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Mehrabani S, Shoaei N, Shateri Z, Askarpour M, Nouri M, Keshani P, Honarvar B, Homayounfar R. Consumption of ultra-processed foods could influence the metabolic syndrome odds: A cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2567-2577. [PMID: 38628179 PMCID: PMC11016394 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence has augmented globally during recent decades. Over the past years, the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has grown significantly worldwide. So, the present research investigated the association between UPFs and MetS in an Iranian sample. This cross-sectional research was conducted on people (n = 8841) in the Fasa cohort study, Fars province, Iran. The participants' dietary consumption over a year, UPF consumption, and MetS diagnosis were evaluated through a 125-item modified food frequency questionnaire, the NOVA food group classification, and the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program, respectively. The association between the quartiles (Q) of UPF intake and the odds of MetS was estimated using the backward LR method of multivariate analysis. In the multivariate model, after adjusting potential confounders, the association between UPF intake and the odds of MetS was significant (Q4: odds ratio (OR = 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.76-3.89). Also, the odds of increasing triglycerides (TG), blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly higher in the last quartile compared to the first quartile of UPFs (TG: OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.49-1.97, blood pressure: OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.30-1.79, FBS: OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.10-1.54, and HDL-C: OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08-1.39). The current research found a relationship between UPF intake and MetS and its components, indicating a diet-containing UPFs can be related to the occurrence of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Mehrabani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of HealthShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food ScienceIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Niloofar Shoaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Zainab Shateri
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineIlam University of Medical SciencesIlamIran
| | - Moein Askarpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Students' Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food ScienceShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of HealthShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Students' Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food ScienceShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Parisa Keshani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of HealthShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Behnam Honarvar
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of HealthShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Reza Homayounfar
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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2
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Zandvakili A, Shiraseb F, Hosseininasab D, Aali Y, Santos RD, Mirzaei K. The association between consumption of red and processed meats with metabolic syndrome and its components in obese and overweight women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:93. [PMID: 38321426 PMCID: PMC10845626 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown a relation between the consumption of different types of meats and chronic disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between red and processed meat intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in healthy obese and overweight women. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian women. The dietary assessment and body composition were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and bioelectrical impedance analysis, respectively. Blood samples were collected by standard protocols. RESULTS A total of 231 women (mean age 36.47 ± 8.44 years) were included in the current study. After controlling for potential confounders, there was a marginally significant associations between higher intake of processed meat with the MetS (OR:1.01, 95% CI: 0.94,2.94, P:0.06) and high serum triglycerides (TG) (OR:1.27, 95% CI: 0.94,2.98, P:0.07). There was a significant associations between high intake of red meats with lower odds of higher waist circumference (WC) (OR:0.31, 95% CI: 0.10,0.97, P:0.04). Also, there was a significant associations were found between high intake of processed meats with greater odds of having lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (OR:0.64, 95% CI: 0.30,0.95, P:0.03). CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that higher intakes of processed meat may be associated with the MetS in Iranian women with excess body weight, while this was not the case for red meat. More studies however are necessary in different communities to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Zandvakili
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and nutrition, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorsa Hosseininasab
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Aali
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo, Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Mambrini SP, Menichetti F, Ravella S, Pellizzari M, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, Battezzati A, Bertoli S, Leone A. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112583. [PMID: 37299546 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are energy-dense, nutritionally unbalanced products, low in fiber but high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar. Recently, UPF consumption has increased likewise the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. To highlight a possible relationship, we conducted a systematic review of prospective studies from PubMed and Web of Science investigating the association between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Seventeen studies were selected. Eight evaluated the incidence of general and abdominal obesity, one the incidence of impaired fasting blood glucose, four the incidence of diabetes, two the incidence of dyslipidemia, and only one the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Studies' quality was assessed according to the Critical Appraisal Checklist for cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Substantial agreement emerged among the studies in defining UPF consumption as being associated with the incident risk of general and abdominal obesity. More limited was the evidence on cardiometabolic risk. Nevertheless, most studies reported that UPF consumption as being associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In conclusion, evidence supports the existence of a relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. However, further longitudinal studies considering diet quality and changes over time are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paola Mambrini
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Metabolic Research, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Menichetti
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ravella
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Pellizzari
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Auxologico, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Huang NK, Lichtenstein AH, Matuszek G, Matthan NR. Comparison of Plasma Metabolome Response to Diets Enriched in Soybean and Partially-Hydrogenated Soybean Oil in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Adults-A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:474. [PMID: 37110133 PMCID: PMC10140885 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially-hydrogenated fat/trans fatty acid intake has been associated with adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Comparatively unexplored is the effect of unmodified oil relative to partially-hydrogenated fat on the plasma metabolite profile and lipid-related pathways. To address this gap, we conducted secondary analyses using a subset of samples randomly selected from a controlled dietary intervention trial involving moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. Participants (N = 10, 63 ± 8 y, BMI, 26.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2, LDL-C, 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L) were provided with diets enriched in soybean oil (SO) and partially-hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO). Plasma metabolite concentrations were determined using an untargeted approach and pathway analysis using LIPIDMAPS. Data were assessed using a volcano plot, receiver operating characteristics curve, partial least square-discrimination analysis and Pearson correlations. Among the known metabolites higher in plasma after the PHSO diet than the SO diet, the majority were phospholipids (53%) and di- and triglycerides (DG/TG, 34%). Pathway analysis indicated upregulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis from DG and phosphatidylethanolamine. We identified seven metabolites (TG_56:9, TG_54:8, TG_54:7, TG_54:6, TG_48:5, DG_36:5 and benproperine) as potential biomarkers for PHSO intake. These data indicate that TG-related metabolites were the most affected lipid species, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis was the most active pathway in response to PHSO compared to SO intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K. Huang
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Gregory Matuszek
- Bionformatics Core Unit, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nirupa R. Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dietary fat compared to carbohydrate increases the plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. However, neither the mechanism nor its connection to cardiovascular disease is known. RECENT FINDINGS Protein-based subspecies of HDL, especially those containing apolipoprotein E (apoE) or apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3), offer a glimpse of a vast metabolic system related to atherogenicity, coronary heart disease (CHD) and other diseases. ApoE stimulates several processes that define reverse cholesterol transport through HDL, specifically secretion of active HDL subspecies, cholesterol efflux to HDL from macrophages involved in atherogenesis, size enlargement of HDL with cholesterol ester, and rapid clearance from the circulation. Dietary unsaturated fat stimulates the flux of HDL that contains apoE through these protective pathways. Effective reverse cholesterol transport may lessen atherogenesis and prevent disease. In contrast, apoC3 abrogates the benefit of apoE on reverse cholesterol transport, which may account for the association of HDL that contains apoC3 with dyslipidemia, obesity and CHD. SUMMARY Dietary unsaturated fat and carbohydrate affect the metabolism of protein-defined HDL subspecies containing apoE or apoC3 accelerating or retarding reverse cholesterol transport, thus demonstrating new mechanisms that may link diet to HDL and to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Nagpal T, Sahu JK, Khare SK, Bashir K, Jan K. Trans fatty acids in food: A review on dietary intake, health impact, regulations and alternatives. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5159-5174. [PMID: 34812504 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trans fats are desired by the edible oil industry as they impart firmness, plasticity, and oxidative stability to oil. However, clinical trials have demonstrated the adverse effects of trans fats in food on human health and nutrition. Regulatory actions have been taken up by government and non-government bodies worldwide to eliminate the presence of trans fats in the food supply. The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a "REPLACE" action plan to eliminate trans-fat from the global food industry by 2023. A few enabling technologies are developed to mitigate trans fats namely, trait-enhanced oils, modification in the hydrogenation process, interesterification, fractionation, blending, and oleogelation. Some of them have the drawback of replacing trans-fat with saturated fats. Interesterification and oleogelation are in-trend techniques with excellent potential in replacing trans fats without compromising the desired functionality and nutritional quality attributes. This review presents an overview of trans fatty acid for example, its dietary intake in food products, possible adverse health impact, regulations, and approaches to reduce the usage of trans fats for food application. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The requirement for the replacement of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food supply globally has challenged the food industry to find a novel substitute for trans fats without compromising the desired functionality and nutritional property. This review presents detailed background on trans fats, their health impacts and current trends of reformulation of oils and fats to mitigate their presence in food supply chains. Information compiled in this paper will help food scientists and technologists, chemists, food processors, and retailers as there is an urgent need to find novel technologies and substitutes to replace trans fats in processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Nagpal
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatindra K Sahu
- Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University (Deemed to be University), New Delhi, India
| | - Kulsum Jan
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University (Deemed to be University), New Delhi, India
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7
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Hirata Y. trans-Fatty Acids as an Enhancer of Inflammation and Cell Death: Molecular Basis for Their Pathological Actions. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1349-1356. [PMID: 34602541 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are food-derived fatty acids that possess one or more trans double bonds between carbon atoms. Compelling epidemiological and clinical evidence has demonstrated the association of TFA consumption with various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying etiology is poorly understood since the mechanisms of action of TFAs remain to be clarified. Previous studies have shown that single treatment with TFAs induce inflammation and cell death, but to a much lesser extent than saturated fatty acids (SFAs) that are well established as a risk factor for diseases linked with inflammation and cell death, which cannot explain the particularly higher association of TFAs with atherosclerosis than SFAs. In our series of studies, we have established the role of TFAs as an enhancer of inflammation and cell death. We found that pretreatment with TFAs strongly promoted apoptosis induced by either extracellular ATP, one of the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) leaked from damaged cells, or DNA damaging-agents, including doxorubicin and cisplatin, thorough enhancing activation of the stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways; pretreatment with SFAs or cis isomers of TFAs had only minor or no effect, suggesting the uniqueness of the pro-apoptotic role of TFAs among fatty acids. Our findings will provide an insight into understanding of the pathogenesis mechanisms, and open up a new avenue for developing prevention strategies and therapies for TFA-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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8
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Izar MCDO, Giraldez VZR, Bertolami A, Santos Filho RDD, Lottenberg AM, Assad MHV, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Martinez TLR, Bahia LR, Fonseca FAH, Faludi AA, Sposito AC, Chagas ACP, Jannes CE, Amaral CK, Araújo DBD, Cintra DE, Coutinho EDR, Cesena F, Xavier HT, Mota ICP, Giuliano IDCB, Faria Neto JR, Kato JT, Bertolami MC, Miname MH, Castelo MHCG, Lavrador MSF, Machado RM, Souza PGD, Alves RJ, Machado VA, Salgado Filho W. Update of the Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:782-844. [PMID: 34709306 PMCID: PMC8528358 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha Giraldez
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) - Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein (FICSAE), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula M Chacra
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrei C Sposito
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Cinthia Elim Jannes
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Cesena
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcio Hiroshi Miname
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Maria Helane Costa Gurgel Castelo
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil
- Professora da Faculdade Unichristus, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil
| | - Maria Sílvia Ferrari Lavrador
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) - Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein (FICSAE), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberta Marcondes Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Patrícia Guedes de Souza
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | | | | | - Wilson Salgado Filho
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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9
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Donat-Vargas C, Sandoval-Insausti H, Rey-García J, Moreno-Franco B, Åkesson A, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P. High Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food is Associated with Incident Dyslipidemia: A Prospective Study of Older Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:2390-2398. [PMID: 34038538 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has been associated with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risks. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between UPF consumption and incident dyslipidemia in older adults, where evidence is limited. METHODS We studied a prospective cohort of 1082 community-dwelling adults in Spain, older than 60 (mean age, 68 ± 6 years old). Participants (52% were women) were recruited between 2008-10 and followed up to 2015. At baseline, food intake data were collected using a validated computerized face-to-face dietary history. UPFs were identified according to the nature and extent of their industrial processing (NOVA classification). Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured in fasting plasma samples collected at baseline and at follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed with logistic regression adjusted for the main potential confounders. RESULTS Among those free of corresponding dyslipidemia at baseline, and after a follow-up of between 5 to 7 years, 60 (out of 895) developed incident hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL), 112 (out of 878) had low HDL cholesterol (<40 in men/<50 mg/dL in women), and 54 (out of 472) had high LDL cholesterol (>129 mg/dL). The mean percentage of UPF consumption was 19% ± 11% of total energy intake. Those in the highest versus the lowest tertile of energy intake from UPFs had more than twice the odds of incident hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 2.66; 95% CI: 1.20-5.90; P-trend, 0.011) or low HDL cholesterol (OR, 2.23; 95% CI: 1.22-4.05; P-trend, 0.012). UPF consumption was not associated with high LDL cholesterol plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Although UPF consumption in Spain was low among older adults, high consumption of UPFs was clearly associated with incident dyslipidemia. The increase in CVD risk recently found to be associated with UPF consumption might be mediated by these atherogenic lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Sandoval-Insausti
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jimena Rey-García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Moreno-Franco
- IIS Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center Network for Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Ramón Banegas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Guallar-Castillón
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Biomedical Research Center Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Nagao K, Ueno J, Yoshinaga K, Nagai T, Mizobe H, Yoshida A, Beppu F, Tanaka S, Gotoh N. Comparison of Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Golden Syrian Hamster Administrated <i>trans- </i>Octadecenoic Acid Positional Isomers. J Oleo Sci 2021; 71:609-618. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagao
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| | - Junya Ueno
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seiya Tanaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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11
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Rodríguez-Morató J, Galluccio J, Dolnikowski GG, Lichtenstein AH, Matthan NR. Comparison of the Postprandial Metabolic Fate of U- 13C Stearic Acid and U- 13C Oleic Acid in Postmenopausal Women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2953-2964. [PMID: 32998517 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the postprandial fatty acid metabolism of isotopically labeled stearate (U-13C18:0) and oleate (U-13C18:1). Approach and Results: In conjunction with a randomized-controlled crossover trial, 6 hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women (≥50 years; body mass index: 25.6±3.0 kg/m2; LDL [low-density lipoprotein]-cholesterol ≥110 mg/dL) consumed isocaloric diets enriched in 18:0 or 18:1 (10%-15% E) for 5 weeks each. On day 1 of week 5, following a 12-hour fast, participants receive their experimental diet divided into 13 hourly meals beginning at 8 am. U-13C18:0 or U-13C18:1 was incorporated into the 1:00 pm meal (1.0 mg/kg body weight). Serial blood and breath samples were collected over 12 hours and fasting samples at 24 and 48 hours. Plasma and lipid subfraction fatty acid profiles were assessed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, isotope-enrichment by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and fatty acid oxidation rate (expired 13CO2) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Both diets resulted in similar plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Kinetic curves showed that U-13C18:0 had a higher plasma area under the curve (66%), lower plasma clearance rate (-46%), and a lower cumulative oxidation rate (-34%) than U-13C18:1. Three labeled plasma metabolites of U-13C18:0 were detected: 13C16:0, 13C16:1, and 13C18:1. No plasma metabolites of U-13C18:1 were detected within the study time-frame. Higher incorporation of 18:0 in cholesteryl ester and triglyceride fractions was observed on the 18:0 compared with the 18:1 diet. CONCLUSIONS The neutrality of 18:0 on plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations is not attributable to a single factor. Compared with 18:1, 18:0 had higher plasma area under the curve because of lower clearance and oxidation rates, underwent both a direct and a multistage conversion to 18:1, and was preferentially incorporated into cholesteryl esters and triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Cardiovascular and Mass Spectrometry Laboratories, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.R.-M., J.G., G.G.D., A.H.L., N.R.M.).,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain (J.R.-M.)
| | - Jean Galluccio
- Cardiovascular and Mass Spectrometry Laboratories, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.R.-M., J.G., G.G.D., A.H.L., N.R.M.)
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Cardiovascular and Mass Spectrometry Laboratories, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.R.-M., J.G., G.G.D., A.H.L., N.R.M.)
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular and Mass Spectrometry Laboratories, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.R.-M., J.G., G.G.D., A.H.L., N.R.M.)
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Cardiovascular and Mass Spectrometry Laboratories, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (J.R.-M., J.G., G.G.D., A.H.L., N.R.M.)
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12
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Montero-Salazar H, Donat-Vargas C, Moreno-Franco B, Sandoval-Insausti H, Civeira F, Laclaustra M, Guallar-Castillón P. High consumption of ultra-processed food may double the risk of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Aragon Workers' Health Study (AWHS). BMC Med 2020; 18:235. [PMID: 32787915 PMCID: PMC7425006 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, which is increasing worldwide, has recently been associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess whether consumption of UPF is directly associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. METHODS A computed tomography scan was performed on 1876 men from the Aragon Workers' Health Study, recruited from January 2011 to December 2014, to assess coronary calcium. All participants were free of coronary heart disease. Dietary intake was collected by a validated 136-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. UPF was defined according to the NOVA classification. Associations between consumption of total energy-adjusted UPF and Coronary Calcium Agatston Score (CACS)-categorized into CACS of 0, > 0 and < 100, and ≥ 100-were cross-sectionally assessed by generalized ordered logistic regression adjusted for main confounders. RESULTS No coronary calcium was detected in 60.2% of the participants, whereas 10.2% had a CACS ≥ 100. A significant dose-response association was observed between energy-adjusted UPF consumption and the risk of having a CACS ≥ 100, when compared with those in the lowest CACS categories (CACS of 0 together with CACS > 0 and < 100). The fully adjusted ORs (95% CI) of having a CACS ≥ 100 across quartiles of energy-adjusted UPF consumption (approximately 100 g/day in the lowest quartile (ref.) and 500 g/day in the highest) were 1.00 (ref.), 1.50 (0.93, 2.42), 1.56 (0.96, 2.52), and 2.00 (1.26, 3.16), p trend .005. CONCLUSION In this middle-aged worker's sample, approximately 500 g/day of UPF consumption was associated with a 2-fold greater prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis than consuming only 100 g/day, independently of total energy intake and other well-established cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Montero-Salazar
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CEI UAM+CSIC, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo, n 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CEI UAM+CSIC, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo, n 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Unit of Nutritional and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Environmental Medicine Institute (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain. .,IMDEA-Food Institute CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Belén Moreno-Franco
- IIS Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Helena Sandoval-Insausti
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CEI UAM+CSIC, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo, n 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Civeira
- IIS Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Laclaustra
- IIS Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Guallar-Castillón
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CEI UAM+CSIC, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo, n 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Food Institute CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Kameyama N, Maruyama C, Shijo Y, Umezawa A, Sato A, Ayaori M, Ikewaki K, Waki M, Teramoto T. Comparison of Food and Nutrient Intakes between Japanese Dyslipidemic Patients with and without Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering Drug Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:683-694. [PMID: 31582622 PMCID: PMC7406408 DOI: 10.5551/jat.52316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to clarify actual food and nutrient intakes in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia. We also compared food and nutrient intakes between patients with and without low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering drug therapy. Methods: Food and nutrient intakes were assessed employing 3-day weighted dietary records in this cross-sectional study of 104 Japanese outpatients with dyslipidemia, age 30–65 years, not given dietary counseling. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured after an overnight fast. Food and nutrient intakes were compared between patients with versus without LDL-C lowering drug prescriptions. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify relationships between the serum LDL-C concentrations and food intakes. Results: Of the 104 patients, 43.3% were prescribed LDL-C lowering drugs, primarily statins. Of the total patients, 83% had lipid intakes over 25% of total energy consumption (%E), exceeding the recommendation for dyslipidemia by the Japan Atherosclerosis Society. Similarly, 77% had saturated fatty acid intakes over 7%E, and 88% had cholesterol intakes over 200 mg per day. Dietary fiber consumption was low (< 25 g) in 97% of patients. Those taking LDL-C lowering drugs consumed less “meat, poultry and processed meat products” and “cereals”, and more “fish”, “fruits” and “nuts”, than patients not taking these drugs (p < 0.05). Food intakes correlating with LDL-C concentrations independently of drug therapy differed between patients taking versus not taking these medications. Conclusion: Our results support the necessity of diet therapy for patients with dyslipidemia regardless of whether LDL-C lowering drugs are prescribed. The clinical trial registration number: UMIN000022955
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kameyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University.,Division of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Yuri Shijo
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Ariko Umezawa
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | - Aisa Sato
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University
| | | | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Tokorozawa Heart Center.,Division of Neurology, Anti-Aging, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | | | - Tamio Teramoto
- Teikyo Academic Research Center, Teikyo University.,Teramoto Medical and Dental Clinic
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14
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Oteng AB, Kersten S. Mechanisms of Action of trans Fatty Acids. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:697-708. [PMID: 31782488 PMCID: PMC7231579 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies have established a positive association between the intake of industrial trans fatty acids and the development of cardiovascular diseases, leading several countries to enact laws that restrict the presence of industrial trans fatty acids in food products. However, trans fatty acids cannot be completely eliminated from the human diet since they are also naturally present in meat and dairy products of ruminant animals. Moreover, bans on industrial trans fatty acids have not yet been instituted in all countries. The epidemiological evidence against trans fatty acids by far overshadows mechanistic insights that may explain how trans fatty acids achieve their damaging effects. This review focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the deleterious effects of trans fatty acids by juxtaposing effects of trans fatty acids against those of cis-unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). This review also carefully explores the argument that ruminant trans fatty acids have differential effects from industrial trans fatty acids. Overall, in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that industrial trans fatty acids promote inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, although to a lesser degree than SFAs, whereas cis-unsaturated fatty acids are protective against ER stress and inflammation. Additionally, industrial trans fatty acids promote fat storage in the liver at the expense of adipose tissue compared with cis-unsaturated fatty acids and SFAs. In cultured hepatocytes and adipocytes, industrial trans fatty acids, but not cis-unsaturated fatty acids or SFAs, stimulate the cholesterol synthesis pathway by activating sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 2-mediated gene regulation. Interestingly, although industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids show similar effects on human plasma lipoproteins, in preclinical models, only industrial trans fatty acids promote inflammation, ER stress, and cholesterol synthesis. Overall, clearer insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of trans fatty acids may create new therapeutic windows for the treatment of diseases characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Desmarchelier C, Borel P, Lairon D, Maraninchi M, Valéro R. Effect of Nutrient and Micronutrient Intake on Chylomicron Production and Postprandial Lipemia. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1299. [PMID: 31181761 PMCID: PMC6627366 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia, which is one of the main characteristics of the atherogenic dyslipidemia with fasting plasma hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase of small and dense low-density lipoproteins is now considered a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Postprandial lipemia, which is mainly related to the increase in chylomicron production, is frequently elevated in individuals at high cardiovascular risk such as obese or overweight patients, type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with a metabolic syndrome who share an insulin resistant state. It is now well known that chylomicron production and thus postprandial lipemia is highly regulated by many factors such as endogenous factors: circulating factors such as hormones or free fatty acids, genetic variants, circadian rhythms, or exogenous factors: food components, dietary supplements and prescription drugs. In this review, we focused on the effect of nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals but also on food structure on chylomicron production and postprandial lipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Desmarchelier
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Patrick Borel
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Denis Lairon
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Maraninchi
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - René Valéro
- Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, C2VN (Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, INRA, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
- CHU Conception, APHM (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille), 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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16
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Islam MA, Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Hossain MP, Sultana F, Kabir MR. Trans fatty acids and lipid profile: A serious risk factor to cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1643-1647. [PMID: 31336535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Trans Fatty acids (TFAs) have long been used in food manufacturing due in part to their melting point at room temperature between saturated and unsaturated fats. However, increasing epidemiologic and biochemical evidence suggests that excessive trans fats in the diet are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events as well as a risk factor for cancer and diabetes. A 2% absolute increase in energy intake from trans-fat has been associated with a 23% increase in cardiovascular risk. They increase the levels of low-density lipoprotein which is bad for health. Moreover, several epidemiological studies have been demonstrated that a high intake of TFAs increases the incidence of cancer and diabetes. On the other hand, total elimination of TFAs is not possible in a balanced diet due to their natural presence in dairy and meat products. Many products with almost 0.5 g trans-fat, if consumed over the course of a day, may approximate or exceed the 2 g maximum as recommended by the American Heart Association. The objective of the review to demonstrate the causal association between trans fatty acid intake and increase the risk of coronary heart disease through their influence on lipoprotein, association with atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Islam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh.
| | - Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Md Parvez Hossain
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ruhul Kabir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
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17
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Azzini E, Maiani G, Turrini A, Intorre F, Lo Feudo G, Capone R, Bottalico F, El Bilali H, Polito A. The health-nutrition dimension: a methodological approach to assess the nutritional sustainability of typical agro-food products and the Mediterranean diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3684-3705. [PMID: 29315588 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper is to provide a methodological approach to evaluate the nutritional sustainability of typical agro-food products, representing Mediterranean eating habits and included in the Mediterranean food pyramid. RESULTS For each group of foods, suitable and easily measurable indicators were identified. Two macro-indicators were used to assess the nutritional sustainability of each product. The first macro-indicator, called 'business distinctiveness', takes into account the application of different regulations and standards regarding quality, safety and traceability as well as the origin of raw materials. The second macro-indicator, called 'nutritional quality', assesses product nutritional quality taking into account the contents of key compounds including micronutrients and bioactive phytochemicals. For each indicator a 0-10 scoring system was set up, with scores from 0 (unsustainable) to 10 (very sustainable), with 5 as a sustainability benchmark value. The benchmark value is the value from which a product can be considered sustainable. A simple formula was developed to produce a sustainability index. CONCLUSION The proposed sustainability index could be considered a useful tool to describe both the qualitative and quantitative value of micronutrients and bioactive phytochemical present in foodstuffs. This methodological approach can also be applied beyond the Mediterranean, to food products in other world regions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Azzini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maiani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Aida Turrini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Intorre
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lo Feudo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Roberto Capone
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Bottalico
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Hamid El Bilali
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Polito
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
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18
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Lv C, Wang Y, Zhou C, Ma W, Yang Y, Xiao R, Yu H. Effects of dietary palm olein on the cardiovascular risk factors in healthy young adults. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1353. [PMID: 30038554 PMCID: PMC6052506 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary saturated fatty acids are always being hotly debated. Palm olein rich in saturated fatty acids (45.98%) is often considered as being atherogenic nutritionally. There is a lack of information on effects of dietary oil by partially replacing with palm olein on human health. METHODS A randomized controlled trial with 88 participants has been conducted to elucidate the effect of palm olein on cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS By comparing the soybean oil group (saturated fatty acids amounted to 23.31%) with the cocoa butter group (saturated fatty acids amounted to 93.76%), no significant difference was found (p > 0.05) in physiological parameters, serum oxidative stress levels, inflammatory factor, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles of subjects, which are all cardiovascular risk factors. Although results showed that intervention time can influence the cardiovascular risk factors significantly (p < 0.05), there is no relationship between intervention time and dietary oil type. CONCLUSION Therefore, partial replacement of dietary oil by palm olein may not affect cardiovascular risk factors in healthy young adults. There are differences between our research and previous researches, which may be due to the different amount of palm olien in diet. Our research will provide a solid foundation for the application of palm olein in human diets and in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Lv
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Mitra B, Zabetakis I. Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to be Concerned? Foods 2018; 7:E29. [PMID: 29494487 PMCID: PMC5867544 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of death and morbidity globally and diet plays a crucial role in the disease prevention and pathology. The negative perception of dairy fats stems from the effort to reduce dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake due to their association with increased cholesterol levels upon consumption and the increased risk of CVD development. Institutions that set dietary guidelines have approached dairy products with negative bias and used poor scientific data in the past. As a result, the consumption of dairy products was considered detrimental to our cardiovascular health. In western societies, dietary trends indicate that generally there is a reduction of full-fat dairy product consumption and increased low-fat dairy consumption. However, recent research and meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of full-fat dairy consumption, based on higher bioavailability of high-value nutrients and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the relationship between dairy consumption, cardiometabolic risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases are discussed. Functional dairy foods and the health implications of dairy alternatives are also considered. In general, evidence suggests that milk has a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes but fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, kefir and cheese may have a positive or neutral effect. Particular focus is placed on the effects of the lipid content on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | | | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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20
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Mazidi M, Cicero AF, Kengne AP, Banach M. Association Between Plasma Trans-Fatty Acid Concentrations and Measures of Glucose Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults in NHANES 1999-2000. Angiology 2017; 69:630-637. [PMID: 29241351 DOI: 10.1177/0003319717745987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on the association between plasma trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and cardiometabolic risk factors. Therefore, we examined the association between plasma TFA concentrations and glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in adult Americans from the 1999 to 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Derivatized TFAs were separated by capillary gas chromatography. Of the 1678 participants, 46.5% were men. The mean age was 50.5 years overall, with no significant difference between men and women ( P = .101). In age-, sex- and race-adjusted analyses, mean waist circumference, fat-free mass, fat mass, C-peptide, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum triglycerides (TGs), and total cholesterol (TC) increased across increasing quarters of TFAs (for all P < .001), while mean serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased across increasing quarters of plasma TFAs ( P < .001). In multivariable adjusted linear regressions, there remained significant positive associations between all plasma TFAs and body mass index, waist circumference, fat-free mass, fat mass, C-peptide, insulin, fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, TGs, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TC ( P < .001). In conclusion, our findings support a possible association between plasma TFAs concentrations and measures of glucose homeostasis and several CV risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- 1 Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, International College, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Arrigo F Cicero
- 3 Diseases Research Center, Medicine & Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum Atherosclerosis and Metabolic University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- 4 Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maciej Banach
- 5 Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,6 Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.,7 Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona-Gora, Poland
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21
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Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 136:e1-e23. [PMID: 28620111 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year. Preventive treatment that reduces CVD by even a small percentage can substantially reduce, nationally and globally, the number of people who develop CVD and the costs of caring for them. This American Heart Association presidential advisory on dietary fats and CVD reviews and discusses the scientific evidence, including the most recent studies, on the effects of dietary saturated fat intake and its replacement by other types of fats and carbohydrates on CVD. In summary, randomized controlled trials that lowered intake of dietary saturated fat and replaced it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by ≈30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment. Prospective observational studies in many populations showed that lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD and of other major causes of death and all-cause mortality. In contrast, replacement of saturated fat with mostly refined carbohydrates and sugars is not associated with lower rates of CVD and did not reduce CVD in clinical trials. Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a cause of atherosclerosis, linking biological evidence with incidence of CVD in populations and in clinical trials. Taking into consideration the totality of the scientific evidence, satisfying rigorous criteria for causality, we conclude strongly that lowering intake of saturated fat and replacing it with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats, will lower the incidence of CVD. This recommended shift from saturated to unsaturated fats should occur simultaneously in an overall healthful dietary pattern such as DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) or the Mediterranean diet as emphasized by the 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology lifestyle guidelines and the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
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22
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Smolders L, Plat J, Mensink RP. Dietary Strategies and Novel Pharmaceutical Approaches Targeting Serum ApoA-I Metabolism: A Systematic Overview. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:5415921. [PMID: 28695008 PMCID: PMC5485365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5415921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of CHD is still increasing, which underscores the need for new preventive and therapeutic approaches to decrease CHD risk. In this respect, increasing apoA-I concentrations may be a promising approach, especially through increasing apoA-I synthesis. This review first provides insight into current knowledge on apoA-I production, clearance, and degradation, followed by a systematic review of dietary and novel pharmacological approaches to target apoA-I metabolism. For this, a systematic search was performed to identify randomized controlled intervention studies that examined effects of whole foods and (non)nutrients on apoA-I metabolism. In addition, novel pharmacological approaches were searched for, which were specifically developed to target apoA-I metabolism. We conclude that both dietary components and pharmacological approaches can be used to increase apoA-I concentrations or functionality. For the dietary components in particular, more knowledge about the underlying mechanisms is necessary, as increasing apoA-I per se does not necessarily translate into a reduced CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Smolders
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
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23
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Hazarika A, Kalita H, Kalita MC, Devi R. Withdrawal from high-carbohydrate, high-saturated-fat diet changes saturated fat distribution and improves hepatic low-density-lipoprotein receptor expression to ameliorate metabolic syndrome in rats. Nutrition 2017; 38:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Reynés B, Palou M, Palou A. Gene expression modulation of lipid and central energetic metabolism related genes by high-fat diet intake in the main homeostatic tissues. Food Funct 2017; 8:629-650. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HF diet feeding affects the energy balance by transcriptional metabolic adaptations, based in direct gene expression modulation, perinatal programing and transcriptional factor regulation, which could be affected by the animal model, gender or period of dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Nutrition and Biotechnology
- Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Alimentómica SL (Spin off no. 001 from UIB)
- Palma Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Nutrition and Biotechnology
- Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn)
- Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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25
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Mode-of-action evaluation for the effect of trans fatty acids on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:282-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Trans fatty acids and cholesterol levels: An evidence map of the available science. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:269-281. [PMID: 27394654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High intakes of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) increase circulating low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, which has implicated iTFA in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Published data on iTFA and LDL-C, however, represent higher intake levels than the U.S. population currently consume. This study used state-of-the-art evidence mapping approaches to characterize the full body of literature on LDL-C and iTFA at low intake levels. A total of 32 independent clinical trials that included at least one intervention or control group with iTFA at ≤3%en were found. Findings indicated that a wide range of oils and interventions were used, limiting the ability to determine an isolated effect of iTFA intake. Few data points were found for iTFA at <3%en, with the majority of low-level exposures actually representing control group interventions containing non-partially hydrogenated (PHO) oils. Further, it appears that few dose-response data points are available to assess the relationship of low levels of iTFA, particularly from PHO exposure, and LDL-C. Therefore, limited evidence is available to determine the effect of iTFA at current consumption levels on CHD risk.
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Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Azizi F. Is the metabolic syndrome inversely associates with butter, non-hydrogenated- and hydrogenated-vegetable oils consumption: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 112:20-29. [PMID: 26655020 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hydrogenated- (HVOs) and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils (non-HVOs) and butter and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after 3-years of follow-up in adults. METHODS This study was conducted between 2006-2008 and 2009-2011 within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, on 1582 adults, aged 19-84 years. Intakes of HVOs, non-HVOs and butter were assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Based on the consumption of food rich in fat including HVOs, non-HVOs and butter, participants were categorized to consumers and non-consumers. RESULTS Of 1582 participants during a 3-year follow-up, 15.2% developed MetS. Non-consumption of butter was associated with lower MetS risk compared with its consumption. Among consumers of food rich in fat, intake of HVOs and butter were associated with an increased risk of MetS; ORs in the final multivariate model were 2.70 (95% CI: 1.52-4.78) for HVOs and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.20-3.41) for butter, in the highest, compared to the lowest category of dietary intakes. Intake of non-HVOs was not associated with risk of MetS. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of HVOs and butter were positively associated with an increase risk of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hosseinpour-Niazi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Hammad S, Pu S, Jones PJ. Current Evidence Supporting the Link Between Dietary Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. Lipids 2015; 51:507-17. [PMID: 26719191 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of consensus exists pertaining to the scientific evidence regarding effects of various dietary fatty acids on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The objective of this article is to review current evidence concerning cardiovascular health effects of the main dietary fatty acid types; namely, trans (TFA), saturated (SFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA; n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Accumulating evidence shows negative health impacts of TFA and SFA; both may increase CVD risk. Policies have been proposed to reduce TFA and SFA consumption to less than 1 and 7 % of energy intake, respectively. Cardiovascular health might be promoted by replacing SFA and TFA with n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, or MUFA; however, the optimal amount of PUFA or MUFA that can be used to replace SFA and TFA has not been defined yet. Evidence suggests of the potential importance of restricting n-6 PUFA up to 10 % of energy and obtaining an n-6/n-3 ratio as close as possible to unity, along with a particular emphasis on consuming adequate amounts of essential fatty acids. The latest evidence shows cardioprotective effects of MUFA-rich diets, especially when MUFA are supplemented with essential fatty acids; namely, docosahexaenoic acid. MUFA has been newly suggested to be involved in regulating fat oxidation, energy metabolism, appetite sensations, weight maintenance, and cholesterol metabolism. These favorable effects might implicate MUFA as the preferable choice to substitute for other fatty acids, especially given the declaration of its safety for up to 20 % of total energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Hammad
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 6C5, Canada.
| | - Shuaihua Pu
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Peter J Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 6C5, Canada
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29
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Abstract
Soya proteins and isoflavones have been reported to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile. More recently, this claim is being challenged. The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the effects of soya consumption on the lipid profile using published trials. A detailed literature search was conducted via MEDLINE (from 2004 through February 2014), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register) and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of soya on the lipid profile. The primary effect measure was the difference in means of the final measurements between the intervention and control groups. In all, thirty-five studies (fifty comparisons) were included in our analyses. Treatment duration ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year. Intake of soya products resulted in a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol concentration, -4.83 (95% CI -7.34, -2.31) mg/dl, TAG, -4.92 (95% CI -7.79, -2.04) mg/dl, and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, -5.33 (95% CI -8.35, -2.30) mg/dl. There was also a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol concentration, 1.40 (95% CI 0.58, 2.23) mg/dl. The I² statistic ranged from 92 to 99%, indicating significant heterogeneity. LDL reductions were more marked in hypercholesterolaemic patients, -7.47 (95% CI -11.79, -3.16) mg/dl, than in healthy subjects, -2.96 (95% CI -5.28, -0.65) mg/dl. LDL reduction was stronger when whole soya products (soya milk, soyabeans and nuts) were used as the test regimen, -11.06 (95% CI -15.74, -6.37) mg/dl, as opposed to when 'processed' soya extracts, -3.17 (95% CI -5.75, -0.58) mg/dl, were used. These data are consistent with the beneficial effects of soya proteins on serum LDL, HDL, TAG and TC concentrations. The effect was stronger in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Whole soya foods appeared to be more beneficial than soya supplementation, whereas isoflavone supplementation had no effects on the lipid profile.
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30
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Kwon Y. Effect oftrans–fatty acids on lipid metabolism: Mechanisms for their adverse health effects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1075214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Sun Y, Neelakantan N, Wu Y, Lote-Oke R, Pan A, van Dam RM. Palm Oil Consumption Increases LDL Cholesterol Compared with Vegetable Oils Low in Saturated Fat in a Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. J Nutr 2015; 145:1549-58. [PMID: 25995283 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm oil contains a high amount of saturated fat compared with most other vegetable oils, but studies have reported inconsistent effects of palm oil on blood lipids. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed the effect of palm oil consumption on blood lipids compared with other cooking oils using data from clinical trials. METHODS We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for trials of at least 2 wk duration that compared the effects of palm oil consumption with any of the predefined comparison oils: vegetable oils low in saturated fat, trans fat-containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and animal fats. Data were pooled by using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Palm oil significantly increased LDL cholesterol by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.13, 0.35 mmol/L; I(2) = 83.2%) compared with vegetable oils low in saturated fat. This effect was observed in randomized trials (0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.42 mmol/L) but not in nonrandomized trials (0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.20 mmol/L; P-difference = 0.02). Among randomized trials, only modest heterogeneity in study results remained after considering the test oil dose and the comparison oil type (I(2) = 27.5%). Palm oil increased HDL cholesterol by 0.02 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01, 0.04 mmol/L; I(2) = 49.8%) compared with vegetable oils low in saturated fat and by 0.09 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11 mmol/L; I(2) = 47.8%) compared with trans fat-containing oils. CONCLUSIONS Palm oil consumption results in higher LDL cholesterol than do vegetable oils low in saturated fat and higher HDL cholesterol than do trans fat-containing oils in humans. The effects of palm oil on blood lipids are as expected on the basis of its high saturated fat content, which supports the reduction in palm oil use by replacement with vegetable oils low in saturated and trans fat. This systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO registry at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42012002601#.VU3wvSGeDRZ as CRD42012002601.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yi Wu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and
| | | | - An Pan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Effect of dietary Fatty acids on human lipoprotein metabolism: a comprehensive update. Nutrients 2015; 7:4416-25. [PMID: 26043038 PMCID: PMC4488792 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dietary fatty-acid composition regulates lipids and lipoprotein metabolism and may confer CVD benefit. This review updates understanding of the effect of dietary fatty-acids on human lipoprotein metabolism. In elderly participants with hyperlipidemia, high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acids (PUFA) consumption diminished hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) secretion and enhanced TRL to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) conversion. n-3 PUFA also decreased TRL-apoB-48 concentration by decreasing TRL-apoB-48 secretion. High n-6 PUFA intake decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations by up-regulating VLDL lipolysis and uptake. In a study of healthy subjects, the intake of saturated fatty-acids with increased palmitic acid at the sn-2 position was associated with decreased postprandial lipemia. Low medium-chain triglyceride may not appreciably alter TRL metabolism. Replacing carbohydrate with monounsaturated fatty-acids increased TRL catabolism. Trans-fatty-acid decreased LDL and enhanced high-density lipoprotein catabolism. Interactions between APOE genotype and n-3 PUFA in regulating lipid responses were also described. The major advances in understanding the effect of dietary fatty-acids on lipoprotein metabolism has centered on n-3 PUFA. This knowledge emphasizes the importance of regulating lipoprotein metabolism as a mode to improve plasma lipids and potentially CVD risk. Additional studies are required to better characterize the cardiometabolic effects of other dietary fatty-acids.
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33
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Few studies have reviewed the impact of dietary fat and dietary patterns on lipoprotein metabolism. This review intends to provide perspective on this topic, while focusing primarily on the studies that assessed intravascular lipoprotein kinetics in humans using isotope methodologies. RECENT FINDINGS Data suggest that dietary saturated fatty acids slow the clearance of LDL apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 and of apoA-I from the circulation, whereas possibly increasing also apoA-I production. Dietary trans fats reduce the clearance of LDL apoB-100, whereas increasing the clearance of apoA-I. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake reduces the production of apoB-48-containing lipoproteins as well as of VLDL apoB-100 and increases their conversion into smaller lipoproteins. Medium-chain triglycerides appear to have no significant effect on lipoprotein kinetics. Finally, Mediterranean diet in the absence of weight loss reduces LDL cholesterol, primarily by enhancing its clearance from the circulation. SUMMARY Kinetic studies with tracers allow a better appreciation of the impact of specific dietary factors on plasma lipid risk factors. However, additional studies are required to better document the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids, n-6 PUFAs, and of whole diets on lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Kondo K, Ishida T, Yasuda T, Nakajima H, Mori K, Tanaka N, Mori T, Monguchi T, Shinohara M, Irino Y, Toh R, Rikitake Y, Kiyomizu K, Tomiyama Y, Yamamoto J, Hirata KI. Trans-fatty acid promotes thrombus formation in mice by aggravating antithrombogenic endothelial functions via Toll-like receptors. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:729-40. [PMID: 25546502 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Since excessive intake of trans-fatty acid (TFA) increases the risk of myocardial infarction, we investigated the effects of TFA on thrombus formation using animal and cell culture experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing TFA or cis-fatty acid (5% each of total calories) or a chow diet for 4 weeks, and thrombus formation was induced in the carotid artery by He-Ne laser irradiation. The high-TFA diet significantly promoted thrombus formation in the carotid artery compared to the chow or cis-fatty acid diet. TFA activated the inflammatory signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cells and in mice; aortic gene expression levels of antithrombogenic molecules, including thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, were decreased, and the expression levels of prothrombogenic molecules were increased in TFA-treated mice. TFA markedly upregulated the prothrombogenic molecules and downregulated the antithrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells. In addition, TFA induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. The TFA-activated signal pathways and prothrombogenic phenotypic changes of endothelial cells were inhibited by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. CONCLUSION TFA aggravates the antithrombogenic phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells via Toll-like receptors and promotes thrombus formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kondo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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35
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36
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Richard C, Couture P, Ooi EM, Tremblay AJ, Desroches S, Charest A, Lichtenstein AH, Lamarche B. Effect of Mediterranean Diet With and Without Weight Loss on Apolipoprotein B
100
Metabolism in Men With Metabolic Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:433-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
To assess the effect of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) with and without weight loss (WL) on apolipoprotein B
100
(apoB
100
) metabolism in men with metabolic syndrome.
Approach and Results—
The diet of 19 men with metabolic syndrome (age, 24–62 years) was first standardized to a North American isoenergetic control diet for 5 weeks, followed by an isoenergetic MedDiet for an additional 5 weeks under full-feeding conditions (MedDiet−WL). Participants next underwent a 20-week supervised WL program under free-living conditions (−10.2±2.9% body weight;
P
<0.01) and finally consumed the MedDiet (5 weeks) under weight-stabilizing feeding conditions (MedDiet+WL). In vivo kinetic of apoB
100
was assessed in the fasted state at the end of the 3 controlled diets using a bolus of D
3
-leucine. Compared with the control diet, MedDiet−WL reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-apoB
100
pool size (−14.2%,
P
<0.01) primarily through an increase in LDL-apoB
100
fractional catabolic rate (+30.4%,
P
=0.02) and increased LDL particle size (
P
<0.01) but had no effect on very-LDL (VLDL)-apoB
100
pool size or triglyceride concentrations, despite a significant increase in VLDL-apoB
100
fractional catabolic rate (+25.6%;
P
=0.03). MedDiet+WL had no further effect on LDL-apoB
100
pool size and fractional catabolic rate but further increased LDL particle size and reduced VLDL-apoB
100
pool size versus the control diet primarily through an increase in VLDL-apoB
100
fractional catabolic rate (+30.7%;
P
<0.01).
Conclusions—
Consumption of MedDiet increases LDL size and reduces LDL-apoB
100
concentrations primarily by increasing the catabolism of LDL even in the absence of WL in men with metabolic syndrome. MedDiet seems to have a trivial effect on VLDL concentrations and kinetics unless accompanied by significant WL.
Clinical Trial Registration
—URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00988650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Richard
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Patrick Couture
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Esther M.M. Ooi
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - André J. Tremblay
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Sophie Desroches
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Amélie Charest
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- From the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (C.R., P.C., A.J.T., S.D., A.C., B.L.); Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (E.M.M.O.); and Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L.)
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Anton SD, Heekin K, Simkins C, Acosta A. Differential effects of adulterated versus unadulterated forms of linoleic acid on cardiovascular health. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2013; 11:2-10. [PMID: 23464640 DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
According to the classic "diet-heart" hypothesis, high dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol combined with low intake of polyunsaturated fats can increase levels of serum cholesterol and lead to the development of atherogenic plaques and ultimately cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the beneficial health effects of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (LA), on cardiovascular health have been called into question with some scientists suggesting that consumption of LA should be reduced in Western countries. The focus of this critical review is on the controversy surrounding the effects of dietary intake of LA on cardiovascular health. Specifically, we critically examined the effects of both unadulterated and adulterated forms of LA on cardiovascular health outcomes based on findings from epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Additionally, we address common concerns surrounding dietary intake of LA regarding its relationship with arachidonic acid, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, and its relationship with inflammation. Our critical review indicates that unadulterated forms of LA are cardioprotective and should be consumed as part of a healthy diet. In contrast, abundant evidence now indicates that adulterated forms of LA, predominantly hydrogenated vegetable oils, are atherogenic and should not be considered part of a healthy diet. The ability to adulterate the natural omega-6 fatty acid, LA, has contributed to mixed findings regarding the effects of this fatty acid on cardiovascular health. Thus, it is critical that the source of LA be taken into account when drawing conclusions about the physiological effects of this fatty acid. The findings of the present review are in line with current dietary recommendations of the American Heart Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Richard C, Couture P, Desroches S, Lichtenstein AH, Lamarche B. Effect of an isoenergetic traditional Mediterranean diet on apolipoprotein A-I kinetic in men with metabolic syndrome. Nutr J 2013; 12:76. [PMID: 24499022 PMCID: PMC3679868 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) kinetics has not been studied to date. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of the MedDiet in the absence of changes in body weight on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I kinetic in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods Twenty-six men with MetS (NCEP-ATP III) were recruited from the general community. In this fixed sequence study, participants’ diet was first standardized to a control diet reflecting current averages in macronutrient intake in North American men, with all foods and beverages provided under isoenergetic conditions for 5 weeks. Participants were then fed an isoenergetic MedDiet over a subsequent period of 5 weeks to maintain their weight constant. During the last week of each diet, participants received a single bolus dose of [5,5,5-2H3] L-leucine and fasting blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. ApoA-I kinetic was determined by multicompartmental modeling using isotopic enrichment data over time. Data were analyses using MIXED models. Results The response of HDL-cholesterol (C) to MedDiet was heterogeneous, such that there was no mean change compared with the control diet. Plasma apoA-I concentration (−3.9%) and pool size (−5.3%, both P < 0.05) were significantly lower after MedDiet and apoA-I production rate tended to be reduced (−5.7%, P = 0.07) with no change in apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR, -1.6%, P = 0.64). Participants among whom HDL-C concentrations were increased with MedDiet (responders: mean ∆HDL-C: +9.9 ± 3.2%, N = 11) showed significantly greater reductions in apoA-I FCR and in apoB and very-low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides (VLDL-TG) concentrations (all P < 0.04) than those among whom HDL-C levels were reduced after the MedDiet (non-responders: mean ∆HDL-C: -12.0 ± 3.9%, N = 8). Correlation analysis revealed that only variations in apoA-I FCR (r = -0.48, P = 0.01) and in plasma VLDL-TG (r = −0.45, P = 0.03) concentrations were correlated with the individual HDL-C response to the MedDiet. Conclusions Data from this controlled feeding study suggest that the heterogeneous response of HDL-C to MedDiet, in the absence of important weight loss, is primarily related to individual variations in apoA-I FCR and in plasma VLDL-TG concentrations. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov registration number: NCT00988650
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, boul, Hochelaga, Québec (Qc), G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ooi EMM, Ng TWK, Watts GF, Barrett PHR. Dietary fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism: new insights and updates. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:192-7. [PMID: 23619368 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283613ba2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dyslipidemia is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dietary fatty acid composition regulates lipids and lipoprotein metabolism and may confer CVD benefit. This review updates understanding of the effect of dietary fatty acids on lipoprotein metabolism in humans. RECENT FINDINGS High dietary fish-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption diminished hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) secretion and enhanced TRL to LDL conversion. n-3 PUFA also decreased TRL-apoB-48 concentration by decreasing TRL-apoB-48 secretion. High n-6 PUFA intake decreased liver fat, and plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, triglycerides, total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Intake of saturated fatty acids with increased palmitic acid at the sn-2 position was associated with decreased postprandial lipemia, which might be due to decreased triglyceride absorption. Replacing carbohydrate with monounsaturated fatty acids increased TRL catabolism. Ruminant trans-fatty acid decreased HDL cholesterol, but the mechanisms are unknown. A new role for APOE genotype in regulating lipid responses was also described. SUMMARY The major advances in understanding the effect of dietary fatty acids on lipoprotein metabolism have focused on n-3 PUFA. This knowledge provides insights into the importance of regulating lipoprotein metabolism as a mode to improve plasma lipids and potential CVD risk. Further studies are required to better understand the cardiometabolic effects of other dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M M Ooi
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Schwenke DC, Foreyt JP, Miller ER, Reeves RS, Vitolins MZ. Plasma concentrations of trans fatty acids in persons with type 2 diabetes between September 2002 and April 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:862-71. [PMID: 23446895 PMCID: PMC3607659 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.046508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND transFatty acids (TFAs) increase cardiovascular disease risk. TFAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the food supply may be declining with reciprocal increases in cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether plasma 18-carbon TFA and PUFA concentrations might decrease over time and whether there might be reciprocal increases in plasma cis-MUFAs and SFAs. DESIGN We studied 305 persons (171 women) taking part in Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a randomized trial of lifestyle intervention for weight loss to reduce major cardiovascular events in overweight and obese adults (aged 45-76 y) with type 2 diabetes who also participated in an ancillary study of oxidative stress. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of TFAs, cis-MUFAs, SFAs, and PUFAs measured in plasma before intervention (September 2002-April 2004). RESULTS In a model that included demographic characteristics, plasma total fatty acid concentration, BMI, serum insulin, statin use, season, and longitudinal time trend (R(2) = 0.167, P < 0.0001), plasma TFAs decreased by 13.5%/y (95% CI: -22.7, -3.2%/y; absolute decrease 7.0 mg · L(-1) · y(-1); 95% CI: -12.5, -1.6 mg · L(-1) · y(-1); P = 0.012). This longitudinal trend was not significantly altered by further adjustment for dietary variables and physical activity. In contrast, longitudinal trends for PUFAs, cis-MUFAs, and SFAs were weak and not significant. CONCLUSIONS This change in plasma concentrations of TFAs is consistent with changes in fatty acid composition that food manufacturers are likely to have made to avoid declaring TFAs on food labels. Further research will be needed to determine the overall effect of these changes on cardiovascular risk. The Look AHEAD trial is registered at clinicaltrials.govas NCT00017953.
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Vu PT, Boonyarattanakalin S. Trans Fat Formation and Lipid Oxidation in Palm Olein during Prolonged Thermal Treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12720/jomb.2.3.214-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Coronary heart disease is becoming a worldwide epidemic and diet and lifestyle are well known contributing factors. Identifying the kinds of foods that may have a cardioprotective or cardiotoxic effect and understanding their molecular mechanisms of action has become of increasing importance. Through largely epidemiological evidence, trans fatty acid (TFA) intake has been associated with a variety of cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis. Traditionally, industrial TFAs (iTFAs) have been associated with these deleterious cardiovascular effects. However, there is a current body of research that suggests that ruminant trans fats (rTFAs) may have a cardioprotective role within the heart. The molecular mechanisms whereby TFAs are delivering their effects are largely unknown. In the following review, we discuss recent in vitro, animal and epidemiological research to better understand the effect of TFAs in the diet on cardiovascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Machado RM, Nakandakare ER, Quintao ECR, Cazita PM, Koike MK, Nunes VS, Ferreira FD, Afonso MS, Bombo RPA, Machado-Lima A, Soriano FG, Catanozi S, Lottenberg AM. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent atherosclerosis development in LDLr-KO mice, in spite of displaying a pro-inflammatory profile similar to trans fatty acids. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:66-74. [PMID: 22809447 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of atherosclerosis and the inflammatory response were investigated in LDLr-KO mice on three high-fat diets (40% energy as fat) for 16 weeks: trans (TRANS), saturated (SAFA) or ω-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats. The following parameters were measured: plasma lipids, aortic root total cholesterol (TC), lesion area (Oil Red-O), ABCA1 content and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry), collagen content (Picrosirius-red) and co-localization of ABCA1 and macrophage (confocal microscopy) besides the plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and the macrophage inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS). As expected, plasma TC and TG concentrations were lower on the PUFA diet than on TRANS or SAFA diets. Aortic intima macrophage infiltration, ABCA1 content, and lesion area on PUFA group were lower compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. Macrophages and ABCA1 markers did not co-localize in the atherosclerotic plaque, suggesting that different cell types were responsible for the ABCA1 expression in plaques. Compared to PUFA, TRANS and SAFA presented higher collagen content and necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. In the artery wall, TC was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS group; free cholesterol was lower on PUFA compared to TRANS and SAFA; cholesteryl ester concentration did not vary amongst the groups. Plasma TNF-α concentration on PUFA and TRANS-fed mice was higher compared to SAFA. No difference was observed in IL-6 concentration amongst groups. Regarding the macrophage inflammatory response to LPS, TRANS and PUFA presented higher culture medium concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α as compared to SAFA. The PUFA group showed the lowest amount of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 compared to TRANS and SAFA groups. In conclusion, PUFA intake prevented atherogenesis, even in a pro-inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta M Machado
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo, Lipids Laboratory, LIM 10, SP, Brazil
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Lottenberg AM, Afonso MDS, Lavrador MSF, Machado RM, Nakandakare ER. The role of dietary fatty acids in the pathology of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1027-40. [PMID: 22749135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional lipid metabolism is a key component in the development of metabolic syndrome, a very frequent condition characterized by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity and hypertension, which are related to an elevated risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is strongly associated with the severity of obesity; its physiopathology is related to both genetics and food intake habits, especially the consumption of a high-caloric, high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet. With the progress of scientific knowledge in the field of nutrigenomics, it was possible to elucidate how the majority of dietary fatty acids influence plasma lipid metabolism and also the genes expression involved in lipolysis and lipogenesis within hepatocytes and adipocytes. The aim of this review is to examine the relevant mechanistic aspects of dietary fatty acids related to blood lipids, adipose tissue metabolism, hepatic fat storage and inflammatory process, all of them closely related to the genesis of metabolic syndrome.
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Imes CC, Austin MA. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and risk of coronary heart disease: from familial hyperlipidemia to genomics. Biol Res Nurs 2012; 15:292-308. [PMID: 22531366 DOI: 10.1177/1099800412436967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) affects 17 million people in the United States and accounts for over a million hospital stays each year. Technological advances, especially in genetics and genomics, have changed our understanding of the risk factors for developing CHD. The purpose of this article is to review low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and risk of CHD. The article focuses on five topics: (1) a description of lipoprotein classes, normal lipoprotein metabolism, and the biological mechanism of atherosclerosis; (2) a review of selected epidemiologic and clinical trial studies examining the associations between elevated LDL-C and apo B with CHD; (3) a brief review of the familial forms of hyperlipidemia; (4) a description of variants in genes that have been associated with higher LDL-C levels in candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS); and (5) nursing implications, including a discussion on how genetic tests are evaluated and the current clinical utility and validity of genetic tests for CHD.
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Lacroix E, Charest A, Cyr A, Baril-Gravel L, Lebeuf Y, Paquin P, Chouinard PY, Couture P, Lamarche B. Randomized controlled study of the effect of a butter naturally enriched in trans fatty acids on blood lipids in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:318-25. [PMID: 22205319 PMCID: PMC3260067 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.023408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas the negative effect of consuming trans fatty acids found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is well established, the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminant sources (rTFAs) on CVD risk factors has not yet been established, particularly among women. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of a butter naturally enriched in rTFAs, of which vaccenic acid is the predominant isomer, on plasma lipid concentrations among healthy women. DESIGN In a double-blind, randomized, crossover controlled study, 61 healthy women aged 19-70 y were fed 2 isoenergetic diets lasting 4 wk each. The 2 diets were defined as moderately high in rTFAs (3.7 g/d, 1.5% of daily energy) and control (0.9 g/d, 0.3% of daily energy). RESULTS No significant effect of the rTFA diet was found on total plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, and triglyceride concentrations compared with the control diet. There was a small yet statistically significant reduction in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations with the rTFA diet (-2.8%; P = 0.004), which was significant (P for the BMI × treatment interaction = 0.006) among women with a BMI (in kg/m(2)) ≥25 (-5.2%; P = 0.004; n = 18) but not among women with a BMI <25 (-1.2%; P = 0.13; n = 43). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an increase in dietary rTFAs equivalent to ∼1% of daily energy has no significant effect on LDL but may be associated with a reduction in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, particularly in overweight women. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00930137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Regulation of the expression of key genes involved in HDL metabolism by unsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1351-9. [PMID: 22221450 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of HDL have been largely attributed to their role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, whose efficiency is affected by many proteins involved in the formation and remodelling of HDL. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects, and possible mechanisms of action, of unsaturated fatty acids on the expression of genes involved in HDL metabolism in HepG2 cells. The mRNA concentration of target genes was assessed by real-time PCR. Protein concentrations were determined by Western blot or immunoassays. PPAR and liver X receptor (LXR) activities were assessed in transfection experiments. Compared with the SFA palmitic acid (PA), the PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), EPA and DHA significantly decreased apoA-I, ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein mRNA levels. EPA and DHA significantly lowered the protein concentration of apoA-I and LCAT in the media, as well as the cellular ABCA1 protein content. In addition, DHA repressed the apoA-I promoter activity. AA lowered only the protein concentration of LCAT in the media. The activity of PPAR was increased by DHA, while the activity of LXR was lowered by both DHA and AA, relative to PA. The regulation of these transcription factors by PUFA may explain some of the PUFA effects on gene expression. The observed n-3 PUFA-mediated changes in gene expression are predicted to reduce the rate of HDL particle formation and maturation.
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Labonté MÈ, Couture P, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Lamarche B. Comparison of the impact of trans fatty acids from ruminant and industrial sources on surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in healthy men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S241-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Reisner K, Lehtonen M, Storvik M, Jantson T, Lakso M, Callaway JC, Wong G. Trans fat diet causes decreased brood size and shortened lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans delta-6-desaturase mutant fat-3. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 25:269-79. [PMID: 21308896 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) enter the diet through industrial processes and can cause adverse human health effects. The present study was aimed to examine the effects of dietary cis- and trans-fatty acids on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Cis- or trans-18:1n9 triglycerides (25 μM) caused no apparent changes in the numbers of viable progeny of wild-type N2 animals. However, in fat-3 mutants lacking delta-6-desaturase, the trans-isomer caused modest decreases in lifespan and progeny after three generations. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) profiles were significantly altered in fat-3 mutants compared to wild type but were not altered after exposure to dietary cis- or trans-18:1n9. Genome-wide expression analysis of fat-3 mutants revealed hundreds of changes. Several genes involved in fat metabolism (acs-2, fat-7, mdt-15) were significantly increased by cis- or trans-18:1n9 without discrimination between isomers. These results provide support for the hypothesis that dietary trans fats are detrimental to development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Reisner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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Cho YY, Kwon EY, Kim HJ, Jeon SM, Lee KT, Choi MS. Differential effect of corn oil-based low trans structured fat on the plasma and hepatic lipid profile in an atherogenic mouse model: comparison to hydrogenated trans fat. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:15. [PMID: 21247503 PMCID: PMC3036639 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trans fat are not desirable in many aspects on health maintenance. Low trans structured fats have been reported to be relatively more safe than trans fats. Methods We examined the effects of low trans structured fat from corn oil (LC), compared with high trans fat shortening, on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in apo E deficient mice which is an atherogenic animal model. The animals were fed a high trans fat (10% fat: commercial shortening (CS)) or a low trans fat (LC) diet for 12 weeks. Results LC decreased apo B and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride concentration compared to the CS group but significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and fecal lipids with a simultaneous increase in HDL-cholesterol level, apo A-I, and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol (HTR). Reduction of hepatic lipid levels by inclusion of LC intake was observed alongside modulation of hepatic enzyme activities related to cholesterol esterification, fatty acid metabolism and fecal lipids level compared to the CS group. The differential effects of LC intake on the plasma and hepatic lipid profile seemed to be partly due to the fatty acid composition of LC which contains higher MUFA, PUFA and SFA content as well as lower content of trans fatty acids compared to CS. Conclusions We suggest that LC may exert a dual effect on plasma and hepatic lipid metabolism in an atherogenic animal model. Accordingly, LC, supplemented at 10% in diet, had an anti-atherogenic effect on these apo E-/- mice, and increased fecal lipids, decreased hepatic steatosis, but elevated plasma lipids. Further studies are needed to verify the exact mode of action regarding the complex physiological changes and alteration in lipid metabolism caused by LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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