1
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Saha E, Fanfani V, Mandros P, Ben Guebila M, Fischer J, Shutta KH, DeMeo DL, Lopes-Ramos CM, Quackenbush J. Bayesian inference of sample-specific coexpression networks. Genome Res 2024; 34:1397-1410. [PMID: 39134413 DOI: 10.1101/gr.279117.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are effective tools for inferring complex interactions between molecules that regulate biological processes and hence can provide insights into drivers of biological systems. Inferring coexpression networks is a critical element of GRN inference, as the correlation between expression patterns may indicate that genes are coregulated by common factors. However, methods that estimate coexpression networks generally derive an aggregate network representing the mean regulatory properties of the population and so fail to fully capture population heterogeneity. Bayesian optimized networks obtained by assimilating omic data (BONOBO) is a scalable Bayesian model for deriving individual sample-specific coexpression matrices that recognizes variations in molecular interactions across individuals. For each sample, BONOBO assumes a Gaussian distribution on the log-transformed centered gene expression and a conjugate prior distribution on the sample-specific coexpression matrix constructed from all other samples in the data. Combining the sample-specific gene coexpression with the prior distribution, BONOBO yields a closed-form solution for the posterior distribution of the sample-specific coexpression matrices, thus allowing the analysis of large data sets. We demonstrate BONOBO's utility in several contexts, including analyzing gene regulation in yeast transcription factor knockout studies, the prognostic significance of miRNA-mRNA interaction in human breast cancer subtypes, and sex differences in gene regulation within human thyroid tissue. We find that BONOBO outperforms other methods that have been used for sample-specific coexpression network inference and provides insight into individual differences in the drivers of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Saha
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Viola Fanfani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Panagiotis Mandros
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marouen Ben Guebila
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Fischer
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Katherine H Shutta
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Camila M Lopes-Ramos
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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2
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Zeigler G, Harrington CA, Rosendale N, Ganos C, Roldan V, Pace A, Alick-Lindstrom S, Orozco-Poore C, Deeb W, Hansen ML, L'Erario ZP. Neurologic Care for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People: A Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Implications. Neurol Clin Pract 2024; 14:e200332. [PMID: 38919931 PMCID: PMC11195436 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To summarize the literature on neurologic care for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people and provide implications for clinical practice. Recent Findings There are limited data on the frequency and management of neurologic conditions among TGD people. TGD people have a higher prevalence of various neurologic conditions compared with cisgender or general population cohorts, including migraine, subjective cognitive decline, sleep disturbances, functional disorders, and cerebrovascular disease. Gender-affirming hormone therapy interacts with commonly prescribed neurologic medications and increases stroke risk among transfeminine people. Sex hormones and sex chromosomes may play a role in neurodegeneration and disability progression in neuroimmunologic diseases. Clitoral reduction surgeries on intersex children can cause neurologic disability and sexual dysfunction in adulthood. Socioeconomic disparities among TGD people contribute to health care barriers. Summary Neurologists should consider the unique experiences and health care needs of TGD people in their clinical practice and research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Zeigler
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Cole A Harrington
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Nicole Rosendale
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Valeria Roldan
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Anna Pace
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Sasha Alick-Lindstrom
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Casey Orozco-Poore
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Wissam Deeb
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Margaret L Hansen
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
| | - Z Paige L'Erario
- Department of Neurology (GZ), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Neurology (CAH), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (NR), University of California San Francisco; Movement Disorder Clinic (CG), Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado (VR), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Neurology (AP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (SA-L), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pediatric Neurology (CO-P), University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (WD), UMass Memorial Medical Center and UMass Medical School, Worcester; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (MLH), Columbus; Greenburgh Pride (ZPLE), Westchester, NY
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3
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Fairweather D, Beetler DJ, McCabe EJ, Lieberman SM. Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e180076. [PMID: 39286970 PMCID: PMC11405048 DOI: 10.1172/jci180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Most autoimmune diseases occur more often in women than men, with rheumatic autoimmune diseases being among those most highly expressed in women. Several key factors, identified mainly in animal models and cell culture experiments, are important in increasing autoimmune disease in females. These include sex hormones, immune genes including those found on the X chromosome, sex-specific epigenetic effects on genes by estrogen and the environment, and regulation of genes and messenger RNA by microRNAs found in extracellular vesicles. Evidence is also emerging that viruses as well as drugs or toxins that damage mitochondria may contribute to increased levels of autoantibodies against nuclear and mitochondrial antigens, which are common in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this Review is to summarize our current understanding of mechanisms that may determine sex differences in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Danielle J Beetler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth J McCabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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4
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Zhang R, Qiu C, Filippova G, Li G, Shendure J, Vert JP, Deng X, Disteche C, Noble WS. Multi-condition and multi-modal temporal profile inference during mouse embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.03.583179. [PMID: 38496477 PMCID: PMC10942306 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.03.583179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of single-cell time-series datasets enables modeling of changes in various types of cellular profiles over time. However, due to the disruptive nature of single-cell measurements, it is impossible to capture the full temporal trajectory of a particular cell. Furthermore, single-cell profiles can be collected at mismatched time points across different conditions (e.g., sex, batch, disease) and data modalities (e.g., scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq), which makes modeling challenging. Here we propose a joint modeling framework, Sunbear, for integrating multi-condition and multi-modal single-cell profiles across time. Sunbear can be used to impute single-cell temporal profile changes, align multi-dataset and multi-modal profiles across time, and extrapolate single-cell profiles in a missing modality. We applied Sunbear to reveal sex-biased transcription during mouse embryonic development and predict dynamic relationships between epigenetic priming and transcription for cells in which multi-modal profiles are unavailable. Sunbear thus enables the projection of single-cell time-series snapshots to multi-modal and multi-condition views of cellular trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington
- eScience Institute, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Gang Li
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington
- eScience Institute, University of Washington
| | - Jay Shendure
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Allen Center for Cell Lineage Tracing
| | | | - Xinxian Deng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington
| | | | - William Stafford Noble
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington
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5
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Buckley RF, Seto M. How Is the X Chromosome Involved in Alzheimer Disease? JAMA Neurol 2024:2823162. [PMID: 39250122 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Center for Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mabel Seto
- Center for Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Qadir MMF, Elgamal RM, Song K, Kudtarkar P, Sakamuri SS, Katakam PV, El-Dahr SS, Kolls JK, Gaulton KJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Single cell regulatory architecture of human pancreatic islets suggests sex differences in β cell function and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4607352. [PMID: 39011095 PMCID: PMC11247939 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4607352/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 and type 1 diabetes (T2D, T1D) exhibit sex differences in insulin secretion, the mechanisms of which are unknown. We examined sex differences in human pancreatic islets from 52 donors with and without T2D combining single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), single nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (snATAC-seq), hormone secretion, and bioenergetics. In nondiabetic (ND) donors, sex differences in islet cells gene accessibility and expression predominantly involved sex chromosomes. Islets from T2D donors exhibited similar sex differences in sex chromosomes differentially expressed genes (DEGs), but also exhibited sex differences in autosomal genes. Comparing β cells from T2D vs. ND donors, gene enrichment of female β cells showed suppression in mitochondrial respiration, while male β cells exhibited suppressed insulin secretion. Thus, although sex differences in gene accessibility and expression of ND β cells predominantly affect sex chromosomes, the transition to T2D reveals sex differences in autosomes highlighting mitochondrial failure in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ruth M. Elgamal
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keijing Song
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Parul Kudtarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siva S.V.P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad V. Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Samir S. El-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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7
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Zhang P, Munier JJ, Wiese CB, Vergnes L, Link JC, Abbasi F, Ronquillo E, Scheker K, Muñoz A, Kuang YL, Theusch E, Lu M, Sanchez G, Oni-Orisan A, Iribarren C, McPhaul MJ, Nomura DK, Knowles JW, Krauss RM, Medina MW, Reue K. X chromosome dosage drives statin-induced dysglycemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5571. [PMID: 38956041 PMCID: PMC11219728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Statin drugs lower blood cholesterol levels for cardiovascular disease prevention. Women are more likely than men to experience adverse statin effects, particularly new-onset diabetes (NOD) and muscle weakness. Here we find that impaired glucose homeostasis and muscle weakness in statin-treated female mice are associated with reduced levels of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), impaired redox tone, and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Statin adverse effects are prevented in females by administering fish oil as a source of DHA, by reducing dosage of the X chromosome or the Kdm5c gene, which escapes X chromosome inactivation and is normally expressed at higher levels in females than males. As seen in female mice, we find that women experience more severe reductions than men in DHA levels after statin administration, and that DHA levels are inversely correlated with glucose levels. Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells from women who developed NOD exhibit impaired mitochondrial function when treated with statin, whereas cells from men do not. These studies identify X chromosome dosage as a genetic risk factor for statin adverse effects and suggest DHA supplementation as a preventive co-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiang Zhang
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J Munier
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie B Wiese
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jenny C Link
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Whittier College, Whittier, CA, USA
| | - Fahim Abbasi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emilio Ronquillo
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Scheker
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Antonio Muñoz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Lu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Akinyemi Oni-Orisan
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael J McPhaul
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, 92675, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, and Novartis-Berkeley Center of Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Marisa W Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Rubin JB, Abou-Antoun T, Ippolito JE, Llaci L, Marquez CT, Wong JP, Yang L. Epigenetic developmental mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e180071. [PMID: 38949020 PMCID: PMC11213507 DOI: 10.1172/jci180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer risk is modulated by hereditary and somatic mutations, exposures, age, sex, and gender. The mechanisms by which sex and gender work alone and in combination with other cancer risk factors remain underexplored. In general, cancers that occur in both the male and female sexes occur more commonly in XY compared with XX individuals, regardless of genetic ancestry, geographic location, and age. Moreover, XY individuals are less frequently cured of their cancers, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of sex and gender effects in oncology. This will be necessary for optimal laboratory and clinical cancer investigations. To that end, we review the epigenetics of sexual differentiation and its effect on cancer hallmark pathways throughout life. Specifically, we will touch on how sex differences in metabolism, immunity, pluripotency, and tumor suppressor functions are patterned through the epigenetic effects of imprinting, sex chromosome complement, X inactivation, genes escaping X inactivation, sex hormones, and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph E. Ippolito
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
| | - Lorida Llaci
- Deartment of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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9
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Nathoo N, Neyal N, Kantarci OH, Zeydan B. Imaging phenotypic differences in multiple sclerosis: at the crossroads of aging, sex, race, and ethnicity. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1412482. [PMID: 39006184 PMCID: PMC11245741 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1412482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear sex differences are observed in clinical and imaging phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), which evolve significantly over the age spectrum, and more specifically, during reproductive milestones such as pregnancy and menopause. With neuroimaging being an outcome measure and also a key subclinical biomarker of subsequent clinical phenotype in MS, this comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of sex and hormone differences in structural and functional imaging biomarkers of MS, including lesion burden and location, atrophy, white matter integrity, functional connectivity, and iron distribution. Furthermore, how therapies aimed at altering sex hormones can impact imaging of women and men with MS over the lifespan is discussed. This review also explores the key intersection between age, sex, and race/ethnicity in MS, and how this intersection may affect imaging biomarkers of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Nathoo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nur Neyal
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Orhun H Kantarci
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Burcu Zeydan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Women's Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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10
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Qadir MMF, Elgamal RM, Song K, Kudtarkar P, Sakamuri SS, Katakam PV, El-Dahr S, Kolls J, Gaulton KJ, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Single cell regulatory architecture of human pancreatic islets suggests sex differences in β cell function and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589096. [PMID: 38645001 PMCID: PMC11030320 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Biological sex affects the pathogenesis of type 2 and type 1 diabetes (T2D, T1D) including the development of β cell failure observed more often in males. The mechanisms that drive sex differences in β cell failure is unknown. Studying sex differences in islet regulation and function represent a unique avenue to understand the sex-specific heterogeneity in β cell failure in diabetes. Here, we examined sex and race differences in human pancreatic islets from up to 52 donors with and without T2D (including 37 donors from the Human Pancreas Analysis Program [HPAP] dataset) using an orthogonal series of experiments including single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), single nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (snATAC-seq), dynamic hormone secretion, and bioenergetics. In cultured islets from nondiabetic (ND) donors, in the absence of the in vivo hormonal environment, sex differences in islet cell type gene accessibility and expression predominantly involved sex chromosomes. Of particular interest were sex differences in the X-linked KDM6A and Y-linked KDM5D chromatin remodelers in female and male islet cells respectively. Islets from T2D donors exhibited similar sex differences in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from sex chromosomes. However, in contrast to islets from ND donors, islets from T2D donors exhibited major sex differences in DEGs from autosomes. Comparing β cells from T2D and ND donors revealed that females had more DEGs from autosomes compared to male β cells. Gene set enrichment analysis of female β cell DEGs showed a suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain pathways, while male β cell had suppressed insulin secretion pathways. Thus, although sex-specific differences in gene accessibility and expression of cultured ND human islets predominantly affect sex chromosome genes, major differences in autosomal gene expression between sexes appear during the transition to T2D and which highlight mitochondrial failure in female β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ruth M. Elgamal
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keijing Song
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Parul Kudtarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siva S.V.P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad V. Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Samir El-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jay Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Sakamuri A, Visniauskas B, Kilanowski-Doroh I, McNally AB, Imulinde A, Kamau A, Sengottaian D, McLachlan J, Anguera M, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lindsey SH, Ogola BO. Testosterone deficiency promotes arterial stiffening independent of sex chromosome complement. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38845040 PMCID: PMC11155160 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormones and sex chromosomes play a vital role in cardiovascular disease. Testosterone plays a crucial role in men's health. Lower testosterone level is associated with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases, including inflammation, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Testosterone replacement is beneficial or neutral to men's cardiovascular health. Testosterone deficiency is associated with cardiovascular events. Testosterone supplementation to hypogonadal men improves libido, increases muscle strength, and enhances mood. We hypothesized that sex chromosomes (XX and XY) interaction with testosterone plays a role in arterial stiffening. METHODS We used four core genotype male mice to understand the inherent contribution of sex hormones and sex chromosome complement in arterial stiffening. Age-matched mice were either gonadal intact or castrated at eight weeks plus an additional eight weeks to clear endogenous sex hormones. This was followed by assessing blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, echocardiography, and ex vivo passive vascular mechanics. RESULTS Arterial stiffening but not blood pressure was more significant in castrated than testes-intact mice independent of sex chromosome complement. Castrated mice showed a leftward shift in stress-strain curves and carotid wall thinning. Sex chromosome complement (XX) in the absence of testosterone increased collagen deposition in the aorta and Kdm6a gene expression. CONCLUSION Testosterone deprivation increases arterial stiffening and vascular wall remodeling. Castration increases Col1α1 in male mice with XX sex chromosome complement. Our study shows decreased aortic contractile genes in castrated mice with XX than XY sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sakamuri
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ariane Imulinde
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anne Kamau
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Divya Sengottaian
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John McLachlan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Montserrat Anguera
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Benard O Ogola
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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12
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Feng M, Chai C, Hao X, Lai X, Luo Y, Zhang H, Tang W, Gao N, Pan G, Liu X, Wang Y, Xiong W, Wu Q, Wang J. Inherited KDM6A A649T facilitates tumor-immune escape and exacerbates colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma outcomes. Oncogene 2024; 43:1757-1768. [PMID: 38622203 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Childhood onset of colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma (CR-SRCC) is extremely rare and featured as highly malignant with poor prognosis. Here we reported a CR-SRCC case of 11-year-old boy with a novel inherited X-linked KDM6AA694T mutation. The H3K27me3 demethylase KDM6A was frequently mutated in varieties of tumors and acts as a tumor suppressor. In vivo H3K27me3 demethylation assay demonstrated that KDM6AA694T had dampened H3K27me3 demethylase activity. Overexpression of KDM6AA694T in SRCC cell line KATO3 promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration, which were further confirmed in vivo by constructing orthotopic tumor growth and lung metastasis model. Besides, expression of KDM6AA694T in immune cells suppresses inflammatory macrophage response and effector T cell response. In conclusion, we characterized a novel inherited KDM6AA694T mutant from a childhood-onset SRCC case and demonstrated that the mutant with impaired H3K27me3 demethylase activity could potentiate tumor malignancy and suppress antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiao Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Chengwei Chai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
- Department of Pediatric General Surgery, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, 253000, China
| | - Xiaojiang Lai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Wenzhu Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Ningxin Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Guihong Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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13
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Fang P, Yu LW, Espey H, Agirman G, Kazmi SA, Li K, Deng Y, Lee J, Hrncir H, Romero-Lopez A, Arnold AP, Hsiao EY. Sex-dependent interactions between prodromal intestinal inflammation and LRRK2 G2019S in mice promote endophenotypes of Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2024; 7:570. [PMID: 38750146 PMCID: PMC11096388 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) disruptions and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), but how they may impact risk for PD remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide evidence that prodromal intestinal inflammation expedites and exacerbates PD endophenotypes in rodent carriers of the human PD risk allele LRRK2 G2019S in a sex-dependent manner. Chronic intestinal damage in genetically predisposed male mice promotes α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor impairment. This male bias is preserved in gonadectomized males, and similarly conferred by sex chromosomal complement in gonadal females expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. The early onset and heightened severity of neuropathological and behavioral outcomes in male LRRK2 G2019S mice is preceded by increases in α-synuclein in the colon, α-synuclein-positive macrophages in the colonic lamina propria, and loads of phosphorylated α-synuclein within microglia in the substantia nigra. Taken together, these data reveal that prodromal intestinal inflammation promotes the pathogenesis of PD endophenotypes in male carriers of LRRK2 G2019S, through mechanisms that depend on genotypic sex and involve early accumulation of α-synuclein in myeloid cells within the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Lewis W Yu
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hannah Espey
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gulistan Agirman
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sabeen A Kazmi
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kai Li
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yongning Deng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haley Hrncir
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arlene Romero-Lopez
- UCLA Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- UCLA Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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14
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Winschel I, Willing A, Engler JB, Walkenhorst M, Meurs N, Binkle-Ladisch L, Woo MS, Pfeffer LK, Sonner JK, Borgmeyer U, Hagen SH, Grünhagel B, Claussen JM, Altfeld M, Friese MA. Sex- and species-specific contribution of CD99 to T cell costimulation during multiple sclerosis. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38750588 PMCID: PMC11097467 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in immune responses between women and men are leading to a strong sex bias in the incidence of autoimmune diseases that predominantly affect women, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS manifests in more than twice as many women, making sex one of the most important risk factor. However, it is incompletely understood which genes contribute to sex differences in autoimmune incidence. To address that, we conducted a gene expression analysis in female and male human spleen and identified the transmembrane protein CD99 as one of the most significantly differentially expressed genes with marked increase in men. CD99 has been reported to participate in immune cell transmigration and T cell regulation, but sex-specific implications have not been comprehensively investigated. METHODS In this study, we conducted a gene expression analysis in female and male human spleen using the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project dataset to identify differentially expressed genes between women and men. After successful validation on protein level of human immune cell subsets, we assessed hormonal regulation of CD99 as well as its implication on T cell regulation in primary human T cells and Jurkat T cells. In addition, we performed in vivo assays in wildtype mice and in Cd99-deficient mice to further analyze functional consequences of differential CD99 expression. RESULTS Here, we found higher CD99 gene expression in male human spleens compared to females and confirmed this expression difference on protein level on the surface of T cells and pDCs. Androgens are likely dispensable as the cause shown by in vitro assays and ex vivo analysis of trans men samples. In cerebrospinal fluid, CD99 was higher on T cells compared to blood. Of note, male MS patients had lower CD99 levels on CD4+ T cells in the CSF, unlike controls. By contrast, both sexes had similar CD99 expression in mice and Cd99-deficient mice showed equal susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared to wildtypes. Functionally, CD99 increased upon human T cell activation and inhibited T cell proliferation after blockade. Accordingly, CD99-deficient Jurkat T cells showed decreased cell proliferation and cluster formation, rescued by CD99 reintroduction. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CD99 is sex-specifically regulated in healthy individuals and MS patients and that it is involved in T cell costimulation in humans but not in mice. CD99 could potentially contribute to MS incidence and susceptibility in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Winschel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Willing
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Walkenhorst
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Meurs
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Binkle-Ladisch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Kristina Pfeffer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Borgmeyer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrik Hagen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grünhagel
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna M Claussen
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Huret C, Ferrayé L, David A, Mohamed M, Valentin N, Charlotte F, Savignac M, Goodhardt M, Guéry JC, Rougeulle C, Morey C. Altered X-chromosome inactivation predisposes to autoimmunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6537. [PMID: 38701219 PMCID: PMC11068014 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, males and females show marked differences in immune responses. Males are globally more sensitive to infectious diseases, while females are more susceptible to systemic autoimmunity. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the epigenetic mechanism ensuring the silencing of one X in females, may participate in these sex biases. We perturbed the expression of the trigger of XCI, the noncoding RNA Xist, in female mice. This resulted in reactivation of genes on the inactive X, including members of the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway, in monocyte/macrophages and dendritic and B cells. Consequently, female mice spontaneously developed inflammatory signs typical of lupus, including anti-nucleic acid autoantibodies, increased frequencies of age-associated and germinal center B cells, and expansion of monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells. Mechanistically, TLR7 signaling is dysregulated in macrophages, leading to sustained expression of target genes upon stimulation. These findings provide a direct link between maintenance of XCI and female-biased autoimmune manifestations and highlight altered XCI as a cause of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Huret
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Léa Ferrayé
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine David
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Myriame Mohamed
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Valentin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Charlotte
- Sorbonne University, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Magali Savignac
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Goodhardt
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Rougeulle
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Céline Morey
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
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16
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Potter SJ, Zhang L, Kotliar M, Wu Y, Schafer C, Stefan K, Boukas L, Qu’d D, Bodamer O, Simpson BN, Barski A, Lindsley AW, Bjornsson HT. KMT2D regulates activation, localization, and integrin expression by T-cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341745. [PMID: 38765012 PMCID: PMC11099208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Kabuki syndrome present with immunodeficiency; however, how pathogenic variants in the gene encoding the histone-modifying enzyme lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) lead to immune alterations remain poorly understood. Following up on our prior report of KMT2D-altered integrin expression in B-cells, we performed targeted analyses of KMT2D's influence on integrin expression in T-cells throughout development (thymocytes through peripheral T-cells) in murine cells with constitutive- and conditional-targeted Kmt2d deletion. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry, we reveal decreased expression (both at the transcriptional and translational levels) of a cluster of leukocyte-specific integrins, which perturb aspects of T-cell activation, maturation, adhesion/localization, and effector function. H3K4me3 ChIP-PCR suggests that these evolutionary similar integrins are under direct control of KMT2D. KMT2D loss also alters multiple downstream programming/signaling pathways, including integrin-based localization, which can influence T-cell populations. We further demonstrated that KMT2D deficiency is associated with the accumulation of murine CD8+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes and shifts in both human and murine peripheral T-cell populations, including the reduction of the CD4+ recent thymic emigrant (RTE) population. Together, these data show that the targeted loss of Kmt2d in the T-cell lineage recapitulates several distinct features of Kabuki syndrome-associated immune deficiency and implicates epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Potter
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Kotliar
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Caitlin Schafer
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kurtis Stefan
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Leandros Boukas
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dima Qu’d
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- The Roya Kabuki Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Brittany N. Simpson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew W. Lindsley
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hans T. Bjornsson
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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17
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Xiao T, Lee J, Gauntner TD, Velegraki M, Lathia JD, Li Z. Hallmarks of sex bias in immuno-oncology: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:338-355. [PMID: 38589557 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences are present across multiple non-reproductive organ cancers, with male individuals generally experiencing higher incidence of cancer with poorer outcomes. Although some mechanisms underlying these differences are emerging, the immunological basis is not well understood. Observations from clinical trials also suggest a sex bias in conventional immunotherapies with male individuals experiencing a more favourable response and female individuals experiencing more severe adverse events to immune checkpoint blockade. In this Perspective article, we summarize the major biological hallmarks underlying sex bias in immuno-oncology. We focus on signalling from sex hormones and chromosome-encoded gene products, along with sex hormone-independent and chromosome-independent epigenetic mechanisms in tumour and immune cells such as myeloid cells and T cells. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future studies on sex differences that integrate sex hormones and chromosomes and other emerging cancer hallmarks such as ageing and the microbiome to provide a more comprehensive view of how sex differences underlie the response in cancer that can be leveraged for more effective immuno-oncology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xiao
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy D Gauntner
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumour Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA.
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18
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Amato-Menker CJ, Hopen Q, Pettit A, Gandhi J, Hu G, Schafer R, Franko J. XX sex chromosome complement modulates immune responses to heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae immunization in a microbiome-dependent manner. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:21. [PMID: 38486287 PMCID: PMC10938708 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in male vs. female immune responses are well-documented and have significant clinical implications. While the immunomodulatory effects of sex hormones are well established, the contributions of sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and gut microbiome diversity on immune sexual dimorphisms have only recently become appreciated. Here we investigate the individual and collaborative influences of sex chromosome complements and gut microbiota on humoral immune activation. METHODS Male and female Four Core Genotype (FCG) mice were immunized with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP). Humoral immune responses were assessed, and X-linked immune-related gene expression was evaluated to explain the identified XX-dependent phenotype. The functional role of Kdm6a, an X-linked epigenetic regulatory gene of interest, was evaluated ex vivo using mitogen stimulation of B cells. Additional influences of the gut microbiome on sex chromosome-dependent B cell activation was also evaluated by antibiotically depleting gut microbiota prior to HKSP immunization. Reconstitution of the depleted microbiome with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria tested the impact of SCFAs on XX-dependent immune activation. RESULTS XX mice exhibited higher HKSP-specific IgM-secreting B cells and plasma cell frequencies than XY mice, regardless of gonadal sex. Although Kdm6a was identified as an X-linked gene overexpressed in XX B cells, inhibition of its enzymatic activity did not affect mitogen-induced plasma cell differentiation or antibody production in a sex chromosome-dependent manner ex vivo. Enhanced humoral responses in XX vs. XY immunized FCG mice were eliminated after microbiome depletion, indicating that the microbiome contributes to the identified XX-dependent immune enhancement. Reconstituting microbiota-depleted mice with select SCFA-producing bacteria enhanced fecal SCFA concentrations and increased humoral responses in XX, but not XY, FCG mice. However, exposure to the SCFA propionate alone did not enhance mitogenic B cell stimulation in ex vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS FCG mice have been used to assess sex hormone and sex chromosome complement influences on various sexually dimorphic traits. The current study indicates that the gut microbiome impacts humoral responses in an XX-dependent manner, suggesting that the collaborative influence of gut bacteria and other sex-specific factors should be considered when interpreting data aimed at delineating the mechanisms that promote sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Amato-Menker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Research, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Quinn Hopen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Research, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrea Pettit
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rosana Schafer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jennifer Franko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Research, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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19
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Clotet-Freixas S, Zaslaver O, Kotlyar M, Pastrello C, Quaile AT, McEvoy CM, Saha AD, Farkona S, Boshart A, Zorcic K, Neupane S, Manion K, Allen M, Chan M, Chen X, Arnold AP, Sekula P, Steinbrenner I, Köttgen A, Dart AB, Wicklow B, McGavock JM, Blydt-Hansen TD, Barrios C, Riera M, Soler MJ, Isenbrandt A, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Pradeloux S, Coulombe K, Soulet D, Rajasekar S, Zhang B, John R, Mehrotra A, Gehring A, Puhka M, Jurisica I, Woo M, Scholey JW, Röst H, Konvalinka A. Sex differences in kidney metabolism may reflect sex-dependent outcomes in human diabetic kidney disease. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eabm2090. [PMID: 38446901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progresses faster in males than in females. We identify sex-based differences in kidney metabolism and in the blood metabolome of male and female individuals with diabetes. Primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) from healthy males displayed increased mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and greater injury when exposed to high glucose compared with PTECs from healthy females. Male human PTECs showed increased glucose and glutamine fluxes to the TCA cycle, whereas female human PTECs showed increased pyruvate content. The male human PTEC phenotype was enhanced by dihydrotestosterone and mediated by the transcription factor HNF4A and histone demethylase KDM6A. In mice where sex chromosomes either matched or did not match gonadal sex, male gonadal sex contributed to the kidney metabolism differences between males and females. A blood metabolomics analysis in a cohort of adolescents with or without diabetes showed increased TCA cycle metabolites in males. In a second cohort of adults with diabetes, females without DKD had higher serum pyruvate concentrations than did males with or without DKD. Serum pyruvate concentrations positively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate, a measure of kidney function, and negatively correlated with all-cause mortality in this cohort. In a third cohort of adults with CKD, male sex and diabetes were associated with increased plasma TCA cycle metabolites, which correlated with all-cause mortality. These findings suggest that differences in male and female kidney metabolism may contribute to sex-dependent outcomes in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Olga Zaslaver
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Andrew T Quaile
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin D24, Ireland
- Trinity Kidney Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D8, Ireland
| | - Aninda D Saha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alex Boshart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katarina Zorcic
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Slaghaniya Neupane
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kieran Manion
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Maya Allen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Xuqi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Inga Steinbrenner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Allison B Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Jon M McGavock
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba Research Team, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Tom D Blydt-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Clara Barrios
- Kidney Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, IMIM, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marta Riera
- Kidney Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, IMIM, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - María José Soler
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Division of Nephrology Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Amandine Isenbrandt
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lamontagne-Proulx
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Solène Pradeloux
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Denis Soulet
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Quebec Research Center - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Shravanthi Rajasekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aman Mehrotra
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Adam Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 10, Slovakia
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Hannes Röst
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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20
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Montano EN, Bose M, Huo L, Tumurkhuu G, De Los Santos G, Simental B, Stotland AB, Wei J, Bairey Merz CN, Suda J, Martins G, Lalani S, Lawrenson K, Wang Y, Parker S, Venuturupalli S, Ishimori M, Wallace DJ, Jefferies CA. α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent KDM6 Histone Demethylases and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Lupus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:396-410. [PMID: 37800478 PMCID: PMC10922114 DOI: 10.1002/art.42724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) monocytes is linked to changes in metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation of ISG expression. METHODS Monocytes from healthy volunteers and patients with SLE at baseline or following IFNα treatment were analyzed by extracellular flux analysis, proteomics, metabolomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and gene expression. The histone demethylases KDM6A/B were inhibited using glycogen synthase kinase J4 (GSK-J4). GSK-J4 was tested in pristane and resiquimod (R848) models of IFN-driven SLE. RESULTS SLE monocytes had enhanced rates of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation compared to healthy control monocytes, as well as increased levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase and its product, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Because α-KG is a required cofactor for histone demethylases KDM6A and KDM6B, we hypothesized that IFNα may be driving "trained immune" responses through altering histone methylation. IFNα priming (day 1) resulted in a sustained increase in the expression of ISGs in primed cells (day 5) and enhanced expression on restimulation with IFNα. Importantly, decreased H3K27 trimethylation was observed at the promoters of ISGs following IFNα priming. Finally, GSK-J4 (KDM6A/B inhibitor) resulted in decreased ISG expression in SLE patient monocytes, as well as reduced autoantibody production, ISG expression, and kidney pathology in R848-treated BALB/c mice. CONCLUSION Our study suggests long-term IFNα exposure alters the epigenetic regulation of ISG expression in SLE monocytes via changes in immunometabolism, a mechanism reflecting trained immunity to type I IFN. Importantly, it opens the possibility that targeting histone-modifying enzymes, such as KDM6A/B, may reduce IFN responses in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Montano
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Moumita Bose
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Huo
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela De Los Santos
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Simental
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet Wei
- Smidt Heart Institute and Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jo Suda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gislaine Martins
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Lalani
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mariko Ishimori
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Kao Autoimmunity Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Dunn SE, Perry WA, Klein SL. Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:37-55. [PMID: 37993681 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of testes or ovaries), and concentrations of sex steroids (that is, testosterone or oestrogens and progesterone). Although these sex differences are binary for most human individuals and mice, transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy, individuals with genetic syndromes (for example, Klinefelter and Turner syndromes) and people with disorders of sexual development reflect the diversity in sex-based biology. The broad distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors across diverse cell types and the differential expression of X-linked and autosomal genes means that sex is a biological variable that can affect the function of all physiological systems, including the immune system. Sex differences in immune cell function and immune responses to foreign and self antigens affect the development and outcome of diverse diseases and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Whitney A Perry
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Christians JK, Reue K. The role of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes in sex-dependent effects of early nutrition on metabolic health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1304050. [PMID: 38189044 PMCID: PMC10770830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1304050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life conditions such as prenatal nutrition can have long-term effects on metabolic health, and these effects may differ between males and females. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in the response to early-life environment will improve interventions, but few such mechanisms have been identified, and there is no overall framework for understanding sex differences. Biological sex differences may be due to chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, or interactions between the two. This review describes approaches to distinguish between the roles of chromosomal and gonadal sex, and summarizes findings regarding sex differences in metabolism. The Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model allows dissociation of the sex chromosome genotype from gonadal type, whereas the XY* mouse model can be used to distinguish effects of X chromosome dosage vs the presence of the Y chromosome. Gonadectomy can be used to distinguish between organizational (permanent) and activational (reversible) effects of sex hormones. Baseline sex differences in a variety of metabolic traits are influenced by both activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, as well as sex chromosome complement. Thus far, these approaches have not been widely applied to examine sex-dependent effects of prenatal conditions, although a number of studies have found activational effects of estradiol to be protective against the development of hypertension following early-life adversity. Genes that escape X chromosome inactivation (XCI), such as Kdm5c, contribute to baseline sex-differences in metabolism, while Ogt, another XCI escapee, leads to sex-dependent responses to prenatal maternal stress. Genome-wide approaches to the study of sex differences include mapping genetic loci influencing metabolic traits in a sex-dependent manner. Seeking enrichment for binding sites of hormone receptors among genes showing sexually-dimorphic expression can elucidate the relative roles of hormones. Using the approaches described herein to identify mechanisms underlying sex-dependent effects of early nutrition on metabolic health may enable the identification of fundamental mechanisms and potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K. Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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23
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Peeters SB, Posynick BJ, Brown CJ. Out of the Silence: Insights into How Genes Escape X-Chromosome Inactivation. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:29. [PMID: 38131901 PMCID: PMC10742877 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The silencing of all but one X chromosome in mammalian cells is a remarkable epigenetic process leading to near dosage equivalence in X-linked gene products between the sexes. However, equally remarkable is the ability of a subset of genes to continue to be expressed from the otherwise inactive X chromosome-in some cases constitutively, while other genes are variable between individuals, tissues or cells. In this review we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches that have been used to identify escapees. The identity of escapees provides important clues to mechanisms underlying escape from XCI, an arena of study now moving from correlation to functional studies. As most escapees show greater expression in females, the not-so-inactive X chromosome is a substantial contributor to sex differences in humans, and we highlight some examples of such impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolyn J. Brown
- Molecular Epigenetics Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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24
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Kosmara D, Papanikolaou S, Nikolaou C, Bertsias G. Extensive Alternative Splicing Patterns in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Highlight Sexual Differences. Cells 2023; 12:2678. [PMID: 38067106 PMCID: PMC10705143 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence highlights divergences in immune responses between men and women. Women are more susceptible to autoimmunity, whereas men suffer from the more severe presentation of autoimmune disorders. The molecular mechanism of this sexual dimorphism remains elusive. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of sex differences in whole-blood gene expression focusing on alternative splicing (AS) events in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is a prototype sex-biased disease. This study included 79 SLE patients with active disease and 58 matched healthy controls who underwent whole-blood RNA sequencing. Sex differences in splicing events were widespread, existent in both SLE and a healthy state. However, we observed distinct gene sets and molecular pathways targeted by sex-dependent AS in SLE patients as compared to healthy subjects, as well as a notable sex dissimilarity in intron retention events. Sexually differential spliced genes specific to SLE patients were enriched for dynamic cellular processes including chromatin remodeling, stress and inflammatory responses. Remarkably, the extent of sexual differences in AS in the SLE patients and healthy individuals exceeded those in gene expression. Overall, this study reveals an unprecedent variation in sex-dependent splicing events in SLE and the healthy state, with potential implications for understanding the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Kosmara
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Heraklion and University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Infections and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Papanikolaou
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Heraklion and University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos Nikolaou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Institute of Bioinnovation, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - George Bertsias
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Heraklion and University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Infections and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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25
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Saha E, Fanfani V, Mandros P, Ben-Guebila M, Fischer J, Hoff-Shutta K, Glass K, DeMeo DL, Lopes-Ramos C, Quackenbush J. Bayesian Optimized sample-specific Networks Obtained By Omics data (BONOBO). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567119. [PMID: 38014256 PMCID: PMC10680741 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are effective tools for inferring complex interactions between molecules that regulate biological processes and hence can provide insights into drivers of biological systems. Inferring co-expression networks is a critical element of GRN inference as the correlation between expression patterns may indicate that genes are coregulated by common factors. However, methods that estimate co-expression networks generally derive an aggregate network representing the mean regulatory properties of the population and so fail to fully capture population heterogeneity. To address these concerns, we introduce BONOBO (Bayesian Optimized Networks Obtained By assimilating Omics data), a scalable Bayesian model for deriving individual sample-specific co-expression networks by recognizing variations in molecular interactions across individuals. For every sample, BONOBO assumes a Gaussian distribution on the log-transformed centered gene expression and a conjugate prior distribution on the sample-specific co-expression matrix constructed from all other samples in the data. Combining the sample-specific gene expression with the prior distribution, BONOBO yields a closed-form solution for the posterior distribution of the sample-specific co-expression matrices, thus making the method extremely scalable. We demonstrate the utility of BONOBO in several contexts, including analyzing gene regulation in yeast transcription factor knockout studies, prognostic significance of miRNA-mRNA interaction in human breast cancer subtypes, and sex differences in gene regulation within human thyroid tissue. We find that BONOBO outperforms other sample-specific co-expression network inference methods and provides insight into individual differences in the drivers of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Saha
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Viola Fanfani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Panagiotis Mandros
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marouen Ben-Guebila
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jonas Fischer
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Hoff-Shutta
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn Lisa DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camila Lopes-Ramos
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Hosseinzadeh S, Afshari S, Molaei S, Rezaei N, Dadkhah M. The role of genetics and gender specific differences in neurodegenerative disorders: Insights from molecular and immune landscape. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 384:578206. [PMID: 37813041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are the most common neurological disorders with high prevalence and have significant socioeconomic implications. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the immune system can be effective in disease etiology, leading to more effective therapeutic approaches for both females and males. The central nervous system (CNS) actively participates in immune responses, both within and outside the CNS. Immune system activation is a common feature in NDDs. Gender-specific factors play a significant role in the prevalence, progression, and manifestation of NDDs. Neuroinflammation, in both inflammatory neurological and neurodegenerative conditions, is defined by the triggering of microglia and astrocyte cell activation. This results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Numerous studies have documented the role of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases, highlighting the involvement of immune signaling pathways in disease development. Converging evidence support immune system involvement during neurodegeneration in NDDs. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence that reveals gender-dependent differences in immune responses related to NDDs. Also, we highlight sex differences in immune responses and discuss how these sex-specific influences can increase the risk of NDDs. Understanding the role of gender-specific factors can aid in developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes. Ultimately, the better understanding of these mechanisms contributed to sex-dependent immune response in NDDs, can be critically usful in targeting of immune signaling cascades in such disorders. In this regard, sex-related immune responses in NDDs may be promising and effective targets in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Soheila Molaei
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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27
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Amato-Menker C, Hopen Q, Pettit A, Gandhi J, Hu G, Schafer R, Franko J. XX sex chromosome complement modulates immune responses to heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae immunization in a microbiome-dependent manner. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3429829. [PMID: 37961596 PMCID: PMC10635377 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3429829/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Differences in male vs. female immune responses are well-documented and have significant clinical implications. While the immunomodulatory effects of sex hormones are well established, the contributions of sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and gut microbiome diversity on immune sexual dimorphisms have only recently become appreciated. Here we investigate the individual and collaborative influences of sex chromosome complements and gut microbiome bacteria on humoral immune activation. Methods Sham-operated and gonadectomized male and female Four Core Genotype (FCG) mice were immunized with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP). Humoral immune responses were assessed, and X-linked immune-related gene expression was evaluated to explain the identified XX-dependent phenotypes. Ex vivo studies investigated the functional role of Kdm6a, an X-linked epigenetic regulatory gene of interest, in mitogenic B cell activation. Additionally, we examined whether gut microbiome communities, or their metabolites, differentially influence immune cell activation in a sex chromosome-dependent manner. Endogenous gut microbiomes were antibiotically depleted and reconstituted with select short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria prior to HKSP immunization and immune responses assessed. Results XX mice exhibited higher HKSP-specific IgM-secreting B cells and plasma cell frequencies than XY mice, regardless of gonadal sex. Although Kdm6a was identified as an X-linked gene overexpressed in XX B cells, inhibition of its enzymatic activity did not affect mitogen-induced plasma cell differentiation or antibody production in a sex chromosome-dependent manner ex vivo. Enhanced humoral responses in XX vs. XY immunized FCG mice were eliminated after microbiome depletion, indicating that the microbiome contributes to the identified XX-dependent immune enhancement. Reconstituting microbiota-depleted mice with select SCFA-producing bacteria increased humoral responses in XX, but not XY, FCG mice. This XX-dependent enhancement appears to be independent of SCFA production in males, while female XX-dependent responses relied on SCFAs. Conclusions FCG mice have been used to assess the influence of sex hormones and sex chromosome complements on various sexually dimorphic traits. The current study indicates that the gut microbiome impacts humoral responses in an XX-dependent manner, suggesting that the collaborative influence of gut bacteria and other sex-specific factors should be considered when interpreting data aimed at delineating the mechanisms that promote sexual dimorphism.
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28
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Xiao Y, Schroeter A, Martin F, Matsunaga T, Nakamori K, Roesel MJ, Habal M, Chong AS, Zhou H, Tullius SG. Sex as a biological variable: Mechanistic insights and clinical relevance in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1661-1672. [PMID: 37543092 PMCID: PMC10838351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex affects immunity broadly, with recognized effects on the incidence and severity of autoimmune diseases, infections, and malignancies. Consequences of sex on alloimmunity and outcomes in solid organ transplantation are less well defined. Clinical studies have shown that donor and recipient sex independently impact transplant outcomes, which are further modified by aging. Potential mechanisms have thus far not been detailed and may include hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic components. Here, we summarize relevant findings in immunity in addition to studies in clinical and experimental organ transplantation detailing the effects of biological sex on alloimmunity. Understanding both clinical impact and mechanisms is expected to provide critical insights on the complexity of alloimmune responses, with the potential to fine-tune treatment and allocation while providing a rationale to include both sexes in transplant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Schroeter
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Friederike Martin
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Surgery, CVK/CCM, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomohisa Matsunaga
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Nakamori
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maximilian J Roesel
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlena Habal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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29
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Nour J, Bonacina F, Norata GD. Gonadal sex vs genetic sex in experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2023; 384:117277. [PMID: 37775425 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data and interventional studies with hormone replacement therapy suggest that women, at least until menopause, are at decreased cardiovascular risk compared to men. Still the molecular mechanisms beyond this difference are debated and the investigation in experimental models of atherosclerosis has been pivotal to prove that the activation of the estrogen receptor is atheroprotective, despite not enough to explain the differences reported in cardiovascular disease between male and female. This casts also for investigating the importance of the sex chromosome complement (genetic sex) beyond the contribution of sex hormones (gonadal sex) on atherosclerosis. Aim of this review is to present the dualism between gonadal sex and genetic sex with a focus on the data available from experimental models. The molecular mechanisms driving changes in lipid metabolism, immuno-inflammatory reactivity and vascular response in males and females that affect atherosclerosis progression will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Nour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Italy.
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30
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Sakamuri A, Visniauskas B, Kilanowski-Doroh I, McNally A, Imulinde-Sugi A, Kamau A, Sengottaian D, McLachlan J, Anguera M, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lindsey S, Ogola BO. Testosterone Deficiency Promotes Arterial Stiffening Independent of Sex Chromosome Complement. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3370040. [PMID: 37886462 PMCID: PMC10602149 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3370040/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Testosterone plays a vital role in men's health. Lower testosterone level is associated with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases, including inflammation, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Testosterone replacement is beneficial or neutral to men's cardiovascular health. Testosterone deficiency is associated with cardiovascular events. Testosterone supplementation to hypogonadal men improves libido, increases muscle strength, and enhances mood. We hypothesized that sex chromosomes (XX and XY) interaction with testosterone plays a role in arterial stiffening. Methods We used four core genotype male mice to understand the inherent contribution of sex hormones and sex chromosome complement in arterial stiffening. Age-matched mice were either gonadal intact or castrated for eight weeks, followed by an assessment of blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, echocardiography, and ex vivo passive vascular mechanics. Results Arterial stiffening but not blood pressure was more significant in castrated than testes-intact mice independent of sex chromosome complement. Castrated mice showed a leftward shift in stress-strain curves and carotid wall thinning. Sex chromosome complement (XX) in the absence of testosterone increased collagen deposition in the aorta and Kdm6a gene expression. Conclusion Testosterone deprivation increases arterial stiffening and vascular wall remodeling. Castration increases Col1α1 in male mice with XX sex chromosome complement. Our study shows decreased aortic contractile genes in castrated mice with XX than XY sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Kamau
- Augusta University Medical College of Georgia
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31
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Sakamuri A, Bardhan P, Tummala R, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Yang T, Joe B, Ogola BO. Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and microbiota: Identification of Akkermansia muciniphila as an estrogen-responsive microbiota. MICROBIOTA AND HOST 2023; 1:e230010. [PMID: 37937163 PMCID: PMC10629929 DOI: 10.1530/mah-23-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota composition is known to be linked to sex. However, separating sex hormones and sex chromosome roles in gut microbial diversity is yet to be determined. To investigate the sex chromosome role independent of sex hormones, we used the four-core genotype mouse model. In this mouse model, males with testes and females with ovaries have XX or XY sex chromosome complement. In gonadectomized four-core genotype mice, we observed a significant decrease in the levels of estradiol (P<0.001) and progesterone (P<0.03) in female and testosterone (P<0.0001) in male mice plasma samples. Independent of sex chromosome complement, microbial α diversity was increased in gonadectomized female but not male mice compared to sex-matched gonad-intact controls. β diversity analysis showed separation between male (P<0.05) but not female XX and XY mice. Importantly, Akkermansia muciniphila was less abundant in gonadectomized compared to gonadal intact female mice (P<0.0001). In the presence of β-estradiol, Akkermansia muciniphila growth exponentially increased, providing evidence for the identification of a female sex hormone-responsive bacterium (P<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sakamuri
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Pritam Bardhan
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Ramakumar Tummala
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Tao Yang
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Bina Joe
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Benard Ojwang Ogola
- Vascular Biology Center and Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
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32
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Fazazi MR, Ruda GF, Brennan PE, Rangachari M. The X-linked histone demethylases KDM5C and KDM6A as regulators of T cell-driven autoimmunity in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110748. [PMID: 37657612 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell-driven autoimmune responses are subject to striking sex-dependent effects. While the contributions of sex hormones are well-understood, those of sex chromosomes are meeting with increased appreciation. Here, we outline what is known about the contribution of sex chromosome-linked factors to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model that recapitulates many of the T cell-driven mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Particular attention is paid to the KDM family of histone demethylases, several of which - KDM5C, KDM5D and KDM6A - are sex chromosome encoded. Finally, we provide evidence that functional inhibition of KDM5 molecules can suppress interferon (IFN)γ production from murine male effector T cells, and that an increased ratio of inflammatory Kdm6a to immunomodulatory Kdm5c transcript is observed in T helper 17 (Th17) cells from women with the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Histone lysine demethlyases thus represent intriguing targets for the treatment of T cell-driven autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Reda Fazazi
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Centre for Medicines Discovery and NIHR, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Centre for Medicines Discovery and NIHR, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Alzheimer's Research UK, Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Manu Rangachari
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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33
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Wiese CB, Avetisyan R, Reue K. The impact of chromosomal sex on cardiometabolic health and disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:652-665. [PMID: 37598068 PMCID: PMC11090013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of metabolism are sex-biased, from gene expression in metabolic tissues to the prevalence and presentation of cardiometabolic diseases. The influence of hormones produced by male and female gonads has been widely documented, but recent studies have begun to elucidate the impact of genetic sex (XX or XY chromosomes) on cellular and organismal metabolism. XX and XY cells have differential gene dosage conferred by specific genes that escape X chromosome inactivation or the presence of Y chromosome genes that are absent from XX cells. Studies in mouse models that dissociate chromosomal and gonadal sex have uncovered mechanisms for sex-biased epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in conditions such as obesity, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, autoimmune disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B Wiese
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rozeta Avetisyan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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34
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Reue K, Arnold AP. Inclusion of Sex as a Biological Variable in Biomedical Sciences at the Undergraduate Level and Beyond. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:891-896. [PMID: 37585516 PMCID: PMC10457603 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve research on women's health, and to achieve better understanding of the factors controlling disease across diverse populations of humans, it is imperative to study sex differences in physiology and disease. After the introduction of the "SABV policy" at NIH, which requires investigators using animals or humans to consider sex as a biological factor, it became clear that many investigators were unaware of concepts of sexual differentiation or methods that can be used to study sex as a biological variable (SABV). To remedy this situation, efforts have increased to teach concepts and methods of SABV at all educational levels. The UCLA Scientific Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) grant "Sex differences in the metabolic syndrome" promotes education about SABV through three primary mechanisms: (1) through didactic course content for students at the undergraduate level, (2) by providing pilot funding for early career investigators to study the role of sex in metabolism-related areas, and (3) through curation of a video library, which may be useful for investigators performing research at the graduate, postgraduate, and faculty levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Reue
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arthur P. Arnold
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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35
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Qu L, Yin T, Zhao Y, Lv W, Liu Z, Chen C, Liu K, Shan S, Zhou R, Li X, Dong H. Histone demethylases in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:188. [PMID: 37353521 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens or danger signals trigger the immune response. Moderate immune response activation removes pathogens and avoids excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Histone demethylases (KDMs) regulate gene expression and play essential roles in numerous physiological processes by removing methyl groups from lysine residues on target proteins. Abnormal expression of KDMs is closely associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases such as liver fibrosis, lung injury, and autoimmune diseases. Despite becoming exciting targets for diagnosing and treating these diseases, the role of these enzymes in the regulation of immune and inflammatory response is still unclear. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms through which KDMs regulate immune-related pathways and inflammatory responses. In addition, we also discuss the future applications of KDMs inhibitors in immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yijin Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kejun Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shigang Shan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Biological Targeted Therapy Key Laboratory in Hubei, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Huifen Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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36
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Krueger K, Lamenza F, Gu H, El-Hodiri H, Wester J, Oberdick J, Fischer AJ, Oghumu S. Sex differences in susceptibility to substance use disorder: Role for X chromosome inactivation and escape? Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103859. [PMID: 37207894 PMCID: PMC10286730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a sex-based disparity associated with substance use disorders (SUDs) as demonstrated by clinical and preclinical studies. Females are known to escalate from initial drug use to compulsive drug-taking behavior (telescoping) more rapidly, and experience greater negative withdrawal effects than males. Although these biological differences have largely been attributed to sex hormones, there is evidence for non-hormonal factors, such as the influence of the sex chromosome, which underlie sex disparities in addiction behavior. However, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex chromosome influences on substance abuse behavior are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the role that escape from X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females plays in sex-associated differences in addiction behavior. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), and during XCI, one X chromosome is randomly chosen to be transcriptionally silenced. However, some X-linked genes escape XCI and display biallelic gene expression. We generated a mouse model using an X-linked gene specific bicistronic dual reporter mouse as a tool to visualize allelic usage and measure XCI escape in a cell specific manner. Our results revealed a previously undiscovered X-linked gene XCI escaper (CXCR3), which is variable and cell type dependent. This illustrates the highly complex and context dependent nature of XCI escape which is largely understudied in the context of SUD. Novel approaches such as single cell RNA sequencing will provide a global molecular landscape and impact of XCI escape in addiction and facilitate our understanding of the contribution of XCI escape to sex disparities in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Krueger
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Felipe Lamenza
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Howard Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heithem El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Oberdick
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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37
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Miquel CH, Faz-Lopez B, Guéry JC. Influence of X chromosome in sex-biased autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102992. [PMID: 36641351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Females have better ability to resolve infections, compared to males, but also, a greater susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Besides the initial interest on the contribution of sex-steroid hormone signaling, the role of genetic factors linked to X chromosome has recently focused much attention. In human and mouse, the number of X chromosomes, rather than sex-steroid hormones, have been found associated with higher risk or susceptibility to develop autoimmunity, particularly rheumatic diseases, such as SLE, Sjögren's syndrome or Scleroderma. For all of these diseases, the Toll-like receptor TLR7 and TLR8, encoded on the same locus in the human Xp, have been demonstrated to be causal in disease development through gene dosage effect or gain of function mutations. During embryonic development in female mammals, one X chromosome is stochastically inactivated to balance X-linked gene expression between males and females, a process known as X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Nevertheless, some genes including immune related genes can escape XCI to variable degree and penetrance, resulting in a bi-allelic expression in some immune cells, such as TLR7. Because tight regulation of TLR expression is necessary for a healthy, self-tolerant immune environment, XCI escape has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to this sexual dimorphism. In this review, we will summarize general mechanisms of XCI, and describe the known escapee's genes in immune cells, the cellular diversity created by such mechanisms and its potential implication in autoimmune diseases, with a particular focus on the X-linked genes and immune cell populations involved in SLE. Whether dysregulated expression of X-linked genes could contribute to the enhanced susceptibility of females to develop such diseases remains to be proven. Shedding lights onto the X-linked genetic mechanisms contributing to modulation of immune cell functions will undoubtedly provide new insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying sex differences in immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henry Miquel
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, France; Arthritis R&D, Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Berenice Faz-Lopez
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, France.
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38
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Chen LJ, Xu XY, Zhong XD, Liu YJ, Zhu MH, Tao F, Li CY, She QS, Yang GJ, Chen J. The role of lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) in tumorigenesis and its therapeutic potentials in cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106409. [PMID: 36753963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a key post-translational modification of chromatin, and its dysregulation affects a wide array of nuclear activities including the maintenance of genome integrity, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic inheritance. Lysine specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A, also known as UTX) is an Fe2+- and α-ketoglutarate- dependent oxidase which belongs to KDM6 Jumonji histone demethylase subfamily, and it can remove mono-, di- and tri-methyl groups from methylated lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me1/2/3). Mounting studies indicate that KDM6A is responsible for driving multiple human diseases, particularly cancers and pharmacological inhibition of KDM6A is an effective strategy to treat varieties of KDM6A-amplified cancers in cellulo and in vivo. Although there are several reviews on the roles of KDM6 subfamily in cancer development and therapy, all of them only simply introduce the roles of KDM6A in cancer without systematically summarizing the specific mechanisms of KDM6A in tumorigenesis, which greatly limits the advances on the understanding of roles KDM6A in varieties of cancers, discovering targeting selective KDM6A inhibitors, and exploring the adaptive profiles of KDM6A antagonists. Herein, we present the structure and functions of KDM6A, simply outline the functions of KDM6A in homeostasis and non-cancer diseases, summarize the role of KDM6A and its distinct target genes/ligand proteins in development of varieties of cancers, systematically classify KDM6A inhibitors, sum up the difficulties encountered in the research of KDM6A and the discovery of related drugs, and provide the corresponding solutions, which will contribute to understanding the roles of KDM6A in carcinogenesis and advancing the progression of KDM6A as a drug target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chang-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng She
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467044, Henan, China.
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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39
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Rozowsky J, Gao J, Borsari B, Yang YT, Galeev T, Gürsoy G, Epstein CB, Xiong K, Xu J, Li T, Liu J, Yu K, Berthel A, Chen Z, Navarro F, Sun MS, Wright J, Chang J, Cameron CJF, Shoresh N, Gaskell E, Drenkow J, Adrian J, Aganezov S, Aguet F, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Banskota S, Corona GB, Chee S, Chhetri SB, Cortez Martins GC, Danyko C, Davis CA, Farid D, Farrell NP, Gabdank I, Gofin Y, Gorkin DU, Gu M, Hecht V, Hitz BC, Issner R, Jiang Y, Kirsche M, Kong X, Lam BR, Li S, Li B, Li X, Lin KZ, Luo R, Mackiewicz M, Meng R, Moore JE, Mudge J, Nelson N, Nusbaum C, Popov I, Pratt HE, Qiu Y, Ramakrishnan S, Raymond J, Salichos L, Scavelli A, Schreiber JM, Sedlazeck FJ, See LH, Sherman RM, Shi X, Shi M, Sloan CA, Strattan JS, Tan Z, Tanaka FY, Vlasova A, Wang J, Werner J, Williams B, Xu M, Yan C, Yu L, Zaleski C, Zhang J, Ardlie K, Cherry JM, Mendenhall EM, Noble WS, Weng Z, Levine ME, Dobin A, Wold B, Mortazavi A, Ren B, Gillis J, Myers RM, Snyder MP, Choudhary J, Milosavljevic A, Schatz MC, Bernstein BE, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Gerstein M. The EN-TEx resource of multi-tissue personal epigenomes & variant-impact models. Cell 2023; 186:1493-1511.e40. [PMID: 37001506 PMCID: PMC10074325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic variants impact molecular phenotypes is a key goal of functional genomics, currently hindered by reliance on a single haploid reference genome. Here, we present the EN-TEx resource of 1,635 open-access datasets from four donors (∼30 tissues × ∼15 assays). The datasets are mapped to matched, diploid genomes with long-read phasing and structural variants, instantiating a catalog of >1 million allele-specific loci. These loci exhibit coordinated activity along haplotypes and are less conserved than corresponding, non-allele-specific ones. Surprisingly, a deep-learning transformer model can predict the allele-specific activity based only on local nucleotide-sequence context, highlighting the importance of transcription-factor-binding motifs particularly sensitive to variants. Furthermore, combining EN-TEx with existing genome annotations reveals strong associations between allele-specific and GWAS loci. It also enables models for transferring known eQTLs to difficult-to-profile tissues (e.g., from skin to heart). Overall, EN-TEx provides rich data and generalizable models for more accurate personal functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rozowsky
- Section on Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiahao Gao
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beatrice Borsari
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yucheng T Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence; MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence; MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timur Galeev
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gamze Gürsoy
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kun Xiong
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinrui Xu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianxiao Li
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Liu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keyang Yu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana Berthel
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhanlin Chen
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fabio Navarro
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maxwell S Sun
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Justin Chang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J F Cameron
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noam Shoresh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jorg Drenkow
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jessika Adrian
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Aganezov
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sora Chee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Surya B Chhetri
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Gabriel Conte Cortez Martins
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cassidy Danyko
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Carrie A Davis
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Farid
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Idan Gabdank
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yoel Gofin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David U Gorkin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mengting Gu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vivian Hecht
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Hitz
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robbyn Issner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunzhe Jiang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melanie Kirsche
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiangmeng Kong
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bonita R Lam
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Shantao Li
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bian Li
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiqi Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khine Zin Lin
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, CHN
| | - Mark Mackiewicz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Ran Meng
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jill E Moore
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Mudge
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, GB
| | | | - Chad Nusbaum
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ioann Popov
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry E Pratt
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yunjiang Qiu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srividya Ramakrishnan
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joe Raymond
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonidas Salichos
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Scavelli
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jacob M Schreiber
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lei Hoon See
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Rachel M Sherman
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Minyi Shi
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Cricket Alicia Sloan
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Seth Strattan
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Tan
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Forrest Y Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anna Vlasova
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Comparative Genomics Group, Life Science Programme, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Wang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Werner
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Brian Williams
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chengfei Yan
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lu Yu
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christopher Zaleski
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - J Michael Cherry
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - William S Noble
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Morgan E Levine
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Dobin
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Wold
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael C Schatz
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Thomas R Gingeras
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Section on Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Arnold AP, Chen X, Grzybowski MN, Ryan JM, Sengelaub DR, Mohanroy T, Furlan VA, Grisham W, Malloy L, Takizawa A, Wiese CB, Vergnes L, Skaletsky H, Page DC, Reue K, Harley VR, Dwinell MR, Geurts AM. A "Four Core Genotypes" rat model to distinguish mechanisms underlying sex-biased phenotypes and diseases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527738. [PMID: 36798326 PMCID: PMC9934672 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background We have generated a rat model similar to the Four Core Genotypes mouse model, allowing comparison of XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad. The model detects novel sex chromosome effects (XX vs. XY) that contribute to sex differences in any rat phenotype. Methods XY rats were produced with an autosomal transgene of Sry , the testis-determining factor gene, which were fathers of XX and XY progeny with testes. In other rats, CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to remove Y chromosome factors that initiate testis differentiation, producing fertile XY gonadal females that have XX and XY progeny with ovaries. These groups can be compared to detect sex differences caused by sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and/or by gonadal hormones (rats with testes vs. ovaries). Results We have measured numerous phenotypes to characterize this model, including gonadal histology, breeding performance, anogenital distance, levels of reproductive hormones, body and organ weights, and central nervous system sexual dimorphisms. Serum testosterone levels were comparable in adult XX and XY gonadal males. Numerous phenotypes previously found to be sexually differentiated by the action of gonadal hormones were found to be similar in XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad, suggesting that XX and XY rats with the same type of gonad have comparable levels of gonadal hormones at various stages of development. Conclusion The results establish a powerful new model to discriminate sex chromosome and gonadal hormone effects that cause sexual differences in rat physiology and disease.
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Virolainen SJ, VonHandorf A, Viel KCMF, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC. Gene-environment interactions and their impact on human health. Genes Immun 2023; 24:1-11. [PMID: 36585519 PMCID: PMC9801363 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-022-00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular processes underlying human health and disease are highly complex. Often, genetic and environmental factors contribute to a given disease or phenotype in a non-additive manner, yielding a gene-environment (G × E) interaction. In this work, we broadly review current knowledge on the impact of gene-environment interactions on human health. We first explain the independent impact of genetic variation and the environment. We next detail well-established G × E interactions that impact human health involving environmental toxicants, pollution, viruses, and sex chromosome composition. We conclude with possibilities and challenges for studying G × E interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Virolainen
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Andrew VonHandorf
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenyatta C M F Viel
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 15012, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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42
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Anesi N, Miquel CH, Laffont S, Guéry JC. The Influence of Sex Hormones and X Chromosome in Immune Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:21-59. [PMID: 37695424 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Males and females differ in their susceptibility to develop autoimmunity and allergy but also in their capacity to cope with infections and cancers. Cellular targets and molecular pathways underlying sexual dimorphism in immunity have started to emerge and appeared multifactorial. It became increasingly clear that sex-linked biological factors have important impact on the development, tissue maintenance and effector function acquisition of distinct immune cell populations, thereby regulating multiple layers of innate or adaptive immunity through distinct mechanisms. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the cell-intrinsic actions of biological factors linked to sex, sex hormones and sex chromosome complement, on immune cells, which may account for the sex differences in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and allergies, and the sex-biased responses in natural immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Anesi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Charles-Henry Miquel
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Laffont
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France.
- INSERM UMR1291, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Place du Dr. Baylac, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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43
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Voskuhl R, Itoh Y. The X factor in neurodegeneration. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211488. [PMID: 36331399 PMCID: PMC9641640 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the aging population, it is important to better understand neurodegeneration in aging healthy people and to address the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. It is imperative to apply novel strategies to identify neuroprotective therapeutics. The study of sex differences in neurodegeneration can reveal new candidate treatment targets tailored for women and men. Sex chromosome effects on neurodegeneration remain understudied and represent a promising frontier for discovery. Here, we will review sex differences in neurodegeneration, focusing on the study of sex chromosome effects in the context of declining levels of sex hormones during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Voskuhl
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuichiro Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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44
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Ma W, Fang H, Pease N, Filippova GN, Disteche CM, Berletch JB. Sex-biased and parental allele-specific gene regulation by KDM6A. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:40. [PMID: 35871105 PMCID: PMC9308343 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
KDM6A is a demethylase encoded by a gene with female-biased expression due to escape from X inactivation. Its main role is to facilitate gene expression through removal of the repressive H3K27me3 mark, with evidence of some additional histone demethylase-independent functions. KDM6A mutations have been implicated in congenital disorders such as Kabuki Syndrome, as well as in sex differences in cancer.
Methods
Kdm6a was knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in F1 male and female mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) derived from reciprocal crosses between C57BL6 x Mus castaneus. Diploid and allelic RNA-seq analyses were done to compare gene expression between wild-type and Kdm6a knockout (KO) clones. The effects of Kdm6a KO on sex-biased gene expression were investigated by comparing gene expression between male and female ES cells. Changes in H3K27me3 enrichment and chromatin accessibility at promoter regions of genes with expression changes were characterized by ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq followed by diploid and allelic analyses.
Results
We report that Kdm6a KO in male and female embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from F1 hybrid mice cause extensive gene dysregulation, disruption of sex biases, and specific parental allele effects. Among the dysregulated genes are candidate genes that may explain abnormal developmental features of Kabuki syndrome caused by KDM6A mutations in human. Strikingly, Kdm6a knockouts result in a decrease in sex-biased expression and in preferential downregulation of the maternal alleles of a number of genes. Most promoters of dysregulated genes show concordant epigenetic changes including gain of H3K27me3 and loss of chromatin accessibility, but there was less concordance when considering allelic changes.
Conclusions
Our study reveals new sex-related roles of KDM6A in the regulation of developmental genes, the maintenance of sex-biased gene expression, and the differential expression of parental alleles.
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45
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Dodd KC, Menon M. Sex bias in lymphocytes: Implications for autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945762. [PMID: 36505451 PMCID: PMC9730535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a significant sex dimorphism, with women showing increased susceptibility to disease. This is, at least in part, due to sex-dependent differences in the immune system that are influenced by the complex interplay between sex hormones and sex chromosomes, with contribution from sociological factors, diet and gut microbiota. Sex differences are evident in the number and function of lymphocyte populations. Women mount a stronger pro-inflammatory response than males, with increased lymphocyte proliferation, activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas men display expanded regulatory cell subsets. Ageing alters the immune landscape of men and women in differing ways, resulting in changes in autoimmune disease susceptibility. Here we review the current literature on sex differences in lymphocyte function, the factors that influence this, and the implications for autoimmune disease. We propose that improved understanding of sex bias in lymphocyte function can provide sex-specific tailoring of treatment strategies for better management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Dodd
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Madhvi Menon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Madhvi Menon,
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46
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Wiese CB, Agle ZW, Zhang P, Reue K. Chromosomal and gonadal sex drive sex differences in lipids and hepatic gene expression in response to hypercholesterolemia and statin treatment. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:63. [PMID: 36333813 PMCID: PMC9636767 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological sex impacts susceptibility and presentation of cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death for both sexes. To reduce cardiovascular disease risk, statin drugs are commonly prescribed to reduce circulating cholesterol levels through inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. The effectiveness of statin therapy differs between individuals with a sex bias in the frequency of adverse effects. Limited information is available regarding the mechanisms driving sex-specific responses to hypercholesterolemia or statin treatment. METHODS Four Core Genotypes mice (XX and XY mice with ovaries and XX and XY mice with testes) on a hypercholesteremic Apoe-/- background were fed a chow diet without or with simvastatin for 8 weeks. Plasma lipid levels were quantified and hepatic differential gene expression was evaluated with RNA-sequencing to identify the independent effects of gonadal and chromosomal sex. RESULTS In a hypercholesterolemic state, gonadal sex influenced the expression levels of more than 3000 genes, and chromosomal sex impacted expression of nearly 1400 genes, which were distributed across all autosomes as well as the sex chromosomes. Gonadal sex uniquely influenced the expression of ER stress response genes, whereas chromosomal and gonadal sex influenced fatty acid metabolism gene expression in hypercholesterolemic mice. Sex-specific effects on gene regulation in response to statin treatment included a compensatory upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression in mice with XY chromosome complement, regardless of presence of ovaries or testes. CONCLUSION Gonadal and chromosomal sex have independent effects on the hepatic transcriptome to influence different cellular pathways in a hypercholesterolemic environment. Furthermore, chromosomal sex in particular impacted the cellular response to statin treatment. An improved understanding of how gonadal and chromosomal sex influence cellular response to disease conditions and in response to drug treatment is critical to optimize disease management for all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B Wiese
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zoey W Agle
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peixiang Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
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Cabrera Zapata LE, Garcia-Segura LM, Cambiasso MJ, Arevalo MA. Genetics and Epigenetics of the X and Y Chromosomes in the Sexual Differentiation of the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012288. [PMID: 36293143 PMCID: PMC9603441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades to date, neuroendocrinologists have delved into the key contribution of gonadal hormones to the generation of sex differences in the developing brain and the expression of sex-specific physiological and behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. However, it was not until recent years that the role of sex chromosomes in the matter started to be seriously explored and unveiled beyond gonadal determination. Now we know that the divergent evolutionary process suffered by X and Y chromosomes has determined that they now encode mostly dissimilar genetic information and are subject to different epigenetic regulations, characteristics that together contribute to generate sex differences between XX and XY cells/individuals from the zygote throughout life. Here we will review and discuss relevant data showing how particular X- and Y-linked genes and epigenetic mechanisms controlling their expression and inheritance are involved, along with or independently of gonadal hormones, in the generation of sex differences in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E. Cabrera Zapata
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
- Instituto Cajal (IC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Julia Cambiasso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
- Correspondence: (M.J.C.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Maria Angeles Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal (IC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.C.); (M.A.A.)
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48
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Félix Vélez NE, Gorashi RM, Aguado BA. Chemical and molecular tools to probe biological sex differences at multiple length scales. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7089-7098. [PMID: 36043366 PMCID: PMC9632480 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological sex differences are observed at multiple different length scales and across organ systems. Gaps in knowledge remain regarding our understanding of how molecular, cellular, and environmental factors contribute to physiological sex differences. Here, we provide our perspective on how chemical and molecular tools can be leveraged to explore sex differences in biology at the molecular, intracellular, extracellular, tissue, and organ length scales. We provide examples where chemical and molecular tools were used to explore sex differences in the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. We also provide a future outlook where chemical and molecular tools can be applied to continue investigating sex differences in biology, with the ultimate goal of addressing inequities in biomedical research and approaches to clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Félix Vélez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rayyan M Gorashi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pallier PN, Ferrara M, Romagnolo F, Ferretti MT, Soreq H, Cerase A. Chromosomal and environmental contributions to sex differences in the vulnerability to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for therapeutic interventions. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102353. [PMID: 36100191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders affect men and women differently. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, depression, meningiomas and late-onset schizophrenia affect women more frequently than men. By contrast, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum condition, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and early-onset schizophrenia are more prevalent in men. Women have been historically under-recruited or excluded from clinical trials, and most basic research uses male rodent cells or animals as disease models, rarely studying both sexes and factoring sex as a potential source of variation, resulting in a poor understanding of the underlying biological reasons for sex and gender differences in the development of such diseases. Putative pathophysiological contributors include hormones and epigenetics regulators but additional biological and non-biological influences may be at play. We review here the evidence for the underpinning role of the sex chromosome complement, X chromosome inactivation, and environmental and epigenetic regulators in sex differences in the vulnerability to brain disease. We conclude that there is a pressing need for a better understanding of the genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms sustaining sex differences in such diseases, which is critical for developing a precision medicine approach based on sex-tailored prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Pallier
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Women's Brain Project (WBP), Switzerland
| | - Francesca Romagnolo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Andrea Cerase
- EMBL-Rome, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy; Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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50
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JMJD family proteins in cancer and inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:304. [PMID: 36050314 PMCID: PMC9434538 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of cancer entails a series of genetic mutations that favor uncontrollable tumor growth. It is believed that various factors collectively contribute to cancer, and there is no one single explanation for tumorigenesis. Epigenetic changes such as the dysregulation of enzymes modifying DNA or histones are actively involved in oncogenesis and inflammatory response. The methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins represents a class of post-translational modifications. The human Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) protein family consists of more than 30 members. The JMJD proteins have long been identified with histone lysine demethylases (KDM) and histone arginine demethylases activities and thus could function as epigenetic modulators in physiological processes and diseases. Importantly, growing evidence has demonstrated the aberrant expression of JMJD proteins in cancer and inflammatory diseases, which might serve as an underlying mechanism for the initiation and progression of such diseases. Here, we discuss the role of key JMJD proteins in cancer and inflammation, including the intensively studied histone lysine demethylases, as well as the understudied group of JMJD members. In particular, we focused on epigenetic changes induced by each JMJD member and summarized recent research progress evaluating their therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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