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Leeuwis RHJ, Hall JR, Zanuzzo FS, Smith N, Clow KA, Kumar S, Vasquez I, Goetz FW, Johnson SC, Rise ML, Santander J, Gamperl AK. Climate change can impair bacterial pathogen defences in sablefish via hypoxia-mediated effects on adaptive immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 156:105161. [PMID: 38521379 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Low-oxygen levels (hypoxia) in aquatic habitats are becoming more common because of global warming and eutrophication. However, the effects on the health/disease status of fishes, the world's largest group of vertebrates, are unclear. Therefore, we assessed how long-term hypoxia affected the immune function of sablefish, an ecologically and economically important North Pacific species, including the response to a formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin. Sablefish were held at normoxia or hypoxia (100% or 40% air saturated seawater, respectively) for 6-16 weeks, while we measured a diverse array of immunological traits. Given that the sablefish is a non-model organism, this involved the development of a species-specific methodological toolbox comprised of qPCR primers for 16 key immune genes, assays for blood antibacterial defences, the assessment of blood immunoglobulin (IgM) levels with ELISA, and flow cytometry and confocal microscopy techniques. We show that innate immune parameters were typically elevated in response to the bacterial antigens, but were not substantially affected by hypoxia. In contrast, hypoxia completely prevented the ∼1.5-fold increase in blood IgM level that was observed under normoxic conditions following bacterin exposure, implying a serious impairment of adaptive immunity. Since the sablefish is naturally hypoxia tolerant, our results demonstrate that climate change-related deoxygenation may be a serious threat to the immune competency of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robine H J Leeuwis
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nicole Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Frederick W Goetz
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Caballero-Solares A, Eslamloo K, Hall JR, Katan T, Emam M, Xue X, Taylor RG, Balder R, Parrish CC, Rise ML. Vegetable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids differentially modulate the antiviral and antibacterial immune responses of Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10947. [PMID: 38740811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are a crucial subject of investigation for sustainable fish aquaculture, as fish oil is increasingly replaced by terrestrial vegetable oils in aquafeeds. Unlike previous research focusing on fish oil replacement with vegetable alternatives, our study explored how the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in low-fish oil aquafeeds influences Atlantic salmon's antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. Atlantic salmon were fed aquafeeds rich in soy oil (high in omega-6) or linseed oil (high in omega-3) for 12 weeks and then challenged with bacterial (formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida) or viral-like (polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid) antigens. The head kidneys of salmon fed high dietary omega-3 levels exhibited a more anti-inflammatory fatty acid profile and a restrained induction of pro-inflammatory and neutrophil-related genes during the immune challenges. The high-omega-3 diet also promoted a higher expression of genes associated with the interferon-mediated signaling pathway, potentially enhancing antiviral immunity. This research highlights the capacity of vegetable oils with different omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA ratios to modulate specific components of fish immune responses, offering insights for future research on the intricate lipid nutrition-immunity interplay and the development of novel sustainable low-fish oil clinical aquaculture feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Centre for Marine Applied Research, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Stantec Inc., St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Elk River, MN, USA
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Guo J, Lyu S, Qi Y, Chen X, Yang L, Zhao C, Wang H. Molecular evolution and gene expression of ferritin family involved in immune defense of lampreys. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 146:104729. [PMID: 37187445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, one of the key regulators of iron homeostasis, is widely present throughout almost all species. The vertebrate ferritin family, which originates from a single gene in the ancestral invertebrates, contains the widest variety of ferritin subtypes among all animal species. However, the evolutionary history of the vertebrate ferritin family remains to be further clarified. In this study, genome-wide identification of the ferritin homologs is performed in lampreys, which are the extant representatives of jawless vertebrates that diverged from the future jawed vertebrates more than 500 million years ago. Molecular evolutionary analyses show that four members of the lamprey ferritin family, L-FT1-4, are derived from a common ancestor with jawed vertebrate ferritins prior to the divergence of the jawed vertebrate ferritin subtypes. The lamprey ferritin family shares evolutionarily conserved characteristics of the ferritin H subunit with higher vertebrates, but certain members such as L-FT1 additionally accumulate some features of the M or L subunits. Expression profiling reveals that lamprey ferritins are highly expressed in the liver. The transcription of L-FT1 is significantly induced in the liver and heart during lipopolysaccharide stimulation, indicating that L-FTs may play a role in the innate immune response to bacterial infection in lampreys. Furthermore, the transcriptional expression of L-FT1 in quiescent and LPS-activated leukocytes is up- and down-regulated by the lamprey TGF-β2, an essential regulator of the inflammatory response, respectively. Our results provide new insights into the origin and evolution of the vertebrate ferritin family and reveal that lamprey ferritins may be involved in immune regulation as target genes of the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfu Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Shuangyu Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yanchen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Xuanyi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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Emam M, Eslamloo K, Caballero-Solares A, Lorenz EK, Xue X, Umasuthan N, Gnanagobal H, Santander J, Taylor RG, Balder R, Parrish CC, Rise ML. Nutritional immunomodulation of Atlantic salmon response to Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:931548. [PMID: 36213116 PMCID: PMC9532746 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.931548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immunomodulatory effect of varying levels of dietary ω6/ω3 fatty acids (FA) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antibacterial response. Two groups were fed either high-18:3ω3 or high-18:2ω6 FA diets for 8 weeks, and a third group was fed for 4 weeks on the high-18:2ω6 diet followed by 4 weeks on the high-18:3ω3 diet and termed “switched-diet”. Following the second 4 weeks of feeding (i.e., at 8 weeks), head kidney tissues from all groups were sampled for FA analysis. Fish were then intraperitoneally injected with either a formalin-killed Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin (5 × 107 cells mL−1) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control), and head kidney tissues for gene expression analysis were sampled at 24 h post-injection. FA analysis showed that the head kidney profile reflected the dietary FA, especially for C18 FAs. The qPCR analyses of twenty-three genes showed that both the high-ω6 and high-ω3 groups had significant bacterin-dependent induction of some transcripts involved in lipid metabolism (ch25ha and lipe), pathogen recognition (clec12b and tlr5), and immune effectors (znrf1 and cish). In contrast, these transcripts did not significantly respond to the bacterin in the “switched-diet” group. Concurrently, biomarkers encoding proteins with putative roles in biotic inflammatory response (tnfrsf6b) and dendritic cell maturation (ccl13) were upregulated, and a chemokine receptor (cxcr1) was downregulated with the bacterin injection regardless of the experimental diets. On the other hand, an inflammatory regulator biomarker, bcl3, was only significantly upregulated in the high-ω3 fed group, and a C-type lectin family member (clec3a) was only significantly downregulated in the switched-diet group with the bacterin injection (compared with diet-matched PBS-injected controls). Transcript fold-change (FC: bacterin/PBS) showed that tlr5 was significantly over 2-fold higher in the high-18:2ω6 diet group compared with other diet groups. FC and FA associations highlighted the role of DGLA (20:3ω6; anti-inflammatory) and/or EPA (20:5ω3; anti-inflammatory) vs. ARA (20:4ω6; pro-inflammatory) as representative of the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory balance between eicosanoid precursors. Also, the correlations revealed associations of FA proportions (% total FA) and FA ratios with several eicosanoid and immune receptor biomarkers (e.g., DGLA/ARA significant positive correlation with pgds, 5loxa, 5loxb, tlr5, and cxcr1). In summary, dietary FA profiles and/or regimens modulated the expression of some immune-relevant genes in Atlantic salmon injected with R. salmoninarum bacterin. The modulation of Atlantic salmon responses to bacterial pathogens and their associated antigens using high-ω6/high-ω3 diets warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Emam, ; Matthew L. Rise,
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Evandro Kleber Lorenz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christopher C. Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Emam, ; Matthew L. Rise,
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Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Xue X, Katan T, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804987. [PMID: 35401509 PMCID: PMC8987027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Albert Caballero-Solares,
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Chimeric Protein IPath ® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon's Immunity against Infectious Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040361. [PMID: 33918540 PMCID: PMC8068967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection processes displayed by pathogens require the acquisition of essential inorganic nutrients and trace elements from the host to survive and proliferate. Without a doubt, iron is a crucial trace metal for all living organisms and also a pivotal component in the host–parasite interactions. In particular, the host reduces the iron available to face the infectious disease, increasing iron transport proteins’ expression and activating the heme synthesis and degradation pathways. Moreover, recent findings have suggested that iron metabolism modulation in fish promotes the immune response by reducing cellular iron toxicity. We hypothesized that recombinant proteins related to iron metabolism could modulate the fish’s immune system through iron metabolism and iron-responsive genes. Here a chimeric iron transport protein (IPath®) was bioinformatically designed and then expressed in a recombinant bacterial system. The IPath® protein showed a significant chelating activity under in vitro conditions and biological activity. Taking this evidence, a vaccine candidate based on IPath® was evaluated in Atlantic salmon challenged with three different fish pathogens. Experimental trials were conducted using two fish groups: one immunized with IPath® and another injected with adjutant as the control group. After 400 accumulated thermal units (ATUs), two different infection trials were performed. In the first one, fish were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, and in a second trial, fish were exposed to the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi and subsequently infected with the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Fish immunized with IPath® showed a significant delay in the mortality curve in response to A. salmonicida and P. salmonis infections. However, no significant differences between infected and control fish groups were observed at the end of the experiment. Notably, sea lice burden reduction was observed in vaccinated Atlantic salmon. Transcriptional analysis evidenced a high modulation of iron-homeostasis-related genes in fish vaccinated with IPath® compared to the control group during the infection. Moreover, increasing expression of Atlantic salmon IgT was associated with IPath® immunization. This study provides evidence that the IPath® protein could be used as an antigen or booster in commercial fish vaccines, improving the immune response against relevant pathogens for salmon aquaculture.
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Mahrous KF, Mabrouk DM, Aboelenin MM, Abd El-Kader HAM, Gaafar AY, Younes AM, Mahmoud MA, Khalil WKB, Hassanane MS. Molecular characterization and immunohistochemical localization of tilapia piscidin 3 in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3280. [PMID: 32812302 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of tilapia piscidin 3 (TP3) was determined in vitro against a locally isolated Aeromonas hydrophila. A 388 bp fragment was amplified from the TP3 cDNA and sequenced. The coding sequence (CDS) of TP3 was estimated to be 231 bp codes for 76 amino acids long and stop codon. In silico analysis was performed to detect both the signal peptide and the prodomain cleavage sites to follow the amino acids number 22 and 70, respectively. Based on this, a peptide 23 amino acids long with a remarkably high computed antimicrobial probability was synthesized and used in the subsequent experiments. The antimicrobial activity of TP3 was determined with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minim um bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. TP3 exhibited relatively weak antimicrobial activities against the tested bacteria. A challenge experiment was then performed in Nile tilapia with low and high doses of A. hydrophila, followed by timely recognition; after 3, 6, 24 h, and 7 days of the specific TP3 gene expression, immunohistochemical localization was also performed. Histopathological examination revealed provoked inflammatory responses and congestion in the same organs of TP3 expression. Immunohistochemical localization showed that A. hydrophila induced tilapia fish to express TP3 after 24 h within the gills, intestine, hepatopancreas, spleen, and posterior kidney. In quantitative real time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction analysis, the high dose showed higher mRNA expression levels than the low dose, and its expression levels increased in the A. hydrophila-infected fish. It was therefore concluded that TP3 plays an essential role in fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima F Mahrous
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Mabrouk
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamad M Aboelenin
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Heba A M Abd El-Kader
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Alkhateib Y Gaafar
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelgayed M Younes
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mahmoud
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K B Khalil
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Hassanane
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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8
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Eslamloo K, Kumar S, Caballero-Solares A, Gnanagobal H, Santander J, Rise ML. Profiling the transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon head kidney to formalin-killed Renibacterium salmoninarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:937-949. [PMID: 31770640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum is a Gram-positive, intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The host transcriptomic response to this immune-suppressive pathogen remains poorly understood. To identify R. salmoninarum-responsive genes, Atlantic salmon were intraperitoneally injected with a low (5 × 105 cells/kg, Low-Rs) or high (5 × 107 cells/kg; High-Rs) dose of formalin-killed R. salmoninarum bacterin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control); head kidney samples were collected before and 24 h after injection. Using 44K microarray analysis, we identified 107 and 345 differentially expressed probes in response to R. salmoninarum bacterin (i.e. High-Rs vs. PBS control) by Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Rank Products (RP), respectively. Twenty-two microarray-identified genes were subjected to qPCR assays, and 17 genes were confirmed as being significantly responsive to the bacterin. There was an up-regulation in expression of genes playing putative roles as immune receptors and antimicrobial effectors. Genes with putative roles as pathogen recognition (e.g. clec12b and tlr5) or immunoregulatory (e.g. tnfrsf6b and tnfrsf11b) receptors were up-regulated in response to R.salmoninarum bacterin. Also, chemokines and a chemokine receptor showed opposite regulation [up-regulation of effectors (i.e. ccl13 and ccl) and down-regulation of cxcr1] in response to the bacterin. The present study identified and validated novel biomarker genes (e.g. ctsl1, lipe, cldn4, ccny) that can be used to assess Atlantic salmon response to R. salmoninarum, and will be valuable in the development of tools to combat BKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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9
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Xue X, Woldemariam NT, Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Fast MD, Taylor RG, Rise ML, Andreassen R. Dietary Immunostimulant CpG Modulates MicroRNA Biomarkers Associated with Immune Responses in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Cells 2019; 8:E1592. [PMID: 31817907 PMCID: PMC6952924 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in fish immune responses. However, no study has previously characterized the impact of polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) and formalin-killed typical Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) on miRNA expression in Atlantic salmon fed a commercial diet with and without immunostimulant CpG. To this end, first, we performed small RNA deep sequencing and qPCR analyses to identify and confirm pIC- and/or ASAL-responsive miRNAs in the head kidney of salmon fed a control diet. DESeq2 analyses identified 12 and 18 miRNAs differentially expressed in pIC and ASAL groups, respectively, compared to the controls. Fifteen of these miRNAs were studied by qPCR; nine remained significant by qPCR. Five miRNAs (miR-27d-1-2-5p, miR-29b-2-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146a-1-2-3p, miR-221-5p) were shown by qPCR to be significantly induced by both pIC and ASAL. Second, the effect of CpG-containing functional feed on miRNA expression was investigated by qPCR. In pre-injection samples, 6 of 15 miRNAs (e.g., miR-181a-5-3p, miR-462a-3p, miR-722-3p) had significantly lower expression in fish fed CpG diet than control diet. In contrast, several miRNAs (e.g., miR-146a-1-2-3p, miR-192a-5p, miR-194a-5p) in the PBS- and ASAL-injected groups had significantly higher expression in CpG-fed fish. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that the CpG diet had a greater impact on miRNA expression in ASAL-injected compared with pIC-injected fish. This study identified immune-relevant miRNA biomarkers that will be valuable in the development of diets to combat infectious diseases of salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (A.C.-S.); (N.U.)
| | - Nardos Tesfaye Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway; (N.T.W.); (R.A.)
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (A.C.-S.); (N.U.)
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (A.C.-S.); (N.U.)
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Richard G. Taylor
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10383 165th Avenue NW, Elk River, MN 55330, USA;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (A.C.-S.); (N.U.)
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway; (N.T.W.); (R.A.)
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10
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Inkpen SM, Solbakken MH, Jentoft S, Eslamloo K, Rise ML. Full characterization and transcript expression profiling of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:166-180. [PMID: 30928323 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) represents a unique immune system among teleost fish, making it a species of interest for immunological studies, and especially for investigating the evolutionary history of immune gene families. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family encodes transcription factors which function in the interferon pathway, but also in areas including leukocyte differentiation, cell growth, autoimmunity, and development. We previously characterized several IRF family members in Atlantic cod (Irf4a, Irf4b, Irf7, Irf8, and two Irf10 splice variants) at the cDNA and putative amino acid levels, and in the current study we took advantage of the new and improved Atlantic cod genome assembly in combination with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) to characterize the remaining family members (i.e. Irf3, Irf5, Irf6, Irf9, and two Irf2 splice variants). Real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) was used to investigate constitutive expression of all IRF transcripts during embryonic development, suggesting several putative maternal transcripts, and potential stage-specific roles. QPCR studies also showed 11 of 13 transcripts were responsive to stimulation with poly(I:C), while 6 of 13 transcripts were responsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Atlantic cod head kidney macrophages, indicating roles for cod IRF family members in both antiviral and antibacterial responses. This study is the first to investigate expression of the complete IRF family in Atlantic cod, and suggests potential novel roles for several of these transcription factors within immunity as well as in early development of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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11
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Wang X, Ma G, Zhang R, Liu L, Zhu J, Zhu H. Molecular characterization and biological functioning of interleukin-8 in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:91-101. [PMID: 30978450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8, otherwise known as CXCL8, is a CXC chemokine that plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune and inflammation responses of animals. Here, we identified an interleukin-8 homologue from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), named AbIL-8, which belongs to the lineage 1 group of teleost fish IL-8s. The cDNA of Abil-8 is 1130 bp in length, containing a 5'- untranslated region (UTR) of 50 bp, a 3'- UTR of 783 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 297 bp that encodes a protein consisting of 98 amino acids. The deduced AbIL-8 contained five cysteines, four of which are highly conserved, and an ELR motif typical of known mammalian CXC chemokines was also found preceding the CXC motif. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that AbIL-8 clustered with the CXCL8_L1 sequences from other teleosts, being clearly distinct from those of either birds or mammals. Abil-8 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues and significantly up-regulated in the liver and spleen tissues by the bacteria Aernomas hydrophila. The in vitro experiment using primary spleen cells stimulated with heat-killed Aernomas hydrophila or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed a similar expression pattern to that found in vivo, whereas stimulation on spleen cells with β-glucan or polyI:C elicited negligible changes in levels of Abil-8 mRNA. Purified recombinant AbIL-8 not only exhibited chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and, to a lesser extent, spleen cells, but also stimulated the proliferation of spleen cells at 10 ng/mLor above. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of rAbIL-8 also up-regulated the expression of immuno-related genes (IL-6, IgM and MHCIIβ) at 24 h. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of how IL-8 functions in the regulation of the immune responses in sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Guoqing Ma
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Jianya Zhu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute& Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing, 100068, China; National Freshwater Fisheries Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China.
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Soto-Dávila M, Hossain A, Chakraborty S, Rise ML, Santander J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Early Infection and Immune Response of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua L.) Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1237. [PMID: 31231379 PMCID: PMC6559310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other teleosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has an expanded repertoire of MHC-I and TLR components, but lacks the MHC-II, the invariant chain/CD74, and CD4+ T cell response, essential for production of antibodies and prevention of bacterial infectious diseases. The mechanisms by which G. morhua fight bacterial infections are not well understood. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a recurrent pathogen in cultured and wild fish, and has been reported in Atlantic cod. Macrophages are some of the first responders to bacterial infection and the link between innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we evaluated the viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell morphology, and gene expression of cod primary macrophages in response to A. salmonicida infection. We found that A. salmonicida infects cod primary macrophages without killing the cod cells. Likewise, infected Atlantic cod macrophages up-regulated key genes involved in the inflammatory response (e.g., IL-1β and IL-8) and bacterial recognition (e.g., BPI/LBP). Nevertheless, our results showed a down-regulation of genes related to antimicrobial peptide and ROS production, suggesting that A. salmonicida utilizes its virulence mechanisms to control and prevent macrophage anti-bacterial activity. Our results also indicate that Atlantic cod has a basal ROS production in non-infected cells, and this was not increased after contact with A. salmonicida. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that A. salmonicida was able to infect the macrophages in a high number, and release outer membrane vesicles (OMV) during intracellular infection. These results suggest that Atlantic cod macrophage innate immunity is able to detect A. salmonicida and trigger an anti-inflammatory response, however A. salmonicida controls the cell immune response to prevent bacterial clearance, during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Whole transcriptome analysis of the Atlantic cod vaccine response reveals subtle changes in adaptive immunity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100597. [PMID: 31176987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod has lost the Major Histocompatibility complex class II pathway - central to pathogen presentation, humoral response and immunity. Here, we investigate the immunological response of Atlantic cod subsequent to dip vaccination with Vibrioanguillarum bacterin using transcriptome sequencing. The experiment was conducted on siblings from an Atlantic cod family found to be highly susceptible towards vibriosis where vaccination has demonstrated improved pathogen resistance. Gene expression analyses at 2, 4, 21 and 42 days post vaccination revealed GO-term enrichment for muscle, neuron and metabolism-related pathways. In-depth characterization of immune-related GO terms demonstrated down-regulation of MHCI antigen presentation, C-type lectin receptor signaling and granulocyte activation over time. Phagocytosis, interferon-gamma signaling and negative regulation of innate immunity were increasingly up-regulated over time. Individual differentially expressed immune genes implies weak initiation of acute phase proteins with little or no inflammation. Furthermore, gene expression indicates presence of T-cells, NK-like cells, B-cells and monocytes/macrophages. Three MHCI transcripts were up-regulated with B2M and SEC61. Overall, we find no clear immune-related transcriptomic response which could be attributed to Atlantic cod's alternative immune system. However, we cannot rule out that this response is related to vaccination protocol/sampling strategy. Earlier functional studies demonstrate significant memory in Atlantic cod post dip vaccination and combined with our results indicate the presence of other adaptive immunity mechanisms. In particular, we suggest that further investigations should look into CD8+ memory T-cells, γδ T-cells, T-cell independent memory or memory induced through NK-like/other lymphoid cells locally in the mucosal lining for this particular vaccination strategy.
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14
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Influence of the Genetic Makeup of Common Carp on the Expression of Iron-related Genes During Trypanoplasma Borreli Infection. J Vet Res 2018; 62:285-290. [PMID: 30584606 PMCID: PMC6295998 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Genes related to iron metabolism play an important role in inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ferritin, transferrin receptors 1a and 1b, and transferrin genes in the response to blood parasite infection in common carp (Cyprinuscarpio L.). Material and Methods Two genetically distinct carp groups were used: R3 carp, which are established as being sensitive to parasitic infection, and SA carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) of wild origin. An established challenge model with Trypanoplasma borreli was applied. Challenged carp were sampled to determine their expression levels of transferrin receptors 1a and 1b, ferritin, and transferrin mRNA. Mortality and serum iron concentration were also measured. Results The study revealed contrasting differences in the expression profiles of all key iron regulatory genes except the transferrin gene. In the case of other parameters, significant differences were also observed. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the level of parasitic infection depends on the blood iron status. This parameter was related to the origin of the fish.
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Ding Z, Zhao X, Zhan Q, Cui L, Sun Q, Wang W, Liu H. Comparative analysis of two ferritin subunits from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala): Characterization, expression, iron depriving and bacteriostatic activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:411-422. [PMID: 28535971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential microelement for almost all living organisms, while an excess of iron is toxic, thus maintenance of iron homeostasis is vital. As iron storage protein, ferritin plays an important role in iron metabolism. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the ferritin H subunit from Megalobrama amblycephala, termed as MamFerH. An iron-responsive element (IRE) was predicted in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of MamFerH, while its bulge structural was different from that of the reported ferritin M subunit (MamFerM). The MamFerH and MamFerM genes exhibited similar expression patterns during early development with specifically high expression post hatching, whereas their tissue expression patterns were different. Specifically, MamFerM was highly expressed in the spleen, liver and kidney, while MamFerH was predominantly expressed in the blood and brain, indicating their different functions. In addition, the expression of the two genes was induced upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection at both transcriptional and translational levels, and MamFerH was more efficient. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed their significant changes at protein level and distribution in the liver post infection, indicating their participation in host immune response. Furthermore, bacteriostatic experiment revealed that recombinant MamFerH displayed more significant inhibitory effect on the growth of A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujin Ding
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qifeng Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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16
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Sun S, Zhu J, Ge X, Zhang W. Molecular characterization and gene expression of ferritin in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:87-95. [PMID: 27539708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are conserved iron storage proteins that exist in most living organisms and play an essential role in iron homeostasis. In this study, we reported the identification and analysis of a ferritin middle-chain (M) subunit, MaFerM, from blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. The full length cDNA of MaFerM contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 152 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 522 bp and a 3'-UTR of 270 bp. The ORF encodes a putative protein of 174 amino acids, which shares extensive sequence identities with the M ferritins of several fish species. In silico analysis identified both the ferroxidase center of mammalian heavy-chain (H) ferritins and the iron nucleation site of mammalian light-chain (L) ferritins in MaFerM. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that MaFerM expression was highest in the liver and lowest in the heart and responded positively to experimental challenges with Aeromonas hydrophila. The exposure of cultured M. amblycephala to treatment with stress inducers (iron and H2O2) significantly up-regulated the expression of MaFerM in a dose-dependent manner. Iron chelation analysis showed that recombinant MaFerM purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent iron binding activity. These results suggest that MaFerM is a functional M ferritin and is likely to play a role in iron sequestration and protection against oxidative stress and immune stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Aquaculture Biology of Freshwater Fishes, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 East Shanshui Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Aquaculture Biology of Freshwater Fishes, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 East Shanshui Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Breeding and Aquaculture Biology of Freshwater Fishes, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 East Shanshui Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China.
| | - Wxuxiao Zhang
- Wuxi Fishery College Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, PR China
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Bae JS, Jung JM, An CM, Kim JW, Hwang SD, Kwon MG, Park MA, Kim MC, Park CI. Piscidin: Antimicrobial peptide of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:136-142. [PMID: 26876358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The piscidin family consists of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are mainly found in fish and are crucial effectors of fish innate immune responses. The piscidin family typically has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can modulate immune responses. In this study, we cloned rock bream piscidin (Rbpisc) and investigated its gene expression and biological activity (including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities). The coding region of Rbpisc consisted of 213 base pairs (bp) encoding 70 amino acid residues. The tertiary structure predicted for Rbpisc includes an amphipathic helix-loop-helix structure. The Rbpisc gene was highly expressed in the gills of healthy fish. The gene expression of Rbpisc increased in the gills after pathogen infection, while the expression was down-regulated in other tissues. A synthetic peptide based on the AMP 12 domain amino acid sequence of Rbpisc appeared to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. However, the synthetic peptide exhibited weak haemolytic activity against fish erythrocytes. These results suggest that Rbpisc might play an important role in the innate immune responses of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Bae
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jung
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Chan Kim
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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Katzenback BA. Antimicrobial Peptides as Mediators of Innate Immunity in Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:607-39. [PMID: 26426065 PMCID: PMC4690011 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified throughout the metazoa suggesting their evolutionarily conserved nature and their presence in teleosts is no exception. AMPs are short (18–46 amino acids), usually cationic, amphipathic peptides. While AMPs are diverse in amino acid sequence, with no two AMPs being identical, they collectively appear to have conserved functions in the innate immunity of animals towards the pathogens they encounter in their environment. Fish AMPs are upregulated in response to pathogens and appear to have direct broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity towards both human and fish pathogens. However, an emerging role for AMPs as immunomodulatory molecules has become apparent—the ability of AMPs to activate the innate immune system sheds light onto the multifaceted capacity of these small peptides to combat pathogens through direct and indirect means. Herein, this review focuses on the role of teleost AMPs as modulators of the innate immune system and their regulation in response to pathogens or other exogenous molecules. The capacity to regulate AMP expression by exogenous factors may prove useful in modulating AMP expression in fish to prevent disease, particularly in aquaculture settings where crowded conditions and environmental stress pre-dispose these fish to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Zhao B, Katagiri T, Kondo H, Hirono I. Comparative analysis of two types of CXCL8 from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:37-47. [PMID: 25912356 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new type of CXCL8, named CXCL8_L1b, was identified in this research. Comparison of amino acid sequences of Japanese flounder CXCL8_L1b and CXCL8_L1a (BAB86884.1) showed only 41.2% identity. Transcripts of CXCL8_L1a were highly detected in spleen, kidney, gill and liver, while transcripts of CXCL8_L1b only were detected highly in spleen and kidney of apparently healthy fish. In fish challenged with E. tarda, transcripts of CXCL8_L1a were significantly increased at day 6, while no significant increase was detected in the mRNA level of CXCL8_L1b. On the other hand, fish infected by S. iniae significantly increased both transcripts of CXCL8_L1a and CXCL8_L1b at days 1 and 3. In VHSV-infected fish, only the transcripts of CXCL8_L1b were significantly induced at day 6. LPS and poly I:C stimulation of PBLs induced a high level of CXCL8_L1a transcripts, while CXCL8_L1b transcripts were significantly increased only post poly I:C treatment. To evaluate the chemotactic activity of CXCL8_L1a and CXCL8_L1b, Japanese flounder were intramuscularly injected with recombinant plasmids pCI-CXCL8_L1a and pCI-CXCL8_L1b. H & E staining showed that injections of both pCI-CXCL8_L1a and pCI-CXCL8_L1b caused strong immune responses in the form of intermuscular cell infiltration and capillary congestion. Injection of pCI-CXCL8_L1a and pCI-CXCL8_L1b significantly induced the expressions of genes related to inflammatory response such as IL-6 and CD8α on day 1 post-injection. The transcripts of IgM only significantly increased on day 7 post-injection of pCI-CXCL8_L1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhao
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC, Nash GW, Gamperl AK. Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolic rate is affected by dietary Aloe vera inclusion but not by mounting an immune response against formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:43-53. [PMID: 26010230 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen consumption (MO2) of two groups of 10° C acclimated steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was measured for 72 h after they were given a 100 µl kg(-1) intraperitoneal injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish from both groups prior to, and 1 and 3 h after, they were given a 30 s net stress. The first group was fed an unaltered commercial diet for 4 weeks, whereas the second group was fed the same diet but with 0·5% (5 g kg(-1) ) Aloe vera powder added; A. vera has potential as an immunostimulant for use in aquaculture, but its effects on basal and acute phase response (APR)-related metabolic expenditures and stress physiology, are unknown. Injection of ASAL v. PBS had no measurable effect on the MO2 of O. mykiss indicating that the APR in this species is not associated with any net increase in energy expenditure. In contrast, incorporating 0·5% A. vera powder into the feed decreased routine metabolic rate by c. 8% in both injection groups and standard metabolic rate in the ASAL-injected group (by c. 4 mg O2 kg(-1) h(-1) ; 5%). Aloe vera fed fish had resting cortisol levels that were approximately half of those in fish on the commercial diet (c. 2·5 v. 5·0 ng ml(-1) ), but neither this difference nor those post-stress reached statistical significance (P > 0·05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 SP, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - G W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of splenic immune mechanisms of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. J Proteomics 2015; 122:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Inkpen SM, Hori TS, Gamperl AK, Nash GW, Rise ML. Characterization and expression analyses of five interferon regulatory factor transcripts (Irf4a, Irf4b, Irf7, Irf8, Irf10) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:365-381. [PMID: 25731920 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of genes encodes a group of transcription factors that have important roles not only in regulating the expression of Type I interferons (IFNs) and other genes in the IFN pathway, but also in growth, development and the regulation of oncogenesis. In this study, several IRF family members (Irf4a, Irf4b, Irf7, Irf8, Irf10) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were characterized at the cDNA and putative amino acid levels, allowing for phylogenetic analysis of these proteins in teleost fish, as well as the development of gene-specific primers used in RT-PCR and quantitative PCR (QPCR) analyses. Two Atlantic cod Irf10 splice variants were identified and their presence confirmed by sequencing of the Irf10 genomic region. RT-PCR showed that Irf7, Irf8 and both Irf10 transcripts were expressed in all 15 cod tissues tested, while Irf4a and Irf4b were absent in some tissues. QPCR analysis of spleen expression expanded upon this, and upon previous work. All IRF transcripts in the study were responsive to stimulation by the viral mimic poly(I:C), and all except Irf4a were responsive to exposure to formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL). These IRF genes, thus, are likely important in the cod immune response to both viral and bacterial infections. Increased temperature (10 °C to 16 °C) was also observed to modulate the antibacterial responses of all IRF transcripts, and the antiviral responses of Irf4b and Irf10-v2. This research supports earlier studies which reported that elevated temperature modulates the expression of many immune genes in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Tiago S Hori
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Gordon W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Peng HF, Ke CH, Huang HQ. Toxicological responses of the hard clam Meretrix meretrix exposed to excess dissolved iron or challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:240-247. [PMID: 25269138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The responses of genes encoding defense components such as ferritin, the lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF), the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB), metallothionein, and glutathione peroxidase were assessed at the transcriptional level in order to investigate the toxicological and immune mechanism of the hard clam Meretrix meretrix (HCMM) following challenge with iron or a bacterium (Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Fe dissolved in natural seawater led to an increase of Fe content in both the hepatopancreas and gill tissue of HCMM between 4 and 15 days of exposure. The ferritin gene responded both transcriptionally as indicated by real-time quantitative PCR and translationally as shown by western blotting results to iron exposure and both transcriptional and translational ferritin expression in the hepatopancreas had a positive correlation with the concentration of dissolved iron in seawater. Both iron and V. parahaemolyticus exposure triggered immune responses with similar trends in clam tissues. There was a significant post-challenge mRNA expression of LITAF and IκB at 3h, ferritin at 24h, and metallothionein and glutathione peroxidase at 48h. This behavior might be linked to their specific functions in physiological processes. These results suggested that similar signaling pathways were triggered during both iron and V. parahaemolyticus challenges. Here, we indicated that the ferritin of Meretrix meretrix was an intermediate in the pathway of iron homeostasis and in its innate immune defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui-Fang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Cai-Huan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - He-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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24
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Bae JS, Shim SH, Hwang SD, Park MA, Jee BY, An CM, Kim YO, Kim JW, Park CI. Expression analysis and biological activity of moronecidin from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:345-353. [PMID: 25050859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The piscidin-family, one of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) mainly distributed in fish, is crucial effectors of fish innate immune response. Piscidin-family typically has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and the ability to modulate the immune response. In this study, we identified moronecidin (Rbmoro) included in piscidin-family from rock bream and investigated its gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR and biological activity (including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity). The coding region of Rbmoro was 204 bp encoding 67 amino acid residues. Tertiary structure prediction of Rbmoro showed an amphipathic α-helical structure. Rbmoro gene was widely expressed in different tissues of healthy fish. Additionally, Rbmoro gene expression was induced in all tested tissues after infection with Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and red seabream iridovirus. We synthesized mature peptide of Rbmoro based on amino acid sequence of its AMP 12 domain, and the synthetic peptide appeared broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity to various bacteria. However, the synthetic peptide has weak haemolytic activity against fish erythrocytes. These results suggest that Rbmoro might play an important role in innate immune response of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Bae
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jee
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, NFRDI, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, NFRDI, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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Andrews CD, Payne JF, Rise ML. Identification of a gene set to evaluate the potential effects of loud sounds from seismic surveys on the ears of fishes: a study with Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1793-1819. [PMID: 24814183 PMCID: PMC4277336 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional genomic studies were carried out on the inner ear of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar following exposure to a seismic airgun. Microarray analyses revealed 79 unique transcripts (passing background threshold), with 42 reproducibly up-regulated and 37 reproducibly down-regulated in exposed v. control fish. Regarding the potential effects on cellular energetics and cellular respiration, altered transcripts included those with roles in oxygen transport, the glycolytic pathway, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Of these, a number of transcripts encoding haemoglobins that are important in oxygen transport were up-regulated and among the most highly expressed. Up-regulation of transcripts encoding nicotinamide riboside kinase 2, which is also important in energy production and linked to nerve cell damage, points to evidence of neuronal damage in the ear following noise exposure. Transcripts related to protein modification or degradation also indicated potential damaging effects of sound on ear tissues. Notable in this regard were transcripts associated with the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway, which is involved in protein degradation, with the transcript encoding ubiquitin family domain-containing protein 1 displaying the highest response to exposure. The differential expression of transcripts observed for some immune responses could potentially be linked to the rupture of cell membranes. Meanwhile, the altered expression of transcripts for cytoskeletal proteins that contribute to the structural integrity of the inner ear could point to repair or regeneration of ear tissues including auditory hair cells. Regarding potential effects on hormones and vitamins, the protein carrier for thyroxine and retinol (vitamin A), namely transthyretin, was altered at the transcript expression level and it has been suggested from studies in mammalian systems that retinoic acid may play a role in the regeneration of damaged hair cells. The microarray experiment identified the transcript encoding growth hormone I as up-regulated by loud sound, supporting previous evidence linking growth hormone to hair cell regeneration in fishes. Quantitative (q) reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses confirmed dysregulation of some microarray-identified transcripts and in some cases revealed a high level of biological variability in the exposed group. These results support the potential utility of molecular biomarkers to evaluate the effect of seismic surveys on fishes with studies on the ears being placed in a priority category for development of exposure-response relationships. Knowledge of such relationships is necessary for addressing the question of potential size of injury zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Andrews
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 East White Hills Rd, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Transcriptome generation and analysis from spleen of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) through normalized cDNA library. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6965-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Álvarez CA, Santana PA, Guzmán F, Marshall S, Mercado L. Detection of the hepcidin prepropeptide and mature peptide in liver of rainbow trout. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:77-81. [PMID: 23603124 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a small, cationic peptide which displays antimicrobial activities and iron regulatory function. Originally identified in mammals, this peptide is also present in fish. Hepcidin mRNA is predominantly expressed in liver and is regulated by iron and pathogen infection. In this work, we characterized the expression of trout hepcidin at protein level using rabbit antisera. Results showed that the prepropeptide of hepcidin can be detected by Western Blot in liver tissue from trout injected with iron or lipopolysaccharide. The mature hepcidin peptide was detected at the ionized state 5+(m/z 577.2) by HPLC-ESI-MS in acid extracts from liver tissue. Moreover, hepcidin peptide was located in trout liver imprints by immunofluorescence. These results showed that hepcidin peptide is up-regulated by iron and bacterial components in the trout liver. This up-regulation could be a potential indicator of disease susceptibility, suggesting that hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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28
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Santana PA, Álvarez CA, Guzmán F, Mercado L. Development of a sandwich ELISA for quantifying hepcidin in Rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:748-755. [PMID: 23791861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widespread antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in fish is the hepcidins, which have potent, broad-spectrum activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Moreover, they play the role of central regulation of iron metabolism and their expression is over-regulated by bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and vaccination. Quantification of their expression is an important factor in understanding their function. We therefore generated two polyclonal antibodies using synthetic peptides in order to measure hepcidin expression via sandwich ELISA. The specificity of both antibodies was confirmed by identifying an absence of cross-reactivity with other peptides that have similar pI and with the detection by Western blot of only one 9.6 kDa immunoreactive band corresponding to the hepcidin prepropeptide. The sensitivity of the sandwich ELISA was in the order of 0.005 ng/μL of hepcidin, which allowed analysis of the presence of the peptide and its variation in different tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. With the sandwich ELISA it could be seen that hepcidin expression in rainbow trout challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida was increased twofold over the untreated fish in head kidney samples, in correlation with the increase in the observed transcriptional level in the head kidney cells. These results provide the first evidence for quantifying the presence of active hepcidin and may be a useful indicator of disease susceptibility, providing a new, sensitive tool for rapid screening of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Santana
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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29
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Hori TS, Gamperl AK, Nash G, Booman M, Barat A, Rise ML. The impact of a moderate chronic temperature increase on spleen immune-relevant gene transcription depends on whether Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are stimulated with bacterial versus viral antigens. Genome 2013; 56:567-76. [PMID: 24237337 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated temperature is an inherent feature of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) sea-cage culture in some regions (e.g., Newfoundland) and may also become an increasingly prevalent challenge for wild fish populations because of accelerated climate change. Therefore, understanding how elevated temperatures impacts the immune response of this commercially important species may help to reduce the potential negative impacts of such challenges. Previously, we investigated the impacts of moderately elevated temperature on the antiviral responses of Atlantic cod (Hori et al. 2012) and reported that elevated temperature modulated the spleen transcriptome response to polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC, a viral mimic). Herein, we report a complementary microarray study that investigated the impact of the same elevated temperature regime on the Atlantic cod spleen transcriptome response to intraperitoneal (IP) injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL). Fish were held at two different temperatures (10 °C and 16 °C) prior to immune stimulation and sampled 6 and 24 h post-injection (HPI). In this experiment, we identified 711 and 666 nonredundant ASAL-responsive genes at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. These included several known antibacterial genes, including hepcidin, cathelicidin, ferritin heavy subunit, and interleukin 8. However, we only identified 15 differentially expressed genes at 6HPI and 2 at 24HPI (FDR 1%) when comparing ASAL-injected fish held at 10 °C versus 16 °C. In contrast, the same comparisons with pIC-injected fish yielded 290 and 339 differentially expressed genes (FDR 1%) at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. These results suggest that moderately elevated temperature has a lesser effect on the Atlantic cod spleen transcriptome response to ASAL (i.e., the antibacterial response) than to pIC (i.e., antiviral response). Thus, the impacts of high temperatures on the cod's immune response may be pathogen dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Hori
- a Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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30
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Broekman DC, Guðmundsson GH, Maier VH. Differential regulation of cathelicidin in salmon and cod. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:532-538. [PMID: 23727282 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of innate immunity in vertebrates. The cathelicidin family of AMPs is well characterized in mammals and has also been reported in several fish species. In this study we investigated the regulation of cathelicidin expression in a gadoid and a salmonid cell-line in order to dissect the signalling pathways involved. For this, fish cells were treated with microbial lysates, purified microbial components and commercial signalling inhibitors and expression of cathelicidin was assessed with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We found that cathelicidin expression was induced in both cell lines in response to microbial stimuli, but the response patterns differed in these evolutionary distant fish species. Our data suggest that in salmonids, pattern recognition receptors such as TLR5 may be involved in the stimulation of cathelicidin expression and that the signalling cascade can include PI3-kinase and cellular trafficking compartments. A detailed knowledge of the regulating factors involved in AMP-related defence responses, including cathelicidin, could help in developing strategies to enhance the immune defence of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Broekman
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlagata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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31
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Kapralova KH, Gudbrandsson J, Reynisdottir S, Santos CB, Baltanás VC, Maier VH, Snorrason SS, Palsson A. Differentiation at the MHCIIα and Cath2 loci in sympatric Salvelinus alpinus resource morphs in Lake Thingvallavatn. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69402. [PMID: 23894470 PMCID: PMC3722248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern freshwater fish may be suitable for the genetic dissection of ecological traits because they invaded new habitats after the last ice age (∼10.000 years ago). Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) colonizing streams and lakes in Iceland gave rise to multiple populations of small benthic morphotypes, often in sympatry with a pelagic morphotype. Earlier studies have revealed significant, but subtle, genetic differentiation between the three most common morphs in Lake Thingvallavatn. We conducted a population genetic screen on four immunological candidate genes Cathelicidin 2 (Cath2), Hepcidin (Hamp), Liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2a (Leap-2a), and Major Histocompatibility Complex IIα (MHCIIα) and a mitochondrial marker (D-loop) among the three most common Lake Thingvallavatn charr morphs. Significant differences in allele frequencies were found between morphs at the Cath2 and MHCIIα loci. No such signal was detected in the D-loop nor in the other two immunological genes. In Cath2 the small benthic morph deviated from the other two (FST = 0.13), one of the substitutions detected constituting an amino acid replacement polymorphism in the antimicrobial peptide. A more striking difference was found in the MHCIIα. Two haplotypes were very common in the lake, and their frequency differed greatly between the morphotypes (from 22% to 93.5%, FST = 0.67). We then expanded our study by surveying the variation in Cath2 and MHCIIα in 9 Arctic charr populations from around Iceland. The populations varied greatly in terms of allele frequencies at Cath2, but the variation did not correlate with morphotype. At the MHCIIα locus, the variation was nearly identical to the variation in the two benthic morphs of Lake Thingvallavatn. The results are consistent with a scenario where parts of the immune systems have diverged substantially among Arctic charr populations in Iceland, after colonizing the island ∼10.000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina H. Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Johannes Gudbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigrun Reynisdottir
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cristina B. Santos
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vanessa C. Baltanás
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valerie H. Maier
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sigurdur S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arnar Palsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Rajan B, Lokesh J, Kiron V, Brinchmann MF. Differentially expressed proteins in the skin mucus of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) upon natural infection with Vibrio anguillarum. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:103. [PMID: 23672475 PMCID: PMC3666997 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibriosis caused by V. anguillarum is a commonly encountered disease in Atlantic cod farms and several studies indicate that the initiation of infection occurs after the attachment of the pathogen to the mucosal surfaces (gut, skin and gills) of fish. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the role of different mucosal components in fish upon V. anguillarum infection. The present study has two parts; in the first part we analyzed the differential expression of skin mucus proteins from Atlantic cod naturally infected with V. anguillarum using two dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. In the second part, a separate bath challenge experiment with V. anguillarum was conducted to assess the mRNA levels of the genes in skin tissue, corresponding to the selected proteins identified in the first part. Results Comparative proteome analysis of skin mucus of cod upon natural infection with V. anguillarum revealed key immune relevant proteins like calpain small subunit 1, glutathione-S-transferase omega 1, proteasome 26S subunit, 14-kDa apolipoprotein, beta 2-tubulin, cold inducible RNA binding protein, malate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial) and type II keratin that exhibited significant differential expression. Additionally a number of protein spots which showed large variability amongst individual fish were also identified. Some of the proteins identified were mapped to the immunologically relevant JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) signalling pathway that is connected to cellular events associated with pathogenesis. A bath challenge experiment with V. anguillarum showed differential expression of beta 2-tubulin, calpain small subunit 1, cold inducible RNA binding protein, flotillin1, and glutathione S-transferase omega 1 transcripts in the skin tissue of cod during early stages of infection. Conclusions Differentially expressed proteins identified in the cod skin mucus point towards their possible involvement in V. anguillarum pathogenesis. The role of some of these proteins in vibriosis in cod described in this paper can be considered unconventional with respect to their established functions in higher vertebrates. Based on the differential expression of these proteins they are possibly important components of fish defence against bacteria and innate immunity at large. The feasibility of utilizing these proteins/genes as markers of bacterial infection or stress in cod needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Rajan
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø 8049, Norway
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He S, Peng K, Hong Y, Wang J, Sheng J, Gu Q. Molecular properties and immune defense of two ferritin subunits from freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis schlegelii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:865-874. [PMID: 23339972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a conserved iron-binding protein involved in cellular iron metabolism and host defense. In the present study, two distinct cDNAs for ferritins in the freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis schlegelii were identified (designated as HsFer-1 and HsFer-2) by SMART RACE approach and expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length cDNAs of HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 were of 760 and 877 bp, respectively. Both of the two cDNAs contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 522 bp encoding for 174 amino acid residues. Sequence characterization and homology alignment indicated that HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 had higher similarity to H-type subunit of vertebrate ferritins than L-type subunit. Analysis of the HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 untranslated regions (UTR) showed that both of them had an iron response element (IRE) in the 5'-UTR, which was considered to be the binding site for iron regulatory protein (IRP). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were employed to examine the mRNA expression profiles. Under normal physiological conditions, the expression level of both HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 mRNA were the highest in hepatopancreas, moderate in gonad, axe foot, intestine, kidney, heart, gill, adductor muscle and mantle, the lowest in hemocytes. After stimulation with bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, HsFer-1 mRNA experienced a different degree of increase in the tissues of hepatopancreas, gonad and hemocytes, the peak level was 2.47-fold, 9.59-fold and 1.37-fold, respectively. Comparatively, HsFer-2 showed up-regulation in gonad but down-regulation in hepatopancreas and hemocytes. Varying expression patterns indicate that two types of ferritins in H. schlegelii might play different roles in response to bacterial challenge. Further bacteriostatic analysis showed that both the purified recombinant ferritins inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila to a certain degree. Collectively, our results suggest that HsFer-1 and HsFer-2 are likely to be functional proteins involved in immune defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao He
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, No. 999 Xuefu Road, Hong Gu Tan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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Peng KC, Lee SH, Hour AL, Pan CY, Lee LH, Chen JY. Five different piscidins from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: analysis of their expressions and biological functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50263. [PMID: 23226256 PMCID: PMC3511469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscidins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play important roles in helping fish resist pathogenic infections. Through comparisons of tilapia EST clones, the coding sequences of five piscidin-like AMPs (named TP1∼5) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were determined. The complete piscidin coding sequences of TP1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 were respectively composed of 207, 234, 231, 270, and 195 bases, and each contained a translated region of 68, 77, 76, 89, and 64 amino acids. The tissue-specific, Vibrio vulnificus stimulation-specific, and Streptococcus agalactiae stimulation-specific expressions of TP2, -3, and -4 mRNA were determined by a comparative RT-PCR. Results of the tissue distribution analysis revealed high expression levels of TP2 mRNA in the skin, head kidneys, liver, and spleen. To study bacterial stimulation, S. agalactiae (SA47) was injected, and the TP4 transcript was upregulated by >13-fold (compared to the wild-type (WT) control, without injection) and was 60-fold upregulated (compared to the WT control, without injection) 24 h after the S. agalactiae (SA47) injection in the spleen and gills. Synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides showed antimicrobial activities against several bacteria in this study, while the synthesized TP1, -2, and -5 peptides did not. The synthesized TP2, -3, and -4 peptides showed hemolytic activities and synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides inhibited tilapia ovary cell proliferation with a dose-dependent effect. In summary, the amphiphilic α-helical cationic peptides of TP3 and TP4 may represent novel and potential antimicrobial agents for further peptide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Peng
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hour
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Han Lee
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hori TS, Gamperl AK, Booman M, Nash GW, Rise ML. A moderate increase in ambient temperature modulates the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) spleen transcriptome response to intraperitoneal viral mimic injection. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:431. [PMID: 22928584 PMCID: PMC3534563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reared in sea-cages can experience large variations in temperature, and these have been shown to affect their immune function. We used the new 20K Atlantic cod microarray to investigate how a water temperature change which, simulates that seen in Newfoundland during the spring-summer (i.e. from 10°C to 16°C, 1°C increase every 5 days) impacted the cod spleen transcriptome response to the intraperitoneal injection of a viral mimic (polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, pIC). RESULTS The temperature regime alone did not cause any significant increases in plasma cortisol levels and only minor changes in spleen gene transcription. However, it had a considerable impact on the fish spleen transcriptome response to pIC [290 and 339 significantly differentially expressed genes between 16°C and 10°C at 6 and 24 hours post-injection (HPI), respectively]. Seventeen microarray-identified transcripts were selected for QPCR validation based on immune-relevant functional annotations. Fifteen of these transcripts (i.e. 88%), including DHX58, STAT1, IRF7, ISG15, RSAD2 and IκBα, were shown by QPCR to be significantly induced by pIC. CONCLUSIONS The temperature increase appeared to accelerate the spleen immune transcriptome response to pIC. We found 41 and 999 genes differentially expressed between fish injected with PBS vs. pIC at 10°C and sampled at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. In contrast, there were 656 and 246 genes differentially expressed between fish injected with PBS vs. pIC at 16°C and sampled at 6HPI and 24HPI, respectively. Our results indicate that the modulation of mRNA expression of genes belonging to the NF-κB and type I interferon signal transduction pathways may play a role in controlling temperature-induced changes in the spleen's transcript expression response to pIC. Moreover, interferon effector genes such as ISG15 and RSAD2 were differentially expressed between fish injected with pIC at 10°C vs. 16°C at 6HPI. These results substantially increase our understanding of the genes and molecular pathways involved in the negative impacts of elevated ambient temperature on fish health, and may also be valuable to our understanding of how accelerated global climate change could impact cold-water marine finfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Hori
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Marije Booman
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Gordon W Nash
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
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Dynamic expression profiles of virus-responsive and putative antimicrobial peptide-encoding transcripts during Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryonic and early larval development. Gene 2012; 509:232-46. [PMID: 22925828 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life stage mortality is one of the problems faced by Atlantic cod aquaculture. However, our understanding of immunity in early life stage fish is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few species. In the present work we investigated the expression of immune-relevant transcripts in Atlantic cod during early development. The transcripts subjected to QPCR analysis in the present study were previously identified as putative anti-viral or anti-bacterial genes in Atlantic cod using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries, QPCR, and/or microarrays. Of the 11 genes involved in this study, only atf3, cxc chemokine and gaduscidin-1 were not detected at the transcript level in all developmental stages investigated from unfertilized egg to early larval stage. Adam22, hamp, il8, irf1, irf7, lgp2, sacsin, and stat1 transcripts were detected in unfertilized egg and 7h post-fertilization (~2-cell stage) embryos, showing maternal contribution of these immune-relevant transcripts to the early embryonic transcriptome. The Atlantic cod genes included in this study presented diverse transcript expression profiles throughout embryonic and early larval development. For example, adam22 and sacsin transcripts rose abruptly during blastula/gastrula stage and were then expressed at relatively high levels through subsequent embryonic and early larval developmental stages. A peak in irf1 and irf7 transcript expression during early segmentation suggests that these interferon pathway genes play developmental stage-specific roles during cod embryogenesis. Stat1 had increasing transcript expression throughout blastula/gastrula, segmentation, and early larval developmental stages. Atf3, cxc chemokine, gaduscidin-1, and il8 transcripts rose approximately 2-3 fold during hatching, supporting the hypothesis that there is preparation at the immune-relevant transcript expression level to deal with environmental pathogens that may be encountered during early larval development. The specific roles that interferon pathway and other immune-relevant genes play in early life stage cod, and the potential impact of their dynamic transcript expression on immune competence of Atlantic cod embryos and larvae, remain unclear and warrant further study.
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Singh A, Sood N, Chauhan U, Mohindra V. EST-based identification of immune-relevant genes from spleen of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758). Gene 2012; 502:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Li YX, Hu YH, Sun JS, Sun L. CsCXCe1: A novel Cynoglossus semilaevis CXC chemokine that functions as a chemoattractant and an immunomodulator for peripheral blood leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:55-64. [PMID: 22210524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that, based on their structural differences, are classified into four groups, one of which is called CXC chemokines. In this study, we identified a CXC chemokine, CsCXCe1, from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analyzed its function. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsCXCe1 contains 115 residues and is phylogenetically distinct from known CXC chemokines. CsCXCe1 possesses the conserved RCXC motif in the form of RCWC but lacks the ELR sequence that is found in some CXC chemokines. Expression of CsCXCe1 as determined by quantitative real time RT-PCR occurred abundantly in immune organs and was upregulated by bacterial and viral infection in time dependent manners. Purified recombinant CsCXCe1 (rCsCXCe1) exhibited comparable chemotactic activities against tongue sole and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Microscopic analysis identified lymphocytes as the major cellular population in PBL that responds to rCsCXCe1. Mutational study showed that when the two cysteine residues in the RCWC motif of CsCXCe1 were substituted by serine, the chemoattractive activity of CsCXCe1 was completely lost. Further study showed that treatment of PBL with rCsCXCe1 (i) stimulated cellular proliferation and respiratory burst activity, (ii) upregulated the expression of a wide spectrum of immune relevant genes, and (iii) enhanced cellular resistance against bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate that CsCXCe1 is likely a new type of CXC chemokine that exerts chemotactic and immunostimulatory effects on PBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Esteve C, Alcaide E, Ureña R. The effect of metals on condition and pathologies of European eel (Anguilla anguilla): in situ and laboratory experiments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 109:176-184. [PMID: 22030412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forty-nine wild eels (Anguilla anguilla) caught in the Albufera Lake (Spain), measuring 24.0-75.0 cm in length and 25.0-637.7 g in weight, were examined for metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn), condition (CI and HSI indices), as well as for diseases (Anguillicola infestation; bacterial infections). Total metal load significantly increased in eel liver tissue parallel to total length and body weight (log), while silvering females (W(B) > 200 g; L ≥ 500 mm) exhibited the highest amounts of Co, Cu, Hg, Se and Zn. Diverse effects may be expected in these big eels due to long-term metal exposure. In fact, IMBI (individual mean (multi-metal) bioaccumulation index) and copper load (Ln) in particular, were significantly related with a decrease in the HSI, reflecting lower eel fitness. In addition, most silvering females (75%) showed a CI below 0.2, and this size group presented the highest prevalence of chronic diseases, at significant levels, that are non-lethal in the short term, but degenerative in the long term. Amounts of hepatic iron were not correlated with eel size; however, a significant, strong negative correlation between this metal (Ln) and HSI and CI was found for wild eels suffering from diseases of any aetiology. This also included small eels (W(B) <67 g; L < 350 mm), as this size group presented a significant prevalence of acute diseases caused by single virulent bacterial pathogens (i.e. Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2). To assess the effect of metals on susceptibility to disease, yellow eels were maintained and exposed to iron, copper, and pathogens, in captivity under laboratory conditions. Co-exposure of eels to iron (9 μg of Fe/g of fish) and bacterial pathogens by intraperitoneal injection (IP), yielded a hundred-fold reduction in the LD50 of all bacteria assayed (i.e. E. tarda, V. vulnificus, and motile Aeromonas), and also the time taken to cause eel death. Short-term aqueous exposure of eels to 0.4, 0.7, 1.7 and 3.9 μM of copper, yielded increasing mortality among eels IP challenged by a single dose of 1.90 × 10(6) E. tarda cells, and this effect was significant for 1.7 μM of copper. These results suggest a synergistic interaction among copper and iron, and bacterial disease agents, with respect to their effect on eel health, considering sublethal levels of metals that are currently found in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Esteve
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Millán A, Gómez-Tato A, Pardo BG, Fernández C, Bouza C, Vera M, Alvarez-Dios JA, Cabaleiro S, Lamas J, Lemos ML, Martínez P. Gene expression profiles of the spleen, liver, and head kidney in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) along the infection process with Aeromonas salmonicida using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1099-1114. [PMID: 21503602 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression profiles of turbot in the spleen, liver, and head kidney across five temporal points of the Aeromonas salmonicida infection process using an 8 × 15 K Agilent oligo-microarray. The microarray included 2,176 different fivefold replicated gene probes designed from a turbot 3' sequenced EST database. We were able to identify 471 differentially expressed (DE) genes (17.3% of the whole microarray), 223 in the spleen, 246 in the liver, and 125 in the head kidney, in at least one of the five temporal points sampled for each organ. Most of these genes could be annotated (83.0%) and functionally categorized using Gene Ontology terms (69.1%) after the additional sequencing of DE genes from the 5' end. Many DE genes were related to innate and acquired immune functions in accordance to previous studies with this pathogen in other fish species. A high proportion of DE genes were organ specific (77.1%), but their associated GO functions were rather similar in the three organs. The most striking difference in functional distribution was observed between the up- and down-regulated gene groups. Up-regulated genes were mostly associated to key immune functions while down-regulated ones mainly involved metabolism- and transport-related genes. Genetic response appeared clustered in groups of genes with similar expression profiles along the temporal series. The spleen showed the most clustering while the liver and head kidney displayed a higher diversification. The information obtained will aid to understand the turbot immune response and will specifically be valuable to develop strategies of defense to A. salmonicida to achieve more resistant broodstocks for turbot industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Millán
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Alejo A, Tafalla C. Chemokines in teleost fish species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1215-22. [PMID: 21414348 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved cysteine residues which in mammals can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the arrangement of the first two conserved cysteines in their sequence: CXC (α), CC (β), C and CX(3)C classes. Evolutionarily, fish can be considered as an intermediate step between species which possess only innate immunity (invertebrates) and species with a fully developed acquired immune network such as mammals. Therefore, the functionality of their different immune cell types and molecules is sometimes also intermediate between innate and acquired responses. The first chemokine gene identified in a teleost was a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chemokine designated as CK1 in 1998. Since then, many different chemokine genes have been identified in several fish species, but their role in homeostasis and immune response remains largely unknown. Extensive genomic duplication events and the fact that chemokines evolve more quickly than other immune genes, make it very difficult to establish true orthologues between fish and mammalian chemokines that would help us with the ascription of immune roles. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of chemokine biology in teleost fish, focusing mainly on which genes have been identified so far and highlighting the most important aspects of their expression regulation, due to the great lack of functional information available for them. As the number of chemokine genes begins to close down for some teleost species, there is an important need for functional assays that may elucidate the role of each of these molecules within the fish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Broekman DC, Zenz A, Gudmundsdottir BK, Lohner K, Maier VH, Gudmundsson GH. Functional characterization of codCath, the mature cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Peptides 2011; 32:2044-51. [PMID: 21945422 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are among the best characterized antimicrobial peptides and have been shown to have an important role in mammalian innate immunity. We recently isolated a novel mature cathelicidin peptide (codCath) from Atlantic cod and in the present study we functionally characterized codCath. The peptide demonstrated salt sensitivity with abrogation of activity at physiological salt concentrations. In low ionic strength medium we found activity against marine and non-marine Gram-negative bacteria with an average MIC of 10 μM, weak activity against a Gram-positive bacterium (MIC 80 μM), and pronounced antifungal activity (MIC 2.5 μM). The results suggest the kinetics and mode of action of codCath to be fast killing accompanied by pronounced cell lysis. Extracellular products (ECPs) of three marine bacteria caused breakdown of the peptide into smaller fragments and the cleaved peptide lost its antibacterial activity. Proteolysis of the peptide on the other hand was abolished by prior heat-treatment of the ECPs, suggesting a protease involvement. We observed no cytotoxicity of the peptide in fish cells up to a concentration of 40 μM and the selectivity of activity was confirmed with bacterial and mammalian membrane mimetics. We conclude that the potent broad-spectrum activity of codCath hints at a role of the peptide in cod immune defense.
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Zhu B, Lin Q, Ke CH, Huang HQ. Single subunit type of ferritin from visceral mass of Saccostrea cucullata: cloning, expression and cisplatin-subunit analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:453-461. [PMID: 21729755 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, the iron storage protein, plays a key role in iron metabolism. Here, we have cloned an inducible ferritin cDNA with 516 bp within the open reading frame fragment from the visceral mass of Saccostrea cucullata. The subunit sequence of the ferritin was predicted to be a polypeptide of 171 amino acids with a molecular weight (MW) of 19.9182 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.24. The cDNA sequence of S. cucullata ferritin was constructed into a pET-32a expression system for expressing its relative protein efficiently in the Escherichia coli BL21 strain under isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction. The recombinant ferritin, which was further purified on a Ni-NTA resin column and digested with enterokinase, was detected as a single subunit of approximately MW 20 kDa using both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. S. cucullata ferritin (ScFer) showed 98% identity with Crassostrea gigas ferritin at the amino acid level. The secondary structure and phosphorylation sites of deduced amino acids were predicted with ExPASy proteomics tools and the NetPhos 2.0 server, respectively, and the subunit space structure of recombinant S. cucullata ferritin (rScFer) was built using the molecular operating environmental software system. The results of both in-gel digestion and identification using MALDI-TOF MS/MS showed that the recombinant protein was ScFer. ICP-MS indicated that rScFer subunit can directly bind to cisplatin[cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum(CDDP)], giving approximately 22.9 CDDP/ferritin subunit for forming a novel complex of CDDP-subunit, which suggests that it constructs a nanometer CDDP core-ferritin for developing a new drug of anti-cancer. The results of both the real-time PCR and Western blotting showed that the expression of ScFer mRNA was up-regulated in the oyster under the stress of Cd(2+). In addition, the expression increment of ScFer mRNA under bacterial challenge indicated that ferritin participated in the immune response of S. cucullata. The recombinant ScFer should prove to be useful for further study of the structure and function of ferritin in S. cucullata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Bridle A, Nosworthy E, Polinski M, Nowak B. Evidence of an antimicrobial-immunomodulatory role of Atlantic salmon cathelicidins during infection with Yersinia ruckeri. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23417. [PMID: 21858109 PMCID: PMC3153500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. These evolutionary conserved cationic host-defence peptides are integral components of the immune response of fish, which are generally believed to rely heavily on innate immune defences to invading pathogens. In this study we showed that Atlantic salmon cathelicidin 1 and 2 (asCATH1 and asCATH2) stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes increasing the transcription of the chemokine interleukin-8. Further, functional differences were identified between the two cathelicidins. In the presence of serum, asCATH1 displayed greatly diminished host haemolytic activity, while the constitutively expressed asCATH2 had no haemolytic activity with or without serum. These findings support our hypothesis that fish cathelicidins exert their primary antimicrobial action at the site of pathogen invasion such as epithelial surfaces. Further, we hypothesise that like their mammalian counterparts in the presence of serum they act as mediators of the innate and adaptive immune response via the release of cytokines thus indirectly protecting against a variety of pathogens. We highlight the importance of this immunomodulatory role from the involvement of asCATHs during an infection with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. While we were able to demonstrate in vitro that asCATH1 and 2, possessed direct microbicidal activity against the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, and a common gram negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, little or no bactericidal activity was found against Y. ruckeri. The contribution of either asCATH in the immune response or as a potential virulence factor during yersiniosis is highlighted from the increased expression of asCATH1 and 2 mRNA during an in vivo challenge with Y. ruckeri . We propose that Atlantic salmon cathelicidins participate in the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems via the release of cytokines enabling a more effective response to invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bridle
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Liarte S, Chaves-Pozo E, Abellán E, Meseguer J, Mulero V, Canario AVM, García-Ayala A. Estrogen-responsive genes in macrophages of the bony fish gilthead seabream: a transcriptomic approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:840-849. [PMID: 21420425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of sex steroids in the modulation of fish immune responses has received little attention. Previous studies have demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E(2)) is able to alter the response of gilthead seabream leukocytes to infectious agents. We have used suppression subtractive hybridization to identify genes upregulated by E(2) (50 ng/ml) in macrophage cultures from gilthead seabream. We isolated 393 up-regulated cDNA fragments that led to the identification of 162 candidate estrogen-responsive genes. Functional analyses revealed the presence of several enriched immune processes and molecular pathways. The E(2) up-regulation of some immune-relevant genes was further confirmed by real time RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the ability of E(2) to orchestrate profound alterations in the macrophage expression profile, especially immune-related processes and pathways. This is the first report on E(2)-dependent modifications of fish macrophage transcriptome and lends weight to a suggested role for estrogen in the immune system, the possible significance of which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liarte
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain
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Booman M, Borza T, Feng CY, Hori TS, Higgins B, Culf A, Léger D, Chute IC, Belkaid A, Rise M, Gamperl AK, Hubert S, Kimball J, Ouellette RJ, Johnson SC, Bowman S, Rise ML. Development and experimental validation of a 20K Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) oligonucleotide microarray based on a collection of over 150,000 ESTs. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:733-50. [PMID: 21127932 PMCID: PMC3139889 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The collapse of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) wild populations strongly impacted the Atlantic cod fishery and led to the development of cod aquaculture. In order to improve aquaculture and broodstock quality, we need to gain knowledge of genes and pathways involved in Atlantic cod responses to pathogens and other stressors. The Atlantic Cod Genomics and Broodstock Development Project has generated over 150,000 expressed sequence tags from 42 cDNA libraries representing various tissues, developmental stages, and stimuli. We used this resource to develop an Atlantic cod oligonucleotide microarray containing 20,000 unique probes. Selection of sequences from the full range of cDNA libraries enables application of the microarray for a broad spectrum of Atlantic cod functional genomics studies. We included sequences that were highly abundant in suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries, which were enriched for transcripts responsive to pathogens or other stressors. These sequences represent genes that potentially play an important role in stress and/or immune responses, making the microarray particularly useful for studies of Atlantic cod gene expression responses to immune stimuli and other stressors. To demonstrate its value, we used the microarray to analyze the Atlantic cod spleen response to stimulation with formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, resulting in a gene expression profile that indicates a strong innate immune response. These results were further validated by quantitative PCR analysis and comparison to results from previous analysis of an SSH library. This study shows that the Atlantic cod 20K oligonucleotide microarray is a valuable new tool for Atlantic cod functional genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Booman
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tudor Borza
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Charles Y. Feng
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tiago S. Hori
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Brent Higgins
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Adrian Culf
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Daniel Léger
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Ian C. Chute
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Anissa Belkaid
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Marlies Rise
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Sophie Hubert
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3H 3Z1
| | - Rodney J. Ouellette
- Atlantic Microarray Facility, Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB Canada E1C 8X3
| | - Stewart C. Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC Canada V9T 6N7
| | - Sharen Bowman
- Genome Atlantic, 1721 Lower Water Street, Halifax, NS Canada B3J 1S5
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
- Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Marine Biotechnology, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL Canada A1C 5S7
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Ellingsen T, Inami M, Gjessing MC, Van Nieuwenhove K, Larsen R, Seppola M, Lund V, Schrøder MB. Francisella noatunensis in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.); waterborne transmission and immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:326-333. [PMID: 21645622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report that confirms waterborne transmission of francisellosis in Atlantic cod. To investigate the transmission of disease, particle reduced water was transferred from a tank with intraperitoneally infected cod to a tank with healthy cod. Waterborne transmission of Francisella noatunensis was confirmed in the effluent group using immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The bacteria were located inside the accumulated macrophage-like cells. Specific and high antibody responses against live and inactivated bacteria were observed. Oil adjuvant had no effect on the antibody responses against inactivated F. noatunensis compared to saline formulation. The antigen epitope was a 20-25 kDa component of F. noatunensis suggested to be lipopolysaccharide detected by Western blot, Sypro Ruby and Silver staining. Systemic immune reactions were investigated by measuring the expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-10 genes with RT-qPCR. After i.p. injection of live bacteria, a significant up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-1β expression was observed from 15 to 60 days post infection in spleen and head kidney. In intestine, IFN-γ was significantly up-regulated after 30 days whereas rectum showed no significant differences in expression. Elevated expression of IL-10 was observed in all the organs tested but was only significantly up-regulated at 60 days post infection in intestine from i.p. infected fish. For the cohabitant group, IL-1β and IFN-γ was up-regulated in spleen whereas intestine and rectum showed a down-regulation after 60 days. IL-10 was up-regulated in intestine of cohabitant fish from day 30 to day 60. These results indicate that F. noatunensis infection provokes both specific antibody responses and long term inflammatory responses in cod. The present study provides new knowledge about infection routes and shows that both humoral and cellular defence mechanisms are triggered by F. noatunensis in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Ellingsen
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fishery and Economics, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Wang W, Zhang M, Sun L. Ferritin M of Cynoglossus semilaevis: an iron-binding protein and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial that depends on the integrity of the ferroxidase center and nucleation center for biological activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:269-274. [PMID: 21651984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a major intracellular iron storage protein in higher vertebrates and plays an important role in iron metabolism. In this study, we identified and analyzed the biological activity of a ferritin M subunit (CsFerM) from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The open reading frame (ORF) of CsFerM is 534 bp and encodes a protein that shares 79.7-86.4% overall sequence identities with the ferritin M subunits of a number of teleosts. In silico analysis identified in CsFerM a eukaryotic ferritin domain with conserved ferroxidase diiron center and ferrihydrite nucleation center. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showed that under normal physiological conditions, expression of CsFerM was highest in liver, moderate in gill, spleen, and muscle, and low in gut, heart, and brain. Following experimental challenge with bacterial pathogens, CsFerM expression was significantly upregulated in kidney, spleen, and liver in time-dependent manners. Biological activity analysis showed that recombinant CsFerM purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent iron-binding activity and, when present in the culture medium of six different species of fish bacterial pathogens, completely inhibited bacterial growth. In contrast, a mutant CsFerM that bears alanine substitution at two conserved residues of the ferroxidase diiron center and ferrihydrite nucleation center was abolished in both iron-binding and antimicrobial capacity. These results demonstrate that CsFerM is a biologically active iron chelator with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, which suggests a role for CsFerM in not only iron storage but also innate immunity. These results also indicate the importance of the conserved iron uptake and mineralization sites to the function of CsFerM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Bowman S, Hubert S, Higgins B, Stone C, Kimball J, Borza T, Bussey JT, Simpson G, Kozera C, Curtis BA, Hall JR, Hori TS, Feng CY, Rise M, Booman M, Gamperl AK, Trippel E, Symonds J, Johnson SC, Rise ML. An integrated approach to gene discovery and marker development in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:242-255. [PMID: 20396923 PMCID: PMC3084941 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod is a species that has been overexploited by the capture fishery. Programs to domesticate this species are underway in several countries, including Canada, to provide an alternative route for production. Selective breeding programs have been successfully applied in the domestication of other species, with genomics-based approaches used to augment conventional methods of animal production in recent years. Genomics tools, such as gene sequences and sets of variable markers, also have the potential to enhance and accelerate selective breeding programs in aquaculture, and to provide better monitoring tools to ensure that wild cod populations are well managed. We describe the generation of significant genomics resources for Atlantic cod through an integrated genomics/selective breeding approach. These include 158,877 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), a set of annotated putative transcripts and several thousand single nucleotide polymorphism markers that were developed from, and have been shown to be highly variable in, fish enrolled in two selective breeding programs. Our EST collection was generated from various tissues and life cycle stages. In some cases, tissues from which libraries were generated were isolated from fish exposed to stressors, including elevated temperature, or antigen stimulation (bacterial and viral) to enrich for transcripts that are involved in these response pathways. The genomics resources described here support the developing aquaculture industry, enabling the application of molecular markers within selective breeding programs. Marker sets should also find widespread application in fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharen Bowman
- The Atlantic Genome Centre, NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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Browne MJ, Feng CY, Booth V, Rise ML. Characterization and expression studies of Gaduscidin-1 and Gaduscidin-2; paralogous antimicrobial peptide-like transcripts from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:399-408. [PMID: 21108964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Piscidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish that constitute an important component of their innate immune system. Based on previously generated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) expressed sequence tags (ESTs), we identified sequences representing two paralogous AMP-like transcripts. These Atlantic cod paralogues were termed gaduscidins (GAD-1 and GAD-2), derived from the genus name Gadus. We obtained full-length cDNA sequences for these putative AMP-encoding transcripts using bi-directional rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). GAD-1 and GAD-2 putative peptides exhibit sequence similarity with members of the piscidin family from teleost fish. Quantitative reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was utilized in transcript expression studies of GAD-1 and GAD-2. We examined the constitutive expression of these transcripts in six tissues (head kidney, blood, brain, gill, pyloric caecum, and spleen) of non-stressed juvenile cod; GAD-1 and GAD-2 transcripts were detected in all six tissues, with the highest expression of both transcripts being in spleen, head kidney, and gill. Transcript expression of GAD-1 and GAD-2 was also examined in immune tissues (spleen and head kidney) following intraperitoneal (IP) injection of formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control). Both transcripts were weakly (less than 4-fold) up-regulated by ASAL in spleen but non-responsive to ASAL in head kidney. Since GAD-1 and GAD-2 transcripts are highly expressed constitutively in immune-relevant tissues (e.g. spleen and head kidney), and are weakly induced in spleen following IP injection with bacterial antigens, they may represent important components of innate immunity in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Browne
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7 Canada
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