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Zhou Z, Zhang L, Wei X, Wang A, Hu Y, Xiao M, Zheng Y. 1,25(OH) 2D 3 inhibits pancreatic stellate cells activation and promotes insulin secretion in T2DM. Endocrine 2024; 85:1193-1205. [PMID: 38656750 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect and mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 on pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A mouse model of T2DM was successfully established by high-fat diet (HFD) /streptozotocin (STZ) and administered 1,25(OH)2D3 for 3 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c), insulin (INS) and glucose tolerance were measured. Histopathology changes and fibrosis of pancreas were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining. Mouse PSCs were extracted, co-cultured with mouse insulinoma β cells (MIN6 cells) and treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. ELISA detection of inflammatory factor expression. Tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also measured. Immunofluorescence or Western blotting were used to measure fibrosis and inflammation-related protein expression. RESULTS PSCs activation and islets fibrosis in T2DM mice. Elevated blood glucose was accompanied by significant increases in serum inflammatory cytokines and tissue ROS levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated islet fibrosis by reducing hyperglycemia, ROS levels, and inflammatory factors expression. Additionally, the co-culture system confirmed that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited PSCs activation, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulated the expression of fibrosis and inflammation-related proteins, and promoted insulin secretion. CONCLUSION Our findings identify that PSCs activation contributes to islet fibrosis and β-cell dysfunction. 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts beneficial effects on T2DM potentially by inhibiting PSCs activation and inflammatory response, highlighting promising control strategies of T2DM by vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center of Suzhou Medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Lewen Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Suzhou Medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Center of Laboratory Animal, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiqing Wang
- Suzhou Medical college of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yudie Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Suzhou Medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Suzhou Medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Laboratory Animal Center of Suzhou Medical college, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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2
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VanSlyke JK, Boswell BA, Musil LS. TGFβ overcomes FGF-induced transinhibition of EGFR in lens cells to enable fibrotic secondary cataract. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar75. [PMID: 38598298 PMCID: PMC11238076 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To cause vision-disrupting fibrotic secondary cataract (PCO), lens epithelial cells that survive cataract surgery must migrate to the posterior of the lens capsule and differentiate into myofibroblasts. During this process, the cells become exposed to the FGF that diffuses out of the vitreous body. In normal development, such relatively high levels of FGF induce lens epithelial cells to differentiate into lens fiber cells. It has been a mystery as to how lens cells could instead undergo a mutually exclusive cell fate, namely epithelial to myofibroblast transition, in the FGF-rich environment of the posterior capsule. We and others have reported that the ability of TGFβ to induce lens cell fibrosis requires the activity of endogenous ErbBs. We show here that lens fiber-promoting levels of FGF induce desensitization of ErbB1 (EGFR) that involves its phosphorylation on threonine 669 mediated by both ERK and p38 activity. Transinhibition of ErbB1 by FGF is overcome by a time-dependent increase in ErbB1 levels induced by TGFβ, the activation of which is increased after cataract surgery. Our studies provide a rationale for why TGFβ upregulates ErbB1 in lens cells and further support the receptor as a therapeutic target for PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy K. VanSlyke
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Bruce A. Boswell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Linda S. Musil
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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3
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Poulsen VV, Hadi A, Werge MP, Karstensen JG, Novovic S. Circulating Biomarkers Involved in the Development of and Progression to Chronic Pancreatitis-A Literature Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:239. [PMID: 38397476 PMCID: PMC10887223 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is the end-stage of continuous inflammation and fibrosis in the pancreas evolving from acute- to recurrent acute-, early, and, finally, end-stage CP. Currently, prevention is the only way to reduce disease burden. In this setting, early detection is of great importance. Due to the anatomy and risks associated with direct sampling from pancreatic tissue, most of our information on the human pancreas arises from circulating biomarkers thought to be involved in pancreatic pathophysiology or injury. The present review provides the status of circulating biomarkers involved in the development of and progression to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valborg Vang Poulsen
- Pancreatitis Center East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.V.P.); (A.H.); (M.P.W.); (J.G.K.)
| | - Amer Hadi
- Pancreatitis Center East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.V.P.); (A.H.); (M.P.W.); (J.G.K.)
| | - Mikkel Parsberg Werge
- Pancreatitis Center East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.V.P.); (A.H.); (M.P.W.); (J.G.K.)
| | - John Gásdal Karstensen
- Pancreatitis Center East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.V.P.); (A.H.); (M.P.W.); (J.G.K.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Srdan Novovic
- Pancreatitis Center East, Gastrounit, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.V.P.); (A.H.); (M.P.W.); (J.G.K.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Cao S, Pan Y, Terker AS, Arroyo Ornelas JP, Wang Y, Tang J, Niu A, Kar SA, Jiang M, Luo W, Dong X, Fan X, Wang S, Wilson MH, Fogo A, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Epidermal growth factor receptor activation is essential for kidney fibrosis development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7357. [PMID: 37963889 PMCID: PMC10645887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the progressive accumulation of excess extracellular matrix and can cause organ failure. Fibrosis can affect nearly every organ including kidney and there is no specific treatment currently. Although Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway has been implicated in development of kidney fibrosis, underlying mechanisms by which EGFR itself mediates kidney fibrosis have not been elucidated. We find that EGFR expression increases in interstitial myofibroblasts in human and mouse fibrotic kidneys. Selective EGFR deletion in the fibroblast/pericyte population inhibits interstitial fibrosis in response to unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia or nephrotoxins. In vivo and in vitro studies and single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis demonstrate that EGFR activation does not induce myofibroblast transformation but is necessary for the initial pericyte/fibroblast migration and proliferation prior to subsequent myofibroblast transformation by TGF-ß or other profibrotic factors. These findings may also provide insight into development of fibrosis in other organs and in other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Cao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Pan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo Ornelas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aolei Niu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Abu Kar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wentian Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suwan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Agnes Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.
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5
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Matou-Nasri S, Aldawood M, Alanazi F, Khan AL. Updates on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: From Risk Factors to Diagnosis, Biomarkers and Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2390. [PMID: 37510134 PMCID: PMC10378597 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15-20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to epidemiology and clinicopathological features, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, and current therapy/clinical trials for TNBC patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic counterparts. Thus, in-depth investigation of the diabetic complications on TNBC onset, development, and progression and the discovery of biomarkers would improve TNBC management through early diagnosis, tailoring therapy for a better outcome of T2DM patients diagnosed with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of the School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Maram Aldawood
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Post Graduate and Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alanazi
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of the School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Tissue Biobank, KAIMRC, MNG-HA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Dabral S, Khan IA, Pant T, Khan S, Prakash P, Parvez S, Saha N. Deciphering the Precise Target for Saroglitazar Associated Antiangiogenic Effect: A Computational Synergistic Approach. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:14985-15002. [PMID: 37151537 PMCID: PMC10157850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antidiabetic drugs that have a secondary pharmacological effect on angiogenesis inhibition may help diabetic patients delay or avoid comorbidities caused by angiogenesis including malignancies. In recent studies, saroglitazar has exhibited antiangiogenic effects in diabetic retinopathy. The current study investigates the antiangiogenic effects of saroglitazar utilizing the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and then identifies its precise mode of action on system-level protein networks. To determine the regulatory effect of saroglitazar on the protein-protein interaction network (PIN), 104 target genes were retrieved and tested using an acid server and Swiss target prediction tools. A string-based interactome was created and analyzed using Cytoscape. It was determined that the constructed network was scale-free, making it biologically relevant. Upon topological analysis of the network, 37 targets were screened on the basis of centrality values. Submodularization of the interactome resulted in the formation of four clusters. A total of 20 common targets identified in topological analysis and modular analysis were filtered. A total of 20 targets were compiled and were integrated into the pathway enrichment analysis using ShinyGO. The majority of hub genes were associated with cancer and PI3-AKT signaling pathways. Molecular docking was utilized to reveal the most potent target, which was validated by using molecular dynamic simulations and immunohistochemical staining on the chicken CAM. The comprehensive study offers an alternate research paradigm for the investigation of antiangiogenic effects using CAM assays. This was followed by the identification of the precise off-target use of saroglitazar using system biology and network pharmacology to inhibit angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Dabral
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Imran Ahmd Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Tarun Pant
- Department
of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Sabina Khan
- Department
of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Protein
Assembly Laboratory, JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life
Science, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nilanjan Saha
- Centre
for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life
Science, Jamia Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi 110062, India
- . Phone: 9873013366
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7
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Almanzar VMD, Shah K, LaComb JF, Mojumdar A, Patel HR, Cheung J, Tang M, Ju J, Bialkowska AB. 5-FU-miR-15a Inhibits Activation of Pancreatic Stellate Cells by Reducing YAP1 and BCL-2 Levels In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3954. [PMID: 36835366 PMCID: PMC9961454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis, processes heightened by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Recent publications have demonstrated that miR-15a, which targets YAP1 and BCL-2, is significantly downregulated in patients with chronic pancreatitis compared to healthy controls. We have utilized a miRNA modification strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of miR-15a by replacing uracil with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We demonstrated increased levels of YAP1 and BCL-2 (both targets of miR-15a) in pancreatic tissues obtained from Ptf1aCreERTM and Ptf1aCreERTM;LSL-KrasG12D mice after chronic pancreatitis induction as compared to controls. In vitro studies showed that delivery of 5-FU-miR-15a significantly decreased viability, proliferation, and migration of PSCs over six days compared to 5-FU, TGFβ1, control miR, and miR-15a. In addition, treatment of PSCs with 5-FU-miR-15a in the context of TGFβ1 treatment exerted a more substantial effect than TGFβ1 alone or when combined with other miRs. Conditioned medium obtained from PSC cells treated with 5-FU-miR-15a significantly inhibits the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells compared to controls. Importantly, we demonstrated that treatment with 5-FU-miR-15a reduced the levels of YAP1 and BCL-2 observed in PSCs. Our results strongly suggest that ectopic delivery of miR mimetics is a promising therapeutic approach for pancreatic fibrosis and that 5-FU-miR-15a shows specific promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Diaz Almanzar
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kunal Shah
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Joseph F. LaComb
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Aisharja Mojumdar
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hetvi R. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jacky Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Meiyi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jingfang Ju
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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8
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Hospodiuk-Karwowski M, Chi K, Pritchard J, Catchmark JM. Vascularized pancreas-on-a-chip device produced using a printable simulated extracellular matrix. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36001993 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8c74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cellular behavior, function, and fate. The ECM surrounding Langerhans islets has not been investigated in detail to explain its role in the development and maturation of pancreatic β-cells. Herein, a complex combination of the simulated ECM (sECM) has been examined with a comprehensive analysis of cell response and a variety of controls. The most promising results were obtained from group containing fibrin, collagen type I, Matrigel®, hyaluronic acid, methylcellulose, and two compounds of functionalized, ionically crosslinking bacterial cellulose (sECMbc). Even though the cell viability was not significantly impacted, the performance of group of sECMbc showed 2 to 4x higher sprouting number and length, 2 to 4x higher insulin secretion in static conditions, and 2 to 10x higher gene expression of VEGF-A, Endothelin-1, and NOS3 than the control group of fibrin matrix (sECMf). Each material was tested in a hydrogel-based, perfusable, pancreas-on-a-chip device and the best group - sECMbc has been tested with the drug Sunitinib to show the extended possibilities of the device for both diabetes-like screening as well as PDAC chemotherapeutics screening for potential personal medicine approach. It proved its functionality in 7 days dynamic culture and is suitable as a physiological tissue model. Moreover, the device with the pancreatic-like spheroids was 3D bioprintable and perfusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hospodiuk-Karwowski
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Justin Pritchard
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802-1503, UNITED STATES
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9
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Van Doren SR. MMP-7 marks severe pancreatic cancer and alters tumor cell signaling by proteolytic release of ectodomains. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:839-851. [PMID: 35343563 PMCID: PMC10443904 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer incurs the worst survival rate of the major cancers. High levels of the protease matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in circulation correlate with poor prognosis and limited survival of patients. MMP-7 is required for a key path of pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice and is present throughout tumor progression. Enhancements to chemotherapies are needed for increasing the number of pancreatic tumors that can be removed and for preventing relapses after surgery. With these ends in mind, selective inhibition of MMP-7 may be worth investigation. An anti-MMP-7 monoclonal antibody was recently shown to increase the susceptibility of several pancreatic cancer cell lines to chemotherapeutics, increase their apoptosis, and decrease their migration. MMP-7 activities are most apparent at the surfaces of innate immune, epithelial, and tumor cells. Proteolytic shedding of multiple protein ectodomains by MMP-7 from such cell surfaces influence apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion. These activities warrant targeting of MMP-7 selectively in pancreatic cancer and other tumors of mucosal epithelia. Competitive and non-competitive modes of MMP-7 inhibition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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10
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Lucas LM, Dwivedi V, Senfeld JI, Cullum RL, Mill CP, Piazza JT, Bryant IN, Cook LJ, Miller ST, Lott JH, Kelley CM, Knerr EL, Markham JA, Kaufmann DP, Jacobi MA, Shen J, Riese DJ. The Yin and Yang of ERBB4: Tumor Suppressor and Oncoprotein. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:18-47. [PMID: 34987087 PMCID: PMC11060329 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB4 (HER4) is a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, a family that includes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1/HER1), ERBB2 (Neu/HER2), and ERBB3 (HER3). EGFR and ERBB2 are oncoproteins and validated targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of solid tumors. In contrast, the role that ERBB4 plays in human malignancies is ambiguous. Thus, here we review the literature regarding ERBB4 function in human malignancies. We review the mechanisms of ERBB4 signaling with an emphasis on mechanisms of signaling specificity. In the context of this signaling specificity, we discuss the hypothesis that ERBB4 appears to function as a tumor suppressor protein and as an oncoprotein. Next, we review the literature that describes the role of ERBB4 in tumors of the bladder, liver, prostate, brain, colon, stomach, lung, bone, ovary, thyroid, hematopoietic tissues, pancreas, breast, skin, head, and neck. Whenever possible, we discuss the possibility that ERBB4 mutants function as biomarkers in these tumors. Finally, we discuss the potential roles of ERBB4 mutants in the staging of human tumors and how ERBB4 function may dictate the treatment of human tumors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This articles reviews ERBB4 function in the context of the mechanistic model that ERBB4 homodimers function as tumor suppressors, whereas ERBB4-EGFR or ERBB4-ERBB2 heterodimers act as oncogenes. Thus, this review serves as a mechanistic framework for clinicians and scientists to consider the role of ERBB4 and ERBB4 mutants in staging and treating human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Lucas
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Vipasha Dwivedi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Jared I Senfeld
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Richard L Cullum
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Christopher P Mill
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - J Tyler Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Ianthe N Bryant
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Laura J Cook
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - S Tyler Miller
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - James H Lott
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Connor M Kelley
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Elizabeth L Knerr
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Jessica A Markham
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - David P Kaufmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Megan A Jacobi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
| | - David J Riese
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy (L.M.L., V.D., J.I.S., R.L.C., C.P.M., J.T.P., L.J.C., S.T.M., J.H.L., C.M.K., E.L.K., J.A.M., D.P.K., M.A.J., J.S., D.J.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering (R.L.C.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.P.M.); Office of the Executive Vice President for Research and Partnerships, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (I.N.B.); and Cancer Biology and Immunology Program, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (D.J.R.)
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11
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Shraim BA, Moursi MO, Benter IF, Habib AM, Akhtar S. The Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Mediating Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Complications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701390. [PMID: 34408653 PMCID: PMC8365470 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major debilitating disease whose global incidence is progressively increasing with currently over 463 million adult sufferers and this figure will likely reach over 700 million by the year 2045. It is the complications of diabetes such as cardiovascular, renal, neuronal and ocular dysfunction that lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Of these, cardiovascular complications that can result in stroke and cardiomyopathies are 2- to 5-fold more likely in diabetes but the underlying mechanisms involved in their development are not fully understood. Emerging research suggests that members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/ErbB/HER) family of tyrosine kinases can have a dual role in that they are beneficially required for normal development and physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system (CVS) as well as in salvage pathways following acute cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury but their chronic dysregulation may also be intricately involved in mediating diabetes-induced cardiovascular pathologies. Here we review the evidence for EGFR/ErbB/HER receptors in mediating these dual roles in the CVS and also discuss their potential interplay with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System heptapeptide, Angiotensin-(1-7), as well the arachidonic acid metabolite, 20-HETE (20-hydroxy-5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid). A greater understanding of the multi-faceted roles of EGFR/ErbB/HER family of tyrosine kinases and their interplay with other key modulators of cardiovascular function could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara A Shraim
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moaz O Moursi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Ahmad RS, Eubank TD, Lukomski S, Boone BA. Immune Cell Modulation of the Extracellular Matrix Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060901. [PMID: 34204306 PMCID: PMC8234537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a five-year survival rate of only 9%. PDAC is characterized by a dense, fibrotic stroma composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. This desmoplastic stroma is a hallmark of PDAC, representing a significant physical barrier that is immunosuppressive and obstructs penetration of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, dense ECM promotes hypoxia, making tumor cells refractive to radiation therapy and alters their metabolism, thereby supporting proliferation and survival. In this review, we outline the significant contribution of fibrosis to the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the cross talk between immune cells and pancreatic stellate cells that contribute to ECM deposition. We emphasize the cellular mechanisms by which neutrophils and macrophages, specifically, modulate the ECM in favor of PDAC-progression. Furthermore, we investigate how activated stellate cells and ECM influence immune cells and promote immunosuppression in PDAC. Finally, we summarize therapeutic strategies that target the stroma and hinder immune cell promotion of fibrogenesis, which have unfortunately led to mixed results. An enhanced understanding of the complex interactions between the pancreatic tumor ECM and immune cells may uncover novel treatment strategies that are desperately needed for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiz S. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Timothy D. Eubank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.D.E.); (S.L.)
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.D.E.); (S.L.)
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Brian A. Boone
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.D.E.); (S.L.)
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Peng YF, Lin H, Liu DC, Zhu XY, Huang N, Wei YX, Li L. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by degradation of transforming growth factor-β receptor. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110001. [PMID: 33812911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pancreatic fibrosis increases pancreatic cancer risk in chronic pancreatitis (CP). Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a critical role in pancreatic fibrosis by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been shown to inhibit transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGFβR)-mediated Smad and no-Smad signaling pathways. Thus, the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor on pancreatic fibrosis are evaluated in CP mice, and the association between Hsp90 and biological functions of PSCs is further investigated in vitro. METHODS The effects of Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG on pancreatic fibrosis were assessed in caerulein-induced CP mice, and primary PSCs were used to determine the role of Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG in vitro. RESULTS We observed increased expression of Hsp90 in pancreatic tissues of caerulein-induced CP mice. Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG ameliorated pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in caerulein-induced CP mice. In vitro, Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG inhibited TGFβ1-induced activation and extracellular matrix accumulation of PSCs by blocking TGFβR-mediated Smad2/3 and PI3K /Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways.Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG degraded TGFβRII by a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, co-immunoprecipitation showed an interaction between Hsp90 and TGFβRII in PSCs. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that an Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG remarkable prevents the development of pancreatic fibrosis in caerulein-induced CP mice, and suppresses activation and extracellular matrix accumulation of PSCs in vitro. The current results provide a potential treatment strategy based on Hsp90 inhibition for pancreatic fibrosis in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Fan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Science and Research, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - De-Chen Liu
- Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Science and Research, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wei
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Pancreatic Research Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Yu S, Zhang C, Xie KP. Therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer: Roadmap to its reversal. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188461. [PMID: 33157162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with limited opportunity for resectable surgery as the first choice for cure due to its late diagnosis and early metastasis. The desmoplastic stroma and cellular genetic or epigenetic alterations of pancreatic cancer impose physical and biological barriers to effective therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Here, we review the current therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer, and underlying mechanisms and potential reversal of therapeutic resistance, a hallmark of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Aguilar B, Gibbs DL, Reiss DJ, McConnell M, Danziger SA, Dervan A, Trotter M, Bassett D, Hershberg R, Ratushny AV, Shmulevich I. A generalizable data-driven multicellular model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa075. [PMID: 32696951 PMCID: PMC7374045 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanistic models, when combined with pertinent data, can improve our knowledge regarding important molecular and cellular mechanisms found in cancer. These models make the prediction of tissue-level response to drug treatment possible, which can lead to new therapies and improved patient outcomes. Here we present a data-driven multiscale modeling framework to study molecular interactions between cancer, stromal, and immune cells found in the tumor microenvironment. We also develop methods to use molecular data available in The Cancer Genome Atlas to generate sample-specific models of cancer. RESULTS By combining published models of different cells relevant to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we built an agent-based model of the multicellular pancreatic tumor microenvironment, formally describing cell type-specific molecular interactions and cytokine-mediated cell-cell communications. We used an ensemble-based modeling approach to systematically explore how variations in the tumor microenvironment affect the viability of cancer cells. The results suggest that the autocrine loop involving EGF signaling is a key interaction modulator between pancreatic cancer and stellate cells. EGF is also found to be associated with previously described subtypes of PDAC. Moreover, the model allows a systematic exploration of the effect of possible therapeutic perturbations; our simulations suggest that reducing bFGF secretion by stellate cells will have, on average, a positive impact on cancer apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The developed framework allows model-driven hypotheses to be generated regarding therapeutically relevant PDAC states with potential molecular and cellular drivers indicating specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Aguilar
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David L Gibbs
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J Reiss
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark McConnell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel A Danziger
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Dervan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew Trotter
- BMS Center for Innovation and Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Pabellon de Italia, Calle Isaac Newton 4, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Douglas Bassett
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Hershberg
- Formerly Celgene Corporation, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexander V Ratushny
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 400 Dexter Avenue North, Suite 1200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ilya Shmulevich
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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16
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Li C, Morvaridi S, Lam G, Chheda C, Kamata Y, Katsumata M, Edderkaoui M, Yuan X, Nissen N, Pandol SJ, Wang Q. MSP-RON Signaling Is Activated in the Transition From Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Front Physiol 2019; 10:147. [PMID: 30863319 PMCID: PMC6399467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest epithelial malignancies and remains difficult to treat. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) represent the majority of the pre-cancer lesions in the pancreas. The PDAC microenvironment consists of activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and immune cells, which are thought to contribute to neoplastic transformation. However, the signaling events involved in driving the transition from the neoplastic precursor to the more advanced and aggressive forms in the pancreas are not well understood. Recepteur d’Origine Nantais (RON) is a c-MET family receptor tyrosine kinase that is implicated in playing a role in cell proliferation, migration and other aspects of tumorigenesis. Macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is the ligand for RON and becomes activated upon proteolytic cleavage by matriptase (also known as ST14), a type II transmembrane serine protease. In the current study, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of human pancreatic tissues, we found that the expression levels MSP and matriptase are drastically increased during the transition from the preneoplastic PanIN stages to the more advanced and aggressive PDAC. Moreover, RON is highly expressed in both PDAC and in cancer-associated stellate cells. In contrast, MSP, RON, and matriptase are expressed at low levels, if any, in normal pancreas. Our study underscores an emerging role of MSP-RON autocrine and paracrine signaling events in driving malignant progression in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Susan Morvaridi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gloria Lam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chintan Chheda
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yoshiko Kamata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Katsumata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Nissen
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Overexpression of Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor Mediates Liver Fibrosis in Transgenic Mice. Am J Med Sci 2017; 354:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Bahrami A, Khazaei M, Bagherieh F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Maftouh M, Hassanian SM, Avan A. Targeting stroma in pancreatic cancer: Promises and failures of targeted therapies. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2931-2937. [PMID: 28083912 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplasia or abundant fibrotic stroma is a typical property of most malignancies, which has a great effect on tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy. The activated stroma cells comprises several cell types including endothelial cells, nerve cells, inflammatory/macrophages cells, stellate cells, and extracellular matrix. In other word, the interactions of cancer-stroma modulate tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, and poor delivery of drugs. Therefore, targeting the tumor stroma in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents could provide a promising approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge about pancreatic stellate cells, targeting stroma compartments with particular emphasis on preclinical, and clinical trials on targeting of stroma as an option in pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Neurogenic Inflammatory Research Center and Department of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Bagherieh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Scheving LA, Zhang X, Threadgill DW, Russell WE. Hepatocyte ERBB3 and EGFR are required for maximal CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G807-G816. [PMID: 27586651 PMCID: PMC5130544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00423.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have been implicated in liver fibrosis. However, it has not been directly shown that hepatocellular genetic ablation of either this receptor tyrosine kinase or ERBB3, its interactive signaling partner, affects hepatic fibrosis. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in hepatocyte-specific (HS) mouse models of EGFR and ERBB3 ablation was evaluated in both single gene knockouts and an HS-EGFR-ERBB3 double knockout (DKO). Loss of hepatocellular EGFR or ERBB3 did not impact cytochrome P450-2E1 expression, the extent of centrilobular injury, or the initial regenerative response, but it did diminish liver fibrosis induced by chronic intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 The reduction of liver fibrosis correlated with reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression. Maximal impact to fibrogenesis occurred in the ERBB3 and EGFR-ERBB3 DKO models, suggesting that EGFR-ERBB3 heterodimeric signaling in damaged hepatocytes may play a more important role in liver fibrosis than EGFR-EGFR homodimeric signaling. Immunohistochemical analyses of phospho-EGFR and phospho-ERBB3 isoforms revealed clear staining in hepatocytes, activated stellate cells, and macrophages. Our results support a role for the hepatocellular ERBB tyrosine kinases in fibrogenesis and suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR-ERBB3 signaling may reverse or retard hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Scheving
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Xiuqi Zhang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - David W. Threadgill
- 6Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and ,7Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - William E. Russell
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,3Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,4Vanderbilt Diabetes Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,5Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
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20
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Nagathihalli NS, Castellanos JA, VanSaun MN, Dai X, Ambrose M, Guo Q, Xiong Y, Merchant NB. Pancreatic stellate cell secreted IL-6 stimulates STAT3 dependent invasiveness of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65982-65992. [PMID: 27602757 PMCID: PMC5323208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dynamic tumor supported by several stromal elements such as pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). Significant crosstalk exists between PSCs and tumor cells to stimulate oncogenic signaling and malignant progression of PDAC. However, how PSCs activate intercellular signaling in PDAC cells remains to be elucidated. We have previously shown that activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is a key component in the progression of pancreatic neoplasia. We hypothesize that PSC secreted IL-6 activates STAT3 signaling to promote PanIN progression to PDAC. Human PDAC and mouse PanIN cells were treated with PSC-conditioned media (PSC-CM), and phospho- and total-STAT3 levels by immunoblot analysis were determined. IL-6 was quantified in PSC-CM and cell invasion and colony formation assays were performed in the presence or absence of a neutralizing IL-6 antibody and the JAK/STAT3 inhibitor AZD1480. Serum from Ptf1aCre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+;Tgfbr2flox/flox (PKT) and LSL-KrasG12D/+; Trp53R172H/+; Pdx1Cre/+ (KPC) mice demonstrated increased levels of IL-6 compared to serum from non-PDAC bearing KC and PK mice. PSC secreted IL-6 activated STAT3 signaling in noninvasive, precursor PanIN cells as well as PDAC cells, resulting in enhanced cell invasion and colony formation in both cell types. There was a significant positive linear correlation between IL-6 concentration and the ratio of phosphorylated STAT3/total STAT3. IL-6 neutralization or STAT3 inhibition attenuated PSC-CM induced activation of STAT3 signaling and tumorigenicity. These data provide evidence that PSCs are directly involved in promoting the progression of PanINs towards invasive carcinoma. This study demonstrates a novel role of PSC secreted IL-6 in transitioning noninvasive pancreatic precursor cells into invasive PDAC through the activation of STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj S. Nagathihalli
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jason A. Castellanos
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael N. VanSaun
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Xizi Dai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Qiaozhi Guo
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yanhua Xiong
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nipun B. Merchant
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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21
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Abstract
Since insulin discovery, islet transplantation was the first protocol to show the possibility to cure patients with type 1 diabetes using low-risk procedures. The scarcity of pancreas donors triggered a burst of studies focused on the production of new β cells in vitro. These were rapidly dominated by pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) demonstrating diabetes-reversal potential in diabetic mice. Subsequent enthusiasm fostered a clinical trial with immunoisolated embryonic-derived pancreatic progenitors. Yet safety is the Achilles' heel of PSCs, and a whole branch of β cell engineering medicine focuses on transdifferentiation of adult pancreatic cells. New data showed the possibility to chemically stimulate acinar or α cells to undergo β cell neogenesis and provide opportunities to intervene in situ without the need for a transplant, at least after weighing benefits against systemic adverse effects. The current studies suggested the pancreas as a reservoir of facultative progenitors (e.g., in the duct lining) could be exploited ex vivo for expansion and β cell differentiation in timely fashion and without the hurdles of PSC use. Diabetes cell therapy is thus a growing field not only with great potential but also with many pitfalls to overcome for becoming fully envisioned as a competitor to the current treatment standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Lysy
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elisa Corritore
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Baines A, Martin P, Rorie C. Current and Emerging Targeting Strategies for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:277-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In injury conditions, myofibroblasts are induced to lay down matrix proteins and support the repair process. In this study, we investigated the role of myofibroblasts, particularly stellate cells, in the growth and regeneration of pancreatic β cells. METHODS We used both in vitro and in vivo approaches to address whether stellate cells may promote the growth of β cells. RESULTS Our experiments demonstrated that activated stellate cells support the proliferation of β cells in vitro. In vivo, mesenchymals surrounding the pancreatic islets are activated (induced to proliferate) in the islet regeneration model of Pten null mice. These mesenchymals display markers of pancreatic stellate cells, such as desmin and to a lesser extent, smooth muscle actin α. We have shown previously that targeted β-cell deletion of Pten lead to a significant increase in total islet mass. This phenotype was accompanied by an increase in peri-islet mitotic activity, particularly in islets injured by streptozotocin, a β cell-specific toxin. CONCLUSIONS Together with the in vitro observations, our data, here, suggest that that these mesenchymal cells may support the regeneration of the islets. Identifying how the communication occurs may provide clinically relevant mechanism for inducing β-cell regeneration.
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25
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Lasheen NN. Pancreatic functions in high salt fed female rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12443. [PMID: 26216433 PMCID: PMC4552525 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt consumption has been increased worldwide and the association of high salt diets with enhanced inflammation and target organ damage was reported. Little data were available about the effect of high salt diet on exocrine function of pancreas, while the relation between high salt intake and insulin sensitivity was controversial. This study was designed to investigate the effect of high salt diet on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic functions, and to elucidate the possible underlying mechanism(s). Twenty adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups; control group; fed standard rodent diet containing 0.3% NaCl, and high salt fed group; fed 8% NaCl for 8 weeks. On the day of sacrifice, rats were anesthized by i.p. pentobarbitone (40 μg/kg B.W.). Nasoanal length was measured and fasting blood glucose was determined from rat tail. Blood samples were obtained from abdominal aorta for determination of plasma sodium, potassium, amylase, lipase, aldosterone, insulin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), and interleukin 6 (IL6). Pancreata of both groups were histologically studied. Compared to control group, 8-week high salt fed group showed: significant elevation in body weight, body mass index, Lee index, plasma sodium, TGF-β1 and IL6, however, plasma aldosterone, amylase, lipase, and insulin levels were significantly decreased. A nonsignificant increase in plasma potassium and nonsignificant changes in fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR were detected between groups. Pancreatic fibrosis was observed in test group. High salt diet for 8 weeks caused pancreatic fibrosis evidenced by decline of both exocrine and endocrine functions of pancreas in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Lasheen
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. Significant progresses have been made in understanding of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, including appreciation of precursor lesions or premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs), description of sequential transformation from normal pancreatic tissue to invasive pancreatic cancer and identification of major genetic and epigenetic events and the biological impact of those events on malignant behavior. However, the currently used therapeutic strategies targeting tumor epithelial cells, which are potent in cell culture and animal models, have not been successful in the clinic. Presumably, therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer is at least in part due to its drastic desmoplasis, which is a defining hallmark for and circumstantially contributes to pancreatic cancer development and progression. Improved understanding of the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the stroma is important to better understanding pancreatic cancer biology and to designing effective intervention strategies. This review focuses on the origination, evolution and disruption of stromal molecular and cellular components in pancreatic cancer, and their biological effects on pancreatic cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Schober M, Jesenofsky R, Faissner R, Weidenauer C, Hagmann W, Michl P, Heuchel RL, Haas SL, Löhr JM. Desmoplasia and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2137-54. [PMID: 25337831 PMCID: PMC4276960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) occurs mainly in people older than 50 years of age. Although great strides have been taken in treating PDAC over the past decades its incidence nearly equals its mortality rate and it was quoted as the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. in 2012. This review aims to focus on research models and scientific developments that help to explain the extraordinary resistance of PDAC towards current therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, it highlights the main features of drug resistance including mechanisms promoted by cancer cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs), as well as stromal cells, and the acellular components surrounding the tumor cells—known as peritumoral desmoplasia—that affects intra-tumoral drug delivery. Finally, therapeutic concepts and avenues for future research are suggested, based on the topics discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Schober
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| | - Ralf Jesenofsky
- Department of Medicine II (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM), Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim 68135, Germany.
| | - Ralf Faissner
- Department of Medicine II (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM), Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim 68135, Germany.
| | - Cornelius Weidenauer
- Department of Medicine II (Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), University Medical Center Mannheim (UMM), Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim 68135, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Hagmann
- Lung Cancer, Genomics/Epigenomics Group, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69121, Germany.
| | - Patrick Michl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| | - Rainer L Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Stephan L Haas
- Gastrocentrum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden.
| | - J-Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
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28
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Angelescu R, Burada F, Angelescu C, Gheonea DI, Iordache S, Mixich F, Ioana M, Săftoiu A. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumours and chronic pancreatitis. Endosc Ultrasound 2014; 2:86-91. [PMID: 24949370 PMCID: PMC4062250 DOI: 10.4103/2303-9027.117692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Angiogenesis is a crucial event for pancreatic carcinogenesis, and it also plays an important role in chronic pancreatitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in chronic inflammatory or malignant pancreatic pathology in order to elucidate the differences in expression patterns and potential clinical implications. Methods: Thirty-five patients who had undergone endoscopic ultrasonography followed by endoscipic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of focal pancreatic masses were included in the study. VEGF and EGFR mRNA expression levels in the samples collected by EUS-FNA were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: VEGF expression was detected in all chronic pancreatitis and adenocarcinoma samples and in only 62.5% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. EGFR expression was detected in only 40% of the chronic pancreatitis cases, 76.9% of adenocarcinomas and in 50% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Both VEGF and EGFR mRNA levels were significantly higher in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma than those in normal tissue. VEGF expression inversely correlated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma size, while EGFR expression was related to local invasiveness of adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Both VEGF and EGFR mRNA expression in EUS-FNA samples may be used as a diagnostic marker associated with invasiveness in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Angelescu
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Florin Burada
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania ; Laboratory of Human Genomics University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Cristina Angelescu
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania ; Laboratory of Human Genomics University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Dan Ionut Gheonea
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Sevastița Iordache
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Francisc Mixich
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania ; Laboratory of Human Genomics University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania ; Laboratory of Human Genomics University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200638, Romania
| | - Adrian Săftoiu
- Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova 200638, Romania
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29
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Shi C, Washington MK, Chaturvedi R, Drosos Y, Revetta FL, Weaver CJ, Buzhardt E, Yull FE, Blackwell TS, Sosa-Pineda B, Whitehead RH, Beauchamp RD, Wilson KT, Means AL. Fibrogenesis in pancreatic cancer is a dynamic process regulated by macrophage-stellate cell interaction. J Transl Med 2014; 94:409-21. [PMID: 24535260 PMCID: PMC3992484 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer occurs in the setting of a profound fibrotic microenvironment that often dwarfs the actual tumor. Although pancreatic fibrosis has been well studied in chronic pancreatitis, its development in pancreatic cancer is much less well understood. This article describes the dynamic remodeling that occurs from pancreatic precursors (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs)) to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, highlighting similarities and differences between benign and malignant disease. Although collagen matrix is a commonality throughout this process, early stage PanINs are virtually free of periostin while late stage PanIN and pancreatic cancer are surrounded by an increasing abundance of this extracellular matrix protein. Myofibroblasts also become increasingly abundant during progression from PanIN to cancer. From the earliest stages of fibrogenesis, macrophages are associated with this ongoing process. In vitro co-culture indicates there is cross-regulation between macrophages and pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs), precursors to at least some of the fibrotic cell populations. When quiescent PaSCs were co-cultured with macrophage cell lines, the stellate cells became activated and the macrophages increased cytokine production. In summary, fibrosis in pancreatic cancer involves a complex interplay of cells and matrices that regulate not only the tumor epithelium but the composition of the microenvironment itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Shi
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | | | - Yiannis Drosos
- Dept. of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Frank L. Revetta
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | | | | | - Fiona E. Yull
- Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | | | | | | | - R. Daniel Beauchamp
- Dept. of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Dept. of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Dept. of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville TN
| | - Anna L. Means
- Dept. of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN,Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
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30
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Zhang D, Zhang J, Jiang X, Li X, Wang Y, Ma J, Jiang H. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor: a hepatic stellate cell proliferation inducer via ErbB receptors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:623-32. [PMID: 24303948 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) has a proliferative effect on several types of cells. However, the role of HB-EGF on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is not clear. The present study is to investigate the regulatory effects of HB-EGF on HSC proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS Activated primary rat HSCs and two HSC cell lines (human LX2 and rat T6) were used in this study. Four inhibitors (CRM197 to HB-EGF, AG1478 to epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], PD98059 to mitogen-activated kinase, and LY294002 to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) were employed to verify the pathway of HB-EGF on cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS HB-EGF expression was significantly increased in activated HSCs. HB-EGF increased the expressions of phospho-EGFR and ErbB4 receptors, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. Consequently, HB-EGF stimulated HSC proliferation and suppressed HSC apoptosis. Each individual inhibitor specifically inhibited the correlated receptor or enzyme and inhibited HSC proliferation and induced its apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS HB-EGF promotes HSC proliferation via activation of the EGFR and ErbB4 receptors and, subsequently, via activation of ERK and Akt. Any blockage in the chain obstructs the flow from HB-EGF to HSC proliferation. Therefore, HB-EGF is a potential therapeutic target in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Salvatori M, Katari R, Patel T, Peloso A, Mugweru J, Owusu K, Orlando G. Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Technology for Bioartificial Pancreas Engineering: State of the Art and Future Challenges. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:159-169. [PMID: 24876552 PMCID: PMC4454093 DOI: 10.1177/1932296813519558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emergent technologies in regenerative medicine may soon overcome the limitations of conventional diabetes therapies. Collaborative efforts across the subfields of stem cell technology, islet encapsulation, and biomaterial carriers seek to produce a bioengineered pancreas capable of restoring endocrine function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. These technologies rely on a robust understanding of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the supportive 3-dimensional network of proteins necessary for cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Although these functions can be partially approximated by biosynthetic carriers, novel decellularization protocols have allowed researchers to discover the advantages afforded by the native pancreatic ECM. The native ECM has proven to be an optimal platform for recellularization and whole-organ pancreas bioengineering, an exciting new field with the potential to resolve the dire shortage of transplantable organs. This review seeks to contextualize recent findings, discuss current research goals, and identify future challenges of regenerative medicine as it applies to diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Katari
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Timil Patel
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jon Mugweru
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kofi Owusu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Kramann R, DiRocco DP, Humphreys BD. Understanding the origin, activation and regulation of matrix-producing myofibroblasts for treatment of fibrotic disease. J Pathol 2013; 231:273-89. [PMID: 24006178 DOI: 10.1002/path.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and scar formation results from chronic progressive injury in virtually every tissue and affects a growing number of people around the world. Myofibroblasts drive fibrosis, and recent work has demonstrated that mesenchymal cells, including pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts, are their main progenitors. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of pericyte/fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, myofibroblast proliferation and the key signalling pathways that regulate these processes is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics for the growing patient population suffering from solid organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about different progenitor cells of myofibroblasts, discuss major pathways that regulate their transdifferentiation and discuss the current status of novel targeted anti-fibrotic therapeutics in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; RWTH Aachen University, Division of Nephrology, Aachen, Germany
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Shah N, Siriwardena AK. Cytokine profiles in patients receiving antioxidant therapy within the ANTICIPATE trial. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4001-4006. [PMID: 23840145 PMCID: PMC3703187 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i25.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To measure a broad profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with clinically proven chronic pancreatitis (CP) taking either antioxidant therapy or placebo as part of the larger ANTICIPATE study.
METHODS: Patients with chronic pancreatitis were recruited to the ANTICIPATE study following informed consent and were randomised to intervention with either antox version 1.2-based antioxidant therapy or placebo. After a separate ethics committee amendment a subgroup of 7 patients from either arm of the study were selected for additional analysis of cytokines. Cytokines were measured at baseline and after 6 mo of either antox therapy or placebo by biochip array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS: Antioxidant therapy and placebo groups were well-matched in terms of age, gender, aetiology of CP, opiate use and disease duration. Baseline antioxidant levels were similar in patients allocated to the antioxidant group as compared to the group allocated to placebo. After 6 mo of antioxidant therapy there was significant elevation in vitamin C levels in the intervention group: 17.6 μg/mL (12.8-29.3 μg/mL) compared to 4.8 μg/mL (1.6-9.1 μg/mL) in placebo (P < 0.001; 95%CI: 9.0-20.2) with similar trends in selenium levels. There was no elevation in a broad array of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the antioxidant group compared to placebo [interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α] either at baseline or after 6 mo of antioxidant therapy.
CONCLUSION: Cytokine levels were low at baseline and at 6 mo despite a significant elevation in plasma antioxidants. In patients with CP, with opiate-dependent abdominal pain, circulating cytokine levels are low suggesting that pain in this disease is not simply a manifestation of inflammation.
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Transforming growth factor-α activates pancreatic stellate cells and may be involved in matrix metalloproteinase-1 upregulation. J Transl Med 2013; 93:720-32. [PMID: 23608755 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role that transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) has in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer has not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the effects of TGF-α on the human pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) line RLT-PSC and primary human PSCs, and the expression levels of TGF-α and metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues. TGF-α stimulated the proliferation and migration of PSCs. Although the mRNA expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and α1(I) collagen were unchanged, the mRNA expression levels of MMP-1 increased concomitant with increases in MMP-1 protein levels and collagenase activity. TGF-α-stimulated migration of RLT-PSC cells was partially blocked by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 protein and MMP-1 small interfering RNA. MMP-1 was also observed to stimulate the migration of PSCs. TGF-α-induced MMP-1 expression was completely blocked by gefitinib in PSCs. The Ras-ERK and PI3/Akt pathways appear to be involved in the activation of MMP-1 in PSCs. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that MMP-1 expression was significantly increased in the pancreatic interstitial tissues in case of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer compared with those in case of normal pancreas. In conclusion, TGF-α increased proliferation and migration of PSCs. TGF-α-induced migration of cells may be partly due to upregulation of MMP-1. TGF-α and MMP-1 upregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Kang C, Yu H, Yi GS. Finding type 2 diabetes causal single nucleotide polymorphism combinations and functional modules from genome-wide association data. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 23566118 PMCID: PMC3618247 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the low statistical power of individual markers from a genome-wide association study (GWAS), detecting causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for complex diseases is a challenge. SNP combinations are suggested to compensate for the low statistical power of individual markers, but SNP combinations from GWAS generate high computational complexity. Methods We aim to detect type 2 diabetes (T2D) causal SNP combinations from a GWAS dataset with optimal filtration and to discover the biological meaning of the detected SNP combinations. Optimal filtration can enhance the statistical power of SNP combinations by comparing the error rates of SNP combinations from various Bonferroni thresholds and p-value range-based thresholds combined with linkage disequilibrium (LD) pruning. T2D causal SNP combinations are selected using random forests with variable selection from an optimal SNP dataset. T2D causal SNP combinations and genome-wide SNPs are mapped into functional modules using expanded gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) considering pathway, transcription factor (TF)-target, miRNA-target, gene ontology, and protein complex functional modules. The prediction error rates are measured for SNP sets from functional module-based filtration that selects SNPs within functional modules from genome-wide SNPs based expanded GSEA. Results A T2D causal SNP combination containing 101 SNPs from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) GWAS dataset are selected using optimal filtration criteria, with an error rate of 10.25%. Matching 101 SNPs with known T2D genes and functional modules reveals the relationships between T2D and SNP combinations. The prediction error rates of SNP sets from functional module-based filtration record no significance compared to the prediction error rates of randomly selected SNP sets and T2D causal SNP combinations from optimal filtration. Conclusions We propose a detection method for complex disease causal SNP combinations from an optimal SNP dataset by using random forests with variable selection. Mapping the biological meanings of detected SNP combinations can help uncover complex disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyong Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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36
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor eliminates constraints on activated Kras to promote rapid onset of pancreatic neoplasia. Oncogene 2013; 33:823-31. [PMID: 23376846 PMCID: PMC3929321 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains as one of the most deadly cancers with few treatment options at late stages and little information about how it develops through earlier stages. Activating mutation of the Kras gene has been implicated in, but is not sufficient for, tumorigenesis. In mouse models of pancreatic cancer, loss of tumor suppressor genes in conjunction with Kras mutation leads to gradual stochastic acquisition of neoplastic precursors and carcinomas, whereas many cells remain phenotypically unaltered in younger mice. Here, we demonstrate that two oncogenic events, mutation of Kras and production of the growth factor heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), are sufficient for rapid and complete neoplastic transformation of the exocrine pancreas. We found that macrophages are the major source of HB-EGF production in pancreatic cancer tissue samples, and that macrophages are present in high density and in close association with human pancreatic cancer lesions. In a mouse model, high macrophage density was observed at the earliest stages of neoplastic transformation. The consequence of elevated HB-EGF signaling was investigated without the confounding effects of other macrophage-produced factors via transgenic overexpression of the active form of HB-EGF. In this model, HB-EGF was sufficient to promote Kras-initiated tumorigenesis, inducing rapid and complete neoplastic transformation of the entire exocrine pancreas shortly after birth. HB-EGF overexpression and Kras(G12D) together, but neither alone, increased proliferation with increased cyclinD1 and decreased Cdkn2a/2d (p16/p19(Ink4A/Arf)). These findings establish the importance of oncogenic synergy in cancer initiation and promotion, and establish a molecular link between inflammation and the earliest stages of tumor induction.
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Akhtar S, Benter IF. The role of epidermal growth factor receptor in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2013; 3:5-9. [PMID: 23678464 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2013.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly and set to reach near epidemic proportions with the latest estimates suggesting that by 2030 there will be over 550 million people with this debilitating disease. Cardiovascular complications and dysfunctions are three- to eight-folds more likely in diabetic patients and are major causes of increased mortality. The exact underlying mechanisms for the development of complications of the diabetic heart are poorly understood and may involve multiple signaling pathways that are affected by hyperglycemia. This focused article reviews the recent evidence for a possible dual role of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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38
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Pedersen J, Ugleholdt RK, Jørgensen SM, Windeløv JA, Grunddal KV, Schwartz TW, Füchtbauer EM, Poulsen SS, Holst PJ, Holst JJ. Glucose metabolism is altered after loss of L cells and α-cells but not influenced by loss of K cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E60-73. [PMID: 23115082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00547.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enteroendocrine K and L cells are responsible for secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), whereas pancreatic α-cells are responsible for secretion of glucagon. In rodents and humans, dysregulation of the secretion of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon is associated with impaired regulation of metabolism. This study evaluates the consequences of acute removal of Gip- or Gcg-expressing cells on glucose metabolism. Generation of the two diphtheria toxin receptor cellular knockout mice, TgN(GIP.DTR) and TgN(GCG.DTR), allowed us to study effects of acute ablation of K and L cells and α-cells. Diphtheria toxin administration reduced the expression of Gip and content of GIP in the proximal jejunum in TgN(GIP.DTR) and expression of Gcg and content of proglucagon-derived peptides in both proximal jejunum and terminal ileum as well as content of glucagon in pancreas in TgN(GCG.DTR) compared with wild-type mice. GIP response to oral glucose was attenuated following K cell loss, but oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerances were unaffected. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was impaired following combined L cell and α-cell loss and normal following α-cell loss. Oral glucose tolerance was improved following L cell and α-cell loss and supernormal following α-cell loss. We present two mouse models that allow studies of the effects of K cell or L cell and α-cell loss as well as isolated α-cell loss. Our findings show that intraperitoneal glucose tolerance is dependent on an intact L cell mass and underscore the diabetogenic effects of α-cell signaling. Furthermore, the results suggest that K cells are less involved in acute regulation of mouse glucose metabolism than L cells and α-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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39
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Kong X, Li L, Li Z, Xie K. Targeted destruction of the orchestration of the pancreatic stroma and tumor cells in pancreatic cancer cases: molecular basis for therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:343-56. [PMID: 22749856 PMCID: PMC3505269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a prominent desmoplastic reaction as its defining hallmark. The past several decades have seen dramatic progress in understanding of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, including identification of precursor lesions, sequential transformation from normal pancreatic tissue to invasive pancreatic cancer and corresponding signature genetic events, and the biological impact of these events on malignant behavior. However, the currently used therapeutic strategies for epithelial tumor cells, which have exhibited potent antitumor activity in cell culture and animal models, have failed to produce significant effects in the clinic. The desmoplastic stroma surrounding pancreatic cancer cells, which accounts for about 90% of a tumor's mass, clearly is not a passive scaffold for cancer cells but an active contributor to carcinogenesis. Improved understanding of the dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the stroma will be important to designing effective therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer. This review focuses on the origin of stromal molecular and cellular components in pancreatic tumors, their biological effects on pancreatic cancer cells, and the orchestration of these two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Lian H, Ma Y, Feng J, Dong W, Yang Q, Lu D, Zhang L. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces heart interstitial fibrosis via an Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22984591 DOI: 10.1371/jour] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is essential for maintaining normal function of the adult heart and is known to play an important role in myocardial remodeling. In the present study, we observed that heart-specific HB-EGF transgenic (TG) mice had systolic dysfunction with decreased fractional shortening (FS%), increased end-systolic diameter (LVIDs) at 5 months of age, increased heart fibrosis, and increased mRNA expression of Col1α1 and Col3α1 at 1, 3, 5 and 7 months of age compared to nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. However, the left ventricular anterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVAWs) of the TG mice was not different than the NTG mice. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k were increased due to HB-EGF expression in TG mice compared with the NTG mice at 3 and 7 months of age. Additionally, activated Akt, mTor and p70s6k were co-localized with vimentin to cardiac fibroblasts isolated from TG mice. Furthermore, HB-EGF significantly increased phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k and increased expression of type I collagen in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts. Rapamycin (Rapa) and CRM197, inhibitors of mTor and HB-EGF respectively, could inhibit the expression of type I collagen in the cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts and Rapa suppressed interstitial fibrosis of the heart tissues in vivo. In addition, a BrdU assay showed that HB-EGF increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by 30% compared with cells without HB-EGF treatment. HB-EGF-induced proliferation was completely diminished in the presence of Rapa. These results suggest that HB-EGF induced heart fibrosis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts occurs through activation of the Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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41
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Lian H, Ma Y, Feng J, Dong W, Yang Q, Lu D, Zhang L. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces heart interstitial fibrosis via an Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44946. [PMID: 22984591 PMCID: PMC3440333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is essential for maintaining normal function of the adult heart and is known to play an important role in myocardial remodeling. In the present study, we observed that heart-specific HB-EGF transgenic (TG) mice had systolic dysfunction with decreased fractional shortening (FS%), increased end-systolic diameter (LVIDs) at 5 months of age, increased heart fibrosis, and increased mRNA expression of Col1α1 and Col3α1 at 1, 3, 5 and 7 months of age compared to nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. However, the left ventricular anterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVAWs) of the TG mice was not different than the NTG mice. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k were increased due to HB-EGF expression in TG mice compared with the NTG mice at 3 and 7 months of age. Additionally, activated Akt, mTor and p70s6k were co-localized with vimentin to cardiac fibroblasts isolated from TG mice. Furthermore, HB-EGF significantly increased phosphorylation levels of Akt, mTor and p70s6k and increased expression of type I collagen in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts. Rapamycin (Rapa) and CRM197, inhibitors of mTor and HB-EGF respectively, could inhibit the expression of type I collagen in the cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts and Rapa suppressed interstitial fibrosis of the heart tissues in vivo. In addition, a BrdU assay showed that HB-EGF increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by 30% compared with cells without HB-EGF treatment. HB-EGF-induced proliferation was completely diminished in the presence of Rapa. These results suggest that HB-EGF induced heart fibrosis and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts occurs through activation of the Akt/mTor/p70s6k pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Involvement of inflammatory factors in pancreatic carcinogenesis and preventive effects of anti-inflammatory agents. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:203-27. [PMID: 22955327 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to be a risk for many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Heavy alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking are major causes of pancreatitis, and epidemiological studies have shown that smoking and chronic pancreatitis are risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Meanwhile, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are elevated in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues in humans and in animal models. Selective inhibitors of iNOS and COX-2 suppress pancreatic cancer development in a chemical carcinogenesis model of hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). In addition, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type II diabetes are also suggested to be associated with chronic inflammation in the pancreas and involved in pancreatic cancer development. We have shown that a high-fat diet increased pancreatic cancer development in BOP-treated hamsters, along with aggravation of hyperlipidemia, severe fatty infiltration, and increased expression of adipokines and inflammatory factors in the pancreas. Of note, fatty pancreas has been observed in obese and/or diabetic cases in humans. Preventive effects of anti-hyperlipidemic/anti-diabetic agents on pancreatic cancer have also been shown in humans and animals. Taking this evidence into consideration, modulation of inflammatory factors by anti-inflammatory agents will provide useful data for prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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43
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Apte MV, Pirola RC, Wilson JS. Pancreatic stellate cells: a starring role in normal and diseased pancreas. Front Physiol 2012; 3:344. [PMID: 22973234 PMCID: PMC3428781 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the morphology and function of cells of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas have been studied over several centuries, one important cell type in the gland, the pancreatic stellate cell (PSC), had remained undiscovered until as recently as 20 years ago. Even after its first description in 1982, it was to be another 16 years before its biology could begin to be studied, because it was only in 1998 that methods were developed to isolate and culture PSCs from rodent and human pancreas. PSCs are now known to play a critical role in pancreatic fibrosis, a consistent histological feature of two major diseases of the pancreas—chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. In health, PSCs maintain normal tissue architecture via regulation of the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Recent studies have also implied other functions for PSCs as progenitor cells, immune cells or intermediaries in exocrine pancreatic secretion in humans. During pancreatic injury, PSCs transform from their quiescent phase into an activated, myofibroblast-like phenotype that secretes excessive amounts of ECM proteins leading to the fibrosis of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. An ever increasing number of factors that stimulate and/or inhibit PSC activation via paracrine and autocrine pathways are being identified and characterized. It is also now established that PSCs interact closely with pancreatic cancer cells to facilitate cancer progression. Based on these findings, several therapeutic strategies have been examined in experimental models of chronic pancreatitis as well as pancreatic cancer, in a bid to inhibit/retard PSC activation and thereby alleviate chronic pancreatitis or reduce tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. The challenge that remains is to translate these pre-clinical developments into clinically applicable treatments for patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti V Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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44
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Huang G, Besner GE, Brigstock DR. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor suppresses experimental liver fibrosis in mice. J Transl Med 2012; 92:703-12. [PMID: 22330337 PMCID: PMC3338873 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a cytoprotective agent in several organ systems but its roles in liver fibrosis are unclear. We studied the roles of HB-EGF in experimental liver fibrosis in mice and during hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Thioacetamide (TAA; 100 mg/kg) was administered by intraperitoneal injection three times a week for 4 weeks to wild-type HB-EGF(+/+) or HB-EGF-null (HB-EGF(-/-)) male mice. Livers were examined for histology and expression of key fibrotic markers. Primary cultured HSCs isolated from untreated HB-EGF(+/+) or HB-EGF(-/-) mice were examined for fibrotic markers and/or cell migration either during culture-induced activation or after exogenous HB-EGF (100 ng/ml) treatment. TAA induced liver fibrosis in both HB-EGF(+/+) and HB-EGF(-/-) mice. Hepatic HB-EGF expression was decreased in TAA-treated HB-EGF(+/+) mice by 37.6% (P<0.05) as compared with animals receiving saline alone. HB-EGF(-/-) mice treated with TAA showed increased hepatic α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and collagen deposition, and, as compared with HB-EGF(+/+) mice, TAA-stimulated hepatic mRNA levels in HB-EGF(-/-) mice were, respectively, 2.1-, 1.7-, 1.8-, 2.2-, 1.2- or 3.3-fold greater for α-smooth muscle actin, α1 chain of collagen I or III (COL1A1 or COL3A1), transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (P<0.05). HB-EGF expression was detectable in primary cultured HSCs from HB-EGF(+/+) mice. Both endogenous and exogenous HB-EGF inhibited HSC activation in primary culture, and HB-EGF enhanced HSC migration. These findings suggest that HB-EGF gene knockout in mice increases susceptibility to chronic TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis and that HB-EGF expression or action is associated with suppression of fibrogenic pathways in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcun Huang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Gail E. Besner
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - David R. Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Correspondence: David R. Brigstock, PhD, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Research II, Room WA 2020, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Stroma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: an interaction loop. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:170-8. [PMID: 22521638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has two exceptional features. First, it is a highly lethal disease, with a median survival of less than 6 months and a 5-year survival rate less than 5%. Second, PDA tumor cells are surrounded by an extensive stroma, which accounts for up to 90% of the tumor volume. It is well recognized that stromal microenvironment can accelerate malignant transformation, tumor growth and progression. More importantly, the interaction loop between PDA and its stroma greatly contributes to tumor growth and progression. We propose that the extensive stroma of PDA is closely linked to its poor prognosis. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to pancreatic tumor growth and progression is therefore urgently needed. Targeting the stroma may thus provide novel prevention, earlier detection and therapeutic options to this deadly malignancy. Accordingly, in this review, we will summarize the mechanism of PDA stroma formation, the role of the stroma in tumor progression and therapy resistance and the potential of stroma-targeted therapeutics strategies.
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Backer-Grøndahl T, Moen BH, Torp SH. The histopathological spectrum of human meningiomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2012; 5:231-242. [PMID: 22558478 PMCID: PMC3341686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological examination and grading of meningiomas gives valuable prognostic information, although the method is subject for interobserver variability. The aim of this study was to review a large series of human meningiomas in order to examine the frequency of benign (grade I), atypical (grade II), and anaplastic (grade III) forms depending on various WHO classification schemes. In addition, we wanted to describe the frequency of various histopathological features and their mutual correlations. Sections from 196 consecutively treated primary human meningioma patients were revised retrospectively. The established criteria to grade meningiomas, which are also known to be associated with tumorigenesis, were shown to correlate significantly. The number of grade II meningiomas increased when using the WHO 2007 classification (30%) compared with previous editions, mainly due to the definition of brain infiltrating meningiomas as atypical (grade II). bimodal frequency distribution among age groups of females was observed. Continuous revision of histopathological classification systems is required to improve the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Backer-Grøndahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Trondheim University Hospital, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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McCleary-Wheeler AL, McWilliams R, Fernandez-Zapico ME. Aberrant signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer: a two compartment view. Mol Carcinog 2012; 51:25-39. [PMID: 22162229 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with historically limited success in treatment and a poor prognosis. Pancreatic cancer appears to have a progressive pathway of development, initiating from well-described pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions and concluding with invasive carcinoma. These early lesions have been shown to harbor-specific alterations in signaling pathways that remain throughout this tumorigenesis process. Meanwhile, new alterations occur during this process of disease progression to have a cumulative effect. This series of events not only impacts the epithelial cells comprising the tumor, but they may also affect the surrounding stromal cells. The result is the formation of complex signaling networks of communication between the tumor epithelial cell and the stromal cell compartments to promote a permissive and cooperative environment. This article highlights some of the most common pathway aberrations involved with this disease, and how these may subsequently affect one or both cellular compartments. Consequently, furthering our understanding of these pathways in terms of their function on the tumoral epithelial and stromal compartments may prove to be crucial to the development of targeted and more successful therapies in the future.
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Aghdassi AA, Mayerle J, Christochowitz S, Weiss FU, Sendler M, Lerch MM. Animal models for investigating chronic pancreatitis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:26. [PMID: 22133269 PMCID: PMC3274456 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is defined as a continuous or recurrent inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by progressive and irreversible morphological changes. It typically causes pain and permanent impairment of pancreatic function. In chronic pancreatitis areas of focal necrosis are followed by perilobular and intralobular fibrosis of the parenchyma, by stone formation in the pancreatic duct, calcifications in the parenchyma as well as the formation of pseudocysts. Late in the course of the disease a progressive loss of endocrine and exocrine function occurs. Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis no causal treatment for chronic pancreatitis is presently available. Thus, there is a need for well characterized animal models for further investigations that allow translation to the human situation. This review summarizes existing experimental models and distinguishes them according to the type of pathological stimulus used for induction of pancreatitis. There is a special focus on pancreatic duct ligation, repetitive overstimulation with caerulein and chronic alcohol feeding. Secondly, attention is drawn to genetic models that have recently been generated and which mimic features of chronic pancreatitis in man. Each technique will be supplemented with data on the pathophysiological background of the model and their limitations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Apte M, Pirola R, Wilson J. The fibrosis of chronic pancreatitis: new insights into the role of pancreatic stellate cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2711-22. [PMID: 21728885 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Prominent fibrosis is a major histological feature of chronic pancreatitis, a progressive necroinflammatory condition of the pancreas, most commonly associated with alcohol abuse. Patients with this disease often develop exocrine and endocrine insufficiency characterized by maldigestion and diabetes. Up until just over a decade ago, there was little understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. RECENT ADVANCES In recent times, significant progress has been made in this area, mostly due to the identification, isolation, and characterization of the cells, namely pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) that are now established as key players in pancreatic fibrogenesis. In health, PSCs maintain normal tissue architecture via regulation of the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. During pancreatic injury, PSCs transform into an activated phenotype that secretes excessive amounts of the ECM proteins that comprise fibrous tissue. CRITICAL ISSUES This Review summarizes current knowledge and critical aspects of PSC biology which have been increasingly well characterized over the past few years, particularly with respect to the response of PSCs to factors that stimulate or inhibit their activation and the intracellular signaling pathways governing these processes. Based on this knowledge, several therapeutic strategies have been examined in experimental models of pancreatic fibrosis, demonstrating that pancreatic fibrosis is a potentially reversible condition, at least in early stages. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These will involve translation of the laboratory findings into effective clinical approaches to prevent/inhibit PSC activation so as to prevent, retard, or reverse the fibrotic process in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ungefroren H, Sebens S, Seidl D, Lehnert H, Hass R. Interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:18. [PMID: 21914164 PMCID: PMC3180438 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in tumor biology have revealed that a detailed analysis of the complex interactions of tumor cells with their adjacent microenvironment (tumor stroma) is mandatory in order to understand the various mechanisms involved in tumor growth and the development of metastasis. The mutual interactions between tumor cells and cellular and non-cellular components (extracellular matrix = ECM) of the tumor microenvironment will eventually lead to a loss of tissue homeostasis and promote tumor development and progression. Thus, interactions of genetically altered tumor cells and the ECM on the one hand and reactive non-neoplastic cells on the other hand essentially control most aspects of tumorigenesis such as epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), migration, invasion (i.e. migration through connective tissue), metastasis formation, neovascularisation, apoptosis and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. In this mini-review we will focus on these issues that were recently raised by two review articles in CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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