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Luo Q, Zheng J, Fan B, Liu J, Liao W, Zhang X. Enriched environment attenuates ferroptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating iron metabolism. Brain Res Bull 2023; 203:110778. [PMID: 37812906 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Preventing neuronal death after ischemic stroke (IS) is crucial for neuroprotective treatment, yet current management options are limited. Enriched environment (EE) is an effective intervention strategy that promotes the recovery of neurological function after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Ferroptosis has been identified as one of the mechanisms of neuronal death during IS, and inhibiting ferroptosis can reduce cerebral I/R injury. Our previous research has demonstrated that EE reduced ferroptosis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, but the underlying mechanism still needs to be investigated. This study aims to explore the potential molecular mechanisms by which EE modulates iron metabolism to reduce ferroptosis. The experimental animals were randomly divided into four groups based on the housing environment and the procedure the animals received: the sham-operated + standard environment (SSE) group, the sham-operated + enriched environment (SEE) group, the ischemia/reperfusion + standard environment (ISE) group, and the ischemia/reperfusion + enriched environment (IEE) group. The results showed that EE reduced IL-6 expression during cerebral I/R injury, hence reducing JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation and hepcidin expression. Reduced hepcidin expression led to decreased DMT1 expression and increased FPN1 expression in neurons, resulting in lower neuronal iron levels and alleviated ferroptosis. In addition, EE also reduced the expression of TfR1 in neurons. Our research suggested that EE played a neuroprotective role by modulating iron metabolism and reducing neuronal ferroptosis after cerebral I/R injury, which might be achieved by inhibiting inflammatory response and down-regulating hepcidin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weijing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Zhou J, Holbein BE, Lehmann C. Iron Chelation as a Potential Therapeutic Approach in Acute Lung Injury. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1659. [PMID: 37629516 PMCID: PMC10455621 DOI: 10.3390/life13081659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) has been challenging health care systems since before the COVID-19 pandemic due to its morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. In view of the complex pathogenesis of ALI, effective strategies for its prevention and treatment are still lacking. A growing body of evidence suggests that iron dysregulation is a common characteristic in many subtypes of ALI. On the one hand, iron is needed to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of the immune response to an infection; on the other hand, iron can accelerate the occurrence of ferroptosis and extend host cell damage. Iron chelation represents a novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating lung injury and improving the survival of patients with ALI. This article reviews the current knowledge of iron homeostasis, the role of iron in ALI development, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bruce E. Holbein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada;
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada;
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Keenum MC, Chatterjee P, Atalis A, Pandey B, Jimenez A, Roy K. Single-cell epitope-transcriptomics reveal lung stromal and immune cell response kinetics to nanoparticle-delivered RIG-I and TLR4 agonists. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122097. [PMID: 37001347 PMCID: PMC10192313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung-resident and circulatory lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal cells, expressing various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), detect pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs), and defend against respiratory pathogens and injuries. Here, we report the early responses of murine lungs to nanoparticle-delivered PAMPs, specifically the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) agonist poly-U/UC (PUUC), with or without the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Using cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq), we characterized the responses at 4 and 24 h after intranasal administration. Within 4 h, ribosome-associated transcripts decreased in both stromal and immune cells, followed by widespread interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Using RNA velocity, we show that lung-neutrophils dynamically regulate the synthesis of cytokines like CXCL-10, IL-1α, and IL-1β. Co-delivery of MPLA and PUUC increased chemokine synthesis and upregulated antimicrobial binding proteins targeting iron, manganese, and zinc in many cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. Overall, our results elucidate the early PAMP-induced cellular responses in the lung and demonstrate that stimulation of the RIG-I pathway, with or without TLR4 agonists, induces a ubiquitous microbial defense state in lung stromal and immune cells. Nanoparticle-delivered combination PAMPs may have applications in intranasal antiviral and antimicrobial therapies and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cole Keenum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhawana Pandey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela Jimenez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA; Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Faherty L, Kenny S, Cloonan SM. Iron and mitochondria in the susceptibility, pathogenesis and progression of COPD. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:219-237. [PMID: 36729089 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease characterised by airflow limitation, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and airway remodelling. Cigarette smoke is considered the primary risk factor for the development of COPD; however, genetic factors, host responses and infection also play an important role. Accumulating evidence highlights a role for iron dyshomeostasis and cellular iron accumulation in the lung as a key contributing factor in the development and pathogenesis of COPD. Recent studies have also shown that mitochondria, the central players in cellular iron utilisation, are dysfunctional in respiratory cells in individuals with COPD, with alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics driving disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of mitochondria and cellular iron metabolism in the lung may unveil potential novel investigational avenues and therapeutic targets to aid in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Faherty
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kenny
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Bayraktar N, Bayraktar M, Ozturk A, Ibrahim B. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Aquaporin-1, Hepcidin, Zinc, Copper, and İron Levels and Oxidative Stress in the Serum of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:5013-5021. [PMID: 36001235 PMCID: PMC9399591 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to determine the relationship between hepcidin, aquaporin (AQP-1), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) levels, and oxidative stress in the sera of seriously ill COVID-19 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Ninety persons with and without COVID-19 were taken up and separated into two groups. The first group included seriously COVID-19 inpatients having endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (n = 45). The second group included individuals who had negative PCR tests and had no chronic disease (the healthy control group n = 45). AQP-1, hepcidin, Zn, Cu, Fe, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were studied in the sera of both groups, and the relations of these levels with oxidative stress were determined. When the COVID-19 patient and the control groups were compared, all studied parameters were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). Total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and AQP-1, hepcidin, and Cu levels were increased in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy people. Serum TAC, Zn, and Fe levels were found to be lower in the patient group than in the control group. Significant correlations were detected between the studied parameters in COVID-19 patients. Results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in viral infection due to SARS-CoV-2. We think that oxidative stress parameters as well as some trace elements at the onset of COVID-19 disease will provide a better triage in terms of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihayet Bayraktar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bayraktar
- Department of Internal Medical, Faculty of Medicine, Yıdırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Ozturk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Bashar Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Effects of Feeding 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Iron Status in Weaned Rats from the Female Rats during Gestation and Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202869. [PMID: 36290255 PMCID: PMC9598332 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using female Sprague−Dawley (SD) rats as a model, the current study aimed to investigate whether feeding 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to female SD rats during gestation and lactation can affect the iron status of weaned rats and provide new ideas for the iron supplementation of piglets. A total of 27 pregnant SD rats were randomly assigned to three treatments in nine replicates, with one rat per litter. Dietary treatments were basal diet (CON), CON + 50 mg/kg 5-ALA (5-ALA50), and CON + 100 mg/kg 5-ALA (5-ALA100). After parturition, ten pups in each litter (a total of 270) were selected for continued feeding by their corresponding mother, and the pregnant rats were fed diets containing 5-ALA (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg diet) until the newborn pups were weaned at 21 days. The results showed that the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in weaned rats in the 5-ALA100 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the CON or 5-ALA50 group. The diet with 5-ALA significantly increased (p < 0.05) the hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) level, serum iron (SI) content, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) level in the blood of weaned rats, as well as the concentration of Hepcidin in the liver and serum of weaned rats and the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in the liver of weaned rats, with the 5-ALA100 group having the highest (p < 0.05) HGB concentration in the weaned rats, and the 5-ALA50 group having the highest (p < 0.05) Hepcidin concentration in serum and in the expression of Hepcidin mRNA in the liver of weaned rats. The other indicators between the 5-ALA groups had no effects. However, the level of total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the 5-ALA50 group. Moreover, the iron content in the liver of weaned rats fed with 5-ALA showed an upward trend (p = 0.085). In addition, feeding a 5-ALA-supplemented diet could also significantly reduce (p < 0.05) the expression of TfR1 mRNA in the liver of weaning rats (p < 0.05), and the expression of Tfr1 was not affected between 5-ALA groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5-ALA could improve the blood parameters, increase the concentration of Hepcidin in the liver and serum, and affect the expression of iron-related genes in the liver of weaned rats. Moreover, it is appropriate to add 50 mg/kg 5-ALA to the diet under this condition.
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Grubwieser P, Hoffmann A, Hilbe R, Seifert M, Sonnweber T, Böck N, Theurl I, Weiss G, Nairz M. Airway Epithelial Cells Differentially Adapt Their Iron Metabolism to Infection With Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:875543. [PMID: 35663465 PMCID: PMC9157649 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.875543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is often elicited by bacteria and can be associated with a severe clinical course, respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation. In the alveolus, type-2-alveolar-epithelial-cells (AECII) contribute to innate immune functions. We hypothesized that AECII actively adapt cellular iron homeostasis to restrict this essential nutrient from invading pathogens - a defense strategy termed 'nutritional immunity', hitherto mainly demonstrated for myeloid cells. Methods We established an in-vitro infection model using the human AECII-like cell line A549. We infected cells with Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), two gram-negative bacteria with different modes of infection and frequent causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia. We followed the entry and intracellular growth of these gram-negative bacteria and analyzed differential gene expression and protein levels of key inflammatory and iron metabolism molecules. Results Both, K. pneumoniae and E. coli are able to invade A549 cells, whereas only K. pneumoniae is capable of proliferating intracellularly. After peak bacterial burden, the number of intracellular pathogens declines, suggesting that epithelial cells initiate antimicrobial immune effector pathways to combat bacterial proliferation. The extracellular pathogen E. coli induces an iron retention phenotype in A549 cells, mainly characterized by the downregulation of the pivotal iron exporter ferroportin, the upregulation of the iron importer transferrin-receptor-1 and corresponding induction of the iron storage protein ferritin. In contrast, cells infected with the facultative intracellular bacterium K. pneumoniae exhibit an iron export phenotype indicated by ferroportin upregulation. This differential regulation of iron homeostasis and the pathogen-specific inflammatory reaction is likely mediated by oxidative stress. Conclusion AECII-derived A549 cells show pathogen-specific innate immune functions and adapt their iron handling in response to infection. The differential regulation of iron transporters depends on the preferential intra- or extracellular localization of the pathogen and likely aims at limiting bacterial iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Böck
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ho T, Nichols M, Nair G, Radford K, Kjarsgaard M, Huang C, Bhalla A, Lavigne N, Mukherjee M, Surette M, Macri J, Nair P. Iron in airway macrophages and infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2022; 23:8. [PMID: 35022042 PMCID: PMC8756761 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess pulmonary iron has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung disease, including asthma and COPD. An association between higher iron content in sputum macrophages and infective exacerbations of COPD has previously been demonstrated. Objectives To assess the mechanisms of pulmonary macrophage iron sequestration, test the effect of macrophage iron-loading on cellular immune function, and prospectively determine if sputum hemosiderin index can predict infectious exacerbations of COPD. Methods Intra- and extracellular iron was measured in cell-line-derived and in freshly isolated sputum macrophages under various experimental conditions including treatment with exogenous IL-6 and hepcidin. Bacterial uptake and killing were compared in the presence or absence of iron-loading. A prospective cohort of COPD patients with defined sputum hemosiderin indices were monitored to determine the annual rate of severe infectious exacerbations. Results Gene expression studies suggest that airway macrophages have the requisite apparatus of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. IL-6 and hepcidin play roles in pulmonary iron sequestration, though IL-6 appears to exert its effect via a hepcidin-independent mechanism. Iron-loaded macrophages had reduced uptake of COPD-relevant organisms and were associated with higher growth rates. Infectious exacerbations were predicted by sputum hemosiderin index (β = 0.035, p = 0.035). Conclusions We demonstrate in-vitro and population-level evidence that excess iron in pulmonary macrophages may contribute to recurrent airway infection in COPD. Specifically, IL-6-dependent iron sequestration by sputum macrophages may result in immune cell dysfunction and ultimately lead to increased frequency of infective exacerbation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-01929-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Ho
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Gayatri Nair
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Chynna Huang
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Anurag Bhalla
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Surette
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joseph Macri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
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Peng Y, Chang X, Lang M. Iron Homeostasis Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12442. [PMID: 34830326 PMCID: PMC8622469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace metal for almost all organisms, including human; however, oxidative stress can easily be caused when iron is in excess, producing toxicity to the human body due to its capability to be both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Although there is a strict regulation mechanism for iron homeostasis in the human body and brain, it is usually inevitably disturbed by genetic and environmental factors, or disordered with aging, which leads to iron metabolism diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) threatening human health. However, the precise pathogenesis of AD is still unclear, which seriously restricts the design of interventions and treatment drugs based on the pathogenesis of AD. Many studies have observed abnormal iron accumulation in different regions of the AD brain, resulting in cognitive, memory, motor and other nerve damages. Understanding the metabolic balance mechanism of iron in the brain is crucial for the treatment of AD, which would provide new cures for the disease. This paper reviews the recent progress in the relationship between iron and AD from the aspects of iron absorption in intestinal cells, storage and regulation of iron in cells and organs, especially for the regulation of iron homeostasis in the human brain and prospects the future directions for AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuejiao Chang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (Y.P.); (X.C.)
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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10
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Foka P, Dimitriadis A, Karamichali E, Kochlios E, Eliadis P, Valiakou V, Koskinas J, Mamalaki A, Georgopoulou U. HCV-Induced Immunometabolic Crosstalk in a Triple-Cell Co-Culture Model Capable of Simulating Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092251. [PMID: 34571900 PMCID: PMC8465420 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is crucial to the regulation of the host innate immune system and the outcome of many infections. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), one of the major viral human pathogens that depends on iron to complete its life cycle, is highly skilled in evading the immune system. This study presents the construction and validation of a physiologically relevant triple-cell co-culture model that was used to investigate the input of iron in HCV infection and the interplay between HCV, iron, and determinants of host innate immunity. We recorded the expression patterns of key proteins of iron homeostasis involved in iron import, export and storage and examined their relation to the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin in hepatocytes, enterocytes and macrophages in the presence and absence of HCV. We then assessed the transcriptional profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-15 (IL-15) and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) under normal or iron-depleted conditions and determined how these were affected by infection. Our data suggest the presence of a link between iron homeostasis and innate immunity unfolding among liver, intestine, and macrophages, which could participate in the deregulation of innate immune responses observed in early HCV infection. Coupled with iron-assisted enhanced viral propagation, such a mechanism may be important for the establishment of viral persistence and the ensuing chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (U.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (P.E.); (V.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (U.G.)
| | - Emmanouil Kochlios
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (U.G.)
| | - Petros Eliadis
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (P.E.); (V.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Vaia Valiakou
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (P.E.); (V.V.); (A.M.)
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (P.E.); (V.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (U.G.)
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11
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Mariani R, Pelucchi S, Paolini V, Belingheri M, di Gennaro F, Faverio P, Riva M, Pesci A, Piperno A. Prolonged exposure to welding fumes as a novel cause of systemic iron overload. Liver Int 2021; 41:1600-1607. [PMID: 33713383 PMCID: PMC8252060 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inhalation of welding fume may cause pulmonary disease known as welder's lung. At our centre we came across a number of welders with systemic iron overload and prolonged occupational history and we aimed at characterizing this novel clinical form of iron overload. METHODS After exclusion of other known causes of iron overload, 20 welders were fully evaluated for working history, hepatic, metabolic and iron status. MRI iron assessment was performed in 19 patients and liver biopsy in 12. We included 40 HFE-HH patients and 24 healthy controls for comparison. RESULTS 75% of patients showed lung HRCT alterations; 90% had s-FERR > 1000 ng/mL and 60% had TSAT > 45%. Liver iron overload was mild in 8 and moderate-severe in 12. The median iron removed was 7.8 g. Welders showed significantly lower TSAT and higher SIS and SIS/TIS ratio than HFE-HH patients. Serum hepcidin was significantly higher in welders than in HFE-HH patients and healthy controls. At liver biopsy, 50% showed liver fibrosis that was mild in four, and moderate-severe in two. Liver staging correlated with liver iron overload. CONCLUSIONS Welders with prolonged fume exposure can develop severe liver iron overload. The mechanism of liver iron accumulation is quite different to that of HFE-HH suggesting that reticuloendothelial cells may be the initial site of deposition. We recommend routine measurement of serum iron indices in welders to provide adequate diagnosis and therapy, and the inclusion of prolonged welding fume exposure in the list of acquired causes of hyperferritinemia and iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mariani
- Centre for Rare Diseases ‐ Disorders of Iron Metabolism ‐ ASST‐MonzaCentre of European Reference Network (EuroBloodNet)San Gerardo Hospital MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Sara Pelucchi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | | | - Michael Belingheri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Unit of Occupational Medicine Unit‐ ASST‐MonzaSan Gerardo HospitalMonzaItaly
| | | | - Paola Faverio
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Respiratory Unit ‐ ASST‐MonzaSan Gerardo Hospital MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Michele Riva
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Unit of Occupational Medicine Unit‐ ASST‐MonzaSan Gerardo HospitalMonzaItaly
| | - Alberto Pesci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Respiratory Unit ‐ ASST‐MonzaSan Gerardo Hospital MonzaMonzaItaly
| | - Alberto Piperno
- Centre for Rare Diseases ‐ Disorders of Iron Metabolism ‐ ASST‐MonzaCentre of European Reference Network (EuroBloodNet)San Gerardo Hospital MonzaMonzaItaly,Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Medical Genetics ‐ ASST‐MonzaSan Gerardo Hospital MonzaMonzaItaly
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12
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Nutritional immunity: the impact of metals on lung immune cells and the airway microbiome during chronic respiratory disease. Respir Res 2021; 22:133. [PMID: 33926483 PMCID: PMC8082489 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is the sequestration of bioavailable trace metals such as iron, zinc and copper by the host to limit pathogenicity by invading microorganisms. As one of the most conserved activities of the innate immune system, limiting the availability of free trace metals by cells of the immune system serves not only to conceal these vital nutrients from invading bacteria but also operates to tightly regulate host immune cell responses and function. In the setting of chronic lung disease, the regulation of trace metals by the host is often disrupted, leading to the altered availability of these nutrients to commensal and invading opportunistic pathogenic microbes. Similarly, alterations in the uptake, secretion, turnover and redox activity of these vitally important metals has significant repercussions for immune cell function including the response to and resolution of infection. This review will discuss the intricate role of nutritional immunity in host immune cells of the lung and how changes in this fundamental process as a result of chronic lung disease may alter the airway microbiome, disease progression and the response to infection.
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13
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Zhu Y, Chang J, Tan K, Huang SK, Liu X, Wang X, Cao M, Zhang H, Li S, Duan X, Chang Y, Fan Y, Cao P. Clioquinol Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis through Inactivation of Fibroblasts via Iron Chelation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:189-200. [PMID: 33861690 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0279oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict control of iron homeostasis is critical for the maintenance of normal lung function. Iron accumulates in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (PF), but the characteristics of iron metabolism in the pathogenesis of PF and related targeting therapeutics are not well studied. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular characteristics of iron metabolism in fibrotic lungs and further explored the efficacy of clioquinol (CQ) for the treatment of PF as well as its functional mechanism. Iron aggregates accumulated in the lungs of patients with idiopathic PF, and FTL (ferritin light chain) transcripts were increased in their pulmonary fibroblasts. In the bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF (BLM-PF) mouse model, pulmonary iron accumulation is a very early and concomitant event of PF. Labile iron pool levels in both fibroblasts and macrophages from the BLM-PF model were elevated, and iron metabolism was dysregulated. CQ attenuated PF induced by BLM and FITC, and iron-saturated CQ did not alleviate BLM-PF. Furthermore, CQ inhibited the activation of fibroblasts, including proliferation, fibrotic differentiation, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and migration. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that CQ, acting as an iron chelator, attenuates experimental PF through inactivation of fibroblasts, providing support for targeting iron metabolism as a basis for PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Steven K Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengshu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xianglin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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14
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Liang W, Ferrara N. Iron Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment: Contributions of Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:626812. [PMID: 33679721 PMCID: PMC7928394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.626812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system are a major component of the tumor microenvironment. They play complex and multifaceted roles in the regulation of cancer initiation, growth, metastasis and responses to therapeutics. Innate immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages are recruited to cancerous tissues by chemotactic molecules released by cancer cells and cancer-associated stromal cells. Once they reach the tumor, they can be instructed by a network of proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites to exert protumoral or antitumoral functions. Altered iron metabolism is a feature of cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that increased presence of iron and/or iron binding proteins is associated with increased risks of cancer development. It has been shown that iron metabolism is involved in shaping the immune landscapes in inflammatory/infectious diseases and cancer-associated inflammation. In this article, we will dissect the contribution of macrophages and neutrophils to dysregulated iron metabolism in malignant cells and its impact on cancer growth and metastasis. The mechanisms involved in regulating the actions of macrophages and neutrophils will also be discussed. Moreover, we will examine the effects of iron metabolism on the phenotypes of innate immune cells. Both iron chelating and overloading agents are being explored in cancer treatment. This review highlights alternative strategies for management of iron content in cancer cells by targeting the iron donation and modulation properties of macrophages and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Oncology, BioDuro LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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15
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Marques O, Neves J, Horvat NK, Altamura S, Muckenthaler MU. Mild Attenuation of the Pulmonary Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Hereditary Hemochromatosis Type 4. Front Physiol 2021; 11:589351. [PMID: 33519502 PMCID: PMC7838636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.589351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to pathogens that require iron for proliferation and virulence. Pulmonary iron levels are increased in several lung diseases and associated with increased susceptibility to infections. However, regulation of lung iron homeostasis and its cross talk to pulmonary immune responses are largely unexplored. Here we investigated how increased lung iron levels affect the early pulmonary inflammatory response. We induced acute local pulmonary inflammation via aerosolized LPS in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis type 4 (Slc40a1 C326S/C326S), which is hallmarked by systemic and pulmonary iron accumulation, specifically in alveolar macrophages. We show that Slc40a1 C326S/C326S mice display a mild attenuation in the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammatory response, with a reduced upregulation of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Despite mildly reduced cytokine levels, there is no short-term impairment in the recruitment of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar space. These data suggest that increased pulmonary iron levels do not strongly alter the acute inflammatory response of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joana Neves
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Perez E, Baker JR, Di Giandomenico S, Kermani P, Parker J, Kim K, Yang J, Barnes PJ, Vaulont S, Scandura JM, Donnelly LE, Stout-Delgado H, Cloonan SM. Hepcidin Is Essential for Alveolar Macrophage Function and Is Disrupted by Smoke in a Murine Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2489-2498. [PMID: 32958690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease associated with cigarette smoking. Alterations in local lung and systemic iron regulation are associated with disease progression and pathogenesis. Hepcidin, an iron regulatory peptide hormone, is altered in subjects with COPD; however, the molecular role of hepcidin in COPD pathogenesis remains to be determined. In this study, using a murine model of smoke-induced COPD, we demonstrate that lung and circulating hepcidin levels are inhibited by cigarette smoke. We show that cigarette smoke exposure increases erythropoietin and bone marrow-derived erythroferrone and leads to expanded but inefficient erythropoiesis in murine bone marrow and an increase in ferroportin on alveolar macrophages (AMs). AMs from smokers and subjects with COPD display increased expression of ferroportin as well as hepcidin. Notably, murine AMs exposed to smoke fail to increase hepcidin in response to Gram-negative or Gram-positive infection. Loss of hepcidin in vivo results in blunted functional responses of AMs and exaggerated responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jonathan R Baker
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Di Giandomenico
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pouneh Kermani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jacqueline Parker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kihwan Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Joseph M Scandura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Stout-Delgado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065; .,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24 NR04, Ireland
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17
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Banerjee S, Datta R. Leishmania infection triggers hepcidin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Nramp1 to increase phagolysosomal iron availability. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13253. [PMID: 32827218 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) was originally discovered as a genetic determinant of resistance against multiple intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania. It encodes a transmembrane protein of the phago-endosomal compartments, where it functions as an iron transporter. But the mechanism by which Nramp1 controls host-pathogen dynamics and determines final outcome of an infection is yet to be fully deciphered. Whether the expression of Nramp1 is altered in response to a pathogen attack is also unknown. To address these, Nramp1 status was examined in Leishmania major-infected murine macrophages. We observed that at 12 hrs post infection, there was drastic lowering of Nramp1 level accompanied by increased phagolysosomal iron content and enhanced intracellular parasite growth. Leishmania infection-induced Nramp1 downregulation was caused by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, which in turn was found to be mediated by the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin. Blocking of Nramp1 degradation with proteasome inhibitor or transcriptional agonist of hepcidin resulted in depletion of phagolysosomal iron pool that led to significant reduction of intracellular parasite burden. Interestingly, Nramp1 level was restored to normalcy after 30 hrs of infection with a concomitant drop in phagolysosomal iron, which is suggestive of a host counteractive response to deprive the pathogen of this essential micronutrient. Taken together, our study implicates Nramp1 as a central player in the host-pathogen battle for phagolysosomal iron. We also report Nramp1 as a novel target for hepcidin, and this 'hepcidin-Nramp1' axis may have a broader role in regulating macrophage iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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18
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Quiros Roldan E, Biasiotto G, Magro P, Zanella I. The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104904. [PMID: 32430286 PMCID: PMC7217799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and primarily the less toxic hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are currently used to treat autoimmune diseases for their immunomodulatory and anti-thrombotic properties. They have also been proposed for the treatment of several viral infections, due to their anti-viral effects in cell cultures and animal models, and, currently, for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) infection that is spreading all over the world. Although in some recent studies a clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients has been observed, the clinical efficacy of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 has yet to be proven with randomized controlled studies, many of which are currently ongoing, also considering pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing regimen, therapeutic level and duration of treatment and taking into account patients with different severity degrees of disease. Here we review what is currently known on the mechanisms of action of CQ and HCQ as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic drugs and discuss the up-to-date experimental evidence on the potential mechanisms of action of CQ/HCQ in Sars-Cov2 infection and the current clinical knowledge on their efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given the role of iron in several human viral infections, we also propose a different insight into a number of CQ and HCQ pharmacological effects, suggesting a potential involvement of iron homeostasis in Sars-Cov-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Quiros Roldan
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Biasiotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Magro
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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19
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Winn NC, Volk KM, Hasty AH. Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: the macrophage "ferrostat". JCI Insight 2020; 5:132964. [PMID: 31996481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for multiple fundamental biological processes required for life; yet iron overload can be cytotoxic. Consequently, iron concentrations at the cellular and tissue level must be exquisitely governed by mechanisms that complement and fine-tune systemic control. It is well appreciated that macrophages are vital for systemic iron homeostasis, supplying or sequestering iron as needed for erythropoiesis or bacteriostasis, respectively. Indeed, recycling of iron through erythrophagocytosis by splenic macrophages is a major contributor to systemic iron homeostasis. However, accumulating evidence suggests that tissue-resident macrophages regulate local iron availability and modulate the tissue microenvironment, contributing to cellular and tissue function. Here, we summarize the significance of tissue-specific regulation of iron availability and highlight how resident macrophages are critical for this process. This tissue-dependent regulation has broad implications for understanding both resident macrophage function and tissue iron homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katrina M Volk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Tovar A, Smith GJ, Thomas JM, Crouse WL, Harkema JR, Kelada SNP. Transcriptional Profiling of the Murine Airway Response to Acute Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:114-130. [PMID: 31626304 PMCID: PMC6944221 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient ozone (O3) exposure has serious consequences on respiratory health, including airway inflammation and injury. Decades of research have yielded thorough descriptions of these outcomes; however, less is known about the molecular processes that drive them. The aim of this study was to further describe the cellular and molecular responses to O3 exposure in murine airways, with a particular focus on transcriptional responses in 2 critical pulmonary tissue compartments: conducting airways (CA) and airway macrophages (AM). After exposing adult, female C57BL/6J mice to filtered air, 1 or 2 ppm O3, we assessed hallmark responses including airway inflammation (cell counts and cytokine secretion) and injury (epithelial permeability), followed by gene expression profiling of CA and AM by RNA-seq. As expected, we observed concentration-dependent increases in airway inflammation and injury. Conducting airways and AM both exhibited changes in gene expression to both 1 and 2 ppm O3 that were largely compartment-specific. In CA, genes associated with epithelial barrier function, detoxification processes, and cellular proliferation were altered, while O3 affected genes involved in innate immune signaling, cytokine production, and extracellular matrix remodeling in AM. Further, CA and AM also exhibited notable differences in concentration-response expression patterns for large numbers of genes. Overall, our study has described transcriptional responses to acute O3 exposure, revealing both shared and unique gene expression patterns across multiple concentrations of O3 and in 2 important O3-responsive tissues. These profiles provide broad mechanistic insight into pulmonary O3 toxicity, and reveal a variety of targets for focused follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Tovar
- Department of Genetics
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology
| | - Gregory J Smith
- Department of Genetics
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine
| | | | - Wesley L Crouse
- Department of Genetics
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostic Investigation and Institute for Integrated Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Samir N P Kelada
- Department of Genetics
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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21
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Stonehuerner J, Tong H, Richards J, Gilmour MI, Madden MC, Shen Z, Kantrow SP. Quartz Disrupts Iron Homeostasis in Alveolar Macrophages To Impact a Pro-Inflammatory Effect. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1737-1747. [PMID: 31407890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological response of bronchial epithelial cells to particles is associated with a sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface and a subsequent disruption in host iron homeostasis. The macrophage is the cell type resident in the respiratory tract that is most likely to make initial contact with inhaled particles. We tested the postulates that (1) silica, a prototypical particle, disrupts iron homeostasis in alveolar macrophages (AMs); and (2) the altered iron homeostasis results in both an oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects. Human AMs (1.0 × 106/mL) demonstrated an increased import of iron following particle exposure with nonheme iron concentrations of 0.57 ± 0.03, 1.72 ± 0.09, 0.88 ± 0.09, and 3.21 ± 0.11 ppm in cells exposed for 4 h to media, 500 μM ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), 100 μg/mL silica, and both silica and FAC, respectively. Intracellular ferritin concentrations and iron release were similarly increased after AM exposure to FAC and silica. Silica increased oxidant generation by AMs measured using both dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salt. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophage supernatant increased following 100 μg/mL silica exposure for 24 h. Treatment of AMs with 500 μM FAC decreased both oxidant generation and cytokine release associated with silica exposure, supporting a dependence of these effects on sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface. We conclude that (1) silica exposure disrupts iron homeostasis resulting in increased import, accumulation, and release of the metal; and (2) the altered iron homeostasis following silica exposure impacts oxidant generation and pro-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Jacqueline Stonehuerner
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Haiyan Tong
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Judy Richards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Michael C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Stephen P Kantrow
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
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22
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Daher R, Lefebvre T, Puy H, Karim Z. Extrahepatic hepcidin production: The intriguing outcomes of recent years. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1926-1936. [PMID: 31423425 PMCID: PMC6695539 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i15.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is the hyposideremic hormone regulating iron metabolism. It is a defensin-like disulfide-bonded peptide with antimicrobial activity. The main site of hepcidin production is the liver where its synthesis is modulated by iron, inflammation and erythropoietic signaling. However, hepcidin locally produced in several peripheral organs seems to be an important actor for the maintenance of iron homeostasis in these organs. This review highlights the presence of peripheral hepcidin and its potential functions. Understanding the role of extrahepatic hepcidin could be of great physiological and therapeutic importance for several specific pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raêd Daher
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- Université Paris Diderot, Bichat site, Paris 75018, France
- Inflammation Research Center (CRI), INSERM U1149/ERL CNRS 8252, Paris 75018, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris 75018, France
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23
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Zhang WZ, Butler JJ, Cloonan SM. Smoking-induced iron dysregulation in the lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:238-247. [PMID: 30075191 PMCID: PMC6355389 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most abundant transition elements and is indispensable for almost all organisms. While the ability of iron to participate in redox chemistry is an essential requirement for participation in a range of vital enzymatic reactions, this same feature of iron also makes it dangerous in the generation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Given the high local oxygen tensions in the lung, the regulation of iron acquisition, utilization, and storage therefore becomes vitally important, perhaps more so than in any other biological system. Iron plays a critical role in the biology of essentially every cell type in the lung, and in particular, changes in iron levels have important ramifications on immune function and the local lung microenvironment. There is substantial evidence that cigarette smoke causes iron dysregulation, with the implication that iron may be the link between smoking and smoking-related lung diseases. A better understanding of the connection between cigarette smoke, iron, and respiratory diseases will help to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James J Butler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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24
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Iron in Lung Pathology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010030. [PMID: 30781366 PMCID: PMC6469192 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung presents a unique challenge for iron homeostasis. The entire airway is in direct contact with the environment and its iron particulate matter and iron-utilizing microbes. However, the homeostatic and adaptive mechanisms of pulmonary iron regulation are poorly understood. This review provides an overview of systemic and local lung iron regulation, as well as the roles of iron in the development of lung infections, airway disease, and lung injury. These mechanisms provide an important foundation for the ongoing development of therapeutic applications.
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25
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Iron Homeostasis in the Lungs-A Balance between Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010005. [PMID: 30609678 PMCID: PMC6469191 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong mechanistic link between the regulation of iron homeostasis and oxygen sensing is evident in the lung, where both systems must be properly controlled to maintain lung function. Imbalances in pulmonary iron homeostasis are frequently associated with respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms causing alterations in iron levels and the involvement of iron in the development of lung disorders are incompletely understood. Here, we review current knowledge about the regulation of pulmonary iron homeostasis, its functional importance, and the link between dysregulated iron levels and lung diseases. Gaining greater knowledge on how iron contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases holds promise for future iron-related therapeutic strategies.
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26
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Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: the involvement of iron. Biometals 2018; 31:715-735. [PMID: 30014355 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many evidences indicate that oxidative stress plays a significant role in a variety of human disease states, including neurodegenerative diseases. Iron is an essential metal for almost all living organisms due to its involvement in a large number of iron-containing proteins and enzymes, though it could be also toxic. Actually, free iron excess generates oxidative stress, particularly in brain, where anti-oxidative defences are relatively low. Its accumulation in specific regions is associated with pathogenesis in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation). Anyway, the extent of toxicity is dictated, in part, by the localization of the iron complex within the cell (cytosolic, lysosomal and mitochondrial), its biochemical form, i.e., ferritin or hemosiderin, as well as the ability of the cell to prevent the generation and propagation of free radical by the wide range of antioxidants and cytoprotective enzymes in the cell. Particularly, ferrous iron can act as a catalyst in the Fenton reaction that potentiates oxygen toxicity by generating a wide range of free radical species, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The observation that patients with neurodegenerative diseases show a dramatic increase in their brain iron content, correlated with the production of reactive oxigen species in these areas of the brain, conceivably suggests that disturbances in brain iron homeostasis may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders. The aim of this review is to describe the chemical features of iron in human beings and iron induced toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the attention is focused on metal chelating drugs therapeutic strategies.
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27
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Agoro R, Taleb M, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. Cell iron status influences macrophage polarization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196921. [PMID: 29771935 PMCID: PMC5957380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in innate immune response and in the priming of adaptive immunity, and are characterized by their phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity. Reprogramming intracellular metabolism in response to microenvironmental signals is required for M1/M2 macrophage polarization and function. Here we assessed the influence of iron on the polarization of the immune response in vivo and in vitro. Iron-enriched diet increased M2 marker Arg1 and Ym1 expression in liver and peritoneal macrophages, while iron deficiency decreased Arg1 expression. Under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions, low iron diet exacerbated the proinflammatory response, while the IL-12/IL-10 balance decreased with iron-rich diet, thus polarizing toward type 2 response. Indeed, in vitro macrophage iron loading reduced the basal percentage of cells expressing M1 co-stimulatory CD86 and MHC-II molecules. Further, iron loading of macrophages prevented the pro-inflammatory response induced by LPS through reduction of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation with decreased iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα expression. The increase of intracellular iron also reduced LPS-induced hepcidin gene expression and abolished ferroportin down-regulation in macrophages, in line with macrophage polarization. Thus, iron modulates the inflammatory response outcome, as elevated iron levels increased M2 phenotype and negatively regulated M1 proinflammatory LPS-induced response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Meriem Taleb
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Valerie F. J. Quesniaux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Mura
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS, Orléans, France
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France
- * E-mail:
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28
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Sarkar J, Potdar AA, Saidel GM. Whole-body iron transport and metabolism: Mechanistic, multi-scale model to improve treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006060. [PMID: 29659573 PMCID: PMC5919696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays vital roles in the human body including enzymatic processes, oxygen-transport via hemoglobin and immune response. Iron metabolism is characterized by ~95% recycling and minor replenishment through diet. Anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a lack of synthesis of erythropoietin leading to reduced red blood cell (RBC) formation and aberrant iron recycling. Treatment of CKD anemia aims to normalize RBC count and serum hemoglobin. Clinically, the various fluxes of iron transport and accumulation are not measured so that changes during disease (e.g., CKD) and treatment are unknown. Unwanted iron accumulation in patients is known to lead to adverse effects. Current whole-body models lack the mechanistic details of iron transport related to RBC maturation, transferrin (Tf and TfR) dynamics and assume passive iron efflux from macrophages. Hence, they are not predictive of whole-body iron dynamics and cannot be used to design individualized patient treatment. For prediction, we developed a mechanistic, multi-scale computational model of whole-body iron metabolism incorporating four compartments containing major pools of iron and RBC generation process. The model accounts for multiple forms of iron in vivo, mechanisms involved in iron uptake and release and their regulation. Furthermore, the model is interfaced with drug pharmacokinetics to allow simulation of treatment dynamics. We calibrated our model with experimental and clinical data from peer-reviewed literature to reliably simulate CKD anemia and the effects of current treatment involving combination of epoietin-alpha and iron dextran. This in silico whole-body model of iron metabolism predicts that a year of treatment can potentially lead to 90% downregulation of ferroportin (FPN) levels, 15-fold increase in iron stores with only a 20% increase in iron flux from the reticulo-endothelial system (RES). Model simulations quantified unmeasured iron fluxes, previously unknown effects of treatment on FPN-level and iron stores in the RES. This mechanistic whole-body model can be the basis for future studies that incorporate iron metabolism together with related clinical experiments. Such an approach could pave the way for development of effective personalized treatment of CKD anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Sarkar
- Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alka A. Potdar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Saidel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Hsu JL, Manouvakhova OV, Clemons KV, Inayathullah M, Tu AB, Sobel RA, Tian A, Nazik H, Pothineni VR, Pasupneti S, Jiang X, Dhillon GS, Bedi H, Rajadas J, Haas H, Aurelian L, Stevens DA, Nicolls MR. Microhemorrhage-associated tissue iron enhances the risk for Aspergillus fumigatus invasion in a mouse model of airway transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/429/eaag2616. [PMID: 29467298 PMCID: PMC5841257 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary disease due to the mold Aspergillus fumigatus can be life-threatening in lung transplant recipients, but the risk factors remain poorly understood. To study this process, we used a tracheal allograft mouse model that recapitulates large airway changes observed in patients undergoing lung transplantation. We report that microhemorrhage-related iron content may be a major determinant of A. fumigatus invasion and, consequently, its virulence. Invasive growth was increased during progressive alloimmune-mediated graft rejection associated with high concentrations of ferric iron in the graft. The role of iron in A. fumigatus invasive growth was further confirmed by showing that this invasive phenotype was increased in tracheal transplants from donor mice lacking the hemochromatosis gene (Hfe-/- ). The invasive phenotype was also increased in mouse syngrafts treated with topical iron solution and in allograft recipients receiving deferoxamine, a chelator that increases iron bioavailability to the mold. The invasive growth of the iron-intolerant A. fumigatus double-knockout mutant (ΔsreA/ΔcccA) was lower than that of the wild-type mold. Alloimmune-mediated microvascular damage and iron overload did not appear to impair the host's immune response. In human lung transplant recipients, positive staining for iron in lung transplant tissue was more commonly seen in endobronchial biopsy sections from transplanted airways than in biopsies from the patients' own airways. Collectively, these data identify iron as a major determinant of A. fumigatus invasive growth and a potential target to treat or prevent A. fumigatus infections in lung transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe L. Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Olga V. Manouvakhova
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohammed Inayathullah
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardio-vascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Allen B. Tu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Pathology and Laboratory Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Tian
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hasan Nazik
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Venkata R. Pothineni
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardio-vascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shravani Pasupneti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gundeep S. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harmeet Bedi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardio-vascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical Service, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA,Corresponding author.
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30
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Harrington-Kandt R, Stylianou E, Eddowes LA, Lim PJ, Stockdale L, Pinpathomrat N, Bull N, Pasricha J, Ulaszewska M, Beglov Y, Vaulont S, Drakesmith H, McShane H. Hepcidin deficiency and iron deficiency do not alter tuberculosis susceptibility in a murine M.tb infection model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191038. [PMID: 29324800 PMCID: PMC5764373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the macrophage-tropic pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a highly prevalent infectious disease. Since an immune correlate of protection or effective vaccine have yet to be found, continued research into host-pathogen interactions is important. Previous literature reports links between host iron status and disease outcome for many infections, including TB. For some extracellular bacteria, the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is essential for protection against infection. Here, we investigated hepcidin (encoded by Hamp1) in the context of murine M.tb infection. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with M.tb Erdman via aerosol. Hepatic expression of iron-responsive genes was measured by qRT-PCR and bacterial burden determined in organ homogenates. We found that hepatic Hamp1 mRNA levels decreased post-infection, and correlated with a marker of BMP/SMAD signalling pathways. Next, we tested the effect of Hamp1 deletion, and low iron diets, on M.tb infection. Hamp1 knockout mice did not have a significantly altered M.tb mycobacterial load in either the lungs or spleen. Up to 10 weeks of dietary iron restriction did not robustly affect disease outcome despite causing iron deficiency anaemia. Taken together, our data indicate that unlike with many other infections, hepcidin is decreased following M.tb infection, and show that hepcidin ablation does not influence M.tb growth in vivo. Furthermore, because even severe iron deficiency did not affect M.tb mycobacterial load, we suggest that the mechanisms M.tb uses to scavenge iron from the host must be extremely efficient, and may therefore represent potential targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Stylianou
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Eddowes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Naomi Bull
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pasricha
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yulia Beglov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut Cochin, INSERM 567, CNRS 8104, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
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31
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Cloonan SM, Mumby S, Adcock IM, Choi AMK, Chung KF, Quinlan GJ. The "Iron"-y of Iron Overload and Iron Deficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:1103-1112. [PMID: 28410559 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201702-0311pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cloonan
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Gregory J Quinlan
- 4 Vascular Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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32
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Liu J, Qian L, Guo L, Feng Y. Studying hepcidin and related pathways in osteoblasts using a mouse model with insulin receptor substrate 1‑loss of function. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:350-357. [PMID: 29115497 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is one of the most important proteins in iron metabolism. In the present study, its role in iron metabolism and the associated signaling pathways involved was investigated in a mouse model with insulin receptor substrate 1‑loss of function (IRS‑/‑), and osteoblasts in the iron overload condition. Protein expression levels of hepcidin, interleukin 6 (IL‑6), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1α and ferritin demonstrated a significant increase in the liver of the IRS‑/‑ mice compared with the IRS+/‑ and IRS+/+ mice. Hepcidin levels in the jaw bone were also increased in the IRS‑/‑ mice (although not significantly). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) and ferroportin (FPN) were significantly increased in the liver of the IRS‑/‑ mice compared with the other two models, but no significant differences were observed in the transferrin receptor mRNA expression levels. Additionally, the mRNA expression of hepcidin, FPN and IL‑6 was upregulated in osteoblasts after ferric ammonium citrate exposure, while the mRNA expression of BMP6 was inhibited. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that hepcidin is involved in iron metabolism in IRS‑1‑/‑ mice via the signaling pathways involving BMP6 and IL‑6. Furthermore, hepcidin is also involved in iron metabolism in osteoblasts under iron overload conditions. Therefore, hepcidin and its associated signaling pathway proteins may represent potential targets for the treatment of conditions associated with iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Linna Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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33
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Deschemin JC, Mathieu JRR, Zumerle S, Peyssonnaux C, Vaulont S. Pulmonary Iron Homeostasis in Hepcidin Knockout Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 29089902 PMCID: PMC5650979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary iron excess is deleterious and contributes to a range of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. Optimal lung iron concentration is maintained through dynamic regulation of iron transport and storage proteins. The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is also expressed in the lung. In order to better understand the interactions between iron-associated molecules and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis in lung iron balance, we examined lung physiology and inflammatory responses in two murine models of systemic iron-loading, either hepcidin knock-out (Hepc KO) or liver-specific hepcidin KO mice (Hepc KOliv), which do (Hepc KOliv) or do not (Hepc KO) express lung hepcidin. We have found that increased plasma iron in Hepc KO mice is associated with increased pulmonary iron levels, consistent with increased cellular iron uptake by pulmonary epithelial cells, together with an increase at the apical membrane of the cells of the iron exporter ferroportin, consistent with increased iron export in the alveoli. Subsequently, alveolar macrophages (AM) accumulate iron in a non-toxic form and this is associated with elevated production of ferritin. The accumulation of iron in the lung macrophages of hepcidin KO mice contrasts with splenic and hepatic macrophages which contain low iron levels as we have previously reported. Hepc KOliv mice with liver-specific hepcidin deficiency demonstrated same pulmonary iron overload profile as the Hepc KO mice, suggesting that pulmonary hepcidin is not critical in maintaining local iron homeostasis. In addition, the high iron load in the lung of Hepc KO mice does not appear to enhance acute lung inflammation or injury. Lastly, we have shown that intraperitoneal LPS injection is not associated with pulmonary hepcidin induction, despite high levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, intranasal LPS injection stimulates a hepcidin response, likely derived from AM, and alters pulmonary iron content in Hepc KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Deschemin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Jacques R R Mathieu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sara Zumerle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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Rishi G, Subramaniam VN. The liver in regulation of iron homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G157-G165. [PMID: 28596277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00004.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the largest and most functionally diverse organs in the human body. In addition to roles in detoxification of xenobiotics, digestion, synthesis of important plasma proteins, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and storage, the liver also plays a significant role in iron homeostasis. Apart from being the storage site for excess body iron, it also plays a vital role in regulating the amount of iron released into the blood by enterocytes and macrophages. Since iron is essential for many important physiological and molecular processes, it increases the importance of liver in the proper functioning of the body's metabolism. This hepatic iron-regulatory function can be attributed to the expression of many liver-specific or liver-enriched proteins, all of which play an important role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. This review focuses on these proteins and their known roles in the regulation of body iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Liver Disease and Iron Disorders Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Liver Disease and Iron Disorders Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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35
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Toblli JE, Cao G, Giani JF, Dominici FP, Angerosa M. Markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in lung tissue of rats exposed to different intravenous iron compounds. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2251-2263. [PMID: 28814833 PMCID: PMC5546731 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s132612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a frequent complication in clinical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and excessive blood loss. Given the ability of iron to catalyze redox reactions, iron therapy can be associated with oxidative stress. The lung is uniquely susceptible to oxidative stress, and little is known about the effects of intravenous iron treatment in this organ. This study characterized changes in markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in the lung of non-iron deficient, non-anemic rats treated with five weekly doses (40 mg iron per kg body weight) of low molecular weight iron dextran (LMWID), iron sucrose (IS), ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), ferumoxytol (FMX), iron isomaltoside 1000 (IIM), or saline (control). Rats treated with LMWID, FMX, or IIM showed significant changes in most measures of oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and iron deposition compared to the saline-treated controls, with greatest changes in the LMWID treatment group. Increases in products of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and protein nitrosation (nitrotyrosine) were consistent with increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, Cu,Zn-SOD, GPx), decreases in antioxidative capacity (reduced:oxidized GSH ratio), increased levels of transcription factors involved in the inflammatory pathway (NF-κB, HIF-1α), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1), markers of macrophage infiltration (ED-1), and iron deposition (Prussian blue, ferritin). Since changes in measured parameters in FCM- or IS-treated rats were generally modest, the results suggest that FCM and IS have a low propensity to induce lung inflammation. The relevance of these findings to clinical safety profiles of the tested intravenous iron products requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Toblli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cao
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biophysics-Biochemistry (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biophysics-Biochemistry (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margarita Angerosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:181-195. [PMID: 28495571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological processes, however, too much or too little iron can result in a wide variety of pathological consequences, depending on the organ system, tissue or cell type affected. In order to reduce pathogenesis, iron levels are tightly controlled in throughout the body by regulatory systems that control iron absorption, systemic transport and cellular uptake and storage. Altered iron levels and/or dysregulated homeostasis have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. However, the mechanisms that underpin these associations and whether iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, in order to survive and replicate, pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved strategies to source host iron, including freeing iron from cells and proteins that store and transport iron. To counter these microbial strategies, mammals have evolved immune-mediated defence mechanisms that reduce iron availability to pathogens. This interplay between iron, infection and immunity has important ramifications for the pathogenesis and management of human respiratory infections and diseases. An increased understanding of the role that iron plays in the pathogenesis of lung disease and respiratory infections may help inform novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the potential importance of iron in respiratory diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rafia Karim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ali Shahandeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Firouz Abbasian
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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Kanamori Y, Murakami M, Sugiyama M, Hashimoto O, Matsui T, Funaba M. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) transcriptionally activates hepcidin by inducing CCAAT enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) expression in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10275-10287. [PMID: 28438835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that negatively regulates serum iron levels and is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. Previous studies have clarified that in addition to hepatic iron levels, inflammation also efficiently increases hepatic hepcidin expression. The principle regions responsible for efficient hepcidin transcription are bone morphogenetic protein-responsive elements (BMP-REs) 1 and 2 as well as the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-binding site (STAT-BS). Here, we show that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) efficiently increases hepcidin expression in human HepG2 liver-derived cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. The primary region responsible for IL-1β-mediated hepcidin transcription was the putative CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-binding site (C/EBP-BS) at the hepcidin promoter spanning nucleotides -329 to -320. IL-1β induces the expression of C/EBPδ but neither C/EBPα nor C/EBPβ in hepatocytes, and C/EBPδ bound to the C/EBP-BS in an IL-1β-dependent manner. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the expression of IL-1β in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes in the mouse liver; furthermore, the culture supernatants from the macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 treated with LPS potentiated the stimulation of hepcidin expression in hepatocytes. The present study reveals that: 1) inflammation induces IL-1β production in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes; 2) IL-1β increases C/EBPδ expression in hepatocytes; and 3) induction of C/EBPδ activates hepcidin transcription via the C/EBP-BS that has been uncharacterized yet. In cooperation with the other pathways activated by inflammation, IL-1β pathway stimulation leads to excess production of hepcidin, which could be causative to anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kanamori
- From the Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Masaru Murakami
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, and
| | | | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- From the Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- From the Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,
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Mohan S, Ho T, Kjarsgaard M, Radford K, Borhan ASM, Thabane L, Nair P. Hemosiderin in sputum macrophages may predict infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective observational study. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:60. [PMID: 28403845 PMCID: PMC5389091 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infective exacerbations of COPD are common and are accompanied by neutrophilic bronchitis in sputum. Increased respiratory iron content has been associated with respiratory tract infection, though it is unclear if this represents a predisposing factor for infection or the sequelae of inflammation. Iron overload, as assessed in the airways, may be an important biomarker for recurrent infective exacerbations of COPD. The purpose of our study was to determine if hemosiderin in sputum macrophages is related to infective exacerbations of COPD. Methods We undertook a retrospective observational study of 54 consecutive patients who presented with an exacerbation of COPD and had sputum examined including assessment for hemosiderin in alveolar macrophages. The relation between infective exacerbations in the previous two years and the percent of hemosiderin-positive macrophages was analyzed with linear regression. To account for the non-parametric distribution of infective exacerbations, negative binomial regression modelling was used to account for other covariates. Results The percent of hemosiderin positive alveolar macrophages (hemosiderin index), analyzed parametrically and non-parametrically, demonstrated a significant correlation with increasing numbers of infective exacerbations in the previous two years. In a multivariate regression analysis, hemosiderin index was an independent predictor of infective exacerbations. COPD patients with raised hemosiderin index (≥20%) had higher levels of sputum IL-6 compared to patients with lower levels (<20%). Conclusions High hemosiderin index in sputum alveolar macrophages measured at the time of AECOPD may be related to the frequency of infective exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindu Mohan
- Division of Respirology, St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Terence Ho
- Division of Respirology, St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Melanie Kjarsgaard
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Katherine Radford
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - A S M Borhan
- Department of Health Research Methods, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Division of Respirology, St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Michels KR, Zhang Z, Bettina AM, Cagnina RE, Stefanova D, Burdick MD, Vaulont S, Nemeth E, Ganz T, Mehrad B. Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e92002. [PMID: 28352667 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative pneumonia is a dangerous illness, and bacterial dissemination to the bloodstream during the infection is strongly associated with death. Antibiotic resistance among the causative pathogens has resulted in diminishing treatment options against this infection. Hepcidin is the master regulator of extracellular iron availability in vertebrates, but its role in the context of host defense is undefined. We hypothesized that hepcidin-mediated depletion of extracellular iron during Gram-negative pneumonia protects the host by limiting dissemination of bacteria to the bloodstream. During experimental pneumonia, hepcidin was induced in the liver in an IL-6-dependent manner and mediated a rapid decline in plasma iron. In contrast, hepcidin-deficient mice developed a paradoxical increase in plasma iron during infection associated with profound susceptibility to bacteremia. Incubation of bacteria with iron-supplemented plasma enhanced bacterial growth in vitro, and systemic administration of iron to WT mice similarly promoted increased susceptibility to bloodstream infection. Finally, treatment with a hepcidin analogue restored hypoferremia in hepcidin-deficient hosts, mediated bacterial control, and improved outcomes. These data show hepcidin induction during pneumonia to be essential to preventing bacterial dissemination by limiting extracellular iron availability. Hepcidin agonists may represent an effective therapy for Gram-negative infections in patients with impaired hepcidin production or signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - R Elaine Cagnina
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Debora Stefanova
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marie D Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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40
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Agoro R, Mura C. Inflammation-induced up-regulation of hepcidin and down-regulation of ferroportin transcription are dependent on macrophage polarization. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 61:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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de Seny D, Cobraiville G, Leprince P, Fillet M, Collin C, Mathieu M, Hauzeur JP, Gangji V, Malaise MG. Biomarkers of inflammation and innate immunity in atrophic nonunion fracture. J Transl Med 2016; 14:258. [PMID: 27599571 PMCID: PMC5011805 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonunion is a failure of healing following a bone fracture. Its physiopathology remains partially unclear and the discovery of new mediators could promote the understanding of bone healing. METHODS Thirty-three atrophic nonunion (NU) patients that failed to demonstrate any radiographic improvement for 6 consecutive months were recruited for providing serum samples. Thirty-five healthy volunteers (HV) served as the control group. Proteomics studies were performed using SELDI-TOF-MS and 2D-DIGE approaches, associated or not with Proteominer® preprocessing, to highlight biomarkers specific to atrophic nonunion pathology. Peak intensities were analyzed by two statistical approaches, a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests (univariate approach) and a machine-learning algorithm called extra-trees (multivariate approach). Validation of highlighted biomarkers was performed by alternative approaches such as microfluidic LC-MS/MS, nephelometry, western blotting or ELISA assays. RESULTS From the 35 HV and 33 NU crude serum samples and Proteominer® eluates, 136 spectra were collected by SELDI-TOF-MS using CM10 and IMAC-Cu(2+) ProteinChip arrays, and 665 peaks were integrated for extra-trees multivariate analysis. Accordingly, seven biomarkers and several variants were identified as potential NU biomarkers. Their levels of expression were found to be down- or up-regulated in serum of HV vs NU. These biomarkers are inter-α-trypsin inhibitor H4, hepcidin, S100A8, S100A9, glycated hemoglobin β subunit, PACAP related peptide, complement C3 α-chain. 2D-DIGE experiment allowed to detect 14 biomarkers as being down- or up-regulated in serum of HV vs NU including a cleaved fragment of apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein E, complement C3 and C6. Several biomarkers such as hepcidin, complement C6, S100A9, apolipoprotein E, complement C3 and C4 were confirmed by an alternative approach as being up-regulated in serum of NU patients compared to HV controls. CONCLUSION Two proteomics approaches were used to identify new biomarkers up- or down-regulated in the nonunion pathology, which are involved in bone turn-over, inflammation, innate immunity, glycation and lipid metabolisms. High expression of hepcidin or S100A8/S100A9 by myeloid cells and the presence of advanced glycation end products and complement factors could be the result of a longstanding inflammatory process. Blocking macrophage activation and/or TLR4 receptor could accelerate healing of fractured bone in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique de Seny
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, Tour GIGA, +2, CHU, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Gaël Cobraiville
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, Tour GIGA, +2, CHU, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Collin
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, Tour GIGA, +2, CHU, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myrielle Mathieu
- Laboratory of Bone and Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Rheumatology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Hauzeur
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, Tour GIGA, +2, CHU, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Valérie Gangji
- Laboratory of Bone and Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Rheumatology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel G Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, Tour GIGA, +2, CHU, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Bauckman KA, Zhang T, Mysorekar IU. Macrophagic control of the response to uropathogenic E. coli infection by regulation of iron retention in an IL-6-dependent manner. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:413-426. [PMID: 27980776 PMCID: PMC5134725 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the causative agent of over 85% of urinary tract infections (UTIs), elaborate a number of siderophores to chelate iron from the host. On the other hand, the host immune imperative is to limit the availability of iron to the bacteria. Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this host‐iron‐UPEC interaction. Our objective was to determine whether macrophages, in response to UPEC infection, retain extracellular siderophore‐bound and free iron, thus limiting the ability of UPEC to access iron. Methods Quantitative PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and gene expression analysis of wild type and IL‐6‐deficient macrophages was performed. Results We found that (1) macrophages upon UPEC infection increased expression of lipocalin 2, a siderophore‐binding molecule, of Dmt1, a molecule that facilitates macrophage uptake of free iron, and of the intracellular iron cargo molecule ferritin, and decreased expression of the iron exporter ferroportin; (2) bladder macrophages regulate expression of genes involved in iron retention upon UPEC infection; (3) IL‐6, a cytokine known to play an important role in regulating host iron homeostasis as well as host defense to UPEC, regulates this process, in part by promoting production of lipocalin 2; and finally, (4) inhibition of IL‐6 signaling genetically and by neutralizing antibodies against the IL‐6 receptor, promoted intra‐macrophagic UPEC growth in the presence of excess iron. Conclusions Together, our study suggests that macrophages retain siderophore‐bound and free iron in response to UPEC and IL‐6 signaling is necessary for macrophages to limit the growth of UPEC in the presence of excess iron. IL‐6 signaling and iron regulation is one mechanism by which macrophages may mediate UPEC clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Kyle A Bauckman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Tingxuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri; Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
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Tandara L, Grubisic TZ, Ivan G, Jurisic Z, Tandara M, Gugo K, Mladinov S, Salamunic I. Systemic inflammation up-regulates serum hepcidin in exacerbations and stabile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1252-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Giorgi G, D'Anna MC, Roque ME. Iron homeostasis and its disruption in mouse lung in iron deficiency and overload. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1199-216. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Giorgi
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - María Cecilia D'Anna
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Marta Elena Roque
- Laboratory of Human Physiology; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-CONICET); San Juan 670, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Bahía Blanca Argentina
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45
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Thomsen MS, Andersen MV, Christoffersen PR, Jensen MD, Lichota J, Moos T. Neurodegeneration with inflammation is accompanied by accumulation of iron and ferritin in microglia and neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Hepcidin is the master regulator of iron homeostasis in vertebrates. The synthesis of hepcidin is induced by systemic iron levels and by inflammatory stimuli. While the role of hepcidin in iron regulation is well established, its contribution to host defense is emerging as complex and multifaceted. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of hepcidin as a mediator of antimicrobial immunity. Hepcidin induction during infection causes depletion of extracellular iron, which is thought to be a general defense mechanism against many infections by withholding iron from invading pathogens. Conversely, by promoting iron sequestration in macrophages, hepcidin may be detrimental to cellular defense against certain intracellular infections, although critical in vivo studies are needed to confirm this concept. It is not yet clear whether hepcidin exerts any iron-independent effects on host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Michels
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- The Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Layoun A, Samba M, Santos MM. Isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation. J Vis Exp 2015:e52749. [PMID: 25993651 PMCID: PMC4541597 DOI: 10.3791/52749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages express surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns conserved through evolution in a wide range of microorganisms. TLRs play a central role in macrophage activation which is usually associated with gene expression alteration. Macrophages are critical in many diseases and have emerged as attractive targets for therapy. In the following protocol, we describe a procedure to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages using Brewer's thioglycollate medium. The latter will boost monocyte migration into the peritoneum, accordingly this will raise macrophage yield by 10-fold. Several studies have been carried out using bone marrow, spleen or peritoneal derived macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages were shown to be more mature upon isolation and are more stable in their functionality and phenotype. Thus, macrophages isolated from murine peritoneal cavity present an important cell population that can serve in different immunological and metabolic studies. Once isolated, macrophages were stimulated with different TLR ligands and consequently gene expression was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Layoun
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Institut du cancer de Montréal;
| | - Macha Samba
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Institut du cancer de Montréal
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Institut du cancer de Montréal; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal
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Silva B, Faustino P. An overview of molecular basis of iron metabolism regulation and the associated pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1347-59. [PMID: 25843914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for several vital biological processes. Its deficiency or overload drives to the development of several pathologies. To maintain iron homeostasis, the organism controls the dietary iron absorption by enterocytes, its recycling by macrophages and storage in hepatocytes. These processes are mainly controlled by hepcidin, a liver-derived hormone which synthesis is regulated by iron levels, inflammation, infection, anemia and erythropoiesis. Besides the systemic regulation of iron metabolism mediated by hepcidin, cellular regulatory processes also occur. Cells are able to regulate themselves the expression of the iron metabolism-related genes through different post-transcriptional mechanisms, such as the alternative splicing, microRNAs, the IRP/IRE system and the proteolytic cleavage. Whenever those mechanisms are disturbed, due to genetic or environmental factors, iron homeostasis is disrupted and iron related pathologies may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Faustino
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Bârsan L, Stanciu A, Stancu S, Căpuşă C, Brătescu L, Mandache E, Radu E, Mircescu G. Bone marrow iron distribution, hepcidin, and ferroportin expression in renal anemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:543-52. [PMID: 25745821 DOI: 10.1179/1607845415y.0000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hepcidin-ferroportin system is involved in both conditions associated with iron-restricted erythropoiesis in renal anemia: iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disorders. As serum hepcidin could aid diagnosis, we investigated its relationships with bone marrow iron distribution, hepcidin-ferroportin expression in bone marrow cells, and peripheral iron indices in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS Fifty-four epoetin and iron naive CKD patients entered this prospective, observational study. According to bone marrow iron distribution (iliac crest biopsy, Perls' stain), 26 had iron deficiency anemia, 21 anemia of chronic disorders and 7 had normal iron stores. Medullar hepcidin and ferroportin expression (immunofluorescence (IF), semiquantitative scales) and serum hepcidin (Hep25 - ELISA) were the main studied parameters. RESULTS Low hepcidin and high ferroportin expression by erythroblast and macrophage were seen in iron deficiency anemia, while the opposites were true in anemia of chronic disorders. In regression analysis, higher Hep25 and ferritin predicted hepcidin expression (R(2)=0.48; P < 0.0001), while lower ferritin and Hep25 - predicted ferroportin expression (R(2) = 0.29; P = 0.003) by erythroblast; inflammation had no contribution. In ROC analysis, serum hepcidin and ferritin had similar moderate utility in differentiating iron deficiency anemia from anemia of chronic disorders (AUC 0.63 95% CI 0.47-0.79 and 0.76 95% CI 0.61-0.90, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Thus, in anemic epoetin naive non-dialysis CKD patients, hepcidin and ferroportin expression by erythroblast and macrophage are closely related to bone marrow iron distribution. Although the hepcidin-ferroportin system seems regulated by ferritin-driven Hep25, serum hepcidin and peripheral iron indices are of little help in describing bone marrow iron status.
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50
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Aigner E, Weiss G, Datz C. Dysregulation of iron and copper homeostasis in nonalcoholic fatty liver. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:177-188. [PMID: 25729473 PMCID: PMC4342600 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron stores as indicated by hyperferritinemia with normal or mildly elevated transferrin saturation and mostly mild hepatic iron deposition are a characteristic finding in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Excess iron is observed in approximately one third of NAFLD patients and is commonly referred to as the “dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome”. Clinical evidence suggests that elevated body iron stores aggravate the clinical course of NAFLD with regard to liver-related and extrahepatic disease complications which relates to the fact that excess iron catalyses the formation of toxic hydroxyl-radicals subsequently resulting in cellular damage. Iron removal improves insulin sensitivity, delays the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, improves pathologic liver function tests and likewise ameliorates NAFLD histology. Several mechanisms contribute to pathologic iron accumulation in NAFLD. These include impaired iron export from hepatocytes and mesenchymal Kupffer cells as a consequence of imbalances in the concentrations of iron regulatory factors, such as hepcidin, cytokines, copper or other dietary factors. This review summarizes the knowledge about iron homeostasis in NAFLD and the rationale for its therapeutic implications.
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