1
|
Prasad RR, Mishra N, Kant R, Fox JT, Shoemaker RH, Agarwal C, Raina K, Agarwal R. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin and naproxen) on inflammation-associated proteomic profiles in mouse plasma and prostate during TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven prostate carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1188-1204. [PMID: 38506376 PMCID: PMC11096027 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies have shown that the intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) aspirin and naproxen could be an effective intervention strategy against TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis. Herein, as a follow-up mechanistic study, employing TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion) positive tumors and plasma from TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice, we profiled the stage specific proteomic changes (focused on inflammatory circulating and prostate tissue/tumor-specific cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors/growth signaling-associated molecules) that contribute to prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression in the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven mouse model of tumorigenesis. In addition, the association of the protective effects of NSAIDs (aspirin 1400 ppm and naproxen 400 ppm) with the modulation of these specific molecular pathways was determined. A sandwich Elisa based membrane array-proteome profiler identifying 111 distinct signaling molecules was employed. Overall, the plasma and prostate tissue sample analyses identified 54 significant and differentially expressed cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors/growth signaling-associated molecules between PCa afflicted mice (TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox, age-matched noncancerous controls, NSAIDs-supplemented and no-drug controls). Bioinformatic analysis of the array outcomes indicated that the protective effect of NSAIDs was associated with reduced expression of (a) tumor promoting inflammatory molecules (M-CSF, IL-33, CCL22, CCL12, CX3CL1, CHI3L1, and CD93), (b) growth factors- growth signaling-associated molecules (Chemerin, FGF acidic, Flt-3 ligand, IGFBP-5, and PEDF), and (c) tumor microenvironment/stromal remodeling proteins MMP2 and MMP9. Overall, our findings corroborate the pathological findings that protective effects of NSAIDs in TMPSS2-ERG fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis are associated with antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects and possible modulation of the immune cell enriched microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Raj Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jennifer T. Fox
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert H. Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ullah A, Jiao W, Shen B. The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1-CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:73. [PMID: 38745115 PMCID: PMC11094955 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive cancers are malignancies that develop in the reproductive organs. One of the leading cancers affecting the male reproductive system on a global scale is prostate cancer (PCa). The negative consequences of PCa metastases endure and are severe, significantly affecting mortality and life quality for those who are affected. The association between inflammation and PCa has captured interest for a while. Inflammatory cells, cytokines, CXC chemokines, signaling pathways, and other elements make up the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is characterized by inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines are especially crucial for PCa development and prognosis. Cytokines (interleukins) and CXC chemokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-17, TGF-β, TNF-α, CXCL1-CXCL6, and CXCL8-CXCL16 are thought to be responsible for the pleiotropic effects of PCa, which include inflammation, progression, angiogenesis, leukocyte infiltration in advanced PCa, and therapeutic resistance. The inflammatory cytokine and CXC chemokines systems are also promising candidates for PCa suppression and immunotherapy. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to provide insight on how the spectra of inflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines evolve as PCa develops and spreads. We also discussed recent developments in our awareness of the diverse molecular signaling pathways of these circulating cytokines and CXC chemokines, as well as their associated receptors, which may one day serve as PCa-targeted therapies. Moreover, the current status and potential of theranostic PCa therapies based on cytokines, CXC chemokines, and CXC receptors (CXCRs) are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Jiao
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boukhalfa Y, Stambouli N, Driss A, Daiki M, Abouda A, Razgallah R, Gharsallah H, Sellami W, Abid R, Hannachi S, Battikh R, Benmoussa M, Mazigh C, Ferjani M, Elgaaied AB, Labbene I. sCXCL16 as a prognostic biomarker for COVID-19 outcome. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28728. [PMID: 37185869 PMCID: PMC10188208 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As elevated levels of the soluble CXCL16 (sCXCL16) chemokine have been reported in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, this study examined whether sCXCL16 concentration on the first day of hospitalization predicted death in COVID-19 patients. A total of 76 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to the Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia, between October 2020 and April 2021, and later classified as survivors or nonsurvivors based on their outcomes. At admission, the groups were matched by age, gender, comorbidities, and the percentage of patients with moderate conditions. On the first day of admission, serum's sCXCL16 concentrations were measured using a magnetic-bead assay. There was an eightfold increase in serum sCXCL16 levels in the nonsurvivors' group (3661.51 ± 2464.87 pg/mL vs. 454.3 ± 338.07 pg/mL, p < 0.0001). For the optimal cutoff value of sCXCL16 at 2095 pg/mL, we found a 94.6% sensitivity and a 97.4% specificity, with an area under curve of 0.981 (p = 5.03E-08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.951-1.0114). Considering the risk of death at a concentration above the threshold, the unadjusted odds ratio was 36 (p < 0.0001). The adjusted odd ratio was estimated at 1.003 (p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 1.002-1.004). Finally, there was a significant difference between survival and nonsurvival groups in leukocyte numbers (p = 0.006), lymphocytes (p = 0.001), polymorphonuclear neutrophils (p = 0.001), and C-reactive protein levels (p = 0.007), except for monocytes (p = 0.881). Based on these results, sCXCL16 level could be used for detecting nonsurvival COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we recommend assessing this marker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Boukhalfa
- Research Laboratory LR12DN01, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nejla Stambouli
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Driss
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maissa Daiki
- Research Laboratory LR12DN01, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amal Abouda
- Research Laboratory LR12DN01, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rabie Razgallah
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Gharsallah
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Sellami
- Research Laboratory LR12DN01, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Abid
- Department of Infectious Disease, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souha Hannachi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Battikh
- Department of Infectious Disease, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Chakib Mazigh
- Department of Biochemistry, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Ferjani
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel B Elgaaied
- Department of Sciences, Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters and Art, Beit El Hikma Academy, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Iheb Labbene
- Research Laboratory LR12DN01, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnson CS, Cook LM. Osteoid cell-derived chemokines drive bone-metastatic prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1100585. [PMID: 37025604 PMCID: PMC10070788 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in improving prostate cancer (PCa) survival is in designing new therapies to effectively target bone metastases. PCa regulation of the bone environment has been well characterized; however, bone-targeted therapies have little impact on patient survival, demonstrating a need for understanding the complexities of the tumor-bone environment. Many factors contribute to creating a favorable microenvironment for prostate tumors in bone, including cell signaling proteins produced by osteoid cells. Specifically, there has been extensive evidence from both past and recent studies that emphasize the importance of chemokine signaling in promoting PCa progression in the bone environment. Chemokine-focused strategies present promising therapeutic options for treating bone metastasis. These signaling pathways are complex, with many being produced by (and exerting effects on) a plethora of different cell types, including stromal and tumor cells of the prostate tumor-bone microenvironment. This review highlights an underappreciated molecular family that should be interrogated for treatment of bone metastatic prostate cancer (BM-PCa).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Leah M. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Leah M. Cook,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang J, Lin S, Mao Y, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Chen Y, Wei Y, Feng Q, Xu J. CXCR6+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages Identify Immunosuppressive Colon Cancer Patients with Poor Prognosis but Favorable Response to Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194646. [PMID: 36230570 PMCID: PMC9562861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the infiltration and prognostic value of CXCR6+TAMs in all stages of colon cancer (CC) patients and assessed predictive ability as a biomarker for different ACT regimens among high-risk stage II and stage III patients in both primary and validation cohorts. Two independent cohorts of 360 and 126 consecutive colon cancer patients were enrolled from two medical centers of Zhongshan Hospital. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the density of CXCR6+TAMs and activated CD8+ T cells. The infiltration of CXCR6+TAMs was higher in tumor tissues and increased with advanced tumor stage. A high density of CXCR6+TAMs predicted worse overall survival (OS) in all CC patients (HR = 2.49, 95% CI = (1.68, 3.70), p < 0.001), and was an independent risk factor verified by Cox regression analysis (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = (1.09, 2.59), p = 0.019). For high-risk stage II and stage III patients with a high density of CXCR6+TAMs, better disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = (0.11, 0.89), p = 0.003), and OS (HR = 0.28, 95% CI = (0.07, 1.11), p = 0.014) were observed in the 6-month treatment group. There was a negative relationship between the density of CXCR6+TAMs and CD8+ T cells (R = −0.51, p < 0.001) as well as activated CD8+ T cells (R = −0.54, p < 0.001). Higher levels of IL-6 and lower levels of IL-2R and TNF-α were expressed in high-CXCR6+ TAM-density patients, which indicates that CXCR6+TAMs contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. CXCR6+TAMs predicted prognosis and response to different durations of ACT in CC patients. CXCR6+TAMs were associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment and suppressed the activation of CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Songbin Lin
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yihao Mao
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yuqiu Xu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yijiao Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ye Wei
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai 200000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-021-6564-2660 (Y.W. & Q.F.)
| | - Qingyang Feng
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai 200000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-021-6564-2660 (Y.W. & Q.F.)
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai 200000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han J, Fu R, Chen C, Cheng X, Guo T, Huangfu L, Li X, Du H, Xing X, Ji J. CXCL16 Promotes Gastric Cancer Tumorigenesis via ADAM10-Dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis and Activates Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2841-2852. [PMID: 34345211 PMCID: PMC8326113 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) has been demonstrated to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis, served as a prognostic factor in many cancers, with higher relative expression behaving as a marker of tumor progression. However, its role and mechanisms underlying progression and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) are yet to be elucidated. In our investigation, public datasets and human GC tissue samples were used to determine the CXCL16 expression levels. Our results revealed that CXCL16 was upregulated in GC. The high expression CXCL16 in GC was significantly associated with histologic poor differentiation and pTNM staging. And high CXCL16 was positively correlated with the poor survival of GC patients. Gain-and loss-of-function experiments were employed to investigate the biological role of CXCL16 in proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), Akt and MAPK signal pathway related genes were significantly enriched in the high CXCL16 group, which was confirmed by western blot. Moreover, overexpression CXCL16 promoted the disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM10) and the CXC motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) expression, which mediated the CXCL16/CXCR6 positive feedback loop in GC, with activating Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Knocking down ADAM10 would interrupted the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the carcinogenesis and progression of GC. In conclusion, our findings offered insights into that CXCL16 promoted GC tumorigenesis by enhancing ADAM10-dependent CXCL16/CXCR6 axis activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Runjia Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Huangfu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute For Cancer Research, Fu-Cheng Road, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Today, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Lately, cytokine and chemokine imbalances have gained attention amongst different involved pathways in cancer development and attracted much consideration in cancer research. CXCL16, as a member of the CXC subgroup of chemokines, has been attributed to be responsible for immune cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. The aberrant expression of CXCL16 has been observed in various cancers. This chemokine has been shown to play a conflicting role in tumour development through inducing pro-inflammatory conditions. The infiltration of various immune and non-immune cells such as lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts and myeloid-derived suppressor cells by CXCL16 into the tumour microenvironment has complicated the tumour fate. Given this diverse role of CXCL16 in cancer, a better understanding of its function might build-up our knowledge about tumour biology. Hence, this study aimed to review the impact of CXCL16 in cancer and explored its therapeutic application. Consideration of these findings might provide opportunities to achieve novel approaches in cancer treatment and its prognosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Role of CXCL16 in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073490. [PMID: 33800554 PMCID: PMC8036711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL16 is a chemotactic cytokine belonging to the α-chemokine subfamily. It plays a significant role in the progression of cancer, as well as the course of atherosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since there has been no review paper discussing the importance of this chemokine in various diseases, we have collected all available knowledge about CXCL16 in this review. In the first part of the paper, we discuss background information about CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6. Next, we focus on the importance of CXCL16 in a variety of diseases, with an emphasis on cancer. We discuss the role of CXCL16 in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Next, we describe the role of CXCL16 in the tumor microenvironment, including involvement in angiogenesis, and its significance in tumor-associated cells (cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), microglia, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), myeloid suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg)). Finally, we focus on the antitumor properties of CXCL16, which are mainly caused by natural killer T (NKT) cells. At the end of the article, we summarize the importance of CXCL16 in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abu El-Asrar AM, Nawaz MI, Ahmad A, De Zutter A, Siddiquei MM, Blanter M, Allegaert E, Gikandi PW, De Hertogh G, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G, Struyf S. Evaluation of Proteoforms of the Transmembrane Chemokines CXCL16 and CX3CL1, Their Receptors, and Their Processing Metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:601639. [PMID: 33552057 PMCID: PMC7854927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane chemokine pathways CXCL16/CXCR6 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 are strongly implicated in inflammation and angiogenesis. We investigated the involvement of these chemokine pathways and their processing metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathophysiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Vitreous samples from 32 PDR and 24 non-diabetic patients, epiretinal membranes from 18 patients with PDR, rat retinas, human retinal Müller glial cells and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In vitro angiogenesis assays were performed and the adherence of leukocytes to CXCL16-stimulated HRMECs was assessed. CXCL16, CX3CL1, ADAM10, ADAM17 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were significantly increased in vitreous samples from PDR patients. The levels of CXCL16 were 417-fold higher than those of CX3CL1 in PDR vitreous samples. Significant positive correlations were found between the levels of VEGF and the levels of CXCL16, CX3CL1, ADAM10 and ADAM17. Significant positive correlations were detected between the numbers of blood vessels expressing CD31, reflecting the angiogenic activity of PDR epiretinal membranes, and the numbers of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing CXCL16, CXCR6, ADAM10 and ADAM17. CXCL16 induced upregulation of phospho-ERK1/2, p65 subunit of NF-κB and VEGF in cultured Müller cells and tumor necrosis factor-α induced upregulation of soluble CXCL16 and ADAM17 in Müller cells. Treatment of HRMECs with CXCL16 resulted in increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and increased leukocyte adhesion to HRMECs. CXCL16 induced HRMEC proliferation, formation of sprouts from HRMEC spheroids and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Intravitreal administration of CXCL16 in normal rats induced significant upregulation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, VEGF and ICAM-1 in the retina. Our findings suggest that the chemokine axis CXCL16/CXCR6 and the processing metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 might serve a role in the initiation and progression of PDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marfa Blanter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eef Allegaert
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Priscilla W Gikandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cytokines and Chemokines as Mediators of Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124449. [PMID: 32585812 PMCID: PMC7352203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of prostate cancer metastasis remain severe, with huge impact on the mortality and overall quality of life of affected patients. Despite the convoluted interplay and cross talk between various cell types and secreted factors in the metastatic process, cytokine and chemokines, along with their receptors and signaling axis, constitute important factors that help drive the sequence of events that lead to metastasis of prostate cancer. These proteins are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, premetastatic niche creation, extravasation, re-establishment of tumor cells in secondary organs as well as the remodeling of the metastatic tumor microenvironment. This review presents an overview of the main cytokines/chemokines, including IL-6, CXCL12, TGFβ, CXCL8, VEGF, RANKL, CCL2, CX3CL1, IL-1, IL-7, CXCL1, and CXCL16, that exert modulatory roles in prostate cancer metastasis. We also provide extensive description of their aberrant expression patterns in both advanced disease states and metastatic sites, as well as their functional involvement in the various stages of the prostate cancer metastatic process.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bitsi S. The chemokine CXCL16 can rescue the defects in insulin signaling and sensitivity caused by palmitate in C2C12 myotubes. Cytokine 2020; 133:155154. [PMID: 32535333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, macrophages infiltrate peripheral tissues and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that impact local insulin sensitivity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the saturated fatty acid (FA) palmitate polarise macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in vitro and indirectly cause insulin resistance (IR) in myotubes. In contrast, unsaturated FAs confer an anti-inflammatory phenotype and counteract the actions of palmitate. To explore paracrine mechanisms of interest, J774 macrophages were exposed to palmitate ± palmitoleate or control medium and the conditioned media generated were screened using a cytokine array. Of the 62 cytokines examined, 8 were significantly differentially expressed following FA treatments. Notably, CXCL16 secretion was downregulated by palmitate. In follow-up experiments using ELISAs, this downregulation was confirmed and reversed by simultaneous addition of palmitoleate or oleate, while LPS also diminished CXCL16 secretion. To dissect potential effects of CXCL16, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate to induce IR, recombinant soluble CXCL16 (sCXCL16), combined treatment, or control medium. Palmitate caused the expected reduction of insulin-stimulated Akt activation and glycogen synthesis, whereas simultaneous treatment with sCXCL16 attenuated these effects. These data indicate a putative role for CXCL16 in preservation of Akt activation and insulin signaling in the context of chronic low-grade inflammation in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Bitsi
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Najberg M, Haji Mansor M, Boury F, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Garcion E. Reversing the Tumor Target: Establishment of a Tumor Trap. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:887. [PMID: 31456685 PMCID: PMC6699082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the tremendous progress made in the field of cancer therapy in recent years, certain solid tumors still cannot be successfully treated. Alongside classical treatments in the form of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, targeted treatments such as immunotherapy that cause fewer side effects emerge as new options in the clinics. However, these alternative treatments may not be useful for treating all types of cancers, especially for killing infiltrative and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Recent advances pursue the trapping of these cancer cells within a confined area to facilitate their removal for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. A good understanding of the mechanisms behind tumor cell migration may drive the design of traps that mimic natural tumor niches and guide the movement of the cancer cells. To bring this trapping idea into reality, strong efforts are being made to create structured materials that imitate myelinated fibers, blood vessels, or pre-metastatic niches and incorporate chemical cues such as chemoattractants or adhesive proteins. In this review, the different strategies used (or could be used) to trap tumor cells are described, and relevant examples of their performance are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathie Najberg
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R + D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Muhammad Haji Mansor
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Boury
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R + D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Garcion
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo H, Wang F, Diao Y, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Qian CN, Keller ET, Zhang J, Lu Y. Knockdown of Notch1 inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth and metastasis via downregulation of CCL2, CXCL16, and uPA. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1886-1896. [PMID: 31270884 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system that plays very important roles in controlling multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life. Multiple lines of evidence support the oncogenic role of Notch signaling in several human solid cancers; however, the pleiotropic effects and molecular mechanisms of Notch signaling inhibition on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated Notch1 expression in NPC cell lines (CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1, HONE1, and HK1) by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, and we found that CNE1 and CNE2 cells expressed a higher level of Notch1 compared with HONE1, SUNE1, and HK1 cells. Then Notch1 expression was specifically knocked down in CNE1 and CNE2 cells by Notch1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). In Notch1 knockdown cells, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly inhibited. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells was reversed in Notch1-shRNA-transfected cells, accompanied by epithelioid-like morphology changes, increased protein levels of E-cadherin, and decreased expression of vimentin. In addition, knockdown of Notch1 markedly inhibited the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR, and chemokines C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16, indicating that these factors are downstream targets of Notch1. Furthermore, deleting uPA expression had similar effects as Notch1. Finally, knockdown of Notch1 significantly diminished CNE1 cell growth in a murine model concomitant with inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that Notch1 may become a novel therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajiao Guo
- Department of Oncology, Beihai People's Hospital, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shah S, Pocard M, Mirshahi M. Targeting the differentiation of gastric cancer cells (KATO‑III) downregulates epithelial‑mesenchymal and cancer stem cell markers. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:670-678. [PMID: 31233198 PMCID: PMC6609315 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the acquisition of the differentiated phenotype in the human gastric signet ring cell adenoma cancer KATO-III cell line in vitro. The morphology of KATO-III cells was explored by microcinematography. Different cytokines secreted by both adherent and non-adherent KATO-III cells into medium were observed. The cancer stem cell phenotypes were identified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction using primers (E-Cad, Slug, Snail, vimentin, NANOG, NESTIN, OCT3/4 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) or antibodies [cluster of differentiation (CD)90 and CD117] by flow cytometry (FACS). The influence of the induction media for the differentiation of mesenchymal cells was studied through viability and proliferation assays, by evaluating gene expression and the expression of markers via FACS. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were evaluated following the treatment of KATO-III with acetyl salicylic acid and using the induction media as an inhibitor of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and heparanase. A total of 3 phenotypes of KATO-III were observed (adherent, non-adherent and cell cluster), which have internal potential for cell transition into one of the other phenotypes. KATO-III was differentiated into adipocyte-, chondrocyte-, osteocyte- and neurocyte-like cells by the induction media. Identification of the induced cells was conducted using cell dyes. Reduced mRNA expression of EMT-associated molecules, stem cell markers and heparanase was observed with acetyl salicylic acid and induction media. An inhibitory effect of acetyl salicylic acid and the induction media was also noted in regard to cell proliferation. In addition, acetyl salicylic acid induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in KATO-III cells. In conclusion, the induction of the differentiation of cancer stem cells into non-proliferating cells offers the possibility for novel drug design to overcome the issues associated with metastasis, drug resistance and systemic toxicity with improved therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Shah
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- University of Sorbonne Paris Cité‑Paris 7, Lariboisière Hospital, INSERM U965, 75010 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Regulators of Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1144:147-166. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Mohsenzadegan M, Saebi F, Yazdani M, Abolhasani M, Saemi N, Jahanbani F, Farajollahi MM. Autoantibody against new gene expressed in prostate protein is traceable in prostate cancer patients. Biomark Med 2018; 12:1125-1138. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We assessed an autoantibody against new gene expressed in prostate (NGEP) protein for prostate cancer (PCa) that may better diagnosis and prognosis approaches in the patients with PCa. Methods: Autoantibodies against NGEP were measured in sera of PCa patients by ELISA. Results: The autoantibody against NGEP is present in a significantly higher proportion in the sera of PCa patients as compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). An inverse significant correlation was found between seropositive patients and Gleason score (p < 0.05) and serum prostate-specific antigen (recombinant NGEP; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The data showed that measurement of autoantibody against NGEP as a novel prostate-specific antigen in sera can be used as a potential biomarker to discriminate well-differentiated PCa patients from normal subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saebi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yazdani
- Hasheminejad Kidney Center Laboratory, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Hasheminejad Kidney Center Laboratory, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Saemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetic, Standford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Staal J, Beyaert R. Inflammation and NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cells 2018; 7:E122. [PMID: 30158439 PMCID: PMC6162478 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent form of cancer that is usually slow-developing and benign. Due to its high prevalence, it is, however, still the second most common cause of death by cancer in men in the West. The higher prevalence of prostate cancer in the West might be due to elevated inflammation from metabolic syndrome or associated comorbidities. NF-κB activation and many other signals associated with inflammation are known to contribute to prostate cancer malignancy. Inflammatory signals have also been associated with the development of castration resistance and resistance against other androgen depletion strategies, which is a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the role of inflammation and its link with androgen signaling in prostate cancer. We further describe the role of NF-κB in prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation, major NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer, and the crosstalk between NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling. Several NF-κB-induced risk factors in prostate cancer and their potential for therapeutic targeting in the clinic are described. A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that control the development of prostate cancer and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy will eventually lead to novel treatment options for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shantha Kumara HMC, Pettke E, Shah A, Yan X, Cekic V, Downing MA, Gandhi ND, Whelan RL. Plasma levels of the proangiogenic protein CXCL16 remains elevated for 1 month after minimally invasive colorectal cancer resection. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:132. [PMID: 29981574 PMCID: PMC6035800 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-induced endothelial precursor cell recruitment and angiogenesis are thought to be associated with CXCL16-CXCR6 pair activity. This study's main purpose was to determine plasma CXCL16 levels after minimally invasive colorectal resection (MICR) for colorectal cancer (CRC); an adjunct study assessed wound fluid (WF) and plasma CXCL16 levels in a separate group of CRC patients. METHODS CRC patients who had MICR and for whom plasma was available in a tissue bank were eligible. Plasma samples were collected preoperatively from all patients. Samples were also collected on postoperative days (POD) 1 and 3 and at various late postoperative time points (POD 7-34). In a separate study, blood and intra-abdominal wound fluid (WF) samples were collected from CRC MICR patients (pts). Samples were stored at - 80 °C. CXCL16 levels were determined via ELISA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann and Whitney tests were used for analysis. RESULTS Main study: 86 CRC pts. were included. The mean preoperative plasma CXCL16 level was 2.36 ± 0.57 ng/ml. Elevated mean plasma levels (p < 0.0001 × first 4 time points) were noted on POD 1 (2.82 ± 0.81, n = 86), POD 3 (3.12 ± 0.77, n = 82), POD 7-13 (3.28 ± 0.88, n = 64), POD 14-20 (3.03 ± 0.62, n = 24), POD 21-27 (3.06 ± 0.67, n = 20, p = 0.0003), and POD 28-34 (3.17 ± 0.43, n = 11, p = 0.001) vs. preop levels. WF study: In the adjunct study, plasma and WF CXCL16 levels were determined for 23 CRC MICR pts. WF levels at all time points were significantly elevated over plasma levels. CONCLUSION Plasma CXCL16 levels were elevated for 4 weeks after minimally invasive colorectal resection for cancer. Also, WF CXCL16 levels were 3-10 times greater than the corresponding plasma concentrations. The source of the late plasma elevations may be the healing wound. Increased plasma CXCL16 levels may promote tumor angiogenesis in the first month after MICR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. C. Shantha Kumara
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Erica Pettke
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Abhinit Shah
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Vesna Cekic
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Melissa Alvarez Downing
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Nipa Dilip Gandhi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Richard L. Whelan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai West Hospital, Suite 7B, 425 West, 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng Y, Ma J, Lin J. Activation of the CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis by TNF-α Contributes to Ectopic Endometrial Stromal Cells Migration and Invasion. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:420-427. [PMID: 29779473 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118776797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation of systemic and local inflammatory mechanisms, including elevated levels of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in endometriosis progression, is becoming more evident in the recent years. Here, we report the involvement of CXC chemokine 16 (CXCL16) and its sole receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6), in pathophysiology of endometriosis. Expression of CXCL16, but not CXCR6, was significantly upregulated in endometriotic lesions when compared to control endometrium. Additionally, serum CXCL16 was significantly elevated in women with endometriosis when compared to control group. Moreover, blockade of the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis by CXCR6 small-interfering RNA reduced the migration and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESCs) followed by decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, TNF-α treatment induced the expression of CXCL16 in EESCs. In conclusion, these results suggest that CXCL16/CXCR6 axis, whose expression was enhanced by TNF-α, may be associated with the increased motility of EESCs, through regulation of ERK1/2 signaling, thus contributing to the development of endometriosis. These findings indicate that the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis may contribute to the progression of endometriosis and could be served as a potential target for diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Peng
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Ma
- 2 Key Laboratory of women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lin
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graham N, Qian BZ. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Emerging Roles in Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1121. [PMID: 29642534 PMCID: PMC5979535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the most advanced stage of many cancers and indicates a poor prognosis for patients due to resistance to anti-tumor therapies. The establishment of metastasis within the bone is a multistep process. To ensure survival within the bone marrow, tumor cells must initially colonize a niche in which they can enter dormancy. Subsequently, reactivation permits the proliferation and growth of the tumor cells, giving rise to a macro-metastasis displayed clinically as a bone metastatic lesion. Here, we review the evidences that suggest mesenchymal stromal cells play an important role in each of these steps throughout the development of bone metastasis. Similarities between the molecular mechanisms implicated in these processes and those involved in the homeostasis of the bone indicate that the metastatic cells may exploit the homeostatic processes to their own advantage. Identifying the molecular interactions between the mesenchymal stromal cells and tumor cells that promote tumor development may offer insight into potential therapeutic targets that could be utilized to treat bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Graham
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park SH, Keller ET, Shiozawa Y. Bone Marrow Microenvironment as a Regulator and Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:152-162. [PMID: 29094177 PMCID: PMC5807175 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most common site of prostate cancer metastasis. Once prostate cancer cells metastasize to bone, the mortality rate of prostate cancer patients increases significantly. Furthermore, bone metastases produce multiple skeletal complications, including bone pain that impairs the patients' quality of life. Effective therapies for bone metastatic disease are underdeveloped with most current therapies being primarily palliative with modest survival benefit. Although the exact mechanisms through which prostate cancer metastasizes to bone are unclear, growing evidence suggests that the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly its hematopoietic activity, is a significant mediator of prostate cancer bone tropism. Moreover, the bone microenvironment may regulate metastatic prostate cancer cells between dormant and proliferative states. In this review, we discuss (1) how prostate cancer cells interact with the bone microenvironment to establish bone metastases and (2) current and future potential treatments for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun H Park
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chang Y, Zhou L, Xu L, Fu Q, Yang Y, Lin Z, Xu J. High expression of CXC chemokine receptor 6 associates with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:675.e17-675.e24. [PMID: 28918166 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating evidence indicates that CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) has a crucial role in cancer development and progression, however, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains obscure. The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of CXCR6 expression in patients with ccRCC following surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study retrospectively included 239 patients with ccRCC who underwent nephrectomy and had paraffin tissue available at a single center. CXCR6 expression in tumor tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and its associations with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were investigated. RESULTS A total of 47.3% tumors were considered as high expression of CXCR6, which was significantly associated with the male sex (P = 0.003) and high Fuhrman grade (P<0.001). A high expression of CXCR6 indicated a reduced OS (P<0.001) and RFS (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CXCR6 expression was an independent prognostic factor of OS (hazard ratio = 2.604; 95% CI: 1.338-5.068; P = 0.005) and RFS (hazard ratio = 1.957; 95% CI: 1.065-3.595; P = 0.031). Subgroup analysis found that CXCR6 expression could differentiate survival risks among patients with high-risk disease. Moreover, a nomogram integrating CXCR6 expression and traditional clinical and pathologic features was established and predicted postsurgical recurrence-risk well at 3- and 5-year. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CXCR6 in tumor tissue may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker to refine clinical prognosis prediction combined with traditional clinical and pathological analysis for patients with ccRCC after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongming Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chung B, Esmaeili AA, Gopalakrishna-Pillai S, Murad JP, Andersen ES, Kumar Reddy N, Srinivasan G, Armstrong B, Chu C, Kim Y, Tong T, Waisman J, Yim JH, Badie B, Lee PP. Human brain metastatic stroma attracts breast cancer cells via chemokines CXCL16 and CXCL12. NPJ Breast Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28649646 PMCID: PMC5460196 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-017-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of heterogeneous populations of cells, including cancer, immune, and stromal cells. Progression of tumor growth and initiation of metastasis is critically dependent on the reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and stroma. Through RNA-Seq and protein analyses, we found that cancer-associated fibroblasts derived from human breast cancer brain metastasis express significantly higher levels of chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL16 than fibroblasts from primary breast tumors or normal breast. To further understand the interplay between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts from each site, we developed three-dimensional organoids composed of patient-derived primary or brain metastasis cancer cells with matching cancer-associated fibroblasts. Three-dimensional CAF aggregates generated from brain metastasis promote migration of cancer cells more effectively than cancer-associated fibroblast aggregates derived from primary tumor or normal breast stromal cells. Treatment with a CXCR4 antagonist and/or CXCL16 neutralizing antibody, alone or in combination, significantly inhibited migration of cancer cells to brain metastatic cancer-associated fibroblast aggregates. These results demonstrate that human brain metastasis cancer-associated fibroblasts potently attract breast cancer cells via chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL16, and blocking CXCR6-CXCL16/CXCR4-CXCL12 receptor–ligand interactions may be an effective therapy for preventing breast cancer brain metastasis. Breast cancer metastases to the brain secrete signaling molecules that promote additional cancer cells to migrate there. Peter P. Lee and colleagues from the City of Hope in Duarte, California, USA, analyzed protein and gene expression levels in brain metastases, and showed that it is the stromal cells (support cells such as fibroblasts), rather than the cancer cells themselves, that are the source of these homing signals. When compared against stromal cells derived from primary breast tumors or healthy breast tissue, they found that the stromal cells that had lodged themselves in the brain expressed the highest levels of CXCL12 and CXCL16, two chemokines involved in cell movement. Using three-dimensional aggregates, the researchers showed that these metastatic stromal cells promoted cancer cells migration more potently than stromal cells from primary tumors or normal breast tissues. Blocking the chemokine activity or that of its receptor impaired cancer cell movement, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing brain metastasis in patients with breast cancer. These results highlight the importance of the tumor microenvironment and stromal cells in the metastasis process of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brile Chung
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Ali A Esmaeili
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | | | - John P Murad
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Caleb Chu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Tommy Tong
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - James Waisman
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - John H Yim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
CXCR6-CXCL16 axis promotes prostate cancer by mediating cytoskeleton rearrangement via Ezrin activation and αvβ3 integrin clustering. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7343-53. [PMID: 26799186 PMCID: PMC4872790 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal rearrangement is required for migration and invasion, which are the key steps of cancer metastasis. Ezrin and integrin co-ordinate these processes by regulating cellular adhesion and cytoskeletal polymerization-depolymerization. It is also well established that chemokine-chemokine receptor axis plays a crucial role in regulating cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, we show involvement of CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) and its only natural ligand CXCL16 in pathobiology of prostate cancer (PCa). CXCR6 is highly expressed in PCa tissues and cell lines (LNCaP and PC3), relative to normal tissue and cells. CXCR6 expression in PCa tissues correlated with higher Gleason score. Similarly, aggressive PCa cells (PC3) show high CXCR6 compared to less aggressive LNCaP. Besides, PC3 cells show higher MMPs expression compared to LNCaP cells following CXCL16 stimulation. Intriguingly, CXCR6-CXCL16 interaction in PCa cells promotes Ezrin activation, αvβ3 integrin clustering and capping at the leading edge in FAK/PI3K/PKC dependent manner, thereby modifying cellular adhesion as well as motility. Together these results demonstrate that CXCL16 stimulation changes cytoskeletal dynamics resulting in enhanced migration, invasion and adhesion to endothelial cells, ultimately enabling PCa cells to achieve their metastatic goal.
Collapse
|
25
|
Irradiation of breast cancer cells enhances CXCL16 ligand expression and induces the migration of natural killer cells expressing the CXCR6 receptor. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1532-1542. [PMID: 27720639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Few studies have examined the migration pattern of natural killer (NK) cells, especially after radiation treatment for cancer. We investigated whether irradiation can modulate the expression of chemokines in cancer cells and the migration of NK cells to irradiated tumor cells. METHODS The expression of chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR6) on interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15-activated NK cells was assessed using flow cytometry. Related chemokine ligands (CXCL11, CXCL12 and CXCL16) in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB231) irradiated at various doses were assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cell-free culture supernatant was collected 96 h after irradiation of breast cancer cell lines for migration and blocking assays. RESULTS The activated NK cells expressed CXCR6. Expression of the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16 increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in all analyzed cancer cell lines. CXCL16 expression was statistically significantly enhanced in all breast cancer cell lines on day 3 after 20 Gy irradiation. Activated NK cells migration correlated with CXCL16 concentration (R2 = 0.91; P <0.0001). Significantly enhanced migration of NK cells to irradiated cancer cells was observed for a dose of 20 Gy in MCF7 (P = 0.043) and SKBR3 (P = 0.043) cells, but not in MDA-MB231 (P = 0.225) cells. A blocking assay using a CXCR6 antibody showed a significant decrease in the migration of activated NK cells in all cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that irradiation induces CXCL16 chemokine expression in cancer cells and enhances the migration of activated NK cells expressing CXCR6 to irradiated breast cancer cells. These results suggest that radiation would improve the anti-tumor effect of NK cells through enhanced migration of NK cells to tumor site for the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
|
26
|
Neutrophils and Granulocytic MDSC: The Janus God of Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030031. [PMID: 27618112 PMCID: PMC5041025 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating blood cell type in humans, and are the first white blood cells recruited at the inflammation site where they orchestrate the initial immune response. Although their presence at the tumor site was recognized in the 1970s, until recently these cells have been neglected and considered to play just a neutral role in tumor progression. Indeed, in recent years neutrophils have been recognized to play a dual role in tumor development by either assisting the growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis or by exerting tumoricidal action directly via the secretion of antitumoral compounds, or indirectly via the orchestration of antitumor immunity. Understanding the biology of these cells and influencing their polarization in the tumor micro- and macro-environment may be the key for the development of new therapeutic strategies, which may finally hold the promise of an effective immunotherapy for cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Xing YN, Zhang JY, Xu HM. The roles of serum CXCL16 in circulating Tregs and gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3939-49. [PMID: 27418838 PMCID: PMC4935088 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common sarcomas of the digestive system. Abnormal expression of CXCL16 and its sole receptor, CXCR6, has been demonstrated in many cancers. However, no studies have shown the relationship between CXCL16 or CXCR6 expression and GIST. In this study, we detected CXCL16 and CXCR6 expression in GIST patient samples by using immunohistochemistry analysis and Western blot analysis. Serum CXCL16 level was determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Circulating Tregs were isolated by using flow cytometry. MTT assay, cell cycle assay, and transwell assay were used to test the effects of recombinant CXCL16 on Tregs and GIST cells in vitro. The levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6 protein were higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Serum CXCL16 level and circulating Tregs were higher in GIST patients than that in the healthy volunteers. CXCL16, CXCR6, serum CXCL16, and circulating Tregs were significantly associated with a decreased survival time of patients. Relative to control cells, high concentration recombinant CXCL16 treated Tregs and GIST cells exhibited lower proliferation and mobility rates as assessed by MTT assay and transwell assay, respectively. Taken together, CXCL16 was observed to mediate the inhibitory effects in Tregs and GIST cells, and these involved suppression of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Xing
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiao G, Wang X, Wang J, Zu L, Cheng G, Hao M, Sun X, Xue Y, Lu J, Wang J. CXCL16/CXCR6 chemokine signaling mediates breast cancer progression by pERK1/2-dependent mechanisms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14165-78. [PMID: 25909173 PMCID: PMC4546458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrate that CXCL6/CXCR6 chemokine axis induces prostate cancer progression by the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway; however, its role and mechanisms underlying invasiveness and metastasis of breast cancer are yet to be elucidated. In this investigation, CXCR6 protein expression was examined using high-density tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. Expression of CXCR6 shows a higher epithelial staining in breast cancer nest site and metastatic lymph node than the normal breast tissue, suggesting that CXCR6 may be involved in breast cancer (BC) development. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that overexpression of CXCR6 in BC cells has a marked effect on increasing cell migration, invasion and metastasis. In contrast, reduction of CXCR6 expression by shRNAs in these cells greatly reduce its invasion and metastasis ability. Mechanistic analyses show that CXCL16/CXCR6 chemokine axis is capable of modulating activation of RhoA through activating ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which then inhibits the activity of cofilin, thereby enhancing the stability of F-actin, responsible for invasiveness and metastasis of BC. Taken together, our data shows for the first time that the CXCR6 / ERK1/2/ RhoA / cofilin /F-actin pathway plays a central role in the development of BC. Targeting the signaling pathway may prove beneficial to prevent metastasis and provide a more effective therapeutic strategy for BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidong Zu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangcun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjing Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cho SW, Kim YA, Sun HJ, Kim YA, Oh BC, Yi KH, Park DJ, Park YJ. CXCL16 signaling mediated macrophage effects on tumor invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:113-24. [PMID: 26559672 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in tumor microenvironment have pivotal roles in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. We investigated the interacting mechanism of macrophage actions in human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Co-cultures of macrophage/PTC significantly increased the cancer cell migration potentials, compared with the PTC culture alone. Treatment of conditioned medium (CM) of macrophage/PTC co-cultures enhanced cell invasions in 3D invasion assay. Cytokine array analysis demonstrated that CM of macrophage/PTC co-cultures contained a high level of CXCL16, while it was not found in CM of PTC culture alone. Treatment with CXCL16 enhanced the cell migration potentials in PTC cells, and blocking CXCL16 signaling using anti-CXCL16 antibody or metalloproteinase inhibitor (TAPI2) attenuated macrophage-mediated enhancement of PTC cell migration potentials. In PTC cells, CXCL16 treatment or co-cultures with macrophages increased Akt phosphorylation, and these macrophage-dependent increases of Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by anti-CXCL16 antibody. Moreover, Akt inhibitor attenuated macrophage-mediated increases of PTC cell migration potential. In macrophages, treatment of macrophage/PTC co-cultured CMs up-regulated CD163, Il10, and CD206, which were attenuated by anti-CXCL16 antibody treatment. Finally, CXCR6 and CXCL16 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with a thyroid tissue microarray including 136 PTC. CXCR6 expressions showed positive correlation with the density of CD163(+) macrophages and associated with lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, CXCL16 signaling partly mediated macrophage actions on PTC tumor cell invasion and also changed the macrophage phenotypes into M2-macrophages in PTC tumor microenvironment. These data suggested that CXCL16 signaling, a bidirectional player in macrophage-associated tumor microenvironment, might be a potential therapeutic target of human PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Sun
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ye An Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Richardsen E, Ness N, Melbø-Jørgensen C, Johannesen C, Grindstad T, Nordbakken C, Al-Saad S, Andersen S, Dønnem T, Nordby Y, Bremnes RM, Busund LT. The Prognostic Significance of CXCL16 and Its Receptor C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 6 in Prostate Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2722-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Abstract
Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of evolutionally conserved protein molecules that are structurally and functionally diverse. Although scavenger receptors were originally identified based on their capacity to scavenge modified lipoproteins, these molecules have been shown to recognize and bind to a broad spectrum of ligands, including modified and unmodified host-derived molecules or microbial components. As a major subset of innate pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors are mainly expressed on myeloid cells and function in a wide range of biological processes, such as endocytosis, adhesion, lipid transport, antigen presentation, and pathogen clearance. In addition to playing a crucial role in maintenance of host homeostasis, scavenger receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, or metabolic disorders. Emerging evidence has begun to reveal these receptor molecules as important regulators of tumor behavior and host immune responses to cancer. This review summarizes our current understanding on the newly identified, distinct functions of scavenger receptors in cancer biology and immunology. The potential of scavenger receptors as diagnostic biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic interventions to treat malignancies is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu Y, Zou C, Zhang Z, Qian CN, Yang X, Shi J, Xia Y, Zhang J, Lu Y. MEK inhibitor diminishes nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell growth and NPC-induced osteoclastogenesis via modulating CCL2 and CXCL16 expressions. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8811-8. [PMID: 26058873 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignancy in southern China and Southeast Asia. NPC frequently metastasizes to the bone in advanced patients resulting in high mortality. The molecular mechanisms for NPC development and cancer-induced bone lesions are unclear. In this study, we firstly determined chemokine receptor CCR2 and CXCR6 expressions in clinical specimens and CNE2, SUNE1, CNE1, and HK1 cell lines. Then, we measured chemokine CCL2 and CXCL16 production in these NPC cell lines by ELISA. Expression levels of these chemokines and their receptors were observed to positively correlate with tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, U0126 (MEK inhibitor) was used to treat these NPC cell lines. CCL2 and CXCL16 expression levels and cell proliferation were significantly inhibited by U0126 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Finally, we collected conditioned medium (CM) from NPC cell cultures in the presence of U0126 treatment. When mouse bone marrow non-adherent cells were treated with the CM, the numbers of multinucleated osteoclast formation were dramatically diminished. These results indicate that MEK inhibitor diminishes NPC cell proliferation and NPC-induced osteoclastogenesis via modulating CCL2 and CXCL16 expressions. This study provides novel therapeutic targets such as CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL16/CXCR6 for advanced NPC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Junlin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yudui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China. .,Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, 1416 Pharmacology & Biomedical Sciences Building, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu JM, Weng MZ, Song FB, Chen JY, Zhang JY, Wu JY, Qin J, Jin T, Wang XL. Blockade of the CXCR6 signaling inhibits growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of the VEGF expression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 27:553-61. [PMID: 25572735 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have been shown to play a critical role in tumor development and progression. However, little is known about the function and molecular mechanisms of CXCR6 in multiple malignancies. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of CXCR6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of CXCR6 was examined by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure. A loss-of-function experiment was performed to explore the effects of lentivirus-mediated CXCR6 shRNA (shCXCR6) on cell proliferation and invasive potential by MTT and Transwell assays in HCC cell line (SMMC-7721). It was found that the expression of CXCR6 protein was significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) (63.04% vs 36.96%, P=0.019), and correlated with the lymph-vascular space invasion in HCC patients (P=0.038). Knockdown of CXCR6 repressed cell proliferation and invasion of HCC cells followed by the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Taken together, our findings show that high expression of CXCR6 is positively associated with distant invasion of HCC patients, and blockade of CXCR6 signaling suppresses the growth and invasion of HCC cells through inhibition of the VEGF expression, suggesting that CXCR6 may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Z Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - F B Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X L Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Frieling JS, Basanta D, Lynch CC. Current and emerging therapies for bone metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Control 2015; 22:109-20. [PMID: 25504285 PMCID: PMC4673894 DOI: 10.1177/107327481502200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A paucity of therapeutic options is available to treat men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, recent developments in our understanding of the disease have resulted in several new therapies that show promise in improving overall survival rates in this patient population. METHODS Agents approved for use in the United States and those undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of mCRPC are reviewed. Recent contributions to the understanding of prostate biology and bone metastasis are discussed as well as how the underlying mechanisms may represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. New challenges to delivering effective mCRPC treatment will also be examined. RESULTS New and emerging treatments that target androgen synthesis and utilization or the microenvironment may improve overall survival rates for men diagnosed with mCRPC. Determining how factors derived from the primary tumor can promote the development of premetastatic niches and how prostate cancer cells parasitize niches in the bone microenvironment, thus remaining dormant and protected from systemic therapy, could yield new therapies to treat mCRPC. Challenges such as intratumoral heterogeneity and patient selection can potentially be circumvented via computational biology approaches. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of novel treatments for mCRPC, combined with improved patient stratification and optimized therapy sequencing, suggests that significant gains may be made in terms of overall survival rates for men diagnosed with this form of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Frieling
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kee JY, Ito A, Hojo S, Hashimoto I, Igarashi Y, Tsuneyama K, Tsukada K, Irimura T, Shibahara N, Takasaki I, Inujima A, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Koizumi K. CXCL16 suppresses liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by promoting TNF-α-induced apoptosis by tumor-associated macrophages. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:949. [PMID: 25495942 PMCID: PMC4300614 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of metastasis through upregulation of immune surveillance is a major purpose of chemokine gene therapy. In this study, we focused on a membrane-bound chemokine CXCL16, which has shown a correlation with a good prognosis for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods We generated a CXCL16-expressing metastatic CRC cell line and identified changes in TNF and apoptosis-related factors. To investigate the effect of CXCL16 on colorectal liver metastasis, we injected SL4-Cont and SL4-CXCL16 cells into intraportal vein in C57BL/6 mice and evaluated the metastasis. Moreover, we analyzed metastatic liver tissues using flow cytometry whether CXCL16 expression regulates the infiltration of M1 macrophages. Results CXCL16 expression enhanced TNF-α-induced apoptosis through activation of PARP and the caspase-3-mediated apoptotic pathway and through inactivation of the NF-κB-mediated survival pathway. Several genes were changed by CXCL16 expression, but we focused on IRF8, which is a regulator of apoptosis and the metastatic phenotype. We confirmed CXCL16 expression in SL4-CXCL16 cells and the correlation between CXCL16 and IRF8. Silencing of IRF8 significantly decreased TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Liver metastasis of SL4-CXCL16 cells was also inhibited by TNF-α-induced apoptosis through the induction of M1 macrophages, which released TNF-α. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of M1 macrophages and the enhancement of apoptosis by CXCL16 might be an effective dual approach against CRC liver metastasis. Conclusions Collectively, this study revealed that CXCL16 regulates immune surveillance and cell signaling. Therefore, we provide the first evidence of CXCL16 serving as an intracellular signaling molecule. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-949) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keiichi Koizumi
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou J, Xiang Y, Yoshimura T, Chen K, Gong W, Huang J, Zhou Y, Yao X, Bian X, Wang JM. The role of chemoattractant receptors in shaping the tumor microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:751392. [PMID: 25110692 PMCID: PMC4119707 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptors are a family of seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) initially found to mediate the chemotaxis and activation of immune cells. During the past decades, the functions of these GPCRs have been discovered to not only regulate leukocyte trafficking and promote immune responses, but also play important roles in homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Accumulating evidence indicates that chemoattractant GPCRs and their ligands promote the progression of malignant tumors based on their capacity to orchestrate the infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. This facilitates the interaction of tumor cells with host cells, tumor cells with tumor cells, and host cells with host cells to provide a basis for the expansion of established tumors and development of distant metastasis. In addition, many malignant tumors of the nonhematopoietic origin express multiple chemoattractant GPCRs that increase the invasiveness and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, GPCRs and their ligands constitute targets for the development of novel antitumor therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Endoscopic Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Surgery, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee HS, Hong JE, Kim EJ, Kim SH. Escin Suppresses Migration and Invasion Involving the Alteration of CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis in Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma AGS Cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:938-45. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.922202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
39
|
Izquierdo MC, Martin-Cleary C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Elewa U, Sanchez-Niño MD, Carrero JJ, Ortiz A. CXCL16 in kidney and cardiovascular injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:317-25. [PMID: 24861945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a CXC soluble chemokine, an adhesion molecule and a cell surface scavenger receptor. CXCL16 regulates inflammation, tissue injury and fibrosis. Parenchymal renal cells, vascular wall cells, leukocytes and platelets express and/or release CXCL16 under the regulation of inflammatory mediators. CXCL16 expression is increased in experimental and human nephropathies. Targeting CXCL16 protected from experimental glomerular injury or interstitial fibrosis. Conflicting results were reported for experimental cardiovascular injury. High circulating CXCL16 levels are associated to human kidney and cardiovascular disease and urinary CXCL16 may increase in kidney injury. In conclusion, mounting evidence suggests a role of CXCL16 in kidney and cardiovascular disease. However, a better understanding is still required before exploring CXCL16 targeting in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Usama Elewa
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and FRIAT/IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chemokine CXCL16 expression suppresses migration and invasiveness and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:478641. [PMID: 24864132 PMCID: PMC4016906 DOI: 10.1155/2014/478641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Increasing evidence argues that soluble CXCL16 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro. However, the role of transmembrane or cellular CXCL16 in cancer remains relatively unknown. In this study, we determine the function of cellular CXCL16 as tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells. Methods. Expression of cellular CXCL16 in breast cancer cell lines was determined at both RNA and protein levels. In vitro and in vivo studies that overexpressed or downregulated CXCL16 were conducted in breast cancer cells. Results. We report differential expression of cellular CXCL16 in breast cancer cell lines that was negatively correlated with cell invasiveness and migration. Overexpression of CXCL16 in MDA-MB-231 cells led to a decrease in cell invasion and migration and induced apoptosis of the cells; downregulation of CXCL16 in MCF-7 cells increased cell migration and invasiveness. Consistent with the in vitro data, CXCL16 overexpression inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo. Conclusions. Cellular CXCL16 suppresses invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Targeting of cellular CXCL16 expression is a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
Collapse
|
41
|
Gooden MJM, Wiersma VR, Boerma A, Leffers N, Boezen HM, ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Walenkamp AME, Daemen T, Nijman HW, Bremer E. Elevated serum CXCL16 is an independent predictor of poor survival in ovarian cancer and may reflect pro-metastatic ADAM protease activity. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1535-44. [PMID: 24518602 PMCID: PMC3960624 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain cancers, expression of CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 associate with lymphocyte infiltration, possibly aiding anti-tumour immune response. In other cancers, CXCL16 and CXCR6 associate with pro-metastatic activity. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the role of CXCL16, sCXCL16, and CXCR6 in ovarian cancer (OC). METHODS CXCL16/CXCR6 expression was analysed on tissue microarray containing 306 OC patient samples. Pre-treatment serum sCXCL16 was determined in 118 patients using ELISA. In vitro, (primary) OC cells were treated with an ADAM-10/ADAM-17 inhibitor (TAPI-2) and an ADAM-10-specific inhibitor (GI254023x), whereupon CXCL16 levels were evaluated on the cell membrane (immunofluorescent analysis, western blots) and in culture supernatants (ELISA). In addition, cell migration was assessed using scratch assays. RESULTS sCXCL16 independently predicted for poor survival (hazard ratio=2.28, 95% confidence interval=1.29-4.02, P=0.005), whereas neither CXCL16 nor CXCR6 expression correlated with survival. Further, CXCL16/CXCR6 expression and serum sCXCL16 levels did not associate with lymphocyte infiltration. In vitro inhibition of both ADAM-17 and ADAM-10, but especially the latter, decreased CXCL16 membrane shedding and strongly reduced cell migration of A2780 and cultured primary OC-derived malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS High serum sCXCL16 is a prognostic marker for poor survival of OC patients, possibly reflecting ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 pro-metastatic activity. Therefore, serum sCXCL16 levels may be a pseudomarker that identifies patients with highly metastatic tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J M Gooden
- 1] Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Boerma
- 1] Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Leffers
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H M Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K A ten Hoor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Daemen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ali-Rahmani F, Huang MA, Schengrund CL, Connor JR, Lee SY. C282Y-HFE gene variant affects cholesterol metabolism in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88724. [PMID: 24533143 PMCID: PMC3922969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although disruptions in the maintenance of iron and cholesterol metabolism have been implicated in several cancers, the association between variants in the HFE gene that is associated with cellular iron uptake and cholesterol metabolism has not been studied. The C282Y-HFE variant is a risk factor for different cancers, is known to affect sphingolipid metabolism, and to result in increased cellular iron uptake. The effect of this variant on cholesterol metabolism and its possible relevance to cancer phenotype was investigated using wild type (WT) and C282Y-HFE transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of C282Y-HFE in SH-SY5Y cells resulted in a significant increase in total cholesterol as well as increased transcription of a number of genes involved in its metabolism compared to cells expressing WT-HFE. The marked increase in expression of NPC1L1 relative to that of most other genes, was accompanied by a significant increase in expression of NPC1, a protein that functions in cholesterol uptake by cells. Because inhibitors of cholesterol metabolism have been proposed to be beneficial for treating certain cancers, their effect on the viability of C282Y-HFE neuroblastoma cells was ascertained. C282Y-HFE cells were significantly more sensitive than WT-HFE cells to U18666A, an inhibitor of desmosterol Δ24-reductase the enzyme catalyzing the last step in cholesterol biosynthesis. This was not seen for simvastatin, ezetimibe, or a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. These studies indicate that cancers presenting in carriers of the C282Y-HFE allele might be responsive to treatment designed to selectively reduce cholesterol content in their tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali-Rahmani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael A Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C-L Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jung Y, Kim JK, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, Mishra A, Joseph J, Berry JE, McGee S, Lee E, Sun H, Wang J, Jin T, Zhang H, Dai J, Krebsbach PH, Keller ET, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into prostate tumours promotes metastasis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1795. [PMID: 23653207 PMCID: PMC3649763 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors recruit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to facilitate healing, which induces their conversion into cancer-associated fibroblasts that facilitate metastasis. However, this process is poorly understood on the molecular level. Here we show that the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16 facilitates MSC or Very Small Embryonic-Like (VSEL) cells recruitment into prostate tumors. CXCR6 signaling stimulates the conversion of MSCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts, which secrete stromal-derived factor-1, also known as CXCL12. CXCL12 expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts then binds to CXCR4 on tumor cells and induces an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which ultimately promotes metastasis to secondary tumor sites. Our results provide the molecular basis for MSC recruitment into tumors and how this process leads to tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Bone is the most common site for metastasis in human prostate cancer patients. Skeletal metastases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and overall greatly affect the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Despite advances in our understanding of the biology of primary prostate tumors, our knowledge of how and why secondary tumors derived from prostate cancer cells preferentially localize bone remains limited. The physiochemical properties of bone, and signaling molecules including specific chemokines and their receptors, are distinct in nature and function, yet play intricate and significant roles in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Examining the impact of these facets of bone metastasis in vivo remains a significant challenge, as animal models that mimic the natural history and malignant progression clinical prostate cancer are rare. The goals of this article are to discuss (1) characteristics of bone that most likely render it a favorable environment for prostate tumor cell growth, (2) chemokine signaling that is critical in the recruitment and migration of prostate cancer cells to the bone, and (3) current animal models utilized in studying prostate cancer bone metastasis. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the extravasation of disseminated prostate cancer cells into the bone and to provide a better understanding of the basis of cancer cell survival within the bone microenvironment. The development of animal models that recapitulate more closely the human clinical scenario of prostate cancer will greatly benefit the generation of better therapies.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang YH, Dong YY, Wang WM, Xie XY, Wang ZM, Chen RX, Chen J, Gao DM, Cui JF, Ren ZG. Vascular endothelial cells facilitated HCC invasion and metastasis through the Akt and NF-κB pathways induced by paracrine cytokines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:51. [PMID: 23941552 PMCID: PMC3751285 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background It is well documented that cancer cells secrete angiogenic factors to recruit and sustain tumor vascular networks. However, little is known about the effects of endothelial cells on the behavior of tumor cells. The study here was to determine the roles of endothelial cells in HCC cell growth, migration and invasion. Methods A mixture of highly metastatic MHCC97H cells and HUVEC cells, as well as MHCC97H cells alone were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to observe the effects of HUVECs on HCC growth. The biological characteristics of MHCC97H cells respectively treated with conditioned medium (CM) derived from HUVECs and endothelial cell basal medium (EBM) in vitro, such as proliferation, migration and invasion, invasion/metastasis associated gene expression, were comparatively analyzed. Differential cytokines between CM and EBM were screened and identified using human cytokine array. Effects of the interested differential cytokine CCL2, IL-8 and CXCL16 and its related signaling pathways were further investigated in HCC cells. Results Subcutaneous tumorigenicity of MHCC97H cells in nude mice was promoted by HUVECs and its invasion/metastasis associated genes were significantly upregulated. The in vitro, proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells treated with CM were all significantly enhanced as compared to those with EBM stimulation. Simultaneously, PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathway in HCC cells were activated by CM. Total of 25 differential cytokines were identified between CM and EBM such as angiopoietin-2, CCL2 (MCP-1), uPA, endostatin, CXCL16, IL-8, pentraxin 3 etc. The selected differential cytokines CCL2, IL-8 and CXCL16 all modulated the expressions of HCC invasion/metastasis genes, especially MMP2 and MMP9. In exposure to CCL2 or CXCL16 alone, upregulation in AKT phosphorylation but no change in ERK phosphorylation were found in MHCC97H cells, moreover the contents of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB were increased as compared to the control. However, no effects on the activation of Akt and ERK pathway in MHCC97H were found in exposure to IL-8. Conclusion This study expands the contribution of endothelial cells to the progression of HCC. It unveils a new paradigm in which endothelial cells function as initiators of molecular crosstalks that enhance survival, migration and invasion of HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hui Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
La Porta CAM. CXCR6: the role of environment in tumor progression. Challenges for therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 8:1282-5. [PMID: 22678828 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of chemokines in tumor progression is an essential event that leads to homing and metastasis of tumor cells in a receptor-dependent, organ specific manner. In recent years, the involvement of CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 in tumor progression is becoming more evident. Here I review the recent literature on CXCR6/CXCL16. Since CXCR6 was shown recently to be involved in stem cell self renewal and the same cytokine is expressed by a subpopulation of melanoma cells, I discuss new evidences on cancer stem cell theory and the involvement of CXCR6. In particular, in the effort to develop more specific strategies to stop the tumor growth, the present review proposes and discusses the possibility to modulate tumor self renewal affecting asymmetric/symmetric cell division targeting specific factors such as CXCR6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina A M La Porta
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J, Ludwig A, Mentlein R. The CXCL16-CXCR6 chemokine axis in glial tumors. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:47-54. [PMID: 23628207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since chemokines and their receptors play a pivotal role in tumors, we investigated the CXCL16-CXCR6-axis in human astroglial tumors. The transmembrane chemokine CXCL16 is heavily expressed by tumor, microglial and endothelial cells in situ and in vitro. In contrast, the receptor CXCR6 is restricted in glioblastomas to a small subset of proliferating cells positive for the stem-cell markers Musashi, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4. In particular, the vast majority (about 90%) of Musashi-positive cells stained also for CXCR6. Thus, CXCL16 is highly expressed by glial tumor and stroma cells whereas CXCR6 defines a subset of cells with stem cell character.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Nanog Homeobox Protein
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neural Stem Cells/immunology
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
|
49
|
Kee JY, Ito A, Hojo S, Hashimoto I, Igarashi Y, Tsukada K, Irimura T, Shibahara N, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Koizumi K. Chemokine CXCL16 suppresses liver metastasis of colorectal cancer via augmentation of tumor-infiltrating natural killer T cells in a murine model. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:975-82. [PMID: 23242131 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a typical lifestyle-related disease, and it metastasizes mostly to the liver. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of CRC metastasis in order to design new and effective treatments for CRC patients. Chemokines are known to have antitumor effects as their chemoattractant properties stimulate the accumulation of infiltrating immune cells (TILs) in tumors. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16), also known as SR-PSOX, is a unique membrane-bound chemokine that induces the expression of its specific receptor CXCR6. We previously reported that the expression of CXCL16 by cancer cells enhances the recruitment of TILs, thereby improving the prognosis of CRC. It has since been reported that CXCL16/CXCR6 expression is involved in the metastasis of various types of cancer. However, there is no report of the association between CXCL16 expression and liver metastasis in CRC. In this study, we investigated the role of cancer-derived CXCL16 and the possibility of gene therapy using CXCL16. Therefore, we examined the metastasis of colon 38 SL4 cells to the liver in an experimental model. Following injection of cancer cells into the intraportal vein, CXCL16-expressing CRC cells drastically inhibited liver metastasis. We also found that CD8 T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, known as CXCR6-expressing cells, increased in CXCL16-expressing metastatic tissue. Collectively, the inhibitory effect on metastasis to the liver by CXCL16 was observed in NKT cell-depleted mice but not in CD8 T cell-depleted mice. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of CXCL16 on liver metastasis via NKT cells in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Kee
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Borst O, Münzer P, Gatidis S, Schmidt EM, Schönberger T, Schmid E, Towhid ST, Stellos K, Seizer P, May AE, Lang F, Gawaz M. The Inflammatory Chemokine CXC Motif Ligand 16 Triggers Platelet Activation and Adhesion Via CXC Motif Receptor 6–Dependent Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling. Circ Res 2012; 111:1297-307. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.276444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
The recently discovered chemokine CXC motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and is a potential pathogenic mediator in coronary artery disease.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to test the role of CXCL16 on platelet activation and vascular adhesion, as well as the underlying mechanism and signaling pathway.
Methods and Results:
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry revealed that CXCL16-specific receptor, CXC motif receptor 6, is highly expressed in platelets. According to flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, stimulation of platelets with CXCL16 induced platelet degranulation, integrin α
IIb
β
3
activation, and shape change. CXCL16 increased Akt phosphorylation (Thr
308
/Ser
473
), an effect abrogated by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin (100 nmol/L) and LY294002 (25 µmol/L). The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitors and Akt inhibitor SH-6 (20 µmol/L) further diminished CXCL16-induced platelet activation. CXCL16-mediated platelet degranulation, integrin α
IIb
β
3
activation, and Akt phosphorylation were blunted in platelets lacking CXCL16-specific receptor CXC motif receptor 6. CXCL16-induced platelet activation was abrogated in Akt1- or Akt2-deficient platelets. CXCL16 enhanced platelet adhesion to endothelium in vitro after high arterial shear stress (2000
−s
) and to injured vascular wall in vivo after carotid ligation. CXCL16-induced stimulation of platelet adhesion again was prevented by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Akt inhibitors. Apyrase and antagonists of platelet purinergic receptors P
2
Y
1
(MRS2179, 100 µmol/L) and especially P
2
Y
12
(Cangrelor, 10 µmol/L) blunted CXCL16-triggered platelet activation as well as CXCL16-induced platelet adhesion under high arterial shear stress in vitro and after carotid ligation in vivo.
Conclusions:
The inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via CXC motif receptor 6–dependent phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling and paracrine activation, suggesting a decisive role for CXCL16 in linking vascular inflammation and thrombo-occlusive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Borst
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Münzer
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergios Gatidis
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schmidt
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syeda T. Towhid
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas E. May
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- From the Medizinische Klinik III, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (O.B., T.S., K.S., P.S., A.E.M., M.G.) and Department of Physiology (O.B., P.M., S.G., E-M.S., E.S., S.T.T., F.L.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|