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Ihalainen JK, Mikkonen RS, Ackerman KE, Heikura IA, Mjøsund K, Valtonen M, Hackney AC. Beyond Menstrual Dysfunction: Does Altered Endocrine Function Caused by Problematic Low Energy Availability Impair Health and Sports Performance in Female Athletes? Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02065-6. [PMID: 38995599 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Low energy availability, particularly when problematic (i.e., prolonged and/or severe), has numerous negative consequences for health and sports performance as characterized in relative energy deficiency in sport. These consequences may be driven by disturbances in endocrine function, although scientific evidence clearly linking endocrine dysfunction to decreased sports performance and blunted or diminished training adaptations is limited. We describe how low energy availability-induced changes in sex hormones manifest as menstrual dysfunction and accompanying hormonal dysfunction in other endocrine axes that lead to adverse health outcomes, including negative bone health, impaired metabolic activity, undesired outcomes for body composition, altered immune response, problematic cardiovascular outcomes, iron deficiency, as well as impaired endurance performance and force production, all of which ultimately may influence athlete health and performance. Where identifiable menstrual dysfunction indicates hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction, concomitant disturbances in other hormonal axes and their impact on the athlete's health and sports performance must be recognized as well. Given that the margin between podium positions and "losing" in competitive sports can be very small, several important questions regarding low energy availability, endocrinology, and the mechanisms behind impaired training adaptations and sports performance have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Ihalainen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ritva S Mikkonen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ida A Heikura
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katja Mjøsund
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- National Olympic Training Centre Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Koivula T, Lempiäinen S, Neuvonen J, Norha J, Hollmén M, Sundberg CJ, Rundqvist H, Minn H, Rinne P, Heinonen I. The effect of exercise and disease status on mobilization of anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic immune cells in women with breast cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394420. [PMID: 38979417 PMCID: PMC11228136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mobilization of certain immune cells may improve the ability of the immune system to combat tumor cells, but the effect of acute exercise on mobilizing immune cells has been sparsely investigated in cancer patients. Therefore, we examined how acute exercise influences circulating immune cells in breast cancer patients. Methods Nineteen newly diagnosed breast cancer patients aged 36-68 performed 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise with a cycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected at various time points: at rest, at 15 (E15) and 30 minutes (E30) after onset of the exercise, and at 30 and 60 minutes post-exercise. We analyzed several immune cell subsets using flow cytometry. Results Acute exercise increased the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, total T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, T helper (Th) 2-cells, Th 17-cells, CD8+ T-cells, CD4-CD8- T-cells, CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells, and CD14-CD16+ monocytes. Many of the changes were transient. Proportions of NK-cells and CD8+ T-cells increased, while the proportion of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) reduced, and proportion of regulatory T-cells remained unchanged by exercise. Several associations were detected between cell mobilizations and disease state. For instance, tumor size correlated negatively with NK cell mobilization at E15, and progesterone receptor positivity correlated negatively with CD8+ T-cell mobilization. Conclusion The findings show that the proportions of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells increased and the proportion of MDSCs proportion decreased in breast cancer patients after 30-minute exercise, suggesting a change in the profile of circulating immune cells towards more cytotoxic/anti-tumorigenic. The mobilization of some immune cells also appears to be related to the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Koivula
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Salla Lempiäinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Joona Neuvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Minn
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Jeppesen JS, Caldwell HG, Lossius LO, Melin AK, Gliemann L, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Low energy availability increases immune cell formation of reactive oxygen species and impairs exercise performance in female endurance athletes. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103250. [PMID: 38936255 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of low energy availability (LEA) on the immune system are poorly understood. This study examined the effects of 14 days of LEA on immune cell redox balance and inflammation at rest and in response to acute exercise, and exercise performance in female athletes. METHODS Twelve female endurance athletes (age: 26.8 ± 3.4 yrs, maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max): 55.2 ± 5.1 mL × min-1 × kg-1) were included in a randomized, single-blinded crossover study. They were allocated to begin with either 14 days of optimal energy availability diet (OEA, 52 ± 2 kcal × kg fat free mass (FFM)-1 × day-1) or LEA diet (22 ± 2 kcal × kg FFM-1 × day-1), followed by 3 days of refueling (OEA) with maintained training volume. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and plasma obtained at rest before and after each dietary period. The PBMCs were used for analysis of mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission and specific proteins. Exercise performance was assessed on cycle by a 20-min time trial and time to exhaustion at an intensity corresponding to ∼110 % V˙O2max). RESULTS LEA was associated with a 94 % (P = 0.003) increase in PBMC NADPH oxidase 2 protein content, and a 22 % (P = 0.013) increase in systemic cortisol. LEA also caused an alteration of several inflammatory related proteins (P < 0.05). Acute exercise augmented H2O2 emission in PBMCs (P < 0.001) following both OEA and LEA, but to a greater extent following LEA. LEA also reduced the mobilization of white blood cells with acute exercise. After LEA, performance was reduced in both exercise tests (P < 0.001), and the reduced time trial performance remained after the 3 days of refueling (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION 14 days of LEA in female athletes increased cortisol levels and had a pronounced effect on the immune system, including increased capacity for ROS production, altered plasma inflammatory proteome and lowered exercise induced mobilization of leukocytes. Furthermore, LEA resulted in a sustained impairment in exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Jeppesen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannah G Caldwell
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone O Lossius
- Linnaeus University, Department of Sport Science, Växjö/Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anna K Melin
- Linnaeus University, Department of Sport Science, Växjö/Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhou MW, Zhang PW, Zhang AL, Wei CH, Xu YD, Chen W, Fu ZB. Ilizarov technique for treating elbow stiffness caused by myositis ossificans: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:3144-3150. [PMID: 38898861 PMCID: PMC11185390 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i17.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myositis ossificans (MO) is a rare disease involving the formation of bone outside the musculoskeletal system. While surgical intervention is the main treatment approach, preventing recurrence and standardized rehabilitation are also crucial. Here, we present a surgical strategy to prevent the recurrence of MO. CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old female patient was admitted for the first time for a comminuted fracture of the left olecranon. However, incorrect postoperative rehabilitation resulted in the development of elbow joint stiffness with ectopic ossification, causing a loss of normal range of motion. The patient was diagnosed with MO based on physical examination, X-ray findings, and clinical presentation. We devised a surgical strategy to remove MO, followed by fixation with an Ilizarov frame, and implemented a scientifically reasonable rehabilitation plan. The surgery lasted for 3 h with an estimated blood loss of 45 mL. A drainage tube was placed after surgery, and fluid was aspirated through ultrasound-guided puncture. The patient experienced a significant reduction in joint stiffness after surgery. In the final follow-up at 9 mouths, there was evident improvement in the range of motion of the elbow joint, and no other symptoms were reported. CONCLUSION The Ilizarov frame is an advantageous surgical technique for facilitating rehabilitation after MO removal. It offers benefits such as passive recovery, individualized treatment, and prompt recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Peng-Wei Zhang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - An-Le Zhang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chang-Hao Wei
- Department of Orthopedics Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-De Xu
- Department of Orthopedics Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
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Langston PK, Mathis D. Immunological regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1175-1183. [PMID: 38670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been acknowledged for its powerful disease-preventing, health-promoting effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise are not fully understood. Inflammation is a component of the stress response to exercise. Recent work has revealed that such inflammation is not merely a symptom of exertion; rather, it is a key regulator of exercise adaptations, particularly in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this piece is to provide a conceptual framework that we hope will integrate exercise immunology with exercise physiology, muscle biology, and cellular immunology. We start with an overview of early studies in the field of exercise immunology, followed by an exploration of the importance of stromal cells and immunocytes in the maintenance of muscle homeostasis based on studies of experimental muscle injury. Subsequently, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions and physiological relevance of the immune system in exercised muscle. Finally, we highlight a potential immunological basis for the benefits of exercise in musculoskeletal diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Baskerville R, Castell L, Bermon S. Sports and Immunity, from the recreational to the elite athlete. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104893. [PMID: 38531477 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal role of the immune system in physical activity is well-established. While interactions are complex, they tend to constitute discrete immune responses. Moderate intensity exercise causes leukocytosis with a mild anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and immunoenhancement. Above a threshold of intensity, lactate-mediated IL-6 release causes a proinflammatory state followed by a depressed inflammatory state, which stimulates immune adaptation and longer term cardiometabolic enhancement. Exercise-related immune responses are modulated by sex, age and immunonutrition. At all ability levels, these factors collectively affect the immune balance between enhancement or overload and dysfunction. Excessive training, mental stress or insufficient recovery risks immune cell exhaustion and hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) stress responses causing immunodepression with negative impacts on performance or general health. Participation in sport provides additional immune benefits in terms of ensuring regularity, social inclusion, mental well-being and healthier life choices in terms of diet and reduced smoking and alcohol, thereby consolidating healthy lifestyles and longer term health. Significant differences exist between recreational and professional athletes in terms of inherent characteristics, training resilience and additional stresses arising from competition schedules, travel-related infections and stress. Exercise immunology examines the central role of immunity in exercise physiology and straddles multiple disciplines ranging from neuroendocrinology to nutrition and genetics, with the aim of guiding athletes to train optimally and safely. This review provides a brief outline of the main interactions of immunity and exercise, some influencing factors, and current guidance on maintaining immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics Health and Science Department, Monaco and LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Walzik D, Wences Chirino TY, Zimmer P, Joisten N. Molecular insights of exercise therapy in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:138. [PMID: 38806473 PMCID: PMC11133400 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence emphasizing the pleiotropic benefits of exercise for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Several exercise benefits have been attributed to signaling molecules that are released in response to exercise by different tissues such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, and liver tissue. These signaling molecules, which are collectively termed exerkines, form a heterogenous group of bioactive substances, mediating inter-organ crosstalk as well as structural and functional tissue adaption. Numerous scientific endeavors have focused on identifying and characterizing new biological mediators with such properties. Additionally, some investigations have focused on the molecular targets of exerkines and the cellular signaling cascades that trigger adaption processes. A detailed understanding of the tissue-specific downstream effects of exerkines is crucial to harness the health-related benefits mediated by exercise and improve targeted exercise programs in health and disease. Herein, we review the current in vivo evidence on exerkine-induced signal transduction across multiple target tissues and highlight the preventive and therapeutic value of exerkine signaling in various diseases. By emphasizing different aspects of exerkine research, we provide a comprehensive overview of (i) the molecular underpinnings of exerkine secretion, (ii) the receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling cascades mediating tissue adaption, and (iii) the clinical implications of these mechanisms in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Tiffany Y Wences Chirino
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Division of Exercise and Movement Science, Institute for Sport Science, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5210. [PMID: 38791248 PMCID: PMC11121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jowita Grzędzicka
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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Walzik D, Belen S, Wilisch K, Kupjetz M, Kirschke S, Esser T, Joisten N, Schenk A, Proschinger S, Zimmer P. Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:339-352. [PMID: 37832643 PMCID: PMC11116964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific immunoglobulins. Exercise alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels, but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are lacking. This systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells, immunoglobulins, and markers of secretory immunity in human biofluids. METHODS According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched on March 8, 2023. Non-randomized controlled trials and crossover trials investigating the impact of acute exercise or exercise training on B cell counts and proportions, immunoglobulin levels, salivary flow rate, or secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate were included. Quality and reporting of exercise training studies were assessed using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in Exercise. Study characteristics, outcome measures, and statistically significant changes were summarized tabularly. RESULTS Of the 67 eligible studies, 22 applied acute exercise and 45 applied exercise training. All included outcomes revealed significant alterations over time in acute exercise and exercise training context, but only a few investigations showed significant differences compared to control conditions. Secretory and plasma immunoglobulin A levels were most consistently increased in response to exercise training. CONCLUSION B cell-related outcomes are altered by acute exercise and exercise training, but evidence-based conclusions cannot be drawn with high confidence due to the large heterogeneity in populations and exercise modalities. Well-designed trials with large sample sizes are needed to clarify how exercise shapes B cell-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sergen Belen
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karen Wilisch
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Marie Kupjetz
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Silvana Kirschke
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Tobias Esser
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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Gao H, Li Z, Gan L, Chen X. The Role and Potential Mechanisms of Rehabilitation Exercise Improving Cardiac Remodeling. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s12265-024-10498-7. [PMID: 38558377 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Rehabilitation exercise is a crucial non-pharmacological intervention for the secondary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, effectively ameliorating cardiac remodeling in patients. Exercise training can mitigate cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduce extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis, promote angiogenesis, and regulate inflammatory response to improve cardiac remodeling. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent research progress, summarizing the pivotal role and underlying mechanism of rehabilitation exercise in improving cardiac remodeling and providing valuable insights for devising effective rehabilitation treatment programs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhu Gao
- Colleague of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Colleague of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Jining Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No.89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Jining Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No.89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, China.
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Barros B, Paiva AM, Oliveira M, Alves S, Esteves F, Fernandes A, Vaz J, Slezakova K, Costa S, Teixeira JP, Morais S. Baseline data and associations between urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, blood pressure, hemogram, and lifestyle among wildland firefighters. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1338435. [PMID: 38510349 PMCID: PMC10950961 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Available literature has found an association between firefighting and pathologic pathways leading to cardiorespiratory diseases, which have been linked with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are highlighted as priority pollutants by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative in occupational and non-occupational contexts. Methods This cross-sectional study is the first to simultaneously characterize six creatinine-adjusted PAHs metabolites (OHPAHs) in urine, blood pressure, cardiac frequency, and hemogram parameters among wildland firefighters without occupational exposure to fire emissions (> 7 days), while exploring several variables retrieved via questionnaires. Results Overall, baseline levels for total OHPAHs levels were 2 to 23-times superior to the general population, whereas individual metabolites remained below the general population median range (except for 1-hydroxynaphthalene+1-hydroxyacenaphtene). Exposure to gaseous pollutants and/or particulate matter during work-shift was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in total OHPAHs levels. Firefighters who smoke presented 3-times higher total concentration of OHPAHs than non-smokers (p < 0.001); non-smoker females presented 2-fold lower total OHPAHs (p = 0.049) than males. 1-hydroxypyrene was below the recommended occupational biological exposure value (2.5 μg/L), and the metabolite of carcinogenic PAH (benzo(a)pyrene) was not detected. Blood pressure was above 120/80 mmHg in 71% of subjects. Firefighters from the permanent intervention team presented significantly increased systolic pressure than those who performed other functions (p = 0.034). Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with higher basophils (p = 0.01-0.02) and hematocrit (p = 0.03). No association between OHPAHs and blood pressure was found. OHPAHs concentrations were positively correlated with monocyte, basophils, large immune cells, atypical lymphocytes, and mean corpuscular volume, which were stronger among smokers. Nevertheless, inverse associations were observed between fluorene and pyrene metabolites with neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, in non-smokers. Hemogram was negatively affected by overworking and lower physical activity. Conclusion This study suggests possible associations between urinary PAHs metabolites and health parameters in firefighters, that should be further assessed in larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Paiva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Filipa Esteves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, UICISA: E, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde: Enfermagem, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Josiana Vaz
- CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Centro de Investigação de Montanha Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Sustec – Associate Laboratory for Sustainability and Technology in Inland Regions – Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE-ALiCE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit – Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Baker C, Piasecki J, Hunt JA, Hough J. The reproducibility of dendritic cell and T cell counts to a 30-min high-intensity cycling protocol as a tool to highlight overtraining. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:380-392. [PMID: 38063067 PMCID: PMC10988676 DOI: 10.1113/ep091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Heavy training has been reported to be immunosuppressive in athletes and lead to blunted cortisol responses to exercise. Cortisol elevates the number of dendritic cells (DCs), key antigen-presenting cells that interact with T cells to initiate an immune response. Reproducible cortisol responses to a 30-min cycle test have been identified but were based on percentage of work rate maximum. To ensure physiological consistency, submaximal anchors, that is, ventilatory threshold (VT1 ) should prescribe intensity. This study aims to assess the reproducibility of the DC and T cell responses to an adapted stress test to assess its usefulness in assessing DC dysfunction with intensified training. Twelve males cycled for 1 min at 20% below VT1 and 4 min at 50% between VT1 andV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}\max }$ , for 30 min (20/50), with blood samples pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. This was repeated twice, 2-7 days apart. Flow cytometry assessed total DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, myeloid DCs, total T cells, T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells. No significant trial or interaction effects were found for any variable. A significant main effect of time for all variables was found; immune cells increased from pre- to post-exercise and decreased to baseline 30 min post-exercise, apart from plasmacytoid DCs, which remained elevated 30 min post-exercise. Intraclass correlation coefficients showed overall good-to-excellent reliability for all immune cells, with smallest real difference and Bland-Altman analysis verifying high reproducibility between trials. These results suggest that the 20/50 exercise test induces reproducible DC and T cell count changes, which, implemented before and after a period of intensified training, may highlight the negative states of overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Baker
- Department of Sport ScienceSHAPE Research Centre, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- Department of Sport ScienceSHAPE Research Centre, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - John A. Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation FacilityNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - John Hough
- Department of Sport ScienceSHAPE Research Centre, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
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13
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Wang J, Liu S, Meng X, Zhao X, Wang T, Lei Z, Lehmann HI, Li G, Alcaide P, Bei Y, Xiao J. Exercise Inhibits Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Regulating B Cells. Circ Res 2024; 134:550-568. [PMID: 38323433 PMCID: PMC11233173 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, but its use is limited by acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. Exercise training has been shown to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, but the involvement of immune cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of exercise-derived B cells in protecting against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and to further determine whether B cell activation and antibody secretion play a role in this protection. METHODS Mice that were administered with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg per week, 20 mg/kg cumulative dose) received treadmill running exercise. The adoptive transfer of exercise-derived splenic B cells to μMT-/- (B cell-deficient) mice was performed to elucidate the mechanism of B cell regulation that mediated the effect of exercise. RESULTS Doxorubicin-administered mice that had undergone exercise training showed improved cardiac function, and low levels of cardiac apoptosis, atrophy, and fibrosis, and had reduced cardiac antibody deposition and proinflammatory responses. Similarly, B cell pharmacological and genetic depletion alleviated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, which phenocopied the protection of exercise. In vitro performed coculture experiments confirmed that exercise-derived B cells reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibroblast activation compared with control B cells. Importantly, the protective effect of exercise on B cells was confirmed by the adoptive transfer of splenic B cells from exercised donor mice to μMT-/- recipient mice. However, blockage of Fc gamma receptor IIB function using B cell transplants from exercised Fc gamma receptor IIB-/- mice abolished the protection of exercise-derived B cells against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Mechanistically, we found that Fc gamma receptor IIB, an important B cell inhibitory receptor, responded to exercise and increased B cell activation threshold, which participated in exercise-induced protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that exercise training protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by upregulating Fc gamma receptor IIB expression in B cells, which plays an important anti-inflammatory role and participates in the protective effect of exercise against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Xinxiu Meng
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- CDL Research (Z.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (Z.L.)
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center (Z.L.)
- University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (Z.L.)
| | - H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.I.L., G.L.)
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.I.L., G.L.)
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (P.A.)
| | - Yihua Bei
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
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Tian J, Miao M. How Does Altering the Volume-Load of Plyometric Exercises Affect the Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Damage in Male Soccer Players? J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:97-106. [PMID: 38455429 PMCID: PMC10915621 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating plyometric exercises (PE) into soccer players' conditioning routines is vital for boosting their performance. Nevertheless, the effects of PE sessions with diverse volume loads on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage are not yet clearly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of altering the volume-loads of PE on indicators of oxidative muscle damage and inflammation. The study involved forty young male soccer players who were randomly assigned to three different volume-loads of PE (Low volume-load [100 jumps]: LVL, n = 10; Moderate volume-load [150 jumps]: MVL, n = 10; and High volume-load [200 jumps]: HVL, n = 10) and a control group (CON = 10). The levels of various biomarkers including delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), leukocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at different time points. These measurements were taken at rest, immediately after completion of PE, and 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-PE. The CK, LDH, DOMS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and PC levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the PE protocol, reaching their peak values between 24 to 48 hours post-PE for all the volume-loaded groups. The levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and IL-6 also increased after the PE session but returned to resting values within 24 hours post-PE. On the other hand, CRP levels increased at 24 hours post-PE for all the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The changes observed in the indicators of muscle damage and inflammation in response to different volume-loads of PE was not significant. However, the HVL and MVL indicated significant differences compared to LVL in the 8-OHdG (at 48-hour) and MDA (at 72-hour). Athletes engaging in higher volume-loads demonstrated more pronounced responses in terms of biochemical variables (specifically, LVL < MVL < HVL); however, these changes were not statistically significant (except 8-OHdG and MDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Miao Miao
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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15
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Christ T, Ringleb M, Haunhorst S, Fennen L, Jordan PM, Wagner H, Puta C. The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes-a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1264814. [PMID: 38362064 PMCID: PMC10868406 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1264814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In times of physical stress, the body orchestrates a multisystemic regulatory response. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role in the immediate regulation chain, while cortisol is involved in delayed regulation. The release of those stress hormones in response to exercise has previously been reported to elicit diverse immune reactions. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine and present the acute effects of immediate pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in experienced endurance athletes. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines up to February 2023. Randomized controlled trials in English or German language were included if baseline and at least two follow-up measures of blood plasma or serum of chosen stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were collected in response to prolonged continuous endurance activity. Eligibility furthermore required an acute carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g of carbohydrates per hour no more than 30 min before start of the exercise, as well as a placebo-controlled study design. Results Eleven studies of moderate to high quality were included in this review. Carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g per hour was able to attenuate rises in cortisol concentration in majority of the included studies. Epinephrine levels were considerably lower with ingestion of carbohydrates compared to placebo in all studies. Norepinephrine concentrations were largely unaffected by acute carbohydrate feeding. Conclusion Pre- and mid-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates seems an effective dietary strategy to attenuate rises in cortisol and epinephrine levels and, thus, an effective countermeasure for endurance exercise-induced increases in stress hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Christ
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Ringleb
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- NeuroPsycho Immunology Research Unit, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Fennen
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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16
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Vítek L, Woronyczova J, Hanzikova V, Posová H. Complement System Deficiencies in Elite Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38252367 PMCID: PMC10803703 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regular physical activity improves immune competency and reduces the prevalence of inflammatory diseases, strenuous training in elite athletes is associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious complications. Therefore, the objective of our study was to assess the routinely examined parameters of the complement system in elite athletes. The study was carried out in a cohort of elite athletes (n = 134) and healthy control subjects (n = 110). In all subjects, besides a routine laboratory check-up, serum concentrations of the C3 and C4 complement components, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), as well as activation of all three complement pathways were determined. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, lower C3 and C4 complement component concentrations were observed in elite athletes (0.96 ± 0.1 vs. 1.08 ± 0.2 mg/L, and 0.18 ± 0.1 vs. 0.25 ± 0.1 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.05); with much higher frequency rates of C3 and C4 deficiencies in athletes (31.3 vs. 14.5%, and 6 vs. 0%, p < 0.05). Simultaneously, athletes had much higher frequency rates of deficiencies of activation of classical and alternative complement pathways; while, deficiency of activation of the lectin pathway was similar in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed a high frequency of defects in the complement system in elite athletes. Lower concentrations of C3 and C4 complement components, with high frequencies of deficiencies of the classical and alternative complement activation pathways were the most prevalent disorder of the complement system in elite athletes. Further studies are needed to uncover the functional impacts of these observations upon the susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Woronyczova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Sports Research Institute of the Czech Armed Forces, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hanzikova
- Blood Transfusion Unit, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Posová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 120 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dollet L, Lundell LS, Chibalin AV, Pendergrast LA, Pillon NJ, Lansbury EL, Elmastas M, Frendo-Cumbo S, Jalkanen J, de Castro Barbosa T, Cervone DT, Caidahl K, Dmytriyeva O, Deshmukh AS, Barrès R, Rydén M, Wallberg-Henriksson H, Zierath JR, Krook A. Exercise-induced crosstalk between immune cells and adipocytes in humans: Role of oncostatin-M. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101348. [PMID: 38151020 PMCID: PMC10829726 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of exercise-regulated circulatory factors has fueled interest in organ crosstalk, especially between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and the role in mediating beneficial effects of exercise. We studied the adipose tissue transcriptome in men and women with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes following an acute exercise bout, revealing substantial exercise- and time-dependent changes, with sustained increase in inflammatory genes in type 2 diabetes. We identify oncostatin-M as one of the most upregulated adipose-tissue-secreted factors post-exercise. In cultured human adipocytes, oncostatin-M enhances MAPK signaling and regulates lipolysis. Oncostatin-M expression arises predominantly from adipose tissue immune cell fractions, while the corresponding receptors are expressed in adipocytes. Oncostatin-M expression increases in cultured human Thp1 macrophages following exercise-like stimuli. Our results suggest that immune cells, via secreted factors such as oncostatin-M, mediate a crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue during exercise to regulate adipocyte metabolism and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Leonidas S Lundell
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Logan A Pendergrast
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth L Lansbury
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merve Elmastas
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jutta Jalkanen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel T Cervone
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Barrès
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, CNRS and Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.
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Heo SJ, Jee YS. Intensity-effects of strengthening exercise on thigh muscle volume, pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, and immunocytes in the older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105136. [PMID: 37541052 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the intensity-effects of strength training on thigh muscle mass, cytokines, and immunocytes in the older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 81 participated in this study. Participants were assigned randomly to four groups: control group (CON), low- (LSE), moderate- (MSE), and high-intensity strength exercise (HSE) groups. Three exercise groups worked out for 50 min/day, 3 days/week for 12 weeks. RESULTS In the thigh volume analyzed by computed tomography, the exercise groups showed a significant increase in the muscle mass, with a clear pattern of change observed in the groups who exercised with moderate to high intensity. The lowest levels of interleukin (IL)-6 in the MSE group (-20.94%) and tumor necrosis factor-α in the HSE group (-28.75%) were observed. Notably, IL-10 showed a significant increase (35.72%) only in the MSE group. In the CON group, natural killer (NK) cells showed a decrease, while in the exercise groups, their levels increased. The highest levels of NK cells were observed in the HSE group. Similar patterns of change were observed in CD4 T cells and CD19 B cells. CD3 and CD8 T cells exhibited significant increases in the MSE and HSE groups. CONCLUSIONS This study presents evidence that engaging in moderate to high-intensity exercise may have a positive impact on cytokines and immunocytes by increasing muscle mass in older adults who may have sarcopenia. SIMPLE SUMMARY Engaging in strength training exercises is considered crucial for maintaining the health of older individuals who are susceptible to sarcopenia. When resistance exercises are performed at a moderate to strenuous intensity, it is anticipated that positive changes can occur in cytokines and immunocytes. These changes can be observed through improvements in thigh muscle volumes as measured by computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Heo
- Department of Physical Education, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #1 Hanseo-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan, 31962, Korea.
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19
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Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Niedzielska A, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Impact of Chlorogenic Acid on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Proliferation, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Racehorses during Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1924. [PMID: 38001777 PMCID: PMC10669817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Green coffee extract is currently of great interest to researchers due to its high concentration of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its potential health benefits. CGA constitutes 6 to 10% of the dry weight of the extract and, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, is a promising natural supplement and agent with therapeutic applications. The purpose of our study was to discover the effects of CGA on peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxidative species (ROS) in horses during exercise. According to the findings, CGA can affect the proliferation of T helper cells. In addition, at a dose of 50 g/mL, CGA increased the activation of CD4+FoxP3+ and CD8+FoxP3+ regulatory cells. Physical activity decreases ROS production in CD5+ monocytes, but this effect depends on the concentration of CGA, and the effect of exercise on oxidative stress was lower in CD14+ than in CD5+ cells. Regardless of CGA content, CGA significantly increased the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, the production of IL-17 was greater in cells treated with 50 g/mL of CGA from beginners compared to the control and advanced groups of horses. Our findings suggest that CGA may have immune-enhancing properties. This opens new avenues of research into the mechanisms of action of CGA and possible applications in prevention and health promotion in sport animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Quintana-Mendias E, Rodríguez-Villalobos JM, Gastelum-Arellanez A, Cervantes N, Carrasco-Legleu CE, Espino-Solis GP. The Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on Natural Killer Cells Populations and Cytokine Levels in Healthy Women. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:189. [PMID: 37888516 PMCID: PMC10611276 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise generates a systemic response in the immune system. It has been observed that cell populations respond to exercise stimuli, especially Natural Killer cells, whose number increase within minutes of starting physical exertion. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of moderate- and high-intensity exercise on immunological markers in healthy women. As specific objectives, the percentages of CD3-CD56+ Natural Killer total cells, CD56brightCD16dim effector subpopulation, CD56dimCD16bright cytotoxic subpopulation, NKG2A inhibition receptor, NKG2D activation receptor, and NKT cells were analyzed. In addition, the levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF and the chemokines CCL5/RANTES, CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, and CXCL10/IP-10 were also analyzed. Natural Killer total cells showed an increase in their percentage in both exercise protocols (p = 0.001 for the moderate-intensity group and p = 0.023 for the high-intensity group); however, only in the high-intensity exercise session was there an increase in the CD56dimCD16bright cytotoxic subpopulation (p = 0.014), as well as a decrease in CD56brightCD16dim effector subpopulation (p = 0.001) and their NKG2A inhibition receptor (p = 0.043). An increase in IL-6 was observed after the high-intensity exercise session (p = 0.025). Conclusions. Physical exercise influences immunological markers and shows an acute response to moderate- or high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Quintana-Mendias
- Research Laboratories, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Periférico de la Juventud y Circuito Universitario S/N. Fracc, Campo Bello 31125, Mexico
| | - Judith M Rodríguez-Villalobos
- Research Laboratories, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Periférico de la Juventud y Circuito Universitario S/N. Fracc, Campo Bello 31125, Mexico
| | - Argel Gastelum-Arellanez
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Av. Benjamín Franklin No. 4650, Zona Pronaf Condominio La Plata, Cd Juárez 32310, Mexico
| | - Natanael Cervantes
- Research Laboratories, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Periférico de la Juventud y Circuito Universitario S/N. Fracc, Campo Bello 31125, Mexico
| | - Claudia E Carrasco-Legleu
- Research Laboratories, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Campus II, Periférico de la Juventud y Circuito Universitario S/N. Fracc, Campo Bello 31125, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Pavel Espino-Solis
- National Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario s/n, Campus II, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico
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21
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Jones AW, Mironas A, Mur LAJ, Beckmann M, Thatcher R, Davison G. Vitamin D status modulates innate immune responses and metabolomic profiles following acute prolonged cycling. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2977-2990. [PMID: 37458775 PMCID: PMC10468936 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influence of vitamin D status on exercise-induced immune dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D status (circulating 25(OH)D) on innate immune responses and metabolomic profiles to prolonged exercise. METHODS Twenty three healthy, recreationally active males (age 25 ± 7 years; maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]max] 56 ± 9 mL·kg-1·min-1), classified as being deficient (n = 7) or non-deficient n = 16) according to plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, completed 2.5 h of cycling at 15% Δ (~ 55-60% [Formula: see text]max). Venous blood and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained before and after exercise. RESULTS Participants with deficient plasma 25(OH)D on average had lower total lymphocyte count (mean difference [95% confidence interval], 0.5 cells × 109 L [0.1, 0.9]), p = 0.013) and greater neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (1.3 cells × 109 L, [0.1, 2.5], p = 0.033). The deficient group experienced reductions from pre-exercise to 1 h post-exercise (- 43% [- 70, - 15], p = 0.003) in bacterial stimulated elastase in blood neutrophils compared to non-deficient participants (1% [- 20, 21], p = 1.000) Multivariate analyses of plasma metabolomic profiles showed a clear separation of participants according to vitamin D status. Prominent sources of variation between groups were purine/pyrimidine catabolites, inflammatory markers (linoleic acid pathway), lactate and tyrosine/adrenaline. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence of the influence of vitamin D status on exercise-induced changes in parameters of innate immune defence and metabolomic signatures such as markers of inflammation and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwel W Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
- Respiratory Research@Alfred, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Adrian Mironas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Rhys Thatcher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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22
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Brummer C, Pukrop T, Wiskemann J, Bruss C, Ugele I, Renner K. Can Exercise Enhance the Efficacy of Checkpoint Inhibition by Modulating Anti-Tumor Immunity? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4668. [PMID: 37760634 PMCID: PMC10526963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has revolutionized cancer therapy. However, response to ICI is often limited to selected subsets of patients or not durable. Tumors that are non-responsive to checkpoint inhibition are characterized by low anti-tumoral immune cell infiltration and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exercise is known to promote immune cell circulation and improve immunosurveillance. Results of recent studies indicate that physical activity can induce mobilization and redistribution of immune cells towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therefore enhance anti-tumor immunity. This suggests a favorable impact of exercise on the efficacy of ICI. Our review delivers insight into possible molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between muscle, tumor, and immune cells. It summarizes current data on exercise-induced effects on anti-tumor immunity and ICI in mice and men. We consider preclinical and clinical study design challenges and discuss the role of cancer type, exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) and immune sensitivity as critical factors for exercise-induced impact on cancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brummer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Ines Ugele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ostbayern (CCCO), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.U.); (K.R.)
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23
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Waldman HS, Witt CR, Grozier CD, McAllister MJ. A self-selected 16:8 time-restricted eating quasi-experimental intervention improves various markers of cardiovascular health in middle-age male cyclists. Nutrition 2023; 113:112086. [PMID: 37331215 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that may offer some protection against cardiovascular disease (CVD), while also preserving performance in athletes. To date however, research on TRE in an active population has only been conducted in college-age cohorts and the effects of TRE in an older, trained population are less understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 4-wk, 16:8 TRE intervention on markers of CVD risk in middle-age, male cyclists. METHODS Participants (N = 12; age, 51.9 ± 8.6 y; training duration/wk, 375 ± 140 min; peak aerobic capacity, 41.8 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min) reported to the laboratory for two sessions (i.e., at baseline and post-TRE) where blood was drawn from an antecubital vein after an 8-h overnight fast. Dependent variables measured at baseline and post-TRE included insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotropic factor, free testosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, C-reactive protein, advanced oxidative protein products, glutathione, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, glucose, and a full lipid profile. RESULTS Compared with baseline, TRE significantly lowered TNF-α (12.3 ± 3.4 versus 9.2 ± 2.4 pg/mL; P = 0.02) and glucose concentrations (93.4 ± 9.7 versus 87.5 ± 7.9 mg/dL; P = 0.01), as well as significantly elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (45.7 ± 13.7 versus 49.2 ± 12.3 mg/dL; P = 0.04), respectively. No further significant changes were observed between the remaining variables (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, these data suggest that incorporating a 4-wk TRE intervention with habitual endurance training can significantly improve some markers of CVD risk and may compliment the robust health benefits derived from a regular exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S Waldman
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama, United States.
| | - Craig R Witt
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama, United States
| | - Corey D Grozier
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama, United States
| | - Matthew J McAllister
- Metabolic and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States
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24
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Kaufman M, Nguyen C, Shetty M, Oppezzo M, Barrack M, Fredericson M. Popular Dietary Trends' Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3511. [PMID: 37630702 PMCID: PMC10460072 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition fuels optimal performance for athletes. With increased research developments, numerous diets available, and publicity from professional athletes, a review of dietary patterns impact on athletic performance is warranted. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet is a low inflammatory diet linked to improved power and muscle endurance and body composition. Ketogenic diets are restrictive of carbohydrates and proteins. Though both show no decrements in weight loss, ketogenic diets, which is a more restrictive form of low-carbohydrate diets, can be more difficult to follow. High-protein and protein-paced versions of low-carbohydrate diets have also shown to benefit athletic performance. Plant-based diets have many variations. Vegans are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies and decreased leucine content, and therefore, decreased muscle protein synthesis. However, the literature has not shown decreases in performance compared to omnivores. Intermittent fasting has many different versions, which may not suit those with comorbidities or specific needs as well as lead to decreases in sprint speed and worsening time to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS This paper critically evaluates the research on diets in relation to athletic performance and details some of the potential risks that should be monitored. No one diet is universally recommend for athletes; however, this article provides the information for athletes to analyze, in conjunction with medical professional counsel, their own diet and consider sustainable changes that can help achieve performance and body habitus goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Chantal Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Maya Shetty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Marily Oppezzo
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Michelle Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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25
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Neves RS, da Silva MAR, de Rezende MAC, Caldo-Silva A, Pinheiro J, Santos AMC. Salivary Markers Responses in the Post-Exercise and Recovery Period: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:137. [PMID: 37505624 PMCID: PMC10386489 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva to monitor immune and hormonal responses in training, competitions, and during recovery is an easy and non-invasive alternative means of collecting samples compared to serum collection. Saliva can provide insight into a number of interesting biomarkers such as cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulins, alpha-amylase, and melatonin, among others. High-intensity and exhaustive exercises, such as training or competition, provide variations in immune, protein and hormonal markers. An adequate recovery period, calming down, and recovery methods can contribute to a fast normalization of these markers, decreasing illness, as well as the likelihood of overtraining and injuries, but their effectiveness is still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to investigate the evidence of salivary markers in post-exhaustive exercise during the recovery period. This study is a systematic review from three electronic databases with studies from 2011 to 2021 within healthy humans. The search found 213 studies, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, while excluding duplicated studies, 14 studies were included in this review. The most cited salivary markers were cortisol and testosterone, as well as their ratio, alpha-amylase and IgA. Half of the studies applied a variety of recovery methods that showed controversial results over salivary markers' impact. However, they showed an impact on the markers from the exercise, which was still dependent on exercise intensity, methodology, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Santos Neves
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Antônio Rabelo da Silva
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Amazônia, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Mônica A C de Rezende
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pinheiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amândio M C Santos
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
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Salomão R, Assis V, de Sousa Neto IV, Petriz B, Babault N, Durigan JLQ, de Cássia Marqueti R. Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases in COVID-19: Molecular Targets, Mechanisms, and Insights for Therapeutic Interventions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:843. [PMID: 37372128 PMCID: PMC10295079 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
MMPs are enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Notably, the proteolytic activation of MMPs can occur through angiotensin II, immune cells, cytokines, and pro-oxidant agents. However, comprehensive information regarding the impact of MMPs in the different physiological systems with disease progression is not fully understood. In the current study, we review the recent biological advances in understanding the function of MMPs and examine time-course changes in MMPs during COVID-19. In addition, we explore the interplay between pre-existing comorbidities, disease severity, and MMPs. The reviewed studies showed increases in different MMP classes in the cerebrospinal fluid, lung, myocardium, peripheral blood cells, serum, and plasma in patients with COVID-19 compared to non-infected individuals. Individuals with arthritis, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and cancer had higher MMP levels when infected. Furthermore, this up-regulation may be associated with disease severity and the hospitalization period. Clarifying the molecular pathways and specific mechanisms that mediate MMP activity is important in developing optimized interventions to improve health and clinical outcomes during COVID-19. Furthermore, better knowledge of MMPs will likely provide possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This relevant topic might add new concepts and implications for public health in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Salomão
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - Victoria Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, DF, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Exercise Molecular Physiology, University Center UDF, Brasília 71966-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France;
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
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Lohman T, Bains G, Cole S, Gharibvand L, Berk L, Lohman E. High-Intensity interval training reduces transcriptomic age: A randomized controlled trial. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13841. [PMID: 37078430 PMCID: PMC10265161 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While the relationship between exercise and life span is well-documented, little is known about the effects of specific exercise protocols on modern measures of biological age. Transcriptomic age (TA) predictors provide an opportunity to test the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on biological age utilizing whole-genome expression data. A single-site, single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial design was utilized. Thirty sedentary participants (aged 40-65) were assigned to either a HIIT group or a no-exercise control group. After collecting baseline measures, HIIT participants performed three 10 × 1 HIIT sessions per week for 4 weeks. Each session lasted 23 min, and total exercise duration was 276 min over the course of the 1-month exercise protocol. TA, PSS-10 score, PSQI score, PHQ-9 score, and various measures of body composition were all measured at baseline and again following the conclusion of exercise/control protocols. Transcriptomic age reduction of 3.59 years was observed in the exercise group while a 3.29-years increase was observed in the control group. Also, PHQ-9, PSQI, BMI, body fat mass, and visceral fat measures were all improved in the exercise group. A hypothesis-generation gene expression analysis suggested exercise may modify autophagy, mTOR, AMPK, PI3K, neurotrophin signaling, insulin signaling, and other age-related pathways. A low dose of HIIT can reduce an mRNA-based measure of biological age in sedentary adults between the ages of 40 and 65 years old. Other changes in gene expression were relatively modest, which may indicate a focal effect of exercise on age-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Lohman
- Loma Linda University School of Allied Health ProfessionsLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gurinder Bains
- Loma Linda University School of Allied Health ProfessionsLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Steve Cole
- UCLA David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lida Gharibvand
- Loma Linda University School of Allied Health ProfessionsLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lee Berk
- Loma Linda University School of Allied Health Professions, and School of MedicineLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Everett Lohman
- Loma Linda University School of Allied Health ProfessionsLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
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28
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Asadi S, Tartibian B, Moni MA. Determination of optimum intensity and duration of exercise based on the immune system response using a machine-learning model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8207. [PMID: 37217586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important concerns in the field of exercise immunology is determining the appropriate intensity and duration of exercise to prevent suppression of the immune system. Adopting a reliable approach to predict the number of white blood cells (WBCs) during exercise can help to identify the appropriate intensity and duration. Therefore, this study was designed to predict leukocyte levels during exercise with the application of a machine-learning model. We used a random forest (RF) model to predict the number of lymphocytes (LYMPH), neutrophils (NEU), monocytes (MON), eosinophils, basophils, and WBC. Intensity and duration of exercise, WBCs values before exercise training, body mass index (BMI), and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) were used as inputs and WBCs values after exercise training were assessed as outputs of the RF model. In this study, the data was collected from 200 eligible people and K-fold cross-validation was used to train and test the model. Finally, model efficiency was assessed using standard statistics (root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), relative absolute error (RAE), root relative square error (RRSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE)). Our findings revealed that the RF model performed well for predicting the number of WBC with RMSE = 0.94, MAE = 0.76, RAE = 48.54, RRSE = 48.17, NSE = 0.76, and R2 = 0.77. Furthermore, the results showed that intensity and duration of exercise are more effective parameters than BMI and VO2 max to predict the number of LYMPH, NEU, MON, and WBC during exercise. Totally, this study developed a novel approach based on the RF model using the relevant and accessible variables to predict WBCs during exercise. The proposed method can be applied as a promising and cost-effective tool for determining the correct intensity and duration of exercise in healthy people according to the body's immune system response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Asadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Buhr TJ, Reed CH, Wee OM, Lee JH, Yuan LL, Fleshner M, Valentine RJ, Clark PJ. The persistence of stress-induced physical inactivity in rats: an investigation of central monoamine neurotransmitters and skeletal muscle oxidative stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1169151. [PMID: 37273279 PMCID: PMC10237271 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1169151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sedentary lifestyles have reached epidemic proportions world-wide. A growing body of literature suggests that exposures to adverse experiences (e.g., psychological traumas) are a significant risk factor for the development of physically inactive lifestyles. However, the biological mechanisms linking prior stress exposure and persistent deficits in physical activity engagement remains poorly understood. Methods The purpose of this study was twofold. First, to identify acute stress intensity thresholds that elicit long-term wheel running deficits in rats. To that end, young adult male rats were exposed to a single episode of 0, 50, or 100 uncontrollable tail shocks and then given free access to running wheels for 9 weeks. Second, to identify stress-induced changes to central monoamine neurotransmitters and peripheral muscle physiology that may be maladaptive to exercise output. For this study, rats were either exposed to a single episode of uncontrollable tail shocks (stress) or left undisturbed in home cages (unstressed). Eight days later, monoamine-related neurochemicals were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) across brain reward, motor, and emotion structures immediately following a bout of graded treadmill exercise controlled for duration and intensity. Additionally, protein markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic activity were assessed in the gastrocnemius muscle by Western blot. Results For experiment 1, stress exposure caused a shock number-dependent two to fourfold decrease in wheel running distance across the entire duration of the study. For experiment 2, stress exposure curbed an exercise-induced increase of dopamine (DA) turnover measures in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and augmented serotonin (5HT) turnover in the hypothalamus and remaining cortical area. However, stress exposure also caused several monoaminergic changes independent of exercise that could underlie impaired motivation for physical activity, including a mild dopamine deficiency in the striatal area. Finally, stress potently increased HSP70 and lowered SOD2 protein concentrations in the gastrocnemius muscle, which may indicate prolonged oxidative stress. Discussion These data support some of the possible central and peripheral mechanisms by which exposure to adverse experiences may chronically impair physical activity engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J. Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H. Reed
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Olivia M. Wee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ji Heun Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Li-Lian Yuan
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Rudy J. Valentine
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J. Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Thirupathi A, Yong W, Oflaz O, Agascioglu E, Gu Y. Exercise and COVID-19: exercise intensity reassures immunological benefits of post-COVID-19 condition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1036925. [PMID: 37275224 PMCID: PMC10233405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1036925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Any form of physical activity, including exercise, has various benefits at the physiological (improving cardiac and respiratory functions, increasing skeletal muscle mass, and maintaining homeostasis) and psychological levels (improving cognitive function, reducing anxiety and depression) which help to combat any type of infection. In contrast, the infectivity ratio could reduce the physical activity of an individual, such as performing a habitual exercise. Adaptation to different exercise strategies including intensity and duration may better increase physical performance and improve the symptoms. For example, low to moderate intensity perhaps fails to induce this adaptive process, while high-intensity of exercise compromises immune health. This can aggravate the infection rate (Open window theory). However, high intensity with a shorter time produces various morphological alterations in the primary organs including the lungs and heart, which facilitate life support in COVID-19 patients. However, less information about exercise protocols failed to assure the benefits of exercise to COVID-19 patients, particularly post-COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, this review will answer how exercise intensity is crucial to reassure the exercise benefits for promoting safe participation before infection and post-COVID-19 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wang Yong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ofcan Oflaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Eda Agascioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Liu MC, Weng PW, Chen SC, Liu TH, Huang HW, Huang CT, Yang CT, Mishra VK, Yang MT. Immunologic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Muscle Damage Profile of Supplemented Vitamin D 3 in Healthy Adults on Strenuous Endurance Exercise. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050657. [PMID: 37237471 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reportedly, strenuous endurance exercise can depress the immune system and induce inflammation and muscle damage. Therefore, this double-blinded, matched-pair study aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on immune response (leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+ counts), inflammatory profile (TNF-α and IL-6), muscle damage (CK and LDH levels), as well as aerobic capacity after strenuous endurance exercise in 18 healthy men taking 5000 IU of vitamin D3 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 9) daily for 4 weeks. Total and differential blood leukocyte counts, levels of cytokines, and muscle damage biomarkers were determined before, immediately after, and 2, 4, and 24 h after exercise. The IL-6, CK, and LDH levels were significantly lower in vitamin D3 group at 2, 4, and 24 h post exercise (p < 0.05). Maximal and average heart rates during exercise were also significantly lower (p < 0.05). In the vitamin D3 group, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio after 4 weeks of supplementation was only significantly lower at post-0 than at baseline and significantly higher at post-2 than at baseline and post-0 (all p < 0.05). Taken together, 5000 IU of daily vitamin D3 supplementation for 4 weeks exhibited positive effects in terms of increased blood 25(OH)D levels, CD4+/CD8+ ratio (immune response), and aerobic capacity while inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and CK and LDH (muscle damage) in people performing strenuous endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Liu
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Weng
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chang Chen
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hao Liu
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Huang
- Department of Medical Education, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ti Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tse Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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Yu Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Li Y, Bian S, Yang Y, Song H, Zhang C, Dong Z, Li G, Xu L, Jia Z, Liu Y, He X, Yang M, Guo J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Single-cell sequencing of immune cells after marathon and symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise. iScience 2023; 26:106532. [PMID: 37123249 PMCID: PMC10130917 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity, such as marathon, has become increasingly popular, but its effect on immune functions and health is poorly understood. Here, we performed scRNA-seq analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after a bout of symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) test or marathon. Time-series single-cell analysis revealed the detailed series of landscapes of immune cells in response to short and long vigorous-intensity activities. Reduction of effective T cells was observed with the cell migration and motility pathways enriched in circulation following marathon. Baseline values of PBMCs abundance were reached around 1 h after CPX and 24 h following marathon, but longer time was required for expression recovery of cytotoxicity genes. The ratio of effector/naive T cells was found to change uniformly among the participants and could serve as a better indicator for exercise intensity than the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Moreover, we identified time-dependent monocyte state transitions after marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yu
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanjing Chen
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanze Li
- CapitalBio Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bian
- Beijing Zijing Biological Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhuo Yang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanan Song
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
- Taizhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318020, China
| | - Zhenhe Dong
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luyou Xu
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuang Jia
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyi He
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Institute for Sport Performance and Health Promotion, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sports & Medicine Integration Research Center (SMIRC), Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
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Bell M, Ghatora R, Retsidou MI, Chatzigianni EE, Klentrou P. Energy Expenditure, Dietary Energy Intake, and Nutritional Supplements in Adolescent Volleyball Athletes versus Nonathletic Controls. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071788. [PMID: 37049627 PMCID: PMC10096554 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that athletes competing in team sports do not follow dietary recommendations. However, only few studies have investigated energy needs and supplement use in adolescent athletes, and whether they are meeting their energy requirements. This observational study examined energy expenditure, dietary energy intake, and use of nutritional supplements in 58 adolescent (14-17 years old) volleyball athletes (15 males, 43 females) and 58 age-matched nonathletic controls (13 males, 45 females). Participants completed an online survey including questions on demographic information, body mass, and a series of standardized questionnaires assessing energy expenditure, dietary energy, macronutrient, micronutrient, and supplement intake. Energy expenditure relative to body mass was higher in athletes than nonathletes by 13 kcal/kg/day (group effect, p < 0.001), and in males compared to females by 5.7 kcal/kg/day (sex effect, p = 0.004). Athletes had higher energy intake than nonathletes (+6.4 kcal/kg/day, p = 0.019) and greater consumption of fruits (p = 0.034), vegetables (p = 0.047), grains (p = 0.016), dairy (p = 0.038), meats and meat alternatives (p < 0.001), as well as higher intakes of fat (p < 0.001), carbohydrates, protein, sugar, fiber, vitamin C, calcium, and sodium (p = 0.05) compared to nonathletes. The average protein intakes exceeded the upper recommendations in all groups, suggesting that this is not a nutrient of concern for young volleyball athletes. However, athletes were only meeting 60% of the estimated energy requirements (EER) for their age, height, body mass, and physical activity score, (3322 ± 520 kcal/day), while nonathletes were meeting 74% of the EER (p < 0.001). The relative energy balance of male athletes was lower compared to both female athletes (p = 0.006) and male nonathletes (p = 0.004). Finally, more athletes reported using performance-related supplements than nonathletes, but there were no differences in the consumption of other dietary supplements. Overall, when compared to nonathletic controls, both male and female adolescent volleyball athletes were found to match their higher energy expenditure with a greater dietary energy intake; however, all adolescents were below the estimated energy requirements, a finding more profound among the volleyball athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ravneet Ghatora
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Moreno-Pérez D, López-Samanes Á, Larrosa M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Centeno A, Roberts J, Naclerio F. Effects of protein-carbohydrate vs. carbohydrate alone supplementation on immune inflammation markers in endurance athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05168-6. [PMID: 36918416 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of ingesting carbohydrates alone or combined with proteins to support exercise immune adaptation in endurance athletes is scarcely investigated. The present study compares the effect of ingesting a combined protein-carbohydrate supplement vs. a carbohydrate-only supplement post-workout on immune inflammation markers following a 10 week periodized endurance training program in well-trained athletes. METHODS Twenty-five men completed the study after being randomly assigned to one of the following intervention groups: combined protein-carbohydrate (PRO-CHO n = 12, 31 ± 9 years, [Formula: see text]O2peak 61.0 ± 5.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) or non-protein isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO, n = 13, 33 ± 8 years, [Formula: see text]O2peak 60.6 ± 6.9 ml.kg-1.min-1). Treatment consisted of ingesting 24 g of assigned supplement, mixed with 250 ml of orange juice, once a day for 10 weeks immediately post-workout (or before breakfast on non-training days). Measurements were conducted pre- and post-intervention on total leukocytes, leukocyte subsets (i.e., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes), and platelets. The inflammatory status was assessed by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the systemic-immune inflammation index (SII). RESULTS Post-intervention, significant increases were observed for CHO group only for the three inflammatory markers: NLR (p = 0.050, d = 0.58), PLR (p = 0.041, d = 0.60), and SII (p = 0.004, d = 0.81) but not for PRO-CHO (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Ingesting a post-workout protein-carbohydrate combined beverage promoted a more favourable immune status than carbohydrate-only ingestion by attenuating cellular inflammation over a 10 week training period in endurance male athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the following ID: NCT02954367. The study was registered by 3 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Education, Research and Evaluation Methods, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Carretera Pozuelo a Majadahonda, Km 1.800, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Larrosa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- School of Doctorate and Research, European University of Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Aitor Centeno
- Department of Education, Research and Evaluation Methods, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Science, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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The physical exercise-induced oxidative/inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Signaling cellular energetic stress situations. Life Sci 2023; 321:121440. [PMID: 36921686 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are a variety of specialized immune cells produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that work together to protect our bodies from harmful pathogens. From a metabolic point of view, these cells can serve as sentinel tissue source for distinguishing multiple types of whole-body physiological perturbations. The significant interaction of PBMCs with systemic physiology makes these cells an attractive target for several interventions such as physical exercise. Analyses of oxidative/inflammatory and metabolic markers of PBMCs obtained from unhealthy and healthy humans have been used in monitoring immune response in different exercise conditions. It is already a common consensus that regular practice of physical exercise, that is planned, structured, and repetitive, influences personal health by altering the metabolic state and the immune system. However, the role of distinct metabolic processes responsible for maintaining metabolic balance during physical exercise in PBMCs is not fully understood. Furthermore, a complete dose-response analysis between different exercise protocols and biomarkers capable of predicting physical performance needs to be better elucidated. The absence of published reviews on this topic compromises the understanding of the crosstalk between the metabolic adaptations of PBMCs and exercise-induced changes in the immune system. Given the above, this review highlights the main findings in the literature involving the responses of PBMCs in the inflammatory/oxidative stress induced by physical exercise. The present review also highlights how distinct phenotypes and functional diversity of PBMCs make these cells an accessible alternative for assessing exercise-induced metabolic adaptations.
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Boeira MCDR, Dorneles GP, Junior WF, Peres A. The influence of physical activity level and cytomegalovirus serostatus on the cytokine levels of young individuals. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:28-33. [PMID: 36996911 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The practice of physical activity (PA) is a non-pharmacological variable that alters the immune response through changes in cytokines and cellular immunity. Inversely latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection prematurely ages the immune system and contributes to the chronic inflammatory condition in several diseases and in aging. This study aimed to compare the association of the PA level and CMV serostatus on whole blood mitogen-stimulated cytokine production of young individuals. The resting blood samples were collected from 100 volunteers of both sexes assigned to one of six groups according to the degree of PA and CMV serostatus: sedentary CMV- (n = 15), moderate physical activity CMV- (moderate PA CMV -, n = 15), high physical activity CMV- (high PA CMV-, n = 15), sedentary CMV+ (n = 20), moderate physical activity CMV + (moderate PA CMV+, n = 20) and high physical activity CMV + (high PA CMV +, n = 20). The collected peripheral blood got diluted in supplemented RPMI-1640 culture medium and incubated for 48 hours with a 2% concentration of phytohemagglutinin at 37ºC and CO2 at 5%. The supernatants were collected and used for the IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and INF-γ analysis by the ELISA method. The IL-10 concentration was higher in the Moderate PA and High PA groups when compared to the sedentary group, regardless of CMV status. The physically active (moderate and high PA) CMV+ individuals presented lower concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared to CMV+ sedentary individuals, and the sedentary CMV+ subjects had a higher concentration of INF-γ compared to Sedentary CMV- subjects (p < 0.05). In summary, it is possible to infer that PA is key to controlling inflammation related to CMV infection. The stimulation of physical exercise is an important factor in controlling many diseases at the populational level.
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Park S, Park SK, Jee YS. Effects of walking training at different speeds on body composition, muscle contractility, and immunocytes in the elderly: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104871. [PMID: 36450211 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the changes in body composition, muscle contractility and immunocytes of the elderly using three types of walking. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-six participants were randomly assigned to control group (CON), slow walking group (SWG), moderate walking group (MWG), or fast walking group (FWG). RESULTS Muscle mass in CON decreased (-2.55 ± 3.63%; P < 0.05), while it increased in FWG (1.92 ± 4.46%; P < 0.05). Fat mass in CON increased, whereas it decreased in MWG and FWG (-18.71 ± 14.22%; P < 0.001). Tc (contraction time) of biceps femoris (BF) decreased in CON, while a decreasing tendency was seen in SWG. Although Tc of BF increased in MWG, it showed a marked increase in FWG (21.19 ± 24.53%; P < 0.05). A similar tendency was observed in the rectus femoris. Leukocytes did not change in CON, but they showed an increasing tendency in MWG and FWG. Neutrophils decreased in CON, whereas the other groups showed an increasing tendency. Lymphocytes (10.25 ± 19.48%; P < 0.01) and helper T cells (14.32 ± 17.99%; P < 0.05) showed an increase in FWG, and NK cell was improved in SWG, but showed a clear increase in MWG (38.45 ± 96.96%; P < 0.05) and FWG (52.69 ± 58.37%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that fast walking by the elderly improves the muscle contractility, which can also be expected to improve the function of immunocytes by increased or maintained muscle mass and decreased fat mass after 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihwa Park
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #1 Hanseo-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyun Park
- Department of Physical Education, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Research Institute of Sports and Industry Science, Hanseo University, #1 Hanseo-ro, Haemi-myeon, Seosan 31962, Korea.
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Van Booven DJ, Gamer J, Joseph A, Perez M, Zarnowski O, Pandya M, Collado F, Klimas N, Oltra E, Nathanson L. Stress-Induced Transcriptomic Changes in Females with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Reveal Disrupted Immune Signatures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2698. [PMID: 36769022 PMCID: PMC9916639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, complex multi-organ illness characterized by unexplained debilitating fatigue and post-exertional malaise (PEM), which is defined as a worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion. Our study aimed to evaluate transcriptomic changes in ME/CFS female patients undergoing an exercise challenge intended to precipitate PEM. Our time points (baseline before exercise challenge, the point of maximal exertion, and after an exercise challenge) allowed for the exploration of the transcriptomic response to exercise and recovery in female patients with ME/CFS, as compared to healthy controls (HCs). Under maximal exertion, ME/CFS patients did not show significant changes in gene expression, while HCs demonstrated altered functional gene networks related to signaling and integral functions of their immune cells. During the recovery period (commonly during onset of PEM), female ME/CFS patients showed dysregulated immune signaling pathways and dysfunctional cellular responses to stress. The unique functional pathways identified provide a foundation for future research efforts into the disease, as well as for potential targeted treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jackson Gamer
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Andrew Joseph
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Melanie Perez
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Oskar Zarnowski
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Meha Pandya
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Farquhar Honors College, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Fanny Collado
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA
- South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education Inc., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33125, USA
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Elisa Oltra
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Ross M, Kargl CK, Ferguson R, Gavin TP, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis: impact of age, sex, angiocrines and cellular mediators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6. [PMID: 36715739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis is a well-known physiological adaptation that occurs in humans in response to exercise training and can lead to endurance performance benefits, as well as improvements in cardiovascular and skeletal tissue health. An increase in capillary density in skeletal muscle improves diffusive oxygen exchange and waste extraction, and thus greater fatigue resistance, which has application to athletes but also to the general population. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can significantly contribute to improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as the increase in muscle glucose uptake, important for the prevention of diabetes. Recently, our understanding of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis occurs with exercise has grown substantially. This review will detail the biochemical, cellular and biomechanical signals for exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis, including recent work on extracellular vesicles and circulating angiogenic cells. In addition, the influence of age, sex, exercise intensity/duration, as well as recent observations with the use of blood flow restricted exercise, will also be discussed in detail. This review will provide academics and practitioners with mechanistic and applied evidence for optimising training interventions to promote physical performance through manipulating capillarisation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher K Kargl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Richard Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Markov A, Bussweiler J, Helm N, Arntz F, Steidten T, Krohm L, Sacot A, Baumert P, Puta C, Chaabene H. Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1015-1026. [PMID: 36624248 PMCID: PMC9829527 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises order on immunological stress responses, muscular-fitness, and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male judo athletes. METHODS Twenty male participants randomly performed two concurrent training (CT) sessions; power-endurance and endurance-power. Measures of immune response (e.g., white blood cells), muscular-fitness (i.e., counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), RPE, blood-lactate, and -glucose were taken at different time-point (i.e., pre, mid, post, and post6h). RESULTS There were significant time*order interactions for white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. Power-endurance resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in white blood cells and lymphocytes while endurance-power resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger pre-to-post6h white blood cells and granulocytes increases were observed following power-endurance compared to endurance-power. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood-glucose and -lactate. Following endurance-power, blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-mid but not from pre-to-post. Meanwhile, in power-endurance blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-post but not from pre-to-mid. A significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force with larger pre-to-post decreases in endurance-power compared to power-endurance. Further, CMJ-power showed larger pre-to-mid performance decreases following power-endurance, compared to endurance-power. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger pre-to-mid values following endurance-power and larger pre-to-post values following power-endurance. CONCLUSION CT induced acute and delayed order-dependent immune cell count alterations in highly trained youth male judo athletes. In general, power-endurance induced higher acute and delayed immunological stress responses compared to endurance-power. CMJ-force and RPE fluctuated during both CT sessions but went back to baseline 6 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Markov
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Bussweiler
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Arntz
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Steidten
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Krohm
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnau Sacot
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512University de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Philipp Baumert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.442518.e0000 0004 0492 9538High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 8189 Jendouba, Tunisia
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McDougle JM, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Jajtner AR, Feito Y. Acute physiological outcomes of high-intensity functional training: a scoping review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14493. [PMID: 36620744 PMCID: PMC9817969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) have been conducted. However, due to a restricted pool of available research, these investigations are often limited in scope. As such, a scoping review investigating the present literature surrounding the acute physiological response to HIFT-based exercise was chosen as a more appropriate structured review. Methodology A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Three large scale databases were searched to reveal any article pertaining to HIFT and related exercise terminology. Results A total of 2,241 articles were found during the initial search. Following this, titles, then abstracts, and full-texts were reviewed to determine inclusion eligibility. A total of 60 articles which investigated a combined total of 35 unique HIFT workouts were included within this review. Conclusions A variety of physiological parameters and HIFT workouts have been examined. Markers of intensity (e.g., blood lactate concentrations, heart rate) have been most consistently assessed across all studies, and these support the idea that HIFT workouts are typically performed at high-intensity. In contrast, the inclusion of most other measures (e.g., hormonal, markers of inflammation and damage, energy expenditure, performance) has been inconsistent and has thus, limited the possibility for making generalized conclusions. Differences in study methodologies have further impacted conclusions, as different studies have varied in sample population characteristics, workouts assessed, and time points. Though it may be impossible to comprehensively research all possible HIFT workouts, consistent adoption of population definitions and workload quantification may overcome this challenge and assist with future comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States,American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Appearance of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis as an inflammatory disease: a pediatric case report and differential diagnosis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:52-58. [PMID: 36916088 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i2.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is the most serious of all allergic reactions. Despite advances in the knowledge of anaphylaxis, its clinical manifestations continue to be under-recognized. Indeed, proper diagnosis of anaphylaxis is often missed, and the treatment is delayed. The underlying causes are still under investigation globally. Inflammation represents the cornerstone of pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a rare clinical manifestation characterized by a chronological sequence in which food ingestion followed by physical exercise leads to anaphylaxis. Its mechanisms are yet to be fully explained. We report the case of a 14-year-old Chinese male who lost consciousness while undergoing physical activity at school. Several differential diagnoses were considered such as hypovolemic shock, septic shock, anaphylactic shock or neurological adverse event. Finally, the diagnosis of FDEIA was made. This case highlights the difficulties in diagnosing FDEIA and its management, especially when the clinical history is not complete and detailed.
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Niemelä O, Bloigu A, Bloigu R, Halkola AS, Niemelä M, Aalto M, Laatikainen T. Impact of Physical Activity on the Characteristics and Metabolic Consequences of Alcohol Consumption: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15048. [PMID: 36429766 PMCID: PMC9690068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle and excessive alcohol drinking are major modifiable risk factors of health. In order to shed further light on the relationships between physical activity and health consequences of alcohol intake, we measured biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, lipid status and fatty liver index tests in a large population-based sample of individuals with different levels of physical activity, alcohol drinking and other lifestyle risk factors. The study included 21,050 adult participants (9940 men, 11,110 women) (mean age 48.2 ± 13.3 years) of the National FINRISK Study. Data on physical activity, alcohol drinking, smoking and body weight were recorded. The participants were classified to subgroups according to gender, levels of physical activity (sedentary, low, moderate, vigorous, extreme), alcohol drinking levels (abstainers, moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers) and patterns (regular or binge, types of beverages preferred in consumption). Serum liver enzymes (GGT, ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Physical activity was linearly and inversely related with the amount of alcohol consumption, with the lowest alcohol drinking levels being observed in those with vigorous or extreme activity (p < 0.0005). Physically active individuals were less frequently binge-type drinkers, cigarette smokers or heavy coffee drinkers than those with sedentary activity (p < 0.0005 for linear trend in all comparisons). In the General Linear Model to assess the main and interaction effects of physical activity and alcohol consumption on biomarker status, as adjusted for anthropometric measures, smoking and coffee consumption, increasing levels of physical activity were found to be associated with more favorable findings on serum GGT (p < 0.0005), ALT (p < 0.0005 for men), cholesterol (p = 0.025 for men; p < 0.0005 for women), HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.0005 for men, p = 0.001 for women), LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.03 for men), triglycerides (p < 0.0005 for men, p < 0.03 for women), CRP (p < 0.0005 for men, p = 0.006 for women) and fatty liver index (p < 0.0005). The data support the view that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity may counteract adverse metabolic consequences of alcohol consumption on liver function, inflammation and lipid status. The role of physical activity should be further emphasized in interventions aimed at reducing health problems related to unfavorable risk factors of lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Aini Bloigu
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anni S. Halkola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mauri Aalto
- Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services, 80210 Joensuu, Finland
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Bácsi A, Penyige A, Becs G, Benkő S, Kovács EG, Jenei C, Pócsi I, Balla J, Csernoch L, Balatoni I. Whole blood transcriptome characterization of young female triathlon athletes following an endurance exercise: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:457-469. [PMID: 36250559 PMCID: PMC9762975 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00090.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies focusing on the effects of endurance exercise on hematological parameters and leukocyte gene expression were performed in adult men, so our aim was to investigate these changes in young females. Four young (age 15.3 ± 1.3 yr) elite female athletes completed an exercise session, in which they accomplished the cycling and running disciplines of a junior triathlon race. Blood samples were taken immediately before the exercise, right after the exercise, and then 1, 2, and 7 days later. Analysis of cell counts and routine biochemical parameters were complemented by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to whole blood samples. The applied exercise load did not trigger remarkable changes in either cardiovascular or biochemical parameters; however, it caused a significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils and a significant reduction in the ratio of lymphocytes immediately after exercise. Furthermore, endurance exercise induced a characteristic gene expression pattern change in the blood transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using the Reactome database revealed that the expression of genes involved in immune processes and neutrophil granulocyte activation was upregulated, whereas the expression of genes important in translation and rRNA metabolism was downregulated. Comparison of a set of immune cell gene signatures (ImSig) and our transcriptomic data identified 15 overlapping genes related to T-cell functions and involved in podosome formation and adhesion to the vessel wall. Our results suggest that RNA-seq to whole blood together with ImSig analysis are useful tools for the investigation of systemic responses to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Penyige
- 2Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Becs
- 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Elek Gergő Kovács
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,5Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Jenei
- 6Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- 7Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Wang JP, Wei CC, Peng YD, Wang HY, Hung CH, Hong YH, Liou YF, Hou CW. Dose caffeinated energy drink is a consideration issue for endurance performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:999811. [PMID: 36388121 PMCID: PMC9650112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.999811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeinated energy drinks are commonly taken to improve exercise performance, but there are few studies on the influence of different doses on an athlete’s performance. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover research study to examine the effects of low caffeinated energy drink (Low ED) or high caffeinated energy drink (High ED) supplement on the performance, haematological response, and oxidative stress in triathletes. Twelve male participants underwent three testing sessions separated by weekly intervals, consisting of sprint triathlon training (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, and 5 km run). Before and during the trials, participants were randomly provided with either placebo (PLA) group, Low ED group, or High ED group. Exercise performance in the High ED group decreased significantly compared with the PLA and Low ED groups (p < 0.05). However, participants in the Low ED group also experienced an improved performance (p = 0.054). Analysis of variance revealed no differences among the three groups in cortisol and testosterone levels, or the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score (p > 0.5). Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced with exercise and were lowest in the High ED group. However, compared with PLA, a significant decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in Low ED and High ED groups (p < 0.05). This indicates that caffeinated energy drink consumption may improve performance and reduce oxidative stress in sprint triathlon athletes. However, individual differences should be considered when supplementing with caffeinated energy drinks to decrease side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chan Wei
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Dong Peng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsuan-Yun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shih Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Ball Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hui Hong
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Liou
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chien-Wen Hou,
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Drummond LR, Campos HO, Drummond FR, de Oliveira GM, Fernandes JGRP, Amorim RP, da Costa Monteiro M, Lara HFG, Leite LHR, Coimbra CC. Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1221-1248. [PMID: 36251066 PMCID: PMC9574171 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Divinópolis, Av. Paraná, 3001 - Jardim Belvedere I, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Carangola, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Guilhermo Rios Pimenta Fernandes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prates Amorim
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus da Costa Monteiro
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fernandes Gerspacher Lara
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Hora Rios Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Crescioli C. Vitamin D, exercise, and immune health in athletes: A narrative review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954994. [PMID: 36211340 PMCID: PMC9539769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D exerts important extra-skeletal effects, exhibiting an exquisite immune regulatory ability, affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses through the modulation of immunocyte function and signaling. Remarkably, the immune function of working skeletal muscle, which is fully recognized to behave as a secretory organ with immune capacity, is under the tight control of vitamin D as well. Vitamin D status, meaning hormone sufficiency or insufficiency, can push toward strengthening/stabilization or decline of immune surveillance, with important consequences for health. This aspect is particularly relevant when considering the athletic population: while exercising is, nowadays, the recommended approach to maintain health and counteract inflammatory processes, “too much” exercise, often experienced by athletes, can increase inflammation, decrease immune surveillance, and expose them to a higher risk of diseases. When overexercise intersects with hypovitaminosis D, the overall effects on the immune system might converge into immune depression and higher vulnerability to diseases. This paper aims to provide an overview of how vitamin D shapes human immune responses, acting on the immune system and skeletal muscle cells; some aspects of exercise-related immune modifications are addressed, focusing on athletes. The crossroad where vitamin D and exercise meet can profile whole-body immune response and health.
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Kraemer MB, Silva KC, Kraemer CCF, Pereira JS, dos Reis IGM, Priolli DG, Messias LHD. Validity of the peak velocity to detect physical training improvements in athymic mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:943498. [PMID: 36091383 PMCID: PMC9451039 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study comprises two complementary experiments with athymic Balb/c (Nu/Nu) mice. In experiment 1, the aim was to verify the reproducibility of the peak velocity (VPeak) determined from the incremental test. The second experiment aimed to assess the VPeak sensitivity to prescribe and detect modulations of the physical training in athymic nude mice. Sixteen mice were submitted to two incremental treadmill tests separated by 48-h (Experiment 1). The test consisted of an initial warm-up of 5 minutes. Subsequently, animals initiated the tests at 8 m min−1 with increments of 2 m min−1 every 3 minutes. The VPeak was determined as the highest velocity attained during the protocol. In experiment 2, these animals were randomly allocated to an exercise group (EG) or a control group (CG). The training protocol consisted of 30-min of treadmill running at 70% of the VPeak five times a week for 4 weeks. High indexes of reproducibility were obtained for VPeak (Test = 19.7 ± 3.6 m min−1; Retest = 19.2 ± 3.4 m min−1; p = 0.171; effect size = 0.142; r = 0.90). Animals from the EG had a significant increase of VPeak (Before = 18.4 ± 2.7 m min−1; After = 24.2 ± 6.0 m min−1; p = 0.023). Conversely, a significant decrease was observed for the CG (Before = 21.1 ± 3.9 m min−1; After = 15.9 ± 2.7 m min−1; p = 0.038). The VPeak is a valid parameter for exercise prescription in studies involving athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Karen Christine Silva
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Camila Cunha França Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Pereira
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Ivan Gustavo Masseli dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Coloproctology Service of the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo and Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias,
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Exercise in Cold Weather for COVID-19-Recovered Individuals (CRI). Asian J Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm-127151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The sedentary lifestyle caused by the COVID-19 quarantine has resulted in a devastating threat to human health due to stress and anxiety. Although infected individuals must stop exercising, exercise is not prohibited when without symptoms and complications. Whereas exercise can be effective in immune system reinforcement during the prevention, recovery, and post-recovery stages, COVID-19-recovered Individuals (CRI) must exercise under accurate considerations. Objectives: This study aimed to study exercise in cold weather for the CRI. Methods: This article overviews how different exercises affect the immune system. PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar Databases and keywords including cold weather, COVID-19, immune system, and combined exercise were used to access scientific articles. Results: Recent reports show that different sports and exercises significantly improve COVID-19 symptoms, although there are many discrepancies among researchers in prescribing exercise programs (various training protocols, duration, and intensity). Also, CRI should avoid exercise in cold weather due to breathing complications Conclusions: Based on the present study, regular exercises (aerobic, resistance, and combined) with moderate intensity improve COVID-19 symptoms and the immune system.
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Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G, Tsirigkakis S, Stavrinou PS, Kabasakalis A, Mantzou A, Mougios V. Bout duration in high-intensity interval exercise modifies hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:216-223. [PMID: 35510255 PMCID: PMC9035712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study compared hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses between three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) trials of different bout duration and a continuous exercise trial (CON), all with equal average intensity, total work, and duration. Methods Eleven healthy young males performed four trials involving 20 min of cycling, either continuously (49% of power at VO2max, PPO), or intermittently with 48 10-s bouts (HIIE10), 16 30-s bouts (HIIE30) or 8 60-s bouts (HIIE60) at 100% PPO, with a 1:1.5 work-to-recovery ratio at 15% PPO. Venous blood was obtained before, immediately after, and 1 h post-exercise to evaluate hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. Blood lactate concentration was measured in capillary blood during exercise, while urine lactate was measured before and 1 h post-exercise. Results Post-exercise leukocyte count (mean ± SD; 9.7 ± 2.8 k μL-1), uric acid concentration (0.35 ± 0.10 mmol L-1), glucose concentration (6.56 ± 1.44 mmol L-1), and plasma volume change (-13.5 ± 4.4%) were greater in HIIE60 compared to all other trials (p < 0.05). One-hour post-exercise, lymphocytes decreased below pre-exercise values in all HIIE trials, and uric acid increased in the HIIE60 trial (p < 0.05). Urine lactate concentration 1 h post-exercise increased compared to pre-exercise only in HIIE60 (19-fold, p < 0.001), and this was related with the higher blood lactate concentration during exercise in that trial. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of bout duration, given that shorter bouts of HIIE (30 s or 10 s) induce lower blood cell perturbations, metabolic stress, and antioxidant responses compared to the commonly used 1-min bouts, despite equal total work, duration, and work-to-recovery ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Metabolism and Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research in Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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