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Yang HC, Nguyen T, Naugle KM, White FA, Wu YC. White matter microstructural changes in post-traumatic headache: A diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.05.24310944. [PMID: 39211879 PMCID: PMC11361253 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.05.24310944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a common consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that can severely impact an individual's quality of life and rehabilitation. However, the underlying neuropathogenesis mechanisms contributing to PTH are still poorly understood. This study utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to detect microstructural alterations in the brains of mTBI participants with or at risk of developing PTH. Method This study investigated associations between DTI metrics 1-month postinjury and pain sensitivity, as well as psychological assessments 6-months postinjury to identify differences between mTBI (n = 12) and healthy controls (HC; n = 10). MRI scans, including T1-weighted anatomical imaging and DTI were acquired at 1-month postinjury. Pain sensitivity assays included quantitative sensory testing and psychological assessment questionnaires at 1-month and 6-months postinjury. Results Significant aberrations of mean axial diffusivity in the forceps major were observed in mTBI relative to HCs at 1-month postinjury (p =0.02). Within the mTBI group, DTI metrics at 1-month postinjury were significantly associated (p's < 0.05) with pain-related measures and psychological outcomes at 6-month postinjury in several white matter tracts (right sagittal stratum, left anterior thalamic radiation, left corticospinal tract, left insula, left superior longitudinal fasciculus). Notably, the associations between DTI metrics at 1-month postinjury and pain-related measures at 6-month postinjury showed significant group differences in the right sagittal stratum (p's < 0.01), white matter tract in left insula (p < 0.04), and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (p's < 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for DSM-5" and "Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale" are the most sensitive psychological measures to early microstructural changes after mTBI, and that the DTI metrics are predictive of pain and psychological measures in mTBI. Together, these results suggest that white matter microstructure plays an important role in the PTH following mTBI.
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Kojima Y, Yoshino H, Ling L, Phillips JO. Comparison of adaptation characteristics between visually and memory-guided saccades. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:335-346. [PMID: 38865580 PMCID: PMC11302833 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00050.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccade adaptation plays a crucial role in maintaining saccade accuracy. The behavioral characteristics and neural mechanisms of saccade adaptation for an externally cued movement, such as visually guided saccades (VGS), are well studied in nonhuman primates. In contrast, little is known about the saccade adaptation of an internally driven movement, such as memory-guided saccades (MGS), which are guided by visuospatial working memory. As the oculomotor plant changes because of growth, aging, or skeletomuscular problems, both types of saccades need to be adapted. Do both saccade types engage a common adaptation mechanism? In this study, we compared the characteristics of amplitude decrease adaptation in MGS with VGS in nonhuman primates. We found that the adaptation speed was faster for MGS than for VGS. Saccade duration changed during MGS adaptation, whereas saccade peak velocity changed during VGS adaptation. We also compared the adaptation field, that is, the gain change for saccade amplitudes other than the adapted. The gain change for MGS declines on both smaller and larger sides of adapted amplitude, more rapidly for larger than smaller amplitudes, whereas the decline in VGS was reversed. Thus, the differences between VGS and MGS adaptation characteristics support the previously suggested hypothesis that the adaptation mechanisms of VGS and MGS are distinct. Furthermore, the result suggests that the MGS adaptation site is a brain structure that influences saccade duration, whereas the VGS adaptation site influences saccade peak velocity. These results should be beneficial for future neurophysiological experiments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Plasticity helps to overcome persistent motor errors. Such motor plasticity or adaptation can be investigated with saccades. Thus far our knowledge is primarily about visually guided saccades, an externally cued movement, which we can make only when the object is visible at the time of saccade. However, as the world is complex, we can make saccades even when the object is not visible. Here, we investigate the adaptation of an internally driven movement: the memory-guided saccade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Hidetaka Yoshino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Leo Ling
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - James O Phillips
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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3
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Matsunaga M, Ohtsubo Y, Ishii K, Tsuboi H, Suzuki K, Takagishi H. Subjective well-being can be predicted by caudate volume and promotion focus. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02830-3. [PMID: 39066916 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that the caudate nucleus is associated with motivational behaviors and subjective well-being. However, no longitudinal studies have examined the relationship between brain structure, behavioral orientations, and subjective well-being. This study analyzes data from our previous longitudinal study to examine whether future subjective well-being can be predicted by the volume of the caudate nucleus. We also examined whether behavioral orientation, based on the regulatory focus theory showing two orientations-promotion and prevention focus-was related to the volume of the caudate nucleus. Voxel-based morphometry analysis indicated that the left caudate volume was positively associated with rating scores for future subjective well-being and promotion orientation. Further, mediation analysis indicated that promotion orientation significantly mediated the relationship between future subjective well-being and left caudate volume. The findings indicate that future subjective well-being can be predicted by the volume of the left caudate nucleus, and that this relationship is mediated by promotion focus orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kohta Suzuki
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Lazaridis I, Crittenden JR, Ahn G, Hirokane K, Yoshida T, Wickersham IR, Mahar A, Skara V, Loftus JH, Parvataneni K, Meletis K, Ting JT, Hueske E, Matsushima A, Graybiel AM. Striosomes Target Nigral Dopamine-Containing Neurons via Direct-D1 and Indirect-D2 Pathways Paralleling Classic Direct-Indirect Basal Ganglia Systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.01.596922. [PMID: 38915684 PMCID: PMC11195572 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Balanced activity of canonical direct D1 and indirect D2 basal ganglia pathways is considered a core requirement for normal movement, and their imbalance is an etiologic factor in movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. We present evidence for a conceptually equivalent pair of direct-D1 and indirect-D2 pathways that arise from striatal projection neurons (SPNs) of the striosome compartment rather than from SPNs of the matrix, as do the canonical pathways. These S-D1 and S-D2 striosomal pathways target substantia nigra dopamine-containing neurons instead of basal ganglia motor output nuclei. They modulate movement oppositely to the modulation by the canonical pathways: S-D1 is inhibitory and S-D2 is excitatory. The S-D1 and S-D2 circuits likely influence motivation for learning and action, complementing and reorienting canonical pathway modulation. A major conceptual reformulation of the classic direct-indirect pathway model of basal ganglia function is needed, as well as reconsideration of the effects of D2-targeting therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos Lazaridis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Jill R. Crittenden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Gun Ahn
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Kojiro Hirokane
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ian R. Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ara Mahar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | | | - Johnny H. Loftus
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Krishna Parvataneni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | | | - Jonathan T. Ting
- Human Cell Types Dept, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Hueske
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ann M. Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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5
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Lee H, Kim HF, Hikosaka O. Implication of regional selectivity of dopamine deficits in impaired suppressing of involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105719. [PMID: 38759470 PMCID: PMC11167649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
To improve the initiation and speed of intended action, one of the crucial mechanisms is suppressing unwanted movements that interfere with goal-directed behavior, which is observed relatively aberrant in Parkinson's disease patients. Recent research has highlighted that dopamine deficits in Parkinson's disease predominantly occur in the caudal lateral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in human patients. We previously found two parallel circuits within the basal ganglia, primarily divided into circuits mediated by the rostral medial part and caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons. We have further discovered that the indirect pathway in caudal basal ganglia circuits, facilitated by the caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons, plays a critical role in suppressing unnecessary involuntary movements when animals perform voluntary goal-directed actions. We thus explored recent research in humans and non-human primates focusing on the distinct functions and networks of the caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the impairment of suppressing involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchan Lee
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435, USA.
| | - Hyoung F Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435, USA
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Aristieta A, Parker JE, Gao YE, Rubin JE, Gittis AH. Dopamine depletion weakens direct pathway modulation of SNr neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106512. [PMID: 38670278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transmit information about basal ganglia output to dozens of brain regions in thalamocortical and brainstem motor networks. Activity of SNr neurons is regulated by convergent input from upstream basal ganglia nuclei, including GABAergic inputs from the striatum and the external globus pallidus (GPe). GABAergic inputs from the striatum convey information from the direct pathway, while GABAergic inputs from the GPe convey information from the indirect pathway. Chronic loss of dopamine, as occurs in Parkinson's disease, disrupts the balance of direct and indirect pathway neurons at the level of the striatum, but the question of how dopamine loss affects information propagation along these pathways outside of the striatum is less well understood. Using a combination of in vivo and slice electrophysiology, we find that dopamine depletion selectively weakens the direct pathway's influence over neural activity in the SNr due to changes in the decay kinetics of GABA-mediated synaptic currents. GABAergic signaling from GPe neurons in the indirect pathway was not affected, resulting in an inversion of the normal balance of inhibitory control over basal ganglia output through the SNr. These results highlight the contribution of cellular mechanisms outside of the striatum that impact the responses of basal ganglia output neurons to the direct and indirect pathways in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Aristieta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John E Parker
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ya Emma Gao
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Locantore J, Liu Y, White J, Wallace JB, Beron CC, Sabatini BL, Wallace ML. Mixed representations of choice and outcome by GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597980. [PMID: 38895480 PMCID: PMC11185773 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are an evolutionarily conserved and phylogenetically old set of sub-cortical nuclei that guide action selection, evaluation, and reinforcement. The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major BG output nucleus that contains a population of GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons (EP Sst+ ) that specifically target the lateral habenula (LHb) and whose function in behavior remains mysterious. Here we use a probabilistic switching task that requires an animal to maintain flexible relationships between action selection and evaluation to examine when and how GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons contribute to behavior. We find that EP Sst+ neurons are strongly engaged during this task and show bidirectional changes in activity during the choice and outcome periods of a trial. We then tested the effects of either permanently blocking cotransmission or modifying the GABA/glutamate ratio on behavior in well-trained animals. Neither manipulation produced detectable changes in behavior despite significant changes in synaptic transmission in the LHb, demonstrating that the outputs of these neurons are not required for on-going action-outcome updating in a probabilistic switching task.
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Fujiyama F, Karube F, Hirai Y. Globus pallidus is not independent from striatal direct pathway neurons: an up-to-date review. Mol Brain 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38849935 PMCID: PMC11157709 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal projection neurons, which are classified into two groups-direct and indirect pathway neurons, play a pivotal role in our understanding of the brain's functionality. Conventional models propose that these two pathways operate independently and have contrasting functions, akin to an "accelerator" and "brake" in a vehicle. This analogy further elucidates how the depletion of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease can result in bradykinesia. However, the question arises: are these direct and indirect pathways truly autonomous? Despite being distinct types of neurons, their interdependence cannot be overlooked. Single-neuron tracing studies employing membrane-targeting signals have shown that the majority of direct pathway neurons terminate not only in the output nuclei, but also in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GP in rodents), a relay nucleus of the indirect pathway. Recent studies have unveiled the existence of arkypallidal neurons, which project solely to the striatum, in addition to prototypic neurons. This raises the question of which type of GP neurons receive these striatal axon collaterals. Our morphological and electrophysiological experiments showed that the striatal direct pathway neurons may affect prototypic neurons via the action of substance P on neurokinin-1 receptors. Conversely, another research group has reported that direct pathway neurons inhibit arkypallidal neurons via GABA. Regardless of the neurotransmitter involved, it can be concluded that the GP is not entirely independent of direct pathway neurons. This review article underscores the intricate interplay between different neuronal pathways and challenges the traditional understanding of their independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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9
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Munoz MJ, Reilly JL, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Sani SB, Rosenow JM, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Goelz LC, Corcos DM, David FJ. Benefits of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on visually-guided saccades depend on stimulation side and classic paradigm in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:41-52. [PMID: 38555666 PMCID: PMC11104565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to gain further insight into previously reported beneficial effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on visually-guided saccades by examining the effects of unilateral compared to bilateral stimulation, paradigm, and target eccentricity on saccades in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Eleven participants with PD and STN-DBS completed the visually-guided saccade paradigms with OFF, RIGHT, LEFT, and BOTH stimulation. Rightward saccade performance was evaluated for three paradigms and two target eccentricities. RESULTS First, we found that BOTH and LEFT increased gain, peak velocity, and duration compared to OFF stimulation. Second, we found that BOTH and LEFT stimulation decreased latency during the gap and step paradigms but had no effect on latency during the overlap paradigm. Third, we found that RIGHT was not different compared to OFF at benefiting rightward saccade performance. CONCLUSIONS Left unilateral and bilateral stimulation both improve the motor outcomes of rightward visually-guided saccades. Additionally, both improve latency, a cognitive-motor outcome, but only in paradigms when attention does not require disengagement from a present stimulus. SIGNIFICANCE STN-DBS primarily benefits motor and cognitive-motor aspects of visually-guided saccades related to reflexive attentional shifting, with the latter only evident when the fixation-related attentional system is not engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gian D Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sepehr B Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yessenia M Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa C Goelz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian J David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Ambrad Giovannetti E, Rancz E. Behind mouse eyes: The function and control of eye movements in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105671. [PMID: 38604571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The mouse visual system has become the most popular model to study the cellular and circuit mechanisms of sensory processing. However, the importance of eye movements only started to be appreciated recently. Eye movements provide a basis for predictive sensing and deliver insights into various brain functions and dysfunctions. A plethora of knowledge on the central control of eye movements and their role in perception and behaviour arose from work on primates. However, an overview of various eye movements in mice and a comparison to primates is missing. Here, we review the eye movement types described to date in mice and compare them to those observed in primates. We discuss the central neuronal mechanisms for their generation and control. Furthermore, we review the mounting literature on eye movements in mice during head-fixed and freely moving behaviours. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ede Rancz
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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11
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García-Bouyssou I, Laredo C, Massons M, Serrano M, Moreira F, Cabero-Arnold A, Urra X, Chamorro A. Clinical and neuroanatomical predictors of post-stroke fatigue. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107708. [PMID: 38582265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) has been described as early exhaustion with tiredness that develops during physical or mental activity and generally does not improve with rest. There are inconsistent findings on the relationship between the characteristics of the ischemic brain lesion and PSF. However, some studies suggest that specific neuroanatomical and neuroplastic changes could explain post-stroke fatigue. The aim was to evaluate the severity of PSF in relation to the location and the size of the ischemic lesion in acute stroke patients to establish possible predictors of PSF. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a prospective observational study to establish potential early predictors of long-term PSF, which was assessed using the Fatigue Assessment Scale six months after ischemic stroke. After segmenting brain infarcts on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) images, we studied the association with PSF using Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM). RESULTS Out of 104 patients, 61 (59 %) reported PSF. Female sex and history of diabetes mellitus were associated with a greater risk of developing PSF. The association of PSF with female sex was confirmed in a replication cohort of 50 patients. The ischemic lesion volume was not associated with PSF, and VBLSM analysis did not identify any specific brain area significantly associated with PSF. CONCLUSIONS PSF is frequent in stroke patients, especially women, even after six months. The absence of neuroanatomical correlates of PSF suggests that it is a multifactorial process with biological, psychological, and social risk factors that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-Bouyssou
- Institut Clínic de Malalties Mèdiques i Quirúrgiques, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Laredo
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Massons
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Moreira
- Centro Médico Altiplano Salud, Jumilla, Spain
| | - A Cabero-Arnold
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Urra
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Chamorro
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Foster M, Dwibhashyam S, Patel D, Gupta K, Matz OC, Billings BK, Bitterman K, Bertelson M, Tang CY, Mars RB, Raghanti MA, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Comparative anatomy of the caudate nucleus in canids and felids: Associations with brain size, curvature, cross-sectional properties, and behavioral ecology. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25618. [PMID: 38686628 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of canids and felids is marked by a deep time separation that has uniquely shaped their behavior and phenotype toward refined predatory abilities. The caudate nucleus is a subcortical brain structure associated with both motor control and cognitive, emotional, and executive functions. We used a combination of three-dimensional imaging, allometric scaling, and structural analyses to compare the size and shape characteristics of the caudate nucleus. The sample consisted of MRI scan data obtained from six canid species (Canis lupus lupus, Canis latrans, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Lycaon pictus, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes zerda), two canid subspecies (Canis lupus familiaris, Canis lupus dingo), as well as three felids (Panthera tigris, Panthera uncia, Felis silvestris catus). Results revealed marked conservation in the scaling and shape attributes of the caudate nucleus across species, with only slight deviations. We hypothesize that observed differences in caudate nucleus size and structure for the domestic canids are reflective of enhanced cognitive and emotional pathways that possibly emerged during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Foster
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Sai Dwibhashyam
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Devan Patel
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Kanika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Olivia C Matz
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Mads Bertelson
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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13
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Zhou D, Ma Q, Huang H, Xu X. Clinical value of video oculomotor evaluation in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3510. [PMID: 38715394 PMCID: PMC11077249 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis. This study aimed to assess the value of video oculomotor evaluation (VOE) in the differential diagnosis of MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS In total, 28 patients with MSA, 31 patients with PD, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were screened and included in this study. The evaluation consisted of a gaze-holding test, smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM), random saccade, and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). RESULTS The MSA and PD groups had more abnormalities and decreased SPEM gain than the HC group (64.29%, 35.48%, 10%, p < .001). The SPEM gain in the MSA group was significantly lower than that in the PD group at specific frequencies. Patients with MSA and PD showed prolonged latencies in all saccade directions compared with those with HC. However, the two diseases had no significant differences in the saccade parameters. The OKN gain gradually decreased from the HC to the PD and the MSA groups (p < .05). Compared with the PD group, the gain in the MSA group was further decreased in the OKN test at 30°/s (Left, p = .010; Right p = .016). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the combination of oculomotor parameters with age and course of disease could aid in the differential diagnosis of patients with MSA and PD, with a sensitivity of 89.29% and a specificity of 70.97%. CONCLUSIONS The combination of oculomotor parameters and clinical data may aid in the differential diagnosis of MSA and PD. Furthermore, VOE is vital in the identification of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Haiwei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
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14
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Cregg JM, Sidhu SK, Leiras R, Kiehn O. Basal ganglia-spinal cord pathway that commands locomotor gait asymmetries in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:716-727. [PMID: 38347200 PMCID: PMC11001584 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are essential for executing motor actions. How the basal ganglia engage spinal motor networks has remained elusive. Medullary Chx10 gigantocellular (Gi) neurons are required for turning gait programs, suggesting that turning gaits organized by the basal ganglia are executed via this descending pathway. Performing deep brainstem recordings of Chx10 Gi Ca2+ activity in adult mice, we show that striatal projection neurons initiate turning gaits via a dominant crossed pathway to Chx10 Gi neurons on the contralateral side. Using intersectional viral tracing and cell-type-specific modulation, we uncover the principal basal ganglia-spinal cord pathway for locomotor asymmetries in mice: basal ganglia → pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO) → Chx10 Gi → spinal cord. Modulating the restricted PnO → Chx10 Gi pathway restores turning competence upon striatal damage, suggesting that dysfunction of this pathway may contribute to debilitating turning deficits observed in Parkinson's disease. Our results reveal the stratified circuit architecture underlying a critical motor program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Cregg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Simrandeep K Sidhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Leiras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Yoo JH, Kang C, Lim JS, Wang B, Choi CH, Hwang H, Han DH, Kim H, Cheon H, Kim JW. Development of an innovative approach using portable eye tracking to assist ADHD screening: a machine learning study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337595. [PMID: 38426003 PMCID: PMC10902460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, making early detection crucial for effective intervention. Eye movements are controlled by brain regions associated with neuropsychological functions, such as selective attention, response inhibition, and working memory, and their deficits are related to the core characteristics of ADHD. Herein, we aimed to develop a screening model for ADHD using machine learning (ML) and eye-tracking features from tasks that reflect neuropsychological deficits in ADHD. Methods Fifty-six children (mean age 8.38 ± 1.58, 45 males) diagnosed with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition were recruited along with seventy-nine typically developing children (TDC) (mean age 8.80 ± 1.82, 33 males). Eye-tracking data were collected using a digital device during the performance of five behavioral tasks measuring selective attention, working memory, and response inhibition (pro-saccade task, anti-saccade task, memory-guided saccade task, change detection task, and Stroop task). ML was employed to select relevant eye-tracking features for ADHD, and to subsequently construct an optimal model classifying ADHD from TDC. Results We identified 33 eye-tracking features in the five tasks with the potential to distinguish children with ADHD from TDC. Participants with ADHD showed increased saccade latency and degree, and shorter fixation time in eye-tracking tasks. A soft voting model integrating extra tree and random forest classifiers demonstrated high accuracy (76.3%) at identifying ADHD using eye-tracking features alone. A comparison of the model using only eye-tracking features with models using the Advanced Test of Attention or Stroop test showed no significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.419 and p=0.235, respectively). Combining demographic, behavioral, and clinical data with eye-tracking features improved accuracy, but did not significantly alter the AUC (p=0.208). Discussion Our study suggests that eye-tracking features hold promise as ADHD screening tools, even when obtained using a simple digital device. The current findings emphasize that eye-tracking features could be reliable indicators of impaired neurobiological functioning in individuals with ADHD. To enhance utility as a screening tool, future research should be conducted with a larger sample of participants with a more balanced gender ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangSu Kang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Lim
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ricci EL, Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Pantaleon LP, De-Paula LR, Ribeiro GM, Abreu GR, Muñoz JWP, Mendonça M, Fukushima AR, Spinosa HS. Peripubertal exposure of atrazine cause decrease in exploratory activity, deficits in sociability and few alterations on brain monoaminergic systems of rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116819. [PMID: 38215996 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine is a pesticide used to control weeds in both in pre- and post-emergence crops. The chronic exposure to atrazine can lead to severe damage in animals, especially in the endocrine and reproduction systems, leading to the inclusion of this pesticide into the endocrine disrupting chemicals group. Studies with rats showed that atrazine exposure during lactation in dams caused changes in the juvenile offspring, however; there is still limited information regarding the effects of atrazine during puberty. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of peripubertal exposure of atrazine in rats, assessing motor activity, social behavior and neurochemical alterations. Juvenile rats were treated with different doses of atrazine (0, 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg) by gavage from postnatal day 22 to 41. Behavioral tests were conducted for the evaluation of motor activity and social behavior, and neurochemical evaluation was done in order to assess monoamine levels. Atrazine caused behavioral alterations, evidenced by decrease in the exploratory activity (p values variation between 0.05 and 0.0001) and deficits in the social behavior of both male and females as adults (p values variation between 0.01 and 0.0001). As for the monoaminergic neurotransmission, atrazine led to very few alterations on the dopamine and serotonin systems that were limited to the females (p < 0.05). Altogether, the results suggests that peripubertal exposure of atrazine cause behavioral and neurochemical alterations. More studies need to be conducted to fully understand the differences in atrazine's effects and its use should be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Ricci
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Health Science Institute, Presbyterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil; School of Health Sciences IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, 01301-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lorena P Pantaleon
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R De-Paula
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Abreu
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana W P Muñoz
- Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André R Fukushima
- School of Health Sciences IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, 01301-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helenice S Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Hu J, Vetter P. How the eyes respond to sounds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1532:18-36. [PMID: 38152040 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Eye movements have been extensively studied with respect to visual stimulation. However, we live in a multisensory world, and how the eyes are driven by other senses has been explored much less. Here, we review the evidence on how audition can trigger and drive different eye responses and which cortical and subcortical neural correlates are involved. We provide an overview on how different types of sounds, from simple tones and noise bursts to spatially localized sounds and complex linguistic stimuli, influence saccades, microsaccades, smooth pursuit, pupil dilation, and eye blinks. The reviewed evidence reveals how the auditory system interacts with the oculomotor system, both behaviorally and neurally, and how this differs from visually driven eye responses. Some evidence points to multisensory interaction, and potential multisensory integration, but the underlying computational and neural mechanisms are still unclear. While there are marked differences in how the eyes respond to auditory compared to visual stimuli, many aspects of auditory-evoked eye responses remain underexplored, and we summarize the key open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Hu
- Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Petra Vetter
- Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Hikosaka O, Yugeta A, Matsuda SI, Fisicaro F, Ugawa Y, Hoshino K, Nomura Y. Age- and sex-related oculomotor manifestation of dopamine deficiency in Segawa disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 157:73-87. [PMID: 38064930 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the oculomotor manifestations of Segawa disease (SD), considered to represent mild dopamine deficiency and discuss their pathophysiological basis. METHODS We recorded visually- (VGS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks in 31 SD patients and 153 age-matched control subjects to study how basal ganglia (BG) dysfunction in SD evolves with age for male and female subjects. RESULTS SD patients were impaired in initiating MGS, showing longer latencies with occasional failure. Patients showed impaired ability to suppress reflexive saccades; saccades to cues presented in MGS were more frequent and showed a shorter latency than in control subjects. These findings were more prominent in male patients, particularly between 13 and 25 years. Additionally, male patients showed larger delay in MGS latency in trials preceded by saccades to cue than those unpreceded. CONCLUSIONS The findings can be explained by a dysfunction of the BG-direct pathway impinging on superior colliculus (SC) due to dopamine deficiency. The disturbed inhibitory control of saccades may be explained by increased SC responsivity to visual stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE Oculomotor abnormalities in SD can be explained by dysfunction of the BG inhibitory pathways reaching SC, with a delayed maturation in male SD patients, consistent with previous pathological/physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, 2-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda 20892-4435, MD, USA
| | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Piazza Università, 2, 95131 Catalina, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hoshino
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, 2-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Yoshiko Nomura Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
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19
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Frost-Nylén J, Thompson WS, Robertson B, Grillner S. The Basal Ganglia Downstream Control of Action - An Evolutionarily Conserved Strategy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1419-1430. [PMID: 37563813 PMCID: PMC11097981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor areas of the cortex and the basal ganglia both contribute to determining which motor actions will be recruited at any moment in time, and their functions are intertwined. Here, we review the basal ganglia mechanisms underlying the selection of behavior of the downstream control of motor centers in the midbrain and brainstem and show that the basic organization of the forebrain motor system is evolutionarily conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny. The output level of the basal ganglia (e.g. substantia nigra pars reticulata) has GABAergic neurons that are spontaneously active at rest and inhibit a number of specific motor centers, each of which can be relieved from inhibition if the inhibitory output neurons themselves become inhibited. The motor areas of the cortex act partially via the dorsolateral striatum (putamen), which has specific modules for the forelimb, hindlimb, trunk, etc. Each module operates in turn through the two types of striatal projection neurons that control the output modules of the basal ganglia and thereby the downstream motor centers. The mechanisms for lateral inhibition in the striatum are reviewed as well as other striatal mechanisms contributing to action selection. The motor cortex also exerts a direct excitatory action on specific motor centers. An overview is given of the basal ganglia control exerted on the different midbrain/brainstem motor centers, and the efference copy information fed back via the thalamus to the striatum and cortex, which is of importance for the planning of future movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Liu X, Li Y, Xu L, Zhang T, Cui H, Wei Y, Xia M, Su W, Tang Y, Tang X, Zhang D, Spillmann L, Max Andolina I, McLoughlin N, Wang W, Wang J. Spatial and Temporal Abnormalities of Spontaneous Fixational Saccades and Their Correlates With Positive and Cognitive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:78-88. [PMID: 37066730 PMCID: PMC10754167 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual fixation is a dynamic process, with the spontaneous occurrence of microsaccades and macrosaccades. These fixational saccades are sensitive to the structural and functional alterations of the cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit. Given that dysfunctional cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit contributes to cognitive and behavioral impairments in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would exhibit abnormal fixational saccades and these abnormalities would be associated with the clinical manifestations. STUDY DESIGN Saccades were recorded from 140 drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 160 age-matched healthy controls during ten separate trials of 6-second steady fixations. Positive and negative symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognition was assessed using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). STUDY RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia exhibited fixational saccades more vertically than controls, which was reflected in more vertical saccades with angles around 90° and a greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades with angles around 0° in patients. The fixational saccades, especially horizontal saccades, showed longer durations, faster peak velocities, and larger amplitudes in patients. Furthermore, the greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades was associated with higher PANSS total and positive symptom scores in patients, and the longer duration of horizontal saccades was associated with lower MCCB neurocognitive composite, attention/vigilance, and speed of processing scores. Finally, based solely on these fixational eye movements, a K-nearest neighbors model classified patients with an accuracy of 85%. Conclusions: Our results reveal spatial and temporal abnormalities of fixational saccades and suggest fixational saccades as a promising biomarker for cognitive and positive symptoms and for diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqing Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lothar Spillmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Antoniades CA, Spering M. Eye movements in Parkinson's disease: from neurophysiological mechanisms to diagnostic tools. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:71-83. [PMID: 38042680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) impact oculomotor function - the ability to move the eyes accurately and purposefully to serve a multitude of sensory, cognitive, and secondary motor tasks. Decades of neurophysiological research in monkeys and behavioral studies in humans have characterized the neural basis of healthy oculomotor control. This review links eye movement abnormalities in persons living with PD to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and pathways. Building on this foundation, we highlight recent progress in using eye movements to gauge symptom severity, assess treatment effects, and serve as potential precision biomarkers. We conclude that whereas eye movements provide insights into PD mechanisms, based on current evidence they appear to lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to serve as a standalone diagnostic tool. Their full potential may be realized when combined with other disease indicators in big datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalina A Antoniades
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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22
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Tiroshi L, Atamna Y, Gilin N, Berkowitz N, Goldberg JA. Striatal Neurons Are Recruited Dynamically into Collective Representations of Self-Initiated and Learned Actions in Freely Moving Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0315-23.2023. [PMID: 38164559 PMCID: PMC11057506 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0315-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal spiny projection neurons are hyperpolarized-at-rest (HaR) and driven to action potential threshold by a small number of powerful inputs-an input-output configuration that is detrimental to response reliability. Because the striatum is important for habitual behaviors and goal-directed learning, we conducted a microendoscopic imaging in freely moving mice that express a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator sparsely in striatal HaR neurons to evaluate their response reliability during self-initiated movements and operant conditioning. The sparse expression was critical for longitudinal studies of response reliability, and for studying correlations among HaR neurons while minimizing spurious correlations arising from contamination by the background signal. We found that HaR neurons are recruited dynamically into action representation, with distinct neuronal subsets being engaged in a moment-by-moment fashion. While individual neurons respond with little reliability, the population response remained stable across days. Moreover, we found evidence for the temporal coupling between neuronal subsets during conditioned (but not innate) behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Tiroshi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Atamna
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Gilin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Berkowitz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Melleu FF, Canteras NS. Pathways from the Superior Colliculus to the Basal Ganglia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1431-1453. [PMID: 37702174 PMCID: PMC11097988 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230911102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to review the structural organization of the mammalian superior colliculus (SC), the putative pathways connecting the SC and the basal ganglia, and their role in organizing complex behavioral output. First, we review how the complex intrinsic connections between the SC's laminae projections allow for the construction of spatially aligned, visual-multisensory maps of the surrounding environment. Moreover, we present a summary of the sensory-motor inputs of the SC, including a description of the integration of multi-sensory inputs relevant to behavioral control. We further examine the major descending outputs toward the brainstem and spinal cord. As the central piece of this review, we provide a thorough analysis covering the putative interactions between the SC and the basal ganglia. To this end, we explore the diverse thalamic routes by which information from the SC may reach the striatum, including the pathways through the lateral posterior, parafascicular, and rostral intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We also examine the interactions between the SC and subthalamic nucleus, representing an additional pathway for the tectal modulation of the basal ganglia. Moreover, we discuss how information from the SC might also be relayed to the basal ganglia through midbrain tectonigral and tectotegmental projections directed at the substantia nigra compacta and ventrotegmental area, respectively, influencing the dopaminergic outflow to the dorsal and ventral striatum. We highlight the vast interplay between the SC and the basal ganglia and raise several missing points that warrant being addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Newton Sabino Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Vasilev MR, Lowman M, Bills K, Parmentier FBR, Kirkby JA. Unexpected sounds inhibit the movement of the eyes during reading and letter scanning. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14389. [PMID: 37448357 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel sounds that unexpectedly deviate from a repetitive sound sequence are well known to cause distraction. Such unexpected sounds have also been shown to cause global motor inhibition, suggesting that they trigger a neurophysiological response aimed at stopping ongoing actions. Recently, evidence from eye movements has suggested that unexpected sounds also temporarily pause the movements of the eyes during reading, though it is unclear if this effect is due to inhibition of oculomotor planning or inhibition of language processes. Here, we sought to distinguish between these two possibilities by comparing a natural reading task to a letter scanning task that involves similar oculomotor demands to reading, but no higher level lexical processing. Participants either read sentences for comprehension or scanned letter strings of these sentences for the letter 'o' in three auditory conditions: silence, standard, and novel sounds. The results showed that novel sounds were equally distracting in both tasks, suggesting that they generally inhibit ongoing oculomotor processes independent of lexical processing. These results suggest that novel sounds may have a global suppressive effect on eye-movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lowman
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie A Kirkby
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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26
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Ferrante O, Chelazzi L, Santandrea E. Statistical learning of target and distractor spatial probability shape a common attentional priority computation. Cortex 2023; 169:95-117. [PMID: 37866062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Converging evidence recently put forward the notion that dedicated neurocognitive mechanisms do exist for the suppression of salient, but irrelevant distractors. Along this line, it is plausible to hypothesize that, in appropriate contexts, experience-dependent forms of attentional learning might selectively induce plastic changes within this dedicated circuitry, thus allowing an independent shaping of priorities at the service of attentional filtering. Conversely, previous work suggested that statistical learning (SL) of both target and distractor spatial probability distributions converge in adjusting only the overall attentional priority of locations: in fact, in the presence of an independent manipulation, either related to the target or to the distractor only, SL induces indirect effects (e.g., changes in filtering efficiency due to an uneven distribution of targets), suggesting that SL-induced plastic changes affect a shared neural substrate. Here we tested whether, when (conflicting) target- and distractor-related manipulations are concurrently applied to the very same locations, dedicated mechanisms might support the selective encoding of spatial priority in relation to the specific attentional operation involved. In three related experiments, human healthy participants discriminated the direction of a target arrow, while ignoring a salient distractor, if present; both target and distractor spatial probability distributions were concurrently manipulated in relation to each single location. Critically, the selection bias produced by the target-related SL was marginally reduced by an adverse distractor contingency, and the suppression bias generated by the distractor-related SL was erased, or even reversed, by an adverse target contingency. Our results suggest that even conflicting target- and distractor-related SL manipulations result in the adjustment of a unique spatial priority computation, likely because the process directly relies on direct plastic alterations of shared spatial priority map(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Ferrante
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Chelazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience - Verona Unit, Verona, Italy.
| | - Elisa Santandrea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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27
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Terao Y, Nomura Y, Fukuda H, Hikosaka O, Kimura K, Matsuda SI, Yugeta A, Fisicaro F, Hoshino K, Ugawa Y. The Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Changes in Saccade Performance by Low-Dose L-Dopa and Dopamine Receptor Blockers. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1634. [PMID: 38137082 PMCID: PMC10741739 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), which is associated with prior use of dopamine receptor antagonists (blockers) and treatment by L-Dopa, through saccade performance. METHOD In 226 male GTS patients (5-14 years), we followed vocal and motor tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) after discontinuing blockers at the first visit starting with low-dose L-Dopa. We recorded visual- (VGS) and memory-guided saccades (MGS) in 110 patients and 26 normal participants. RESULTS At the first visit, prior blocker users exhibited more severe vocal tics and OCD, but not motor tics, which persisted during follow-up. Patients treated with L-Dopa showed greater improvement of motor tics, but not vocal tics and OCD. Patients with and without blocker use showed similarly impaired MGS performance, while patients with blocker use showed more prominently impaired inhibitory control of saccades, associated with vocal tics and OCD. DISCUSSION Impaired MGS performance suggested a mild hypodopaminergic state causing reduced direct pathway activity in the (oculo-)motor loops of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit. Blocker use may aggravate vocal tics and OCD due to disinhibition within the associative and limbic loops. The findings provide a rationale for discouraging blocker use and using low-dose L-Dopa in GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Yoshiko Nomura Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-2510, USA
| | - Kazue Kimura
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan (K.K.)
| | | | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hoshino
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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28
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Thomas A, Yang W, Wang C, Tipparaju SL, Chen G, Sullivan B, Swiekatowski K, Tatam M, Gerfen C, Li N. Superior colliculus bidirectionally modulates choice activity in frontal cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7358. [PMID: 37963894 PMCID: PMC10645979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Action selection occurs through competition between potential choice options. Neural correlates of choice competition are observed across frontal cortex and downstream superior colliculus (SC) during decision-making, yet how these regions interact to mediate choice competition remains unresolved. Here we report that SC can bidirectionally modulate choice competition and drive choice activity in frontal cortex. In the mouse, topographically matched regions of frontal cortex and SC formed a descending motor pathway for directional licking and a re-entrant loop via the thalamus. During decision-making, distinct neuronal populations in both frontal cortex and SC encoded opposing lick directions and exhibited competitive interactions. SC GABAergic neurons encoded ipsilateral choice and locally inhibited glutamatergic neurons that encoded contralateral choice. Activating or suppressing these cell types could bidirectionally drive choice activity in frontal cortex. These results thus identify SC as a major locus to modulate choice competition within the broader action selection network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiguo Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Catherine Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Guang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brennan Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kylie Swiekatowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahima Tatam
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Gerfen
- Section on Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Gupta P, Murray JM, Beylergil SB, Jacobs J, Kilbane CW, Shaikh AG, Ghasia FF. Objective assessment of eye alignment and disparity-driven vergence in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1217765. [PMID: 38020777 PMCID: PMC10643751 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1217765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-reported diplopia is described in up to one-third of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Objective The purpose of our study was to expand our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of diplopia in PD. We hypothesize that the time-based control of eye alignment and increased eye deviation under binocular viewing will be related to the fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining component deficits of disparity-driven vergence in PD. Methods We used high-resolution video-oculography to measure eye alignment under binocular and monocular viewing and disparity-driven vergence in 33 PD and 10 age-matched healthy participants. We computed eye deviation and time-based control of eye alignment, occurrence of conjugate saccadic eye movements, latency and gain of vergence (fusion initiation), and variance of eye position at the end of dynamic vergence (fusion maintenance). Results We categorized PD subjects into three groups, considering their time-based control of eye alignment as compared to healthy controls in binocular viewing. Group 1 = 45% had good control and spent >80% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned, Group 2 = 26% had intermediate control and spent <80% but greater >5% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned, and Group 3 = 29% had very poor control with increased eye deviation majority of the times (<5% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned). All three groups exhibited greater eye deviation under monocular viewing than controls. PD subjects exhibited fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining vergence deficits (prolonged latencies, reduced vergence gain, increased variance of fusion-maintaining component) with a greater probability of saccadic movements than controls. Group 2 and Group 3 subjects were more likely to exhibit failure to initiate vergence (>20%) than Group 1 (13%) and controls (0%) trials. No significant difference was found in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-a tool to measure the severity of PD) values between the three PD groups (Group 1 = 33.69 ± 14.22, Group 2 = 38.43 ± 22.61, and Group 3 = 23.44 ± 1, p > 0.05). Conclusion The majority of PD subjects within our cohort had binocular dysfunction with increased eye deviation under monocular viewing and disparity-driven vergence deficits. PD subjects with intermediate or poor control of eye deviation under binocular viewing had greater fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining vergence deficits. The study highlights the importance of assessing binocular dysfunction in PD subjects independent of the severity of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jordan M. Murray
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan Jacobs
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Camilla W. Kilbane
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aasef G. Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fatema F. Ghasia
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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30
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Rusheen AE, Rojas-Cabrera J, Goyal A, Shin H, Yuen J, Jang DP, Bennet KE, Blaha CD, Lee KH, Oh Y. Deep brain stimulation alleviates tics in Tourette syndrome via striatal dopamine transmission. Brain 2023; 146:4174-4190. [PMID: 37141283 PMCID: PMC10545518 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive motor and vocal tics that can lead to self-injury and deleterious mental health complications. While dysfunction in striatal dopamine neurotransmission has been proposed to underlie tic behaviour, evidence is scarce and inconclusive. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic centromedian parafascicular complex (CMPf), an approved surgical interventive treatment for medical refractory Tourette syndrome, may reduce tics by affecting striatal dopamine release. Here, we use electrophysiology, electrochemistry, optogenetics, pharmacological treatments and behavioural measurements to mechanistically examine how thalamic DBS modulates synaptic and tonic dopamine activity in the dorsomedial striatum. Previous studies demonstrated focal disruption of GABAergic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum of rats led to repetitive motor tics recapitulating the major symptom of Tourette syndrome. We employed this model under light anaesthesia and found CMPf DBS evoked synaptic dopamine release and elevated tonic dopamine levels via striatal cholinergic interneurons while concomitantly reducing motor tic behaviour. The improvement in tic behaviour was found to be mediated by D2 receptor activation as blocking this receptor prevented the therapeutic response. Our results demonstrate that release of striatal dopamine mediates the therapeutic effects of CMPf DBS and points to striatal dopamine dysfunction as a driver for motor tics in the pathoneurophysiology of Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Rusheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Juan Rojas-Cabrera
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Abhinav Goyal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Jason Yuen
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- IMPACT—the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Dong-Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Keven E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Charles D Blaha
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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31
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Klug JR, Yan X, Hoffman HA, Engelhardt MD, Osakada F, Callaway EM, Jin X. Asymmetric cortical projections to striatal direct and indirect pathways distinctly control actions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560589. [PMID: 37873164 PMCID: PMC10592949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The striatal direct and indirect pathways constitute the core for basal ganglia function in action control. Although both striatal D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons (SPNs) receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex, whether or not they share inputs from the same cortical neurons, and how pathway-specific corticostriatal projections control behavior remain largely unknown. Here using a new G-deleted rabies system in mice, we found that more than two-thirds of excitatory inputs to D2-SPNs also target D1-SPNs, while only one-third do so vice versa. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal D1- vs. D2-SPN-projecting cortical neurons differently regulate locomotion, reinforcement learning and sequence behavior, implying the functional dichotomy of pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits. These results reveal the partially segregated yet asymmetrically overlapping cortical projections on striatal D1- vs. D2-SPNs, and that the pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits distinctly control behavior. It has important implications in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting cortico-basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Klug
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xunyi Yan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hilary A. Hoffman
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max D. Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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32
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Munoz MJ, Arora R, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Sani SB, Rosenow JM, Goelz LC, Corcos DM, David FJ. Medication only improves limb movements while deep brain stimulation improves eye and limb movements during visually-guided reaching in Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1224611. [PMID: 37850040 PMCID: PMC10577235 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1224611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiparkinson medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), two common treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD), effectively improve skeletomotor movements. However, evidence suggests that these treatments may have differential effects on eye and limb movements, although both movement types are controlled through the parallel basal ganglia loops. Objective Using a task that requires both eye and upper limb movements, we aimed to determine the effects of medication and STN-DBS on eye and upper limb movement performance. Methods Participants performed a visually-guided reaching task. We collected eye and upper limb movement data from participants with PD who were tested both OFF and ON medication (n = 34) or both OFF and ON bilateral STN-DBS while OFF medication (n = 11). We also collected data from older adult healthy controls (n = 14). Results We found that medication increased saccade latency, while having no effect on reach reaction time (RT). Medication significantly decreased saccade peak velocity, while increasing reach peak velocity. We also found that bilateral STN-DBS significantly decreased saccade latency while having no effect on reach RT, and increased saccade and reach peak velocity. Finally, we found that there was a positive relationship between saccade latency and reach RT, which was unaffected by either treatment. Conclusion These findings show that medication worsens saccade performance and benefits reaching performance, while STN-DBS benefits both saccade and reaching performance. We explore what the differential beneficial and detrimental effects on eye and limb movements suggest about the potential physiological changes occurring due to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J. Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rishabh Arora
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yessenia M. Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Quentin H. Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gian D. Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sepehr B. Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua M. Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa C. Goelz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel M. Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fabian J. David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Inomata-Terada S, Fukuda H, Tokushige SI, Matsuda SI, Hamada M, Ugawa Y, Tsuji S, Terao Y. Abnormal saccade profiles in hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration reveal cerebellar contribution to visually guided saccades. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 154:70-84. [PMID: 37572405 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how the pathophysiology underlying hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration (spinocerebellar ataxia; SCA) with pure cerebellar manifestation evolves with disease progression using saccade recordings. METHODS We recorded visually- (VGS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) task performance in a homogeneous population of 20 genetically proven SCA patients (12 SCA6 and eight SCA31 patients) and 19 normal controls. RESULTS For VGS but not MGS, saccade latency and amplitude were increased and more variable than those in normal subjects, which correlated with cerebellar symptom severity assessed using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Parameters with significant correlations with cerebellar symptoms showed an aggravation after disease stage progression (ICARS > 50). The saccade velocity profile exhibited shortened acceleration and prolonged deceleration, which also correlated with disease progression. The main sequence relationship between saccade amplitude and peak velocity as well as saccade inhibitory control were preserved. CONCLUSIONS The cerebellum may be involved in initiating VGS, which was aggravated acutely during disease stage progression. Dysfunction associated with disease progression occurs mainly in the cerebellum and brainstem interaction but may also eventually involve cortical saccade processing. SIGNIFICANCE Saccade recording can reveal cerebellar pathophysiology underlying SCA with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shun-Ichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Reiner J, Franken L, Raveh E, Rosset I, Kreitman R, Ben-Ami E, Djaldetti R. Oculometric measures as a tool for assessment of clinical symptoms and severity of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1241-1248. [PMID: 37553460 PMCID: PMC10480268 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of oculometric measures (OM) are widely described in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, knowledge of correlations between abnormal OM, disease severity and clinical assessment in PD patients is still lacking. To evaluate these correlations, PD patients (215 patients, mean age 69 ± 9.1 years, 79 females) with severe (H&Y > 3) and mild to moderate (H&Y ≤ 2) disease, and 215 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All patients were evaluated using MDS-UPDRS and an oculometric test using computer vision and deep learning algorithms. Comparisons of OM between groups and correlations between OM and MDS-UPDRS scores were calculated. Saccadic latency (ms) was prolonged in patients with severe compared with mild to moderate disease (pro-saccades: 267 ± 69 vs. 238 ± 53, p = 0.0011; anti-saccades: 386 ± 119 vs. 352 ± 106, p = 0.0393) and in patients with mild to moderate disease versus healthy subjects (pro-saccades: 238 ± 53 vs. 220 ± 45, p = 0.0003; anti-saccades: 352 ± 106 vs. 289 ± 71, p < 0.0001). Error rate (%) was higher among patients with severe (64.06 ± 23.08) versus mild to moderate disease (49.84 ± 24.81, p = 0.0001), and versus healthy subjects (49.84 ± 24.81 vs. 28.31 ± 21.72, p = 0.00001). Response accuracy (%) was lower for patients with severe (75.66 ± 13.11) versus mild to moderate disease (79.66 ± 13.56, p = 0.0462), and versus healthy subjects (79.66 ± 13.56 vs. 90.27 ± 8.79, p < 0.0001). Pro- and anti-saccadic latency, error rate and accuracy were correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores (r = 0.32, 0.28, 0.36 and -0.30, respectively, p < 0.0001) and similar correlations were found with its axial subscore (R = 0.38, 0.29, 0.44, and -0.30, respectively, p < 0.0001). Several OM were different in patients under levodopa treatment. OM worsened as PD severity increases, and were correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores. Using OM can be implemented for PD patients' assessment as a tool to follow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Reiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Franken
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Djaldetti
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Li H, Jin X. Multiple dynamic interactions from basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways mediate action selection. eLife 2023; 12:RP87644. [PMID: 37751468 PMCID: PMC10522336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are known to be essential for action selection. However, the functional role of basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action selection remains unresolved. Here, by employing cell-type-specific neuronal recording and manipulation in mice trained in a choice task, we demonstrate that multiple dynamic interactions from the direct and indirect pathways control the action selection. While the direct pathway regulates the behavioral choice in a linear manner, the indirect pathway exerts a nonlinear inverted-U-shaped control over action selection, depending on the inputs and the network state. We propose a new center (direct)-surround (indirect)-context (indirect) 'Triple-control' functional model of basal ganglia, which can replicate the physiological and behavioral experimental observations that cannot be simply explained by either the traditional 'Go/No-go' or more recent 'Co-activation' model. These findings have important implications on understanding the basal ganglia circuitry and action selection in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University ShanghaiShanghaiChina
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36
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Graham L, Das J, Vitorio R, McDonald C, Walker R, Godfrey A, Morris R, Stuart S. Ocular microtremor: a structured review. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2191-2203. [PMID: 37632535 PMCID: PMC10471653 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Ocular microtremor (OMT) is the smallest of three involuntary fixational micro eye movements, which has led to it being under researched in comparison. The link between OMT and brain function generates a strong rationale for further study as there is potential for its use as a biomarker in populations with neurological injury and disease. This structured review focused on populations previously studied, instrumentation used for measurement, commonly reported OMT outcomes, and recommendations concerning protocol design and future studies. Current methods of quantifying OMT will be reviewed to analyze their efficacy and efficiency and guide potential development and understanding of novel techniques. Electronic databases were systematically searched and compared with predetermined inclusion criteria. 216 articles were identified in the search and screened by two reviewers. 16 articles were included for review. Findings showed that piezoelectric probe is the most common method of measuring OMT, with fewer studies involving non-invasive approaches, such as contact lenses and laser imaging. OMT frequency was seen to be reduced during general anesthesia at loss of consciousness and in neurologically impaired participants when compared to healthy adults. We identified the need for a non-invasive technique for measuring OMT and highlight its potential in clinical applications as an objective biomarker for neurological assessments. We highlight the need for further research on the clinical validation of OMT to establish its potential to identify or predict a meaningful clinical or functional state, specifically, regarding accuracy, precision, and reliability of OMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Graham
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
| | - Julia Das
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Rodrigo Vitorio
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Richard Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rosie Morris
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Kojima Y, Koketsu D, May PJ. Activity of the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Saccade Adaptation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0092-23.2023. [PMID: 37596048 PMCID: PMC10500979 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0092-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
When movements become inaccurate, the resultant error induces motor adaptation to improve accuracy. This error-based motor learning is regarded as a cerebellar function. However, the influence of the other brain areas on adaptation is poorly understood. During saccade adaptation, a type of error-based motor learning, the superior colliculus (SC) sends a postsaccadic error signal to the cerebellum to drive adaptation. Since the SC is directly inhibited by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), we hypothesized that the SNr might influence saccade adaptation by affecting the SC error signal. In fact, previous studies indicated that the SNr encodes motivation and motivation influences saccade adaptation. In this study, we first established that the SNr projects to the rostral SC, where small error signals are generated, in nonhuman primates. Then, we examined SNr activity while the animal underwent adaptation. SNr neurons paused their activity in association with the error. This pause was shallower and delayed compared with those of no-error trial saccades. The pause at the end of the adaptation was shallower and delayed compared with that at the beginning of the adaptation. The change in the intertrial interval, an indicator of motivation, and adaptation speed had a positive correlation with the changes in the error-related pause. These results suggest that (1) the SNr exhibits a unique activity pattern during the error interval; (2) SNr activity increases during adaptation, consistent with the decrease in SC activity; and (3) motivational decay during the adaptation session might increase SNr activity and influence the adaptation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kojima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Daisuke Koketsu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Paul J May
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Education, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
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Wilson CJ, Jones JA. Propagation of Oscillations in the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6112-6125. [PMID: 37400253 PMCID: PMC10476642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0445-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillatory signals propagate in the basal ganglia from prototypic neurons in the external globus pallidus (GPe) to their target neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), internal pallidal segment, and subthalamic nucleus. Neurons in the GPe fire spontaneously, so oscillatory input signals can be encoded as changes in timing of action potentials within an ongoing spike train. When GPe neurons were driven by an oscillatory current in male and female mice, these spike-timing changes produced spike-oscillation coherence over a range of frequencies extending at least to 100 Hz. Using the known kinetics of the GPe→SNr synapse, we calculated the postsynaptic currents that would be generated in SNr neurons from the recorded GPe spike trains. The ongoing synaptic barrage from spontaneous firing, frequency-dependent short-term depression, and stochastic fluctuations at the synapse embed the input oscillation into a noisy sequence of synaptic currents in the SNr. The oscillatory component of the resulting synaptic current must compete with the noisy spontaneous synaptic barrage for control of postsynaptic SNr neurons, which have their own frequency-dependent sensitivities. Despite this, SNr neurons subjected to synaptic conductance changes generated from recorded GPe neuron firing patterns also became coherent with oscillations over a broad range of frequencies. The presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic frequency sensitivities were all dependent on the firing rates of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Firing rate changes, often assumed to be the propagating signal in these circuits, do not encode most oscillation frequencies, but instead determine which signal frequencies propagate effectively and which are suppressed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oscillations are present in all the basal ganglia nuclei, include a range of frequencies, and change over the course of learning and behavior. Exaggerated oscillations are a hallmark of basal ganglia pathologies, and each has a specific frequency range. Because of its position as a hub in the basal ganglia circuitry, the globus pallidus is a candidate origin for oscillations propagating between nuclei. We imposed low-amplitude oscillations on individual globus pallidus neurons at specific frequencies and measured the coherence between the oscillation and firing as a function of frequency. We then used these responses to measure the effectiveness of oscillatory propagation to other basal ganglia nuclei. Propagation was effective for oscillation frequencies as high as 100 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - James A Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
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Pirone A, Ciregia F, Lazzarini G, Miragliotta V, Ronci M, Zuccarini M, Zallocco L, Beghelli D, Mazzoni MR, Lucacchini A, Giusti L. Proteomic Profiling Reveals Specific Molecular Hallmarks of the Pig Claustrum. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4336-4358. [PMID: 37095366 PMCID: PMC10293365 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study, employing a comparative proteomic approach, analyzes the protein profile of pig claustrum (CLA), putamen (PU), and insula (IN). Pig brain is an interesting model whose key translational features are its similarities with cortical and subcortical structures of human brain. A greater difference in protein spot expression was observed in CLA vs PU as compared to CLA vs IN. The deregulated proteins identified in CLA resulted to be deeply implicated in neurodegenerative (i.e., sirtuin 2, protein disulfide-isomerase 3, transketolase) and psychiatric (i.e., copine 3 and myelin basic protein) disorders in humans. Metascape analysis of differentially expressed proteins in CLA vs PU comparison suggested activation of the α-synuclein pathway and L1 recycling pathway corroborating the involvement of these anatomical structures in neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and dihydropyrimidinase like 2, which are linked to these pathways, was validated using western blot analysis. Moreover, the protein data set of CLA vs PU comparison was analyzed by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis to obtain a prediction of most significant canonical pathways, upstream regulators, human diseases, and biological functions. Interestingly, inhibition of presenilin 1 (PSEN1) upstream regulator and activation of endocannabinoid neuronal synapse pathway were observed. In conclusion, this is the first study presenting an extensive proteomic analysis of pig CLA in comparison with adjacent areas, IN and PUT. These results reinforce the common origin of CLA and IN and suggest an interesting involvement of CLA in endocannabinoid circuitry, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Ciregia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine, COIIM, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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40
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Yoshida A, Hikosaka O. Opposing functions of glutamatergic inputs between the globus pallidus external segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550377. [PMID: 37546868 PMCID: PMC10402021 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus external segment (GPe), is believed to play a crucial role in suppressing involuntary movements. However, recent evidence suggests the STN and GPe also facilitate voluntary movements. This study hypothesized that excitatory inputs from the STN to the GPe contribute to this facilitation, and that excitatory projections to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are involved in the inhibition. To disrupt the STN-GPe or STN-SNr projections in monkeys during choice and fixation tasks, glutamate receptor inhibitors were injected into the GPe or SNr, which induced delayed saccade latencies toward good choices in the choice task (GPe) and caused frequent reflexive saccades to objects in the fixation task (SNr). Our findings suggest excitatory inputs to the GPe and SNr work in opposing manners, providing new insights that redefine our understanding of the functions of basal ganglia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Li H, Jin X. Multiple dynamic interactions from basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways mediate action selection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533567. [PMID: 36993546 PMCID: PMC10055198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are known to be essential for action selection. However, the functional role of basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action selection remains unresolved. Here by employing cell-type-specific neuronal recording and manipulation in mice trained in a choice task, we demonstrate that multiple dynamic interactions from the direct and indirect pathways control the action selection. While the direct pathway regulates the behavioral choice in a linear manner, the indirect pathway exerts a nonlinear inverted-U-shaped control over action selection, depending on the inputs and the network state. We propose a new center (direct) - surround (indirect) - context (indirect) "Triple-control" functional model of basal ganglia, which can replicate the physiological and behavioral experimental observations that cannot be simply explained by either the traditional "Go/No-go" or more recent "Co-activation" model. These findings have important implications on understanding the basal ganglia circuitry and action selection in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Lead Contact
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Heald JB, Wolpert DM, Lengyel M. The Computational and Neural Bases of Context-Dependent Learning. Annu Rev Neurosci 2023; 46:233-258. [PMID: 36972611 PMCID: PMC10348919 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092322-100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Flexible behavior requires the creation, updating, and expression of memories to depend on context. While the neural underpinnings of each of these processes have been intensively studied, recent advances in computational modeling revealed a key challenge in context-dependent learning that had been largely ignored previously: Under naturalistic conditions, context is typically uncertain, necessitating contextual inference. We review a theoretical approach to formalizing context-dependent learning in the face of contextual uncertainty and the core computations it requires. We show how this approach begins to organize a large body of disparate experimental observations, from multiple levels of brain organization (including circuits, systems, and behavior) and multiple brain regions (most prominently the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and motor cortices), into a coherent framework. We argue that contextual inference may also be key to understanding continual learning in the brain. This theory-driven perspective places contextual inference as a core component of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Heald
- Department of Neuroscience and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
| | - Daniel M Wolpert
- Department of Neuroscience and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Máté Lengyel
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
- Center for Cognitive Computation, Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
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43
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Sherigar SS, Gamsa AH, Srinivasan K. Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:1975-1981. [PMID: 36280758 PMCID: PMC10333290 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is equivocal evidence on the presence of oculomotor deficits among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which can be an additional challenge in this population, especially with reading-related tasks. This study aimed to review the deficits in the oculomotor parameters among children with ADHD compared with age-matched controls. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search of original research articles on various databases was done using key terms, such as "oculomotor deficit," "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder," or related terms. We included case-control studies and excluded studies in which children received medications during the test. Twelve original research studies were considered for this review. Ten studies reported data on various types of saccades, two studies reported data on fixation, and one study reported data on pursuit. Among various oculomotor deficits, the forest-plot analysis of an antisaccade task showed that children with ADHD made more direction errors compared to controls. Although independent studies report that ADHD children have poorer performance compared to control populations during oculomotor tasks, there is a lack of evidence to draw a strong conclusion. Children with ADHD are less precise in performing eye movements and need more time to complete the oculomotor tasks than those without ADHD. The overall results provide minimal evidence regarding the presence of various oculomotor deficits in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath S Sherigar
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwitha H Gamsa
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Krithica Srinivasan
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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44
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Kameda M, Niikawa K, Uematsu A, Tanaka M. Sensory and motor representations of internalized rhythms in the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221641120. [PMID: 37276394 PMCID: PMC10268275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221641120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the cerebellum and basal ganglia are involved in rhythm processing, but their specific roles remain unclear. During rhythm perception, these areas may be processing purely sensory information, or they may be involved in motor preparation, as periodic stimuli often induce synchronized movements. Previous studies have shown that neurons in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and the caudate nucleus exhibit periodic activity when the animals prepare to respond to the random omission of regularly repeated visual stimuli. To detect stimulus omission, the animals need to learn the stimulus tempo and predict the timing of the next stimulus. The present study demonstrates that neuronal activity in the cerebellum is modulated by the location of the repeated stimulus and that in the striatum (STR) by the direction of planned movement. However, in both brain regions, neuronal activity during movement and the effect of electrical stimulation immediately before stimulus omission were largely dependent on the direction of movement. These results suggest that, during rhythm processing, the cerebellum is involved in multiple stages from sensory prediction to motor control, while the STR consistently plays a role in motor preparation. Thus, internalized rhythms without movement are maintained as periodic neuronal activity, with the cerebellum and STR preferring sensory and motor representations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo060-8638, Japan
| | - Koichiro Niikawa
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo060-8638, Japan
| | - Akiko Uematsu
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo060-8638, Japan
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Kehoe DH, Schießer L, Malik H, Fallah M. Motion distractors perturb saccade programming later in time than static distractors. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 4:100092. [PMID: 37397809 PMCID: PMC10313862 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism that reweights oculomotor vectors based on visual features is unclear. However, the latency of oculomotor visual activations gives insight into their antecedent featural processing. We compared the oculomotor processing time course of grayscale, task-irrelevant static and motion distractors during target selection by continuously measuring a battery of human saccadic behavioral metrics as a function of time after distractor onset. The motion direction was towards or away from the target and the motion speed was fast or slow. We compared static and motion distractors and observed that both distractors elicited curved saccades and shifted endpoints at short latencies (∼25 ms). After 50 ms, saccade trajectory biasing elicited by motion distractors lagged static distractor trajectory biasing by 10 ms. There were no such latency differences between distractor motion directions or motion speeds. This pattern suggests that additional processing of motion stimuli occurred prior to the propagation of visual information into the oculomotor system. We examined the interaction of distractor processing time (DPT) with two additional factors: saccadic reaction time (SRT) and saccadic amplitude. Shorter SRTs were associated with shorter DPT latencies of biased saccade trajectories. Both SRT and saccadic amplitude were associated with the magnitude of saccade trajectory biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin H. Kehoe
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- VISTA: Vision Science to Applications, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network, Canada
| | - Lukas Schießer
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49074, Germany
| | - Hassaan Malik
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- VISTA: Vision Science to Applications, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Maith O, Baladron J, Einhäuser W, Hamker FH. Exploration behavior after reversals is predicted by STN-GPe synaptic plasticity in a basal ganglia model. iScience 2023; 26:106599. [PMID: 37250300 PMCID: PMC10214406 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans can quickly adapt their behavior to changes in the environment. Classical reversal learning tasks mainly measure how well participants can disengage from a previously successful behavior but not how alternative responses are explored. Here, we propose a novel 5-choice reversal learning task with alternating position-reward contingencies to study exploration behavior after a reversal. We compare human exploratory saccade behavior with a prediction obtained from a neuro-computational model of the basal ganglia. A new synaptic plasticity rule for learning the connectivity between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and external globus pallidus (GPe) results in exploration biases to previously rewarded positions. The model simulations and human data both show that during experimental experience exploration becomes limited to only those positions that have been rewarded in the past. Our study demonstrates how quite complex behavior may result from a simple sub-circuit within the basal ganglia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Maith
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Javier Baladron
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Fred H. Hamker
- Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Greene HH, Diwadkar VA, Brown JM. Regularities in vertical saccadic metrics: new insights, and future perspectives. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1157686. [PMID: 37251031 PMCID: PMC10213562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asymmetries in processing by the healthy brain demonstrate regularities that facilitate the modeling of brain operations. The goal of the present study was to determine asymmetries in saccadic metrics during visual exploration, devoid of confounding clutter in the visual field. Methods Twenty healthy adults searched for a small, low-contrast gaze-contingent target on a blank computer screen. The target was visible, only if eye fixation was within a 5 deg. by 5 deg. area of the target's location. Results Replicating previously-reported asymmetries, repeated measures contrast analyses indicated that up-directed saccades were executed earlier, were smaller in amplitude, and had greater probability than down-directed saccades. Given that saccade velocities are confounded by saccade amplitudes, it was also useful to investigate saccade kinematics of visual exploration, as a function of vertical saccade direction. Saccade kinematics were modeled for each participant, as a square root relationship between average saccade velocity (i.e., average velocity between launching and landing of a saccade) and corresponding saccade amplitude (Velocity = S*[Saccade Amplitude]0.5). A comparison of the vertical scaling parameter (S) for up- and down-directed saccades showed that up-directed saccades tended to be slower than down-directed ones. Discussion To motivate future research, an ecological theory of asymmetric pre-saccadic inhibition was presented to explain the collection of vertical saccadic regularities. For example, given that the theory proposes strong inhibition for the releasing of reflexive down-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target below eye fixation), and weak inhibition for the releasing of up-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target above eye fixation), a prediction for future studies is longer reaction times for vertical anti-saccade cues above eye fixation. Finally, the present study with healthy individuals demonstrates a rationale for further study of vertical saccades in psychiatric disorders, as bio-markers for brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H. Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James M. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Kroll A, Dańczura E, Podwalski P, Kucharska-Mazur J, Mak M. Using different types of visual reaction time measurements for assessing cognitive difficulties in depression. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37134195 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2202323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for objective, easy and relatively short methods to diagnose cognition in depression. We have constructed a set of simple visual tasks using three different ways of speed measuring: paper-pencil-based, computer-based, and eye-tracking based. We used a single case design with 22 participants. A clinical group counted 11 patients with major depression examined two times (first examination without medication and second after three months of medical treatment) together with a group of 11 matched healthy controls. Cognitive difficulties were observable in all the checked levels of performance. The weakest in all tasks were patients before medication, some improvement was observed after medical treatment, but not matching the level of healthy controls. Cognitive difficulties were not eliminated by medical treatment as quickly as emotional disturbances were. The observed difficulties could be interpreted in terms of psychomotor retardation, a typical symptom in depression, which proved to be mainly cognitive as the analysis of differences in reaction times and the first saccade latencies concluded. The analysis of simple visual reaction times on several stages turned out to be a promising method to measure the cognitive state in persons with mood disorders and cognitive convalescence during major depressive disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kroll
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Dańczura
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Thomas A, Yang W, Wang C, Tipparaju SL, Chen G, Sullivan B, Swiekatowski K, Tatam M, Gerfen C, Li N. Superior colliculus cell types bidirectionally modulate choice activity in frontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.22.537884. [PMID: 37162880 PMCID: PMC10168218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Action selection occurs through competition between potential choice options. Neural correlates of choice competition are observed across frontal cortex and downstream superior colliculus (SC) during decision-making, yet how these regions interact to mediate choice competition remains unresolved. Here we report that cell types within SC can bidirectionally modulate choice competition and drive choice activity in frontal cortex. In the mouse, topographically matched regions of frontal cortex and SC formed a descending motor pathway for directional licking and a re-entrant loop via the thalamus. During decision-making, distinct neuronal populations in both frontal cortex and SC encoded opposing lick directions and exhibited push-pull dynamics. SC GABAergic neurons encoded ipsilateral choice and glutamatergic neurons encoded contralateral choice, and activating or suppressing these cell types could bidirectionally drive push-pull choice activity in frontal cortex. These results thus identify SC as a major locus to modulate choice competition within the broader action selection network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Weiguo Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Catherine Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Guang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brennan Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Mahima Tatam
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Charles Gerfen
- Section on Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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50
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Sabzevar FT, Vautrelle N, Zheng Y, Smith PF. Vestibular modulation of the tail of the rat striatum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4443. [PMID: 36932124 PMCID: PMC10023713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragmented and piecemeal evidence from animal and human studies suggests that vestibular information is transmitted to the striatum, a part of the basal ganglia that degenerates in Parkinson's Disease. Nonetheless, surprisingly little is known about the precise effects of activation of the vestibular system on the striatum. Electrophysiological studies have yielded inconsistent results, with many studies reporting only sparse responses to vestibular stimulation in the dorsomedial striatum. In this study, we sought to elucidate the effects of electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system on electrophysiological responses in the tail of the rat striatum, a newly discovered region for sensory input. Rats were anaesthetised with urethane and a bipolar stimulating electrode was placed in the round window in order to activate the peripheral vestibular system. A recording electrode was positioned in the tail of the striatum. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the stimulation using a range of current parameters. In order to confirm that the vestibular system was activated, video-oculography was used to monitor vestibular nystagmus. At current amplitudes that evoked vestibular nystagmus, clear triphasic LFPs were evoked in the bilateral tail of the striatum, with the first phase of the waveform exhibiting latencies of less than 22 ms. The LFP amplitude increased with increasing current amplitude (P ≤ 0.0001). In order to exclude the possibility that the LFPs were evoked by the activation of the auditory system, the cochlea was surgically lesioned in some animals. In these animals the LFPs persisted despite the cochlear lesions, which were verified histologically. Overall, the results obtained suggest that there are vestibular projections to the tail of the striatum, which could possibly arise from projections via the vestibular nucleus or cerebellum and the parafasicular nucleus of the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Vautrelle
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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