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Cecchi N, Romanelli R, Ricevuti F, Carbone MG, Dinardo M, Cesarano E, De Michele A, Messere G, Morra S, Scognamiglio A, Spagnuolo MI. Bioactives in Oral Nutritional Supplementation: A Pediatric Point of View. Nutrients 2024; 16:2067. [PMID: 38999815 PMCID: PMC11243142 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) are crucial for supporting the nutritional needs of pediatric populations, particularly those with medical conditions or dietary deficiencies. Bioactive compounds within ONSs play a pivotal role in enhancing health outcomes by exerting various physiological effects beyond basic nutrition. However, the comprehensive understanding of these bioactives in pediatric ONSs remains elusive. OBJECTIVE This systematic narrative review aims to critically evaluate the existing literature concerning bioactive compounds present in oral nutritional supplements from a pediatric standpoint, focusing on their types, sources, bioavailability, physiological effects, and clinical implications. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across the major academic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, employing predefined search terms related to oral nutritional supplements, bioactives, and pediatrics. Studies published between 2013 and 2024 were considered eligible for inclusion. Data extraction and synthesis were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The initial search yielded 558 of articles, of which 72 met the inclusion criteria. The included studies encompassed a diverse range of bioactive compounds present in pediatric ONS formulations, including, but not limited to, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and phytonutrients. These bioactives were sourced from various natural and synthetic origins and were found to exert beneficial effects on growth, development, immune function, gastrointestinal health, cognitive function, and overall well-being in pediatric populations. However, variations in bioavailability, dosing, and clinical efficacy were noted across different compounds and formulations. CONCLUSIONS Bioactive compounds in oral nutritional supplements offer promising avenues for addressing the unique nutritional requirements and health challenges faced by pediatric populations. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the optimal composition, dosage, and clinical applications of these bioactives in pediatric ONS formulations. A deeper understanding of these bioactive compounds and their interplay with pediatric health may pave the way for personalized and effective nutritional interventions in pediatric clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cecchi
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Romanelli
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Ricevuti
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Carbone
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Dinardo
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cesarano
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Michele
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messere
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Morra
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Scognamiglio
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
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Yao X, Nie W, Chen X, Zhang J, Wei J, Qiu Y, Liu K, Shao D, Liu H, Ma Z, Li Z, Li B. Two Enterococcus faecium Isolates Demonstrated Modulating Effects on the Dysbiosis of Mice Gut Microbiota Induced by Antibiotic Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5405. [PMID: 38791443 PMCID: PMC11121104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently used to treat bacteria-induced infections, but the overuse of antibiotics may induce the gut microbiota dysbiosis and disrupt gastrointestinal tract function. Probiotics can be applied to restore disturbed gut microbiota and repair abnormal intestinal metabolism. In the present study, two strains of Enterococcus faecium (named DC-K7 and DC-K9) were isolated and characterized from the fecal samples of infant dogs. The genomic features of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were analyzed, the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme)-encoding genes were predicted, and their abilities to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were investigated. The bacteriocin-encoding genes in the genome sequences of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were analyzed, and the gene cluster of Enterolysin-A, which encoded a 401-amino-acid peptide, was predicted. Moreover, the modulating effects of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 on the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotics were analyzed. The current results demonstrated that oral administrations of E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 could enhance the relative abundances of beneficial microbes and decrease the relative abundances of harmful microbes. Therefore, the isolated E. faecium DC-K7 and DC-K9 were proven to be able to alter the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (W.N.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.); (K.L.); (D.S.); (H.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.Y.); (W.N.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.); (K.L.); (D.S.); (H.L.); (Z.M.)
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Park J, Nam KH, Nam BY, Kim G, Kim H, Lee KU, Song SC, Nam TW, Kim WK, Park JT, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Ko G, Han SH. Lactobacillus acidophilus KBL409 protects against kidney injury via improving mitochondrial function with chronic kidney disease. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03408-9. [PMID: 38705901 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent advances have led to greater recognition of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There has been evidence that CKD is also associated with dysbiosis. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether probiotic supplements can have protective effects against kidney injury via improving mitochondrial function. METHODS An animal model of CKD was induced by feeding C57BL/6 mice a diet containing 0.2% adenine. KBL409, a strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus, was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 1 × 109 CFU daily. To clarify the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics exert protective effects on mitochondria in CKD, primary mouse tubular epithelial cells stimulated with TGF-β and p-cresyl sulfate were administered with butyrate. RESULTS In CKD mice, PGC-1α and AMPK, key mitochondrial energy metabolism regulators, were down-regulated. In addition, mitochondrial dynamics shifted toward fission, the number of fragmented cristae increased, and mitochondrial mass decreased. These alterations were restored by KBL409 administration. KBL409 supplementation also improved defects in fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis and restored the suppressed enzyme levels involved in TCA cycle. Accordingly, there was a concomitant improvement in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production assessed by mitochondrial function assay. These favorable effects of KBL409 on mitochondria ultimately decreased kidney fibrosis in CKD mice. In vitro analyses with butyrate recapitulated the findings of animal study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus KBL409 protects against kidney injury via improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ki Heon Nam
- Division of Integrated Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoungnae Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Woon-Ki Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- KoBiolabs, Inc., Seoul, Korea
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Dai J, Mao J, Wei Y, Hou K, Luo XM, Wang H. Soybean Agglutinin Alters the Gut Microbiota and Promotes Inflammation in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:1039-1049. [PMID: 38224737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain foods can trigger flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lectins in edible plants have been reported to increase inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effects of 1-time intake of soybean agglutinin (SBA) on the gut microbiota and immune response in lupus-prone MRL/MpJ (MRL)/lpr mice. METHODS MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J (MRL/lpr) and MRL mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups (8 mice/group): MRL mice + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (CON), MRL mice + SBA (CS), MRL/lpr mice + PBS (LPR), and MRL/lpr + SBA (LS). PBS and SBA were orally administered at 16 wk of age, and all mice were killed 24 h after oral challenge. The disease phenotype, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and composition of the intestinal microbiota were determined. RESULTS Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the serum was significantly higher, whereas the level of serum IL-10 was significantly lower in LS mice than in LPR mice [fold change (FC) = 1.31 and FC = 0.36, respectively]. The expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spleen of LS mice were significantly higher than those in LPR mice (FC = 1.66 and FC = 1.96, respectively). The expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the kidney were also significantly higher in LS mice than in LPR mice (FC = 2.89, FC = 3.78, and FC = 2.02, respectively). The relative abundances of Erysipelotrichaceae and Turicibacter in LS mice were significantly higher than those in LPR mice (FC = 1.73 and FC = 1.74, respectively). The percentage of Breg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes was significantly lower in LS mice than in LPR mice (FC = 0.53) (P < 0.05). No change was found between SBA treatment or not in the control (MRL) mice. CONCLUSIONS One-time intake of SBA can promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, downregulate Breg cells, and alter the intestinal flora in MRL/lpr mice within 24 h of oral challenge, which may contribute to exacerbation of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Dai
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yusen Wei
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangwei Hou
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhang QR, Dong Y, Fan JG. Early-life exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus predisposes offspring to pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023:S1499-3872(23)00245-X. [PMID: 38195352 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the prevailing chronic liver disease in the pediatric population due to the global obesity pandemic. Evidence shows that prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal abnormalities leads to a higher risk of pediatric NAFLD through persistent alterations in developmental programming. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a hyperglycemic syndrome which has become the most prevalent complication in pregnant women. An increasing number of both epidemiologic investigations and animal model studies have validated adverse and long-term outcomes in offspring following GDM exposure in utero. Similarly, GDM is considered a crucial risk factor for pediatric NAFLD. This review aimed to summarize currently published studies concerning the inductive roles of GDM in offspring NAFLD development during childhood and adolescence. Dysregulations in hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in offspring, as well as dysfunctions in the placenta are potential factors in the pathogenesis of GDM-associated pediatric NAFLD. In addition, potentially effective interventions for GDM-associated offspring NAFLD are also discussed in this review. However, most of these therapeutic approaches still require further clinical research for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ren Zhang
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Sun A, Park P, Cole L, Vaidya H, Maegawa S, Keith K, Calendo G, Madzo J, Jelinek J, Jobin C, Issa JPJ. Non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related CpG Island methylation in colonic mucosa. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2160568. [PMID: 36572998 PMCID: PMC9980687 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2160568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic process altered in cancer and ageing. Age-related methylation drift can be used to estimate lifespan and can be influenced by extrinsic factors such as diet. Here, we report that non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related methylation drift in the colon when compared with germ-free mice. DNA methylation analyses showed that microbiota and IL10KO were associated with changes in 5% and 4.1% of CpG sites, while mice with both factors had 18% alterations. Microbiota, IL10KO, and their combination altered 0.4%, 0.4%, and 4% of CpG island methylation, respectively. These are comparable to what is seen in colon cancer. Ageing changes were accelerated in the IL10KO mice with microbiota, and the affected genes were more likely to be altered in colon cancer. Thus, the microbiota affect DNA methylation of the colon in patterns reminiscent of what is observed in ageing and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Sun
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pyounghwa Park
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Lauren Cole
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Himani Vaidya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Kelsey Keith
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J. Issa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
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Wenger NM, Qiao L, Nicola T, Nizami Z, Martin I, Halloran BA, Tanaka K, Evans M, Xu X, Dinan TG, Kakilla C, DunnGalvin G, Ambalavanan N, Willis KA, Gaggar A, Lal CV. Clinical trial of a probiotic and herbal supplement for lung health. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1168582. [PMID: 37384109 PMCID: PMC10293651 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1168582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may augment lung disease via the gut-lung axis. Proteobacteria may contribute to tissue proteolysis followed by neutrophil recruitment, lung tissue injury, and perpetuation of chronic inflammation. To study the effects of probiotics across the gut-lung axis, we sought to determine if a Lactobacillus probiotic and herbal blend was safe and well-tolerated in healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients. Methods We conducted a 1-month randomized, open-label clinical trial in Cork, Ireland with healthy and asthmatic patients who took the blend twice a day. The primary endpoint was safety with exploratory endpoints including quality of life, lung function, gut microbiome ecology, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results All subjects tolerated the blend without adverse events. Asthmatic subjects who took the blend showed significant improvements in lung function as measured by forced expiratory volume and serum short chain fatty acid levels from baseline to Week 4. The gut microbiome of asthmatic subjects differed significantly from controls, with the most prominent difference in the relative abundance of the proteobacteria Escherichia coli. Administration of the probiotic maintained overall microbial community architecture with the only significant difference being an increase in absolute abundance of the probiotic strains measured by strain-specific PCR. Conclusion This study supports the safety and efficacy potential of a Lactobacillus probiotic plus herbal blend to act on the gut-lung axis. However, due to the lack of a control group, a longer blinded, placebo-controlled study will be warranted to confirm the efficacy improvements observed in this trial. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05173168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Wenger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Luhua Qiao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Teodora Nicola
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zoha Nizami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Isaac Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Brian A. Halloran
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael Evans
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kent A. Willis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Charitharth Vivek Lal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Bidirectional Regulation of Sodium Acetate on Macrophage Activity and Its Role in Lipid Metabolism of Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065536. [PMID: 36982619 PMCID: PMC10051801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the intestinal flora that are closely related to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moreover, studies have shown that macrophages have an important role in the progression of NAFLD and that a dose effect of sodium acetate (NaA) on the regulation of macrophage activity alleviates NAFLD; however, the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effect and mechanism of NaA on regulating the activity of macrophages. RAW264.7 and Kupffer cells cell lines were treated with LPS and different concentrations of NaA (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 5 mM). Low doses of NaA (0.1 mM, NaA-L) significantly increased the expression of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β); it also increased the phosphorylation of inflammatory proteins nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and c-Jun (p < 0.05), and the M1 polarization ratio of RAW264.7 or Kupffer cells. Contrary, a high concentration of NaA (2 mM, NaA-H) reduced the inflammatory responses of macrophages. Mechanistically, high doses of NaA increased intracellular acetate concentration in macrophages, while a low dose had the opposite effect, consisting of the trend of changes in regulated macrophage activity. Besides, GPR43 and/or HDACs were not involved in the regulation of macrophage activity by NaA. NaA significantly increased total intracellular cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and lipid synthesis gene expression levels in macrophages and hepatocytes at either high or low concentrations. Furthermore, NaA regulated the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio and AMPK activity, achieving a bidirectional regulation of macrophage activity, in which the PPARγ/UCP2/AMPK/iNOS/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway has an important role. In addition, NaA can regulate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by NaA-driven macrophage factors through the above-mentioned mechanism. The results revealed that the mode of NaA bi-directionally regulating the macrophages further affects hepatocyte lipid accumulation.
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Wenger NM, Qiao L, Nicola T, Nizami Z, Xu X, Willis KA, Ambalavanan N, Gaggar A, Lal CV. Efficacy of a Probiotic and Herbal Supplement in Models of Lung Inflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112136. [PMID: 36363728 PMCID: PMC9699185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with lung disease through the gut-lung axis. Abundant proteobacteria increase MMP-9 and contribute to tissue proteolysis followed by neutrophil recruitment, lung tissue injury, and perpetuation of chronic lung disease. We sought to determine if a scientifically formulated probiotic and herbal supplement could attenuate neutrophilic inflammation and improve lung structure and function in models of lung inflammation. Methods: For in vitro experiments, epithelial cells exposed to proteobacteria were treated with resB—a blend of three probiotic Lactobacillus strains and turmeric, holy basil, and vasaka herbal extracts. For in vivo experimentation, mice exposed to pulmonary proteobacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide were treated by gavage with resB. Results: In vitro, the bacterial and herbal components of resB decreased activity of the MMP-9 pathway. Mice exposed to LPS and pre- and post-treated with resB had decreased neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum, and lung tissue compared to untreated mice. Conclusions: This study describes the mechanisms and efficacy of probiotic and herbal blend in pre-clinical models of lung injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luhua Qiao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Teodora Nicola
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Zoha Nizami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Kent A. Willis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Charitharth Vivek Lal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-667-295-7372
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a contributory factor in ageing-related health loss and in several non-communicable diseases in all age groups. Some age-linked and disease-linked compositional and functional changes overlap, while others are distinct. In this Review, we explore targeted studies of the gut microbiome of older individuals and general cohort studies across geographically distinct populations. We also address the promise of the targeted restoration of microorganisms associated with healthier ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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11
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Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080848. [PMID: 36012836 PMCID: PMC9410249 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolepiota procera (MP) is an edible mushroom used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and inflammation. However, the structure and biological effects of its polysaccharides (PSs) are unclear. This study investigates the structural features of a PS complex from MP (MP-PSC), its immunomodulatory activities and effects on probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. MP-PSC was obtained by boiling water, and PSs were characterized by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The immunomodulatory effects on blood and derived neutrophils, other leukocytes, and murine macrophages were studied by flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, and ELISA. The total carbohydrate content of MP-PSC was 74.2%, with glycogen occupying 36.7%, followed by β-D-glucan, α-L-fuco-2-(1,6)-D-galactan, and β-D-glucomannan. MP-PSC (200 μg/mL) increased the number of CD14+ monocyte cells in the blood, after ex vivo incubation for 24 h. It dose-dependently (50–200 μg/mL) activated the spontaneous oxidative burst of whole blood phagocytes, NO, and interleukin 6 productions in RAW264.7 cells. MP-PSC exhibited a low antioxidant activity and failed to suppress the oxidative burst and NO generation, induced by inflammatory agents. It (2.0%, w/v) stimulated probiotic co-cultures and hindered the growth and biofilm development of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella enterica. MP PSs can be included in synbiotics to test their immunostimulating effects on compromised immune systems and gut health.
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12
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Cheng X, Zhou T, He Y, Xie Y, Xu Y, Huang W. The role and mechanism of butyrate in the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961536. [PMID: 36016798 PMCID: PMC9396028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of the end-stage renal disease and is a major burden on the healthcare system. The current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the progression of DKD recognizes the involvement of oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and fibrosis. Several circulating metabolites that are the end products of the fermentation process, released by the gut microbiota, are known to be associated with systemic immune-inflammatory responses and kidney injury. This phenomenon has been recognized as the “gut–kidney axis.” Butyrate is produced predominantly by gut microbiota fermentation of dietary fiber and undigested carbohydrates. In addition to its important role as a fuel for colonic epithelial cells, butyrate has been demonstrated to ameliorate obesity, diabetes, and kidney diseases via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). It also acts as an epigenetic regulator by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC), up-regulation of miRNAs, or induction of the histone butyrylation and autophagy processes. This review aims to outline the existing literature on the treatment of DKD by butyrate in animal models and cell culture experiments, and to explore the protective effects of butyrate on DKD and the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Tingting Zhou,
| | - Yanqiu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Yumei Xie
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xu,
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Wei Huang,
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13
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Kim HJ, An J, Ha EM. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived metabolites sensitize the tumor-suppressive effects of butyrate by regulating the functional expression of SMCT1 in 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells. J Microbiol 2021; 60:100-117. [PMID: 34964946 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A critical obstacle to the successful treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is chemoresistance. Chemoresistant CRC cells contribute to treatment failure by providing a mechanism of drug lethargy and modifying chemoresistance-associated molecules. The gut microbiota provide prophylactic and therapeutic effects by targeting CRC through anticancer mechanisms. Among them, Lactobacillus plantarum contributes to the health of the host and is clinically effective in treating CRC. This study confirmed that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant CRC HCT116 (HCT116/5FUR) cells acquired butyrate-insensitive properties. To date, the relationship between 5-FU-resistant CRC and butyrate resistance has not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the acquisition of butyrate resistance in HCT116/5FUR cells was strongly correlated with the inhibition of the expression and function of SMCT1, a major transporter of butyrate in colonocytes. L. plantarum-cultured cell-free supernatant (LP) restored the functional expression of SMCT1 in HCT116/5FUR cells, leading to butyrate-induced antiproliferative effect and apoptosis. These results suggest that LP has a synergistic effect on the SMCT1/butyrate-mediated tumor suppressor function and is a potential chemosensitizer to overcome dual 5-FU and butyrate resistance in HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeJin An
- Medical Convergence Textile Center, Gyeongbuk Techno Park, Gyeongsan, 38408, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Raheem A, Wang M, Zhang J, Liang L, Liang R, Yin Y, Zhu Y, Yang W, Wang L, Lv X, Jia Y, Qin T, Zhang G. The probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strain RW1 isolated from canine faeces. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2306-2322. [PMID: 34709709 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluation the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strain RW1 isolated from healthy dogs for its further utilization as a dietary supplement for dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic potential of L. plantarum strain RW1 isolated from canine faeces. After confirming by conventional and then by 16S rRNA sequencing, the identified strain RW1 was in vitro screened for its survivability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, low pH, bile salts and adhesion to gut epithelial tissues, growth inhibitory effects on common pathogens and anti-inflammatory potential by measuring the mRNA expression level of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ꞵ in Salmonella-infected MODE-K cells. Furthermore, the effects on epithelial barrier function and host defensin peptide (beta-defensin 3) was studied by measuring the mRNA expression level of tight junction protein (occludin) and beta-defensin 3 in MODE-K cells. The strain RW1 showed a considerable potential to survive in simulated gastrointestinal environmental conditions, low pH and high bile salt concentrations along with good adhesion to MODE-K cell line. Pathogenic bacterial growth and their adhesion to MODE-K cell line were significantly inhibited by the strain RW1. Real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that the strain RW1 inhibited Salmonella-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1ꞵ) production and reinforced the expression of tight junction protein (occludin). The strain RW1 did not induce mRNA expression of beta-defensin 3. CONCLUSION Based on in vitro results, the strain RW1 has the potential to be used as a probiotic supplement in dogs. However, further study involving in vivo health effects is needed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Antibiotics have many side effects and nowadays the probiotics are considered as a potential alternative to antibiotics. This study evaluates the probiotic potential of dog isolated L. plantarum strain RW1 to use it as a dietary supplement in dogs feeding to control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, China
| | - Yali Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Weifang Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Xueze Lv
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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15
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Li W, Deng M, Gong J, Zhang X, Ge S, Zhao L. Sodium Acetate Inhibit TGF-β1-Induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells by Restoring AMPK or c-Jun Signaling. Front Nutr 2021; 8:729583. [PMID: 34660662 PMCID: PMC8515000 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.729583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are crucial gut microbial metabolites that play a major role in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis (HF). However, the effect of SCFAs on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major pro-fibrogenic cells, is yet undefined. In this study, the effects of three major SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were assessed on the activation of HSCs. LX2 cells were activated with TGF-β1 and treated with sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), or sodium butyrate (NaB). SCFA treatment significantly reduced the protein levels of α-SMA and the phosphorylation of Smad2 and decreased the mRNA expression of Acta2/Col1a1/Fn in cells compared to the TGF-β1 treatment. Among the three SCFAs, NaA revealed the best efficacy at alleviating TGF-β1-induced LX2 cell activation. Additionally, acetate accumulated in the cells, and G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 silencing did not have any impact on the inhibition of LX2 cell activation by NaA. These findings indicated that NaA enters into the cells to inhibit LX2 cell activation independent of GPR43. The results of phosphokinase array kit and Western blot indicated that NaA increased the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun in cultured LX2 cells, and siRNA-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) -γ abolished the inhibitory effects of NaA against TGF-β1-induced LX2 cell activation. In conclusion, this study showed that NaA inhibited LX2 cell activation by activating the AMPK/PPARγ and blocking the c-Jun signaling pathways. Thus, SCFAs might represent a novel and viable approach for alleviating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Shaoyang Ge
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Gut Microbiome Alteration after Reboxetine Administration in Type-1 Diabetic Rats. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091948. [PMID: 34576843 PMCID: PMC8465486 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants are drugs commonly used in clinical settings. However, there are very limited studies on the effects of these drugs on the gut microbiota. Herein, we evaluated the effect of reboxetine (RBX), a selective norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitor (NRI), on gut microbiota in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. This is the first report of relation between reboxetine use and the gut microbiota to our knowledge. In this study, type-1 diabetes induced by using streptozotocin (STZ) and RBX was administered to diabetic rats and healthy controls for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, stool samples were collected. Following DNA extraction, amplicon libraries for the V3-V4 region were prepared and sequenced with the Illumina Miseq platform. QIIME was used for preprocessing and analysis of the data. As a result, RBX had a significant effect on gut microbiota structure and composition in diabetic and healthy rats. For example, RBX exposure had a pronounced microbial signature in both groups, with a low Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and low Lactobacillus levels. While another abundance phylum after exposure to RBX was Proteabacteria, other notable taxa in the diabetic group included Flavobacterium, Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacteriaceae, Campylobacterales, and Pasteurellacae when compared to the untreated group.
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17
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Singh D, Gupta S. Butyrate: A Review on Beneficial Pharmacological and Therapeutic Effect. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999201029210912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generally acetate, propionate along with
butyrate, are aliphatic organic acids formed in the gut mucosa through bacterial fermentation of
mostly undigested nutritional carbohydrates, again to a minor degree by natural and dietary proteins,
such as mucous and shed epithelial cells.
Methods::
Many sources were used to collect information about Butyrate, such as Pub med, Google
Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus and other reliable sources.
:
Endogenous butyrate formation, absorption, and transportation by colon cells have now been well
acknowledged. Butyrate exerts its action features by way of appearing as a histone deacetylase inhibitor,
even signaling through a few protein receptors. Lately, butyrate has received special consideration
for its favorable result on intestinal equilibrium and also energy metabolism. There is a
growing interest in butyrate as its impact on epigenetic mechanisms will result in much more certain
and also efficacious healing techniques for the prevention and therapy of various diseases that
range from genetic conditions to other body disorders.
Conclusion::
With this assessment, we compile the existing information on the attributes of butyrate,
particularly its potential effects and also mechanisms involved in cancer, inflammation, diabetes
mellitus, neurological and cardiovascular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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18
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Oral Administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Ameliorates the Progression of Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Joint Pain and Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051057. [PMID: 33946919 PMCID: PMC8146916 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and age-related degenerative joint disorder, which adversely affects quality of life and causes disability. However, the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear. This study was performed to examine the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in OA progression. OA was induced in 6-week-old male Wistar rats by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) injection, and the effects of oral administration of L. rhamnosus were examined in this OA rat model. Pain severity, cartilage destruction, and inflammation were measured in MIA-induced OA rats. The small intestines were isolated from OA rats, and the intestinal structure and inflammation were measured. Protein expression in the dorsal root ganglion was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of L. rhamnosus on mRNA and protein expression in chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pain severity was decreased in L. rhamnosus-treated MIA-induced OA rats. The levels of expression of MCP-1, a potential inflammatory cytokine, and its receptor, CCR2, were decreased, and GABA and PPAR-γ expression were increased in L. rhamnosus-treated OA rats. The inflammation, as determined by IL-1β, and cartilage destruction, as determined by MMP3, were also significantly decreased by L. rhamnosus in OA rats. Additionally, intestinal damage and inflammation were improved by L. rhamnosus. In human OA chondrocytes, TIMP1, TIMP3, SOX9, and COL2A1 which are tissue inhibitors of MMP, and IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, were increased by L. rhamnosus. L. rhamnosus treatment led to decreased pain severity and cartilage destruction in a rat model of OA. Intestinal damage and inflammation were also decreased by L. rhamnosus treatment. Our findings suggested the therapeutic potential of L. rhamnosus in OA.
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19
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Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota. Biochem J 2021; 478:975-995. [PMID: 33661278 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nutrients absorbed in the proximal small intestine and assimilated in different tissues have a profound effect on overall energy homeostasis, determined by a balance between body's energy intake and expenditure. In obesity, altered intestinal absorption and consequently tissue assimilation of nutrients may disturb the energy balance leading to metabolic abnormalities at the cellular level. The absorption of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids released from food digestion require high-capacity transporter proteins expressed in the intestinal epithelial absorptive cells. Furthermore, nutrient sensing by specific transporters/receptors expressed in the epithelial enteroendocrine cells triggers release of gut hormones involved in regulating energy homeostasis via their effects on appetite and food intake. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated complications. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor contributing to obesity via its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and energy harvest from dietary fiber, undigested component of food, in the large intestine. Various mechanisms of microbiota effects on obesity have been implicated. However, the impact of obesity-associated microbiota on the intestinal nutrient transporters needs extensive investigation. This review marshals the limited studies addressing the altered structure and function of the gut epithelium in obesity with special emphasis on nutrient transporters and role of diet and microbiota. The review also discusses the thoughts and controversies and research gaps in this field.
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20
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Shrivastav MT, Malik Z, Somlata. Revisiting Drug Development Against the Neglected Tropical Disease, Amebiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:628257. [PMID: 33718258 PMCID: PMC7943716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.628257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. This disease is one of the leading causes of diarrhea globally, affecting largely impoverished residents in developing countries. Amebiasis also remains one of the top causes of gastrointestinal diseases in returning international travellers. Despite having many side effects, metronidazole remains the drug of choice as an amebicidal tissue-active agent. However, emergence of metronidazole resistance in pathogens having similar anaerobic metabolism and also in laboratory strains of E. histolytica has necessitated the identification and development of new drug targets and therapeutic strategies against the parasite. Recent research in the field of amebiasis has led to a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolic and cellular pathways and hence has been useful in identifying new drug targets. On the other hand, new molecules effective against amebiasis have been mined by modifying available compounds, thereby increasing their potency and efficacy and also by repurposing existing approved drugs. This review aims at compiling and examining up to date information on promising drug targets and drug molecules for the treatment of amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish T Shrivastav
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zainab Malik
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Somlata
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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21
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Zhou J, Wu S, Qi G, Fu Y, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang J. Dietary supplemental xylooligosaccharide modulates nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in laying hens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:152-162. [PMID: 33997343 PMCID: PMC8110867 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the prebiotic effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide (XOS) supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in laying hens. In a 12-wk experiment, a total of 288 Hy-Line Brown layers at 50 wk of age were randomly assigned into 3 dietary treatments supplemented with XOS at 0, 200 or 400 mg/kg. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 12 birds each. Hens fed XOS diets showed a lower feed-to-egg ratio during wk 7 to 12 and a higher egg yolk color value in wk 12 compared with those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Dietary XOS supplementation improved the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen at the end of the 12th wk (P < 0.05). In addition, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the ileum was observed in XOS-added groups (P < 0.05). The high throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA revealed that dietary XOS supplementation at 200 mg/kg altered cecal microbiota. Alpha diversity analysis illustrated a higher cecal bacterial richness in birds fed with XOS at 200 mg/kg. The composition of cecal microbiota modulated by the XOS addition was characterized by an increased abundance of Firmicutes along with a reduced abundance of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, dietary XOS supplementation triggered decreases in Bacteroides and Campylobacter concurrent with increases in Lactobacillus and several short chain fatty acid producers including Desulfovibrio, Faecalitalea, Faecalicoccus, and 5 genera of family Lachnospiraceae. Collectively, dietary XOS addition improved the feed conversion ratio by modulating nutrient digestibility and ileal morphology in laying hens, which could be attributed to the enhancement of bacterial diversity and alteration of microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhou
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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22
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Qi C, Wang P, Fu T, Lu M, Cai Y, Chen X, Cheng L. A comprehensive review for gut microbes: technologies, interventions, metabolites and diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 20:42-60. [PMID: 33554248 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes have attracted much more attentions in the recent decade since their essential roles in the development of metabolic diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. Considerable evidence indicates that the metabolism of gut microbes exert influences on intestinal homeostasis and human diseases. Here, we first reviewed two mainstream sequencing technologies involving 16s rRNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing for gut microbes, and data analysis methods assessing alpha and beta diversity. Next, we introduced some observational studies reflecting that many factors, such as lifestyle and intake of diets, drugs, contribute to gut microbes' quantity and diversity. Then, metabolites produced by gut microbes were presented to understand that gut microbes exert on host homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium and immune system. Finally, we focused on the molecular mechanism of gut microbes on the occurrence and development of several common diseases. In-depth knowledge of the relationship among interventions, gut microbes and diseases might provide new insights in to disease prevention and treatment.
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Spangler JR, Caruana JC, Medintz IL, Walper SA. Harnessing the potential of Lactobacillus species for therapeutic delivery at the lumenal-mucosal interface. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO671. [PMID: 33815818 PMCID: PMC8015674 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species have been studied for over 30 years in their role as commensal organisms in the human gut. Recently there has been a surge of interest in their abilities to natively and recombinantly stimulate immune activities, and studies have identified strains and novel molecules that convey particular advantages for applications as both immune adjuvants and immunomodulators. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in Lactobacillus-related activity at the gut/microbiota interface, the efforts to probe the boundaries of the direct and indirect therapeutic potential of these bacteria, and highlight the continued interest in harnessing the native capacity for the production of biogenic compounds shown to influence nervous system activity. Taken together, these aspects underscore Lactobacillus species as versatile therapeutic delivery vehicles capable of effector production at the lumenal-mucosal interface, and further establish a foundation of efficacy upon which future engineered strains can expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Spangler
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow sited in US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Julie C Caruana
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow sited in US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Scott A Walper
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
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24
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de la Garza AL, Romero-Delgado B, Martínez-Tamez AM, Cárdenas-Tueme M, Camacho-Zamora BD, Matta-Yee-Chig D, Sánchez-Tapia M, Torres N, Camacho-Morales A. Maternal Sweeteners Intake Modulates Gut Microbiota and Exacerbates Learning and Memory Processes in Adult Male Offspring. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:746437. [PMID: 35071124 PMCID: PMC8777273 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.746437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that gut microbiota in offspring is derived in part from maternal environment such as diet. Thus, sweeteners intake including caloric or non-caloric during perinatal period can induce gut dysbiosis and program the offspring to develop cognitive problems later in life. Objective: To determine the effect of maternal high-sweeteners intake during gestation and lactation on gut microbiota shifts in adult male offspring rats and the impact on cognitive dysfunction. Methods: Thirty-four male pups from dams fed standard diet (Control-C, n = 10), high-sucrose diet (HS-C, n = 11), high-honey diet (Ho-C, n = 8), and high-stevia diet (HSt-C, n = 5) were fed standard diet after weaning, and body weight and food intake were recorded once a week for 26 weeks. Learning and memory tests were performed at week 23 of life using the Barnes maze. Fecal samples from the breastfeeding and adulthood periods were collected and analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region of gut microbiota. Results: Maternal high-sucrose and stevia diets programmed the male offspring, and changes in microbial diversity by Shannon index were observed after weaning (p < 0.01). Furthermore, maternal high-stevia diet programming lasted into adulthood. The increase of Firmicutes abundance and the decrease in phylum Bacteroidetes were significant in HS-C and HSt-C groups. This led to an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes index, although only in HS-C group was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Of note, the downstream gram-negative Bacteroidales and the upregulation of the gram-positive Clostridiales abundance contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion: These results suggest that dams fed a high-sucrose and stevia diets during gestation and lactation favor a deficient memory performance in adult male offspring rats through shifts gut microbiota diversity and relative abundance at several taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura de la Garza
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Bianca Romero-Delgado
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mayela Martínez-Tamez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Bianka Dianey Camacho-Zamora
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Genómica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniel Matta-Yee-Chig
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Genómica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Monterrey, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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25
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Minj J, Chandra P, Paul C, Sharma RK. Bio-functional properties of probiotic Lactobacillus: current applications and research perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2207-2224. [PMID: 32519883 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1774496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria as a starter culture are very important component in the fermentation process of dairy and food industry. Application of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic bacteria adds more functionality to the developed product. Gut colonizing bacteria have attractive benefits related to human health. Bio-functional properties such as antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory, ACE-inhibitory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities are the most applicable research areas of lactic acid bacteria. Different strains of Lactobacillus are generally consumed as probiotics and colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes these bacteria may possess antimicrobial activity and may positively influence the effect of antibiotics. Use of Lactobacillus spp. for the development of functional foods is one of the promising areas of current research and applications. Individual bacterial species have unique biological activity, which may vary from strains to strains and identification of this uniqueness could be helpful in the development of functional and therapeutic food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrani Minj
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Innovation Campus (NIC), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Catherine Paul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Innovation Campus (NIC), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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26
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Study of the Histopathologic Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus in Exposure to E. coli O157: H7 in Zebrafish Intestine. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.99400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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27
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Wedgwood S, Gerard K, Halloran K, Hanhauser A, Monacelli S, Warford C, Thai PN, Chiamvimonvat N, Lakshminrusimha S, Steinhorn RH, Underwood MA. Intestinal Dysbiosis and the Developing Lung: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Gut-Lung Axis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32194566 PMCID: PMC7066082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In extremely premature infants, postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) is common and increases the risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Mechanisms by which poor nutrition impacts lung development are unknown, but alterations in the gut microbiota appear to play a role. In a rodent model, PNGR plus hyperoxia causes BPD and PH and increases intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, Gram-negative organisms that stimulate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We hypothesized that intestinal dysbiosis activates intestinal TLR4 triggering systemic inflammation which impacts lung development. Methods Rat pups were assigned to litters of 17 (PNGR) or 10 (normal growth) at birth and exposed to room air or 75% oxygen for 14 days. Half of the pups were treated with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 from birth or beginning at day 3. After 14 days, pulmonary arterial pressure was evaluated by echocardiography and hearts were examined for right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Lungs and serum samples were analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Postnatal growth restriction + hyperoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure and RVH with trends toward increased plasma IL1β and decreased IκBα, the inhibitor of NFκB, in lung tissue. Treatment with the TLR4 inhibitor attenuated PH and inflammation. Conclusion Postnatal growth restriction induces an increase in intestinal Enterobacteriaceae leading to PH. Activation of the TLR4 pathway is a promising mechanism by which intestinal dysbiosis impacts the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wedgwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly Gerard
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Katrina Halloran
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ashley Hanhauser
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sveva Monacelli
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Cris Warford
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Phung N Thai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | | | - Robin H Steinhorn
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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28
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Mekonnen SA, Merenstein D, Fraser CM, Marco ML. Molecular mechanisms of probiotic prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:226-234. [PMID: 32087535 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common and unintended adverse effect of antibiotic treatment. It is characterized by the disruption of the gut microbiota, decreased intestinal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, accumulation of luminal carbohydrates and colonic bile acids, altered water absorption, and ultimately diarrhea. Probiotics were shown to prevent AAD in numerous clinical trials. This review examines what is currently known about how probiotics reduce the risk for AAD via modulating the gut microbiota, altering nutrient and bile acid metabolism, inducing epithelial solute transporter activity, supporting intestinal barrier function, and influencing the immune system. Although probiotics are frequently prescribed with antibiotic use, mechanistic evidence verifying how they confer protection against AAD is extremely limited. This information is urgently needed for improving recommendations for sustaining probiotic development and for implementing probiotics in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mekonnen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Merenstein
- Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire M Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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29
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Arvonen M, Vänni P, Sarangi AN, V Tejesvi M, Vähäsalo P, Aggarwal A, Stoll ML. Microbial orchestra in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Sounds of disarray? Immunol Rev 2019; 294:9-26. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miika Arvonen
- Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University HospitalUniversity of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Petri Vänni
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Genobiomics LLC Oulu Finland
| | - Aditya Narayan Sarangi
- Biomedical Informatics Center Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow India
| | - Mysore V Tejesvi
- Genobiomics LLC Oulu Finland
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- PEDEGO Research Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow India
| | - Matthew L Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
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30
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Yun S, Guo Y, Yang L, Zhang X, Shen W, Wang Z, Wen S, Zhao D, Wu H, Chen J, Sun Y, Duan Z. Effects of oral florfenicol on intestinal structure, function and microbiota in mice. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:161-169. [PMID: 31549206 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many kinds of antibiotics have effects on intestinal structure and function. In the current experimental study, we evaluate the effect of oral florfenicol on intestinal barrier in mice. Thirty adult male mice were randomly divided into two groups, the group none (N) and the group florfenicol (F), the mice in group F were orally administered florfenicol 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 7 days. At day 8, mice were euthanized and sampled for the analysis of alterations in genes and proteins from jejunum, jejunum morphology and microbiota analysis. Administration of florfenicol caused higher liver index (P < 0.05). In the jejunum, mucosa injury and villus rupture, compared with the group N, the villus length and V/C (villus length/crypt depth) in group F were marked decrease (P < 0.01). The transcription level of Muc2 and occludin in group F were significantly lower than those in group N (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The expression of APRIL, IL-17, IL-22, BAFF and sIgA on protein level were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), while the expression of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-4 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01) in group F. The abundances of bacteria in Firmicutes and Lactobacillus decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in group F. Our results indicated that oral administration of florfenicol might have a negative impact on functions of intestinal mucosal barrier, immune system and the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Yun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.,Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yurong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiqi Shen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Haiping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yaogui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Zhibian Duan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
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31
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Adenovirus infection is associated with altered gut microbial communities in a non-human primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13410. [PMID: 31527752 PMCID: PMC6746978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) infections are one of the main causes of diarrhea in young children. Enteric AdVs probably disrupt gut microbial defences, which can result in diarrhea. To understand the role of the gut microbiome in AdV-induced pathologies, we investigated the gut microbiome of a naturally AdV-infected non-human primate species, the Malagasy mouse lemur (Microcebus griseorufus), which represents an important model in understanding the evolution of diseases. We observed that AdV infection is associated with disruption of the gut microbial community composition. In AdV+ lemurs, several commensal taxa essential for a healthy gut microbiome decreased, whereas genera containing potential pathogens, such as Neisseria, increased in abundance. Microbial co-occurrence networks revealed a loss of important microbial community interactions in AdV+ lemurs and an overrepresentation of Prevotellaceae. The observation of enteric virus-associated loss of commensal bacteria and associated shifts towards pathobionts may represent the missing link for a better understanding of AdV-induced effects in humans, and also for their potential as drivers of co-infections, an area of research that has been largely neglected so far.
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32
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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33
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Lee SM, Kim N, Nam RH, Park JH, Choi SI, Park YT, Kim YR, Seok YJ, Shin CM, Lee DH. Gut microbiota and butyrate level changes associated with the long-term administration of proton pump inhibitors to old rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6626. [PMID: 31036935 PMCID: PMC6488615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between adverse effects of PPI and gut microbiota in old age has yet to be elucidated. We assessed changes in the gut microbiota and butyrate levels following the long-term administration of PPIs to old rats and investigated their associations. F344 aged male rats were fed a PPI-supplemented diet for 50 weeks. The ileal microbiota was analysed by metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA, while the butyrate concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. We observed a significant decrease in microbial diversity following PPI administration in the 2-year-old rats but not in the 74-week-old rats. PPI treatment reduced both commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens, particularly in the 2-year-old rats. Enterotypes comprising the majority of the control samples were enriched in Lactobacillus, while other enterotypes in the PPI group were dominated by Turicibacter or Romboutsia. The PPI treatment reduced the butyrate concentrations in the intestines and colons of 74-week-old rats compared to the control group. The abundance of Lactobacillus significantly correlated with butyrate concentrations in 74-week-old rats. In conclusion, long-term administration of PPIs alters the gut microbiota and butyrate concentrations in rats, particularly in old age, which may be an underlying mechanism of PPI-induced adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Tae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Natural Products Research Institute, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ran Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Underwood MA. Probiotics and the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:405-412. [PMID: 30241961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immaturity of the host immune system and alterations in the intestinal microbiome appear to be key factors in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The aim of this paper is to weigh the evidence for the use of probiotics to prevent NEC in premature infants. METHODS Animal studies, randomized controlled trials, observational cohort studies and meta-analyses involving administration of probiotic products for the prevention of NEC were reviewed. This review of the evidence summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data. RESULTS In animal models probiotic microbes alter the intestinal microbiome, decrease inflammation and intestinal permeability and decrease the incidence and severity of experimental NEC. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials and cohort studies of premature infants, probiotic microbes decrease the risk of NEC, death and sepsis. CONCLUSION Evidence is strong for the prevention of NEC with the use of combination probiotics in premature infants who receive breast milk. The potential risks and benefits of probiotic administration to premature infants should be carefully reviewed with parents. TYPE OF STUDY Therapeutic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Division of Neonatology, University of California Davis, Ticon 2, Suite 253, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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35
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Evers R, Piquette-Miller M, Polli JW, Russel FGM, Sprowl JA, Tohyama K, Ware JA, de Wildt SN, Xie W, Brouwer KLR. Disease-Associated Changes in Drug Transporters May Impact the Pharmacokinetics and/or Toxicity of Drugs: A White Paper From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:900-915. [PMID: 29756222 PMCID: PMC6424581 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporters are critically important for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of many drugs and endogenous compounds. Therefore, disruption of these pathways by inhibition, induction, genetic polymorphisms, or disease can have profound effects on overall physiology, drug pharmacokinetics, drug efficacy, and toxicity. This white paper provides a review of changes in transporter function associated with acute and chronic disease states, describes regulatory pathways affecting transporter expression, and identifies opportunities to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Evers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Polli
- Mechanistic Safety and Drug Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason A Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, D'Youville College School, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joseph A Ware
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Intensive Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Silva JCP, Mota M, Martins FO, Nogueira C, Gonçalves T, Carneiro T, Pinto J, Duarte D, Barros AS, Jones JG, Gil AM. Intestinal Microbial and Metabolic Profiling of Mice Fed with High-Glucose and High-Fructose Diets. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2880-2891. [PMID: 29923728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased sugar intake is implicated in Type-2 diabetes and fatty liver disease; however, the mechanisms through which glucose and fructose promote these conditions are unclear. We hypothesize that alterations in intestinal metabolite and microbiota profiles specific to each monosaccharide are involved. Two groups of six adult C57BL/6 mice were fed for 10-weeks with diets with glucose (G) or fructose (F) as sole carbohydrates, and a third group was fed with a normal chow carbohydrate mixture (N). Fecal metabolites were profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microbial composition by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Although N, G and F mice exhibited similar weight gains (with slight slower gains for F) and glucose tolerance, multivariate analysis of NMR data indicated that F mice were separated from N and G, with decreased butyrate and glutamate and increased fructose, succinate, taurine, tyrosine, and xylose. The different sugar diets also resulted in distinct intestinal microbiota profiles. That associated with fructose seemed to hold more potential to induce host metabolic disturbances compared to glucose, mainly by promoting bile acid deconjugation and taurine release and compromising intestinal barrier integrity. This may reflect the noted nonquantitative intestinal fructose absorption hence increasing its availability for microbial metabolism, a subject for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Silva
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Marta Mota
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Fátima O Martins
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Célia Nogueira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Tatiana Carneiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,UCIBIO@REQUIMTE/Toxicological Laboratory, Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - António S Barros
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , 4200-319 , Porto , Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal.,APDP - Portuguese Diabetes Association , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
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Gill PA, van Zelm MC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:15-34. [PMID: 29722430 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate, propionate and acetate are short chain fatty acids (SCFA), important for maintaining a healthy colon and are considered as protective in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, they may also regulate immune responses and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Consequently, their importance in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is emerging. AIMS To review the physiology and metabolism of SCFA in humans, cellular and molecular mechanisms by which SCFA may act in health and disease, and approaches for therapeutic delivery of SCFA. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted for clinical and pre-clinical studies using search terms: 'dietary fibre', short-chain fatty acids', 'acetate', 'propionate', 'butyrate', 'inflammation', 'immune', 'gastrointestinal', 'metabolism'. RESULTS A wide range of pre-clinical evidence supports roles for SCFA as modulators of not only colonic function, but also multiple inflammatory and metabolic processes. SCFA are implicated in many autoimmune, allergic and metabolic diseases. However, translating effects of SCFA from animal studies to human disease is limited by physiological and dietary differences and by the challenge of delivering sufficient amounts of SCFA to the target sites that include the colon and the systemic circulation. Development of novel targeted approaches for colonic delivery, combined with postbiotic supplementation, may represent desirable strategies to achieve adequate targeted SCFA delivery. CONCLUSIONS There is a large array of potential disease-modulating effects of SCFA. Adequate targeted delivery to the sites of action is the main limitation of such application. The ongoing development and evaluation of novel delivery techniques offer potential for translating promise to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - J G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Coffing H, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Salibay C, Engevik M, Versalovic J, Yacyshyn MB, Yacyshyn B, Tyagi S, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Clostridium difficile toxins A and B decrease intestinal SLC26A3 protein expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G43-G52. [PMID: 29597352 PMCID: PMC6109705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the United States. Although C. difficile toxins A and B are the primary mediators of CDI, the overall pathophysiology underlying C. difficile-associated diarrhea remains poorly understood. Studies have shown that a decrease in both NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger) and DRA (downregulated in adenoma, Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger), resulting in decreased electrolyte absorption, is implicated in infectious and inflammatory diarrhea. Furthermore, studies have shown that NHE3 is depleted at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells and downregulated in patients with CDI, but the role of DRA in CDI remains unknown. In the current studies, we examined the effects of C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB on DRA protein and mRNA levels in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Our data demonstrated that DRA protein levels were significantly reduced in response to TcdA and TcdB in IECs in culture. This effect was also specific to DRA, as NHE3 and PAT-1 (putative anion transporter 1) protein levels were unaffected by TcdA and TcdB. Additionally, purified TcdA and TcdA + TcdB, but not TcdB, resulted in a decrease in colonic DRA protein levels in a toxigenic mouse model of CDI. Finally, patients with recurrent CDI also exhibited significantly reduced expression of colonic DRA protein. Together, these findings indicate that C. difficile toxins markedly downregulate intestinal expression of DRA which may contribute to the diarrheal phenotype of CDI. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies demonstrate, for the first time, that C. difficile toxins reduce DRA protein, but not mRNA, levels in intestinal epithelial cells. These findings suggest that a downregulation of DRA may be a critical factor in C. difficile infection-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Coffing
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christine Salibay
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melinda Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Beth Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department. of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bruce Yacyshyn
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department. of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sangeeta Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
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Long M, Yang S, Li P, Song X, Pan J, He J, Zhang Y, Wu R. Combined Use of C. butyricum Sx-01 and L. salivarius C-1-3 Improves Intestinal Health and Reduces the Amount of Lipids in Serum via Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070810. [PMID: 29937527 PMCID: PMC6073611 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate whether combined use of C. butyricum Sx-01 and L. salivarius C-1-3 could improve the intestinal health and reduce the lipid levels in sera of mice and whether these benefits were related to regulating the intestinal microflora. Eighty Kunming male mice were divided into four groups with five replicates per group and four mice per replicate. Mice in the control group were administrated with 0.2 mL normal saline; mice in three experimental groups were daily orally administrated with 4 × 108 cfu of L. salivarius, 4 × 108 cfu of C. butyricum, and a combination thereof (2 × 108 cfu of L. salivarius, and 2 × 108 cfu of C. butyricum), respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 days. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) ratio of growing mice underwent no significant changes (p > 0.05); however, the average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase over short periods of time. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px in serum in the combination group were significantly increased (p < 0.05); The triglyceride, and total cholesterol, contents in serum in the combined treatment group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05); The total volatile fatty acids and butyric acid in faecal matter of mice in the experimental groups were all significantly increased at 14 days (p < 0.05); The length of villi, and the mucosal thickness of colon and caecum (p < 0.05) were significantly improved; The relative abundance of some bacteria with antioxidant capacity or decomposing cholesterol capacity or butyrate producing capacity was increased, while the relative abundance of some pathogenic bacteria was decreased in the colon. Furthermore, our results showed that the beneficial effects of the combined use of the two strains was higher than that of single use. Overall, the results demonstrated that the combined use of C. butyricum Sx-01 and L. salivarius C-1-3 can significantly improve intestinal health and reduce the amount of lipids in sera of mice. The reason for these effects might be that besides their own probiotic effects, combined use of the two strains could regulate the intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiawen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jianbin He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Hung TV, Suzuki T. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Suppress Inflammatory Reactions in Caco-2 Cells and Mouse Colons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:108-117. [PMID: 29236491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, play an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In the present study, anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs were examined in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and mouse colonic cultures. Stimulation of Caco-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced interleukin (IL)-8 (TNF-α, 17.1 ± 7.2 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.26, P < 0.01) and IL-6 expression (TNF-α, 21.7 ± 10.0 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.28, P < 0.01) through the activation of nuclear factor κB p65, spleen tyrosine kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Pretreatment of cells with acetate (5 mM, IL-8 1.23 ± 0.40, IL-6 2.19 ± 0.92, P < 0.01 ), propionate (2.5 mM, IL-8 2.45 ± 2.10, IL-6 2.19 ± 0.92, P < 0.01), or butyrate (0.625 mM, IL-8 1.44 ± 0.70, IL-6 2.31 ± 0.32, P < 0.01) suppressed inflammatory responses induced by TNF-α. Pharmacological inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-1 attenuated the suppression of inflammatory signals by SCFAs. High expression levels of CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2, an IL-8 homologue, DSS, 31.7 ± 9.8 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.70, P < 0.01) and IL-6 (DSS, 17.5 ± 7.2 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.68, P < 0.01) were observed in BALB/c mouse colonic cultures exposed to dextran sodium sulfate, whereas treatments with mixtures of SCFAs decreased these elevated expression levels (CXCL2 4.14 ± 2.88, IL-6 0.58 ± 0.28, P < 0.01). Our results suggest that SCFAs transported by MCT-1 suppress TNF-α-induced inflammatory signaling in intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Hung
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry , Ho Chi Min 15, Vietnam
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Liu H, Wang J, He T, Becker S, Zhang G, Li D, Ma X. Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health? Adv Nutr 2018; 9:21-29. [PMID: 29438462 PMCID: PMC6333934 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a four-carbon short-chain fatty acid, is produced through microbial fermentation of dietary fibers in the lower intestinal tract. Endogenous butyrate production, delivery, and absorption by colonocytes have been well documented. Butyrate exerts its functions by acting as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor or signaling through several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, butyrate has received particular attention for its beneficial effects on intestinal homeostasis and energy metabolism. With anti-inflammatory properties, butyrate enhances intestinal barrier function and mucosal immunity. However, the role of butyrate in obesity remains controversial. Growing evidence has highlighted the impact of butyrate on the gut-brain axis. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the properties of butyrate, especially its potential effects and mechanisms involved in intestinal health and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sage Becker
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Address correspondence to XM (e-mail: )
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42
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Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Yang S, Ganapathy V. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:299-314. [PMID: 29357130 PMCID: PMC6019286 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are generated in colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Though diffusion in protonated form is a significant route, carrier-mediated mechanisms constitute the major route for the entry of SCFA in their anionic form into colonic epithelium. Several transport systems operate in cellular uptake of SCFA. MCT1 (SLC16A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) are H+-coupled and mediate electroneutral transport of SCFA (H+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). MCT1 is expressed both in the apical membrane and basolateral membrane of colonic epithelium whereas MCT4 specifically in the basolateral membrane. SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) are Na+-coupled; SMCT1-mediated transport is electrogenic (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 2:1) whereas SMCT2-mediated transport is electroneutral (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). SMCT1 and SMCT2 are expressed exclusively in the apical membrane. An anion-exchange mechanism also operates in the apical membrane in which SCFA entry in anionic form is coupled to bicarbonate efflux; the molecular identity of this exchanger however remains unknown. All these transporters are subject to regulation, notably by their substrates themselves; this process involves cell-surface receptors with SCFA as signaling molecules. There are significant alterations in the expression of these transporters in ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. The tumor-associated changes occur via transcriptional regulation by p53 and HIF1α and by promoter methylation. As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:299-314, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yangzom D. Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Clapp M, Aurora N, Herrera L, Bhatia M, Wilen E, Wakefield S. Gut microbiota's effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin Pract 2017; 7:987. [PMID: 29071061 PMCID: PMC5641835 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2017.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Wakefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, TX, USA
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Butyrate Supplementation at High Concentrations Alters Enteric Bacterial Communities and Reduces Intestinal Inflammation in Mice Infected with Citrobacter rodentium. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00243-17. [PMID: 28861518 PMCID: PMC5566833 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00243-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study findings provide evidence that administration of butyrate in a dose-dependent manner can improve the weight gain of infected mice, enhance clearance of the infection, reduce inflammation through altered cytokine expression, and enhance tissue repair and mucus secretion. Moreover, butyrate treatment also affected the abundance of bacterial populations in both noninflamed and inflamed intestines. Notably, this investigation provides foundational information that can be used to determine the effects of prebiotics and other functional foods on the production of butyrate by enteric bacteria and their impact on intestinal health and host well-being. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid by-product of the microbial fermentation of dietary fermentable materials in the large intestine; it is the main energy source for enterocyte regeneration, modulates the enteric microbial community, and contributes to increasing host health via mechanisms that are relatively poorly defined. Limited research has examined the therapeutic potential of butyrate using models of enteric inflammation incited by pathogenic organisms. We used Citrobacter rodentium to incite acute Th1/Th17 inflammation to ascertain the impact of butyrate on the host-microbiota relationship. Rectal administration of 140 mM butyrate to mice increased fecal concentrations of butyrate and increased food consumption and weight gain in mice infected with C. rodentium. Histological scores of colonic inflammation were lower in infected mice administered 140 mM butyrate. Expression of Il10, Tgfβ, and Muc2 was elevated in noninfected mice administered butyrate in comparison to mice not administered butyrate. Infected mice administered butyrate displayed elevated expression of genes necessary for pathogen clearance (i.e., Il17A and Il1β) and of genes involved in epithelial barrier repair and restoration (i.e., Relmβ, Tff3, and Myd88). Butyrate supplemented to inflamed colons increased the abundances of Proteobacteria and Lachnospiraceae and reduced the abundance of Clostridiaceae species. Mice with enteritis that were administered butyrate also exhibited an increased abundance of mucus-associated bacteria. In summary, rectal administration of butyrate increased feed consumption and weight gain, ameliorated C. rodentium-induced cell injury through enhanced expression of immune regulation and tissue repair mechanisms, and increased the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in mice with enteritis. IMPORTANCE The study findings provide evidence that administration of butyrate in a dose-dependent manner can increase weight gain in infected mice, enhance clearance of the infection, reduce inflammation through altered cytokine expression, and enhance tissue repair and mucus secretion. Moreover, butyrate treatment also affected the abundance of bacterial populations in both noninflamed and inflamed intestines. Notably, this investigation provides foundational information that can be used to determine the effects of prebiotics and other functional foods on the production of butyrate by enteric bacteria and their impact on intestinal health and host well-being.
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Abstract
A large number of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials and cohort studies have demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis with administration of probiotic microbes. These studies have prompted many neonatologists to adopt routine prophylactic administration of probiotics while others await more definitive studies and/or probiotic products with demonstrated purity and stable numbers of live organisms. Cross-contamination and inadequate sample size limit the value of further traditional placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials. Key areas for future research include mechanisms of protection, optimum probiotic species or strains (or combinations thereof) and duration of treatment, interactions between diet and the administered probiotic, and the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the mother and infant on probiotic response. Next generation probiotics selected based on bacterial genetics rather than ease of production and large cluster-randomized clinical trials hold great promise for NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Division of Neonatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Ticon 2, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817.
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46
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Noble EE, Hsu TM, Kanoski SE. Gut to Brain Dysbiosis: Mechanisms Linking Western Diet Consumption, the Microbiome, and Cognitive Impairment. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28194099 PMCID: PMC5277010 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a Western Diet (WD) that is high in saturated fat and added sugars negatively impacts cognitive function, particularly mnemonic processes that rely on the integrity of the hippocampus. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences cognitive function via the gut-brain axis, and that WD factors significantly alter the proportions of commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review mechanisms through which consuming a WD negatively impacts neurocognitive function, with a particular focus on recent evidence linking the gut microbiome with dietary- and metabolic-associated hippocampal impairment. We highlight evidence linking gut bacteria to altered intestinal permeability and blood brain barrier integrity, thus making the brain more vulnerable to the influx of deleterious substances from the circulation. WD consumption also increases production of endotoxin by commensal bacteria, which may promote neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Recent findings also show that diet-induced alterations in gut microbiota impair peripheral insulin sensitivity, which is associated with hippocampal neuronal derrangements and associated mnemonic deficits. In some cases treatment with specific probiotics or prebiotics can prevent or reverse some of the deleterious impact of WD consumption on neuropsychological outcomes, indicating that targeting the microbiome may be a successful strategy for combating dietary- and metabolic-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ted M Hsu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhou D, Pan Q, Xin FZ, Zhang RN, He CX, Chen GY, Liu C, Chen YW, Fan JG. Sodium butyrate attenuates high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice by improving gut microbiota and gastrointestinal barrier. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:60-75. [PMID: 28104981 PMCID: PMC5221287 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether gut microbiota metabolite sodium butyrate (NaB) is an effective substance for attenuating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the internal mechanisms.
METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups, normal control were fed standard chow and model group were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 wk, the intervention group were fed HFD for 16 wk and treated with NaB for 8 wk. Gut microbiota from each group were detected at baseline and at 16 wk, liver histology were evaluated and gastrointestinal barrier indicator such as zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) were detected by immunohistochemistry and realtime-PCR, further serum or liver endotoxin were determined by ELISA and inflammation- or metabolism-associated genes were quantified by real-time PCR.
RESULTS NaB corrected the HFD-induced gut microbiota imbalance in mice, while it considerably elevated the abundances of the beneficial bacteria Christensenellaceae, Blautia and Lactobacillus. These bacteria can produce butyric acid in what seems like a virtuous circle. And butyrate restored HFD induced intestinal mucosa damage, increased the expression of ZO-1 in small intestine, further decreased the levels of gut endotoxin in serum and liver compared with HF group. Endotoxin-associated genes such as TLR4 and Myd88, pro-inflammation genes such as MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ in liver or epididymal fat were obviously downregulated after NaB intervention. Liver inflammation and fat accumulation were ameliorated, the levels of TG and cholesterol in liver were decreased after NaB intervention, NAS score was significantly decreased, metabolic indices such as FBG and HOMA-IR and liver function indicators ALT and AST were improved compared with HF group.
CONCLUSION NaB may restore the dysbiosis of gut microbiota to attenuate steatohepatitis, which is suggested to be a potential gut microbiota modulator and therapeutic substance for NAFLD.
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Bluemel S, Williams B, Knight R, Schnabl B. Precision medicine in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating the gut microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G1018-G1036. [PMID: 27686615 PMCID: PMC5206291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represent a major health burden in industrialized countries. Although alcohol abuse and nutrition play a central role in disease pathogenesis, preclinical models support a contribution of the gut microbiota to ALD and NAFLD. This review describes changes in the intestinal microbiota compositions related to ALD and NAFLD. Findings from in vitro, animal, and human studies are used to explain how intestinal pathology contributes to disease progression. This review summarizes the effects of untargeted microbiome modifications using antibiotics and probiotics on liver disease in animals and humans. While both affect humoral inflammation, regression of advanced liver disease or mortality has not been demonstrated. This review further describes products secreted by Lactobacillus- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as fatty acids and antioxidants, that could be used for precision medicine in the treatment of liver disease. A better understanding of host-microbial interactions is allowing discovery of novel therapeutic targets in the gut microbiota, enabling new treatment options that restore the intestinal ecosystem precisely and influence liver disease. The modulation options of the gut microbiota and precision medicine employing the gut microbiota presented in this review have excellent prospects to improve treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bluemel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Trachsel J, Bayles DO, Looft T, Levine UY, Allen HK. Function and Phylogeny of Bacterial Butyryl Coenzyme A:Acetate Transferases and Their Diversity in the Proximal Colon of Swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6788-6798. [PMID: 27613689 PMCID: PMC5086572 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02307-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the host-associated butyrate-producing bacterial community is important, because butyrate is essential for colonic homeostasis and gut health. Previous research has identified the butyryl coenzyme A (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase (EC 2.3.8.3) as a gene of primary importance for butyrate production in intestinal ecosystems; however, this gene family (but) remains poorly defined. We developed tools for the analysis of butyrate-producing bacteria based on 12 putative but genes identified in the genomes of nine butyrate-producing bacteria obtained from the swine intestinal tract. Functional analyses revealed that eight of these genes had strong But enzyme activity. When but paralogues were found within a genome, only one gene per genome encoded strong activity, with the exception of one strain in which no gene encoded strong But activity. Degenerate primers were designed to amplify the functional but genes and were tested by amplifying environmental but sequences from DNA and RNA extracted from swine colonic contents. The results show diverse but sequences from swine-associated butyrate-producing bacteria, most of which clustered near functionally confirmed sequences. Here, we describe tools and a framework that allow the bacterial butyrate-producing community to be profiled in the context of animal health and disease. IMPORTANCE Butyrate is a compound produced by the microbiota in the intestinal tracts of animals. This compound is of critical importance for intestinal health, and yet studying its production by diverse intestinal bacteria is technically challenging. Here, we present an additional way to study the butyrate-producing community of bacteria using one degenerate primer set that selectively targets genes experimentally demonstrated to encode butyrate production. This work will enable researchers to more easily study this very important bacterial function that has implications for host health and resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Uri Y Levine
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Schnorr SL, Sankaranarayanan K, Lewis CM, Warinner C. Insights into human evolution from ancient and contemporary microbiome studies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 41:14-26. [PMID: 27507098 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, human microbiome research has energized the study of human evolution through a complete shift in our understanding of what it means to be human. The microbiome plays a pivotal role in human biology, performing key functions in digestion, mood and behavior, development and immunity, and a range of acute and chronic diseases. It is therefore critical to understand its evolution and changing ecology through time. Here we review recent findings on the microbiota of diverse human populations, non-human primates, and past human populations and discuss the implications of this research in formulating a deeper evolutionary understanding of the human holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Cecil M Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 455 W. Lindsey St., Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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