucose-induced increase in cytosolic calcium and electrical activity in primary beta cells and similar effects were observed after ADCY8 knock-down. Moreover, insulin secretion was diminished in islets from Adcy8 knockout mice. These mice were glucose intolerant after oral or intraperitoneal administration of glucose whereas their levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 remained unaltered. Finally, we knocked down ADCY8 in the ventromedial hypothalamus to evaluate the need for ADCY8 in the central regulation of glucose homeostasis. Whereas mice fed a standard diet had normal glucose levels, high-fat diet exacerbated glucose intolerance and knock-down mice were incapable of raising their plasma insulin levels. Finally we confirmed that ADCY8 is expressed in human islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ADCY8 is required for the physiological activation of glucose-induced signalling pathways in beta cells, for glucose tolerance and for hypothalamic adaptation to a high-fat diet via regulation of islet insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Raoux
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5248, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets, Batiment B14, Allée Geoffrey St Hilaire, CS90063, F-33615, Pessac, France
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28
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Central amygdalar nucleus treated with orexin neuropeptides evoke differing feeding and grooming responses in the hamster. J Neurol Sci 2015; 351:46-51. [PMID: 25732800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the orexinergic (ORXergic) neuronal system with the excitatory (glutamate, l-Glu) or the inhibitory (GABA) neurosignaling complexes evokes major homeostatic physiological events. In this study, effects of the two ORXergic neuropeptides (ORX-A/B) on their receptor (ORX-2R) expression changes were correlated to feeding and grooming actions of the hibernating hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Infusion of the central amygdala nucleus (CeA) with ORX-A caused hamsters to consume notable quantities of food, while ORX-B accounted for a moderate increase. Interestingly the latter neuropeptide was responsible for greater frequencies of grooming with respect to both controls and the hamsters treated with ORX-A. These distinct behavioral changes turned out to be even greater in the presence of l-Glu agonist (NMDA) while the α1 GABAA receptor agonist (zolpidem, Zol) greatly reduced ORX-A-dependent feeding bouts. Moreover, ORX-A+NMDA mainly promoted greater ORX-2R expression levels with respect to ORX-A-treated hamsters while ORX-B+Zol was instead largely responsible for a down-regulatory trend. Overall, these features point to CeA ORX-2R sites as key sensory limbic elements capable of regulating eating and grooming responses, which may provide useful insights regarding the type of molecular mechanism(s) operating during feeding bouts.
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29
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Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:47-82. [PMID: 25540138 PMCID: PMC4281588 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occur together and affect a growing number of individuals in both the developed and developing worlds. Both are associated with a number of other serious illnesses that lead to increased rates of mortality. There is likely a polygenic mode of inheritance underlying both disorders, but it has become increasingly clear that the pre- and postnatal environments play critical roles in pushing predisposed individuals over the edge into a disease state. This review focuses on the many genetic and environmental variables that interact to cause predisposed individuals to become obese and diabetic. The brain and its interactions with the external and internal environment are a major focus given the prominent role these interactions play in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry E Levin
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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30
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Hypothalamic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) regulates pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11876-81. [PMID: 25071172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuronal functions. Here we report that hypothalamic PREP is predominantly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), where it regulates glucose-induced neuronal activation. PREP knockdown mice (Prep(gt/gt)) exhibited glucose intolerance, decreased fasting insulin, increased fasting glucagon levels, and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion compared with wild-type controls. Consistent with this, central infusion of a specific PREP inhibitor, S17092, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin levels in wild-type mice. Arguing further for a central mode of action of PREP, isolated pancreatic islets showed no difference in glucose-induced insulin release between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type mice. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies showed no difference between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type control mice. Central PREP regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion appears to be mediated by the autonomic nervous system because Prep(gt/gt) mice have elevated sympathetic outflow and norepinephrine levels in the pancreas, and propranolol treatment reversed glucose intolerance in these mice. Finally, re-expression of PREP by bilateral VMH injection of adeno-associated virus-PREP reversed the glucose-intolerant phenotype of the Prep(gt/gt) mice. Taken together, our results unmask a previously unknown player in central regulation of glucose metabolism and pancreatic function.
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31
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Heinrich G, Meece K, Wardlaw SL, Accili D. Preserved energy balance in mice lacking FoxO1 in neurons of Nkx2.1 lineage reveals functional heterogeneity of FoxO1 signaling within the hypothalamus. Diabetes 2014; 63:1572-82. [PMID: 24487022 PMCID: PMC3994959 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) regulates energy expenditure (EE), food intake, and hepatic glucose production. These activities have been mapped to specific hypothalamic neuronal populations using cell type-specific knockout experiments in mice. To parse out the integrated output of FoxO1-dependent transcription from different neuronal populations and multiple hypothalamic regions, we used transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase from the Nkx2.1 promoter to ablate loxP-flanked Foxo1 alleles from a majority of hypothalamic neurons (Foxo1KO(Nkx2.1) mice). This strategy resulted in the expected inhibition of FoxO1 expression, but only produced a transient reduction of body weight as well as a decreased body length. The transient decrease of body weight in male mice was accompanied by decreased fat mass. Male Foxo1KO(Nkx2.1) mice show food intake similar to that in wild-type controls, and, although female knockout mice eat less, they do so in proportion to a reduced body size. EE is unaffected in Foxo1KO(Nkx2.1) mice, although small increases in body temperature are present. Unlike other neuron-specific Foxo1 knockout mice, Foxo1KO(Nkx2.1) mice are not protected from diet-induced obesity. These studies indicate that, unlike the metabolic effects of highly restricted neuronal subsets (proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide, and steroidogenic factor 1), those of neurons derived from the Nkx2.1 lineage either occur in a FoxO1-independent fashion or are compensated for through developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Heinrich
- Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the brain makes important contributions to the dysregulated glucose metabolism, altered feeding behaviors, and the obesity often seen in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although studies focusing on genetic, cellular, and molecular regulatory elements in pancreas, liver, adipose tissue etc provide a good understanding of how these processes relate to T2D, our knowledge of how brain wiring patterns are organized is much less developed. This article discusses animal studies that illustrate the importance of understanding the network organization of those brain regions most closely implicated in T2D. It will describe the brain networks, as well as the methodologies used to explore them. To illustrate some of the gaps in our knowledge, we will discuss the connectional network of the ventromedial nucleus and its adjacent cell groups in the hypothalamus; structures that are widely recognized as key elements in the brain's ability to control glycemia, feeding, and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Center for NeuroMetabolic Interactions and The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Hedco Neuroscience Building, MC 2520, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-2520, USA,
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Kocalis HE, Hagan SL, George L, Turney MK, Siuta MA, Laryea GN, Morris LC, Muglia LJ, Printz RL, Stanwood GD, Niswender KD. Rictor/mTORC2 facilitates central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2014; 3:394-407. [PMID: 24944899 PMCID: PMC4060224 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) regulates energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. Rictor is a key regulatory/structural subunit of the mTORC2 complex and is required for hydrophobic motif site phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473. To examine the contribution of neuronal Rictor/mTORC2 signaling to CNS regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, we utilized Cre-LoxP technology to generate mice lacking Rictor in all neurons, or in either POMC or AgRP expressing neurons. Rictor deletion in all neurons led to increased fat mass and adiposity, glucose intolerance and behavioral leptin resistance. Disrupting Rictor in POMC neurons also caused obesity and hyperphagia, fasting hyperglycemia and pronounced glucose intolerance. AgRP neuron specific deletion did not impact energy balance but led to mild glucose intolerance. Collectively, we show that Rictor/mTORC2 signaling, especially in POMC-expressing neurons, is important for central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E. Kocalis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Scott L. Hagan
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Leena George
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Maxine K. Turney
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael A. Siuta
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gloria N. Laryea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lindsey C. Morris
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Richard L. Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Corresponding author. 7435G MRB IV, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States. Tel.: +1 615 936 0500.
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Dietary restriction reverses obesity-induced anhedonia. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:126-32. [PMID: 24518861 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced changes in the metabolic and endocrine milieu elicit deficits in neuroplasticity, including increased risk for development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depressive illness. We previously demonstrated that downregulation of hypothalamic insulin receptors (hypo-IRAS) elicits a phenotype that is consistent with features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and that rats with this phenotype exhibit deficits in neuronal plasticity, including depressive-like behaviors such as anhedonia. Since food restriction paradigms effectively inhibit obesity-induced neuroplasticity deficits, the aim of the current study was to determine whether food restriction could reverse obesity-induced anhedonia in hypo-IRAS rats. Compared to hypo-IRAS rats provided ad lib food access, food restriction paradigms that were initiated either prior to increases in body weight or following development of the MetS/obesity phenotype effectively restored sucrose intake in hypo-IRAS rats. Moreover, food restriction paradigms were able to prevent and reverse the changes in the endocrine/metabolic/inflammatory milieu observed in hypo-IRAS, such as increases in plasma leptin and triglyceride levels and increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP). Collectively, these results demonstrate that obesity-induced anhedonia is a reversible process and identify some potential mechanistic mediators that may be responsible for co-morbid depression in obesity.
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Paranjape SA, Chan O, Zhu W, Acharya NK, Rogers AM, Hajnal A, Sherwin RS. Improvement in hepatic insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a rat model of obesity is partially mediated via hypothalamic insulin action. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2055-8. [PMID: 23783353 PMCID: PMC6544364 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, an effective treatment for morbid obesity, commonly leads to near complete resolution of type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear and factors other than weight loss alone may be involved. METHODS To determine whether increased hypothalamic insulin sensitivity after RYGB drives the rapid improvement in glucose metabolism, high-fat-fed rats received either an insulin receptor (IR) antisense vector or a control lentiviral vector that was microinjected into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Six weeks later, rats underwent RYGB or control gastrointestinal surgery. RESULTS Four weeks after surgery, weight loss was comparable in RYGB and surgical controls. Nevertheless, only RYGB rats that received the control vector demonstrated both improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Insulin suppressed hepatic glucose production (HGP) by 50% (p < 0.05) with RYGB, whereas the effect of insulin on HGP was completely absent in VMH IR knockdown (IRkd) rats. By contrast, both RYGB groups displayed an identical twofold increase in insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake. The animals that underwent control gastrointestinal surgery failed to show any improvement in either hepatic or peripheral insulin sensitivity; VMH IRkd did not influence the magnitude of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that RYGB surgery in high-fat-fed obese rats enhances hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity independently of weight loss. The improved hepatic, but not the peripheral, response to insulin is mediated centrally at the level of the VMH. These data provide direct evidence that the metabolic benefits of RYGB surgery are not simply a consequence of weight loss but likely in part involve the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Paranjape
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
Islet hormones, especially insulin and glucagon, are important for glucose homeostasis. Insulin is a necessity for life, and disturbed insulin release results in disordered blood glucose regulation. Although isolated islets are fully capable of detecting changes in their local environment (particularly glucose fluctuations) and altering hormone release appropriately, experimentally manipulating pancreatic innervation alters islet hormone release in the whole animal. This article describes how brain may play a role in influencing and directing secretion of insulin and glucagon as a key part of the integrated physiology of blood glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa A Osundiji
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Ho MM, Yoganathan P, Chu KY, Karunakaran S, Johnson JD, Clee SM. Diabetes genes identified by genome-wide association studies are regulated in mice by nutritional factors in metabolically relevant tissues and by glucose concentrations in islets. BMC Genet 2013; 14:10. [PMID: 23442068 PMCID: PMC3664586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently identified many new genetic variants associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Many of these variants are in introns of known genes or between known genes, suggesting they affect the expression of these genes. The regulation of gene expression is often tissue and context dependent, for example occurring in response to dietary changes, hormone levels, or many other factors. Thus, to understand how these new genetic variants associated with diabetes risk may act, it is necessary to understand the regulation of their cognate genes. Results We identified fourteen type 2 diabetes-associated genes discovered by the first waves of GWAS for which there was little prior evidence of their potential role in diabetes (Adam30, Adamts9, Camk1d, Cdc123, Cdkal1, Cdkn2a, Cdkn2b, Ext2, Hhex, Ide, Jazf1, Lgr5, Thada and Tspan8). We examined their expression in metabolically relevant tissues including liver, adipose tissue, brain, and hypothalamus obtained from mice under fasted, non-fasted and high fat diet-fed conditions. In addition, we examined their expression in pancreatic islets from these mice cultured in low and high glucose. We found that the expression of Jazf1 was reduced by high fat feeding in liver, with similar tendencies in adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. Adamts9 expression was decreased in the hypothalamus of high fat fed mice. In contrast, the expression of Camk1d, Ext2, Jazf1 and Lgr5 were increased in the brain of non-fasted animals compared to fasted mice. Most notably, the expression levels of most of the genes were decreased in islets cultured in high glucose. Conclusions These data provide insight into the metabolic regulation of these new type 2 diabetes genes that will be important for determining how the GWAS variants affect gene expression and ultimately the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Vogt MC, Brüning JC. CNS insulin signaling in the control of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism - from embryo to old age. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:76-84. [PMID: 23265947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin signaling regulates energy and glucose homeostasis by acting on hypothalamic neurocircuits and higher brain circuits such as the dopaminergic system. However, overnutrition, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induce insulin resistance selectively in different regions of the brain, thereby impairing energy homeostasis and augmenting disease progression. Moreover, fetal hyperinsulinemia in response to maternal overnutrition, obesity, and diabetes disrupts hypothalamic neurocircuit development and predisposes to metabolic disorders later in life. In light of the current obesity and diabetes epidemic, we review the molecular basis of insulin action and resistance in the CNS, mechanisms which are causal to the development of these metabolic disorders, both in the neonate and in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merly C Vogt
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Diabetes affects more than 300 million individuals globally, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the incidence and prevalence of diabetes continue to escalate with the force of an approaching tsunami, it is imperative that we better define the biological mechanisms causing both obesity and diabetes and identify optimal prevention and treatment strategies that will enable a healthier environment and calmer waters. New guidelines from the American Diabetes Association/European Association of the Study of Diabetes and The Endocrine Society encourage individualized care for each patient with diabetes, both in the outpatient and inpatient setting. Recent data suggest that restoration of normal glucose metabolism in people with prediabetes may delay progression to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, several large clinical trials have underscored the limitations of current treatment options once T2DM has developed, particularly in obese children with the disease. Prospects for reversing new-onset type 1 diabetes also appear limited, although recent clinical trials indicate that immunotherapy can delay the loss of β-cell function, suggesting potential benefits if treatment is initiated earlier. Research demonstrating a role for the central nervous system in the development of obesity and T2DM, the identification of a new hormone that simulates some of the benefits of exercise, and the development of new β-cell imaging techniques may provide novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers of early diabetes detection for optimization of interventions. Today's message is that a diabetes tsunami is imminent, and the only way to minimize the damage is to create an early warning system and improve interventions to protect those in its path.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Williamson R, McNeilly A, Sutherland C. Insulin resistance in the brain: an old-age or new-age problem? Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:737-45. [PMID: 22634336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy is rising however with more people living longer there is a concomitant rise in the incidence of dementia. In addition to age-related cognitive decline there is a higher risk of going on to develop vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease associated with aspects of modern lifestyle. Most worryingly, recent data reports accelerated cognitive decline in adolescents associated with poor diet (high fat and calorie intake). Thus the increase in dementia in 'old-age' may have as much to do with 'new-age' lifestyle as it does with normal ageing. It would seem wise therefore to investigate the molecular connections between lifestyle and cognitive decline in more detail. Epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of developing dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes but also in those with poor insulin sensitivity without diabetes, implicating a mechanistic link between adiposity, insulin sensitivity and dementia. Insulin receptors are expressed in the brain and physiological roles for insulin in the CNS are starting to be delineated. Indeed disrupted neuronal insulin action may underlie the link between diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. This review discusses the difficulties in quantifying insulin sensitivity of the brain and why it is vital that we develop technology for this purpose so that we can establish its role in this 'new-age' dementia. This has particular relevance to the design and interpretation of clinical trials in progress to assess potential benefits of insulin and insulin sensitisers on prevention of cognitive decline.
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is one of the master regulators of various physiological processes, including energy balance and nutrient metabolism. These regulatory functions are mediated by discrete hypothalamic regions that integrate metabolic sensing with neuroendocrine and neural controls of systemic physiology. Neurons and nonneuronal cells in these hypothalamic regions act supportively to execute metabolic regulations. Under conditions of brain and hypothalamic inflammation, which may result from overnutrition-induced intracellular stresses or disease-associated systemic inflammatory factors, extracellular and intracellular environments of hypothalamic cells are disrupted, leading to central metabolic dysregulations and various diseases. Recent research has begun to elucidate the effects of hypothalamic inflammation in causing diverse components of metabolic syndrome leading to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These new understandings have provocatively expanded previous knowledge on the cachectic roles of brain inflammatory response in diseases, such as infections and cancers. This review describes the molecular and cellular characteristics of hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic syndrome and related diseases as opposed to cachectic diseases, and also discusses concepts and potential applications of inhibiting central/hypothalamic inflammation to treat nutritional diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Unger RH, Cherrington AD. Glucagonocentric restructuring of diabetes: a pathophysiologic and therapeutic makeover. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4-12. [PMID: 22214853 DOI: 10.1172/jci60016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone glucagon has long been dismissed as a minor contributor to metabolic disease. Here we propose that glucagon excess, rather than insulin deficiency, is the sine qua non of diabetes. We base this on the following evidence: (a) glucagon increases hepatic glucose and ketone production, catabolic features present in insulin deficiency; (b) hyperglucagonemia is present in every form of poorly controlled diabetes; (c) the glucagon suppressors leptin and somatostatin suppress all catabolic manifestations of diabetes during total insulin deficiency; (d) total β cell destruction in glucagon receptor-null mice does not cause diabetes; and (e) perfusion of normal pancreas with anti-insulin serum causes marked hyperglucagonemia. From this and other evidence, we conclude that glucose-responsive β cells normally regulate juxtaposed α cells and that without intraislet insulin, unregulated α cells hypersecrete glucagon, which directly causes the symptoms of diabetes. This indicates that glucagon suppression or inactivation may provide therapeutic advantages over insulin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger H Unger
- Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8854, USA.
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Kishore P, Boucai L, Zhang K, Li W, Koppaka S, Kehlenbrink S, Schiwek A, Esterson YB, Mehta D, Bursheh S, Su Y, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Muzumdar R, Schwartz GJ, Hawkins M. Activation of K(ATP) channels suppresses glucose production in humans. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4916-20. [PMID: 22056385 DOI: 10.1172/jci58035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased endogenous glucose production (EGP) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. While there is evidence for central regulation of EGP by activation of hypothalamic ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels in rodents, whether these central pathways contribute to regulation of EGP in humans remains to be determined. Here we present evidence for central nervous system regulation of EGP in humans that is consistent with complementary rodent studies. Oral administration of the K(ATP) channel activator diazoxide under fixed hormonal conditions substantially decreased EGP in nondiabetic humans and Sprague Dawley rats. In rats, comparable doses of oral diazoxide attained appreciable concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, and the effects of oral diazoxide were abolished by i.c.v. administration of the K(ATP) channel blocker glibenclamide. These results suggest that activation of hypothalamic K(ATP) channels may be an important regulator of EGP in humans and that this pathway could be a target for treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kishore
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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