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Jing R, Fu M, Huang Y, Zhang K, Ye J, Gong F, Jihea Ali Naji Nasser AB, Xu X, Xiao J, Yu G, Lin S, Zhao W, Xu N, Li X, Li Z, Gao S. Oat β-glucan repairs the epidermal barrier by upregulating the levels of epidermal differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipids via Dectin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1596-1613. [PMID: 38124222 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oat β-glucan could ameliorate epidermal hyperplasia and accelerate epidermal barrier repair. Dectin-1 is one of the receptors of β-glucan and many biological functions of β-glucan are mediated by Dectin-1. Dectin-1 promotes wound healing through regulating the proliferation and migration of skin cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of oat β-glucan and Dectin-1 in epidermal barrier repair. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To investigate the role of Dectin-1 in the epidermal barrier, indicators associated with the recovery of a damaged epidermal barrier, including histopathological changes, keratinization, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipid content were compared between WT and Dectin-1-/- mice. Further, the effect of oat β-glucan on the disruption of the epidermal barrier was also compared between WT and Dectin-1-/- mice. KEY RESULTS Dectin-1 deficiency resulted in delayed recovery and marked keratinization, as well as abnormal levels of keratinocyte differentiation, cell-cell junctions and lipid synthesis during the restoration of the epidermal barrier. Oat β-glucan significantly reduces epidermal hyperplasia, promotes epidermal differentiation, increases cell-cell junction expression, promotes lipid synthesis and ultimately accelerates the recovery of damaged epidermal barriers via Dectin-1. Oat β-glucan could promote CaS receptor expression and activate the PPAR-γ signalling pathway via Dectin-1. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Oat β-glucan promote the recovery of damaged epidermal barriers through promoting epidermal differentiation, increasing the expression of cell-cell junctions and lipid synthesis through Dectin-1. Dectin-1 deficiency delay the recovery of epidermal barriers, which indicated that Dectin-1 may be a potential target in epidermal barrier repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengli Fu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaini Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Ye
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xiashun Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangdong Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wengang Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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de Souza Theodoro S, Gonçalves Tozato ME, Warde Luis L, Goloni C, Bassi Scarpim L, Bortolo M, Cavalieri Carciofi A. β-glucans from Euglena gracilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae effects on immunity and inflammatory parameters in dogs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304833. [PMID: 38820480 PMCID: PMC11142716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the differences in molecular structure and function, the effects of β-1,3-glucans from Euglena gracilis and β-1,3/1,6-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on immune and inflammatory activities in dogs were compared. Four diets were compared: control without β-glucans (CON), 0.15 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3/1,6-glucans (Β-Y15), 0.15 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3-glucans (Β-S15), and 0.30 mg/kg BW/day of β-1,3-glucans (Β-S30). Thirty-two healthy dogs (eight per diet) were organized in a block design. All animals were fed CON for a 42-day washout period and then sorted into one of four diets for 42 days. Blood and faeces were collected at the beginning and end of the food intake period and analysed for serum and faecal cytokines, ex vivo production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO), phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), ex vivo production of IgG, and faecal concentrations of IgA and calprotectin. Data were evaluated using analysis of covariance and compared using Tukey's test (P<0.05). Dogs fed Β-Y15 showed higher serum IL-2 than dogs fed Β-S30 (P<0.05). A higher phagocytic index of monocytes was observed in dogs fed the B-S15 diet than in those fed the other diets, and a higher neutrophil phagocytic index was observed for B-S15 and B-Y15 than in dogs fed the CON diet (P<0.05). Monocytes from dogs fed B-S15 and B-S30 produced more NO and less H2O2 than those from the CON and B-Y15 groups (P<0.05). Despite in the reference value, CRP levels were higher in dogs fed B-S15 and B-S30 diets (P<0.05). β-1,3/1,6-glucan showed cell-mediated activation of the immune system, with increased serum IL-2 and neutrophil phagocytic index, whereas β-1,3-glucan acted on the immune system by increasing the ex vivo production of NO by monocytes, neutrophil phagocytic index, and serum CRP. Calprotectin and CRP levels did not support inflammation or other health issues related to β-glucan intake. In conclusion, both β-glucan sources modulated some immune and inflammatory parameters in dogs, however, different pathways have been suggested for the recognition and action of these molecules, reinforcing the necessity for further mechanistic studies, especially for E. gracilis β-1,3-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie de Souza Theodoro
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Gonçalves Tozato
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Warde Luis
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Goloni
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bassi Scarpim
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelino Bortolo
- Kemin Nutrisurance Nutrição Animal LTDA, Brasil, Vargeão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Sousa P, Tavares-Valente D, Pereira CF, Pinto-Ribeiro I, Azevedo-Silva J, Madureira R, Ramos ÓL, Pintado M, Fernandes J, Amorim M. Circular economyeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a sustainable source of glucans and its safety for skincare application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130933. [PMID: 38508554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Glucans, a polysaccharide naturally present in the yeast cell wall that can be obtained from side streams generated during the fermentation process, have gained increasing attention for their potential as a skin ingredient. Therefore, this study focused on the extraction method to isolate and purify water-insoluble glucans from two different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: an engineered strain obtained from spent yeast in an industrial fermentation process and a wild strain produced through lab-scale fermentation. Two water-insoluble extracts with a high glucose content (> 90 %) were achieved and further subjected to a chemical modification using carboxymethylation to improve their water solubility. All the glucans' extracts, water-insoluble and carboxymethylated, were structurally and chemically characterized, showing almost no differences between both yeast-type strains. To ensure their safety for skin application, a broad safety assessment was undertaken, and no cytotoxic effect, immunomodulatory capacity (IL-6 and IL-8 regulation), genotoxicity, skin sensitization, and impact on the skin microbiota were observed. These findings highlight the potential of glucans derived from spent yeast as a sustainable and safe ingredient for cosmetic and skincare formulations, contributing to the sustainability and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Tavares-Valente
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla F Pereira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Pinto-Ribeiro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Óscar L Ramos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Fernandes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Amorim
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Vuscan P, Kischkel B, Hatzioannou A, Markaki E, Sarlea A, Tintoré M, Cuñé J, Verginis P, de Lecea C, Chavakis T, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Potent induction of trained immunity by Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucans. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323333. [PMID: 38415247 PMCID: PMC10896952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans cell wall component β-glucan has been extensively studied for its ability to induce epigenetic and functional reprogramming of innate immune cells, a process termed trained immunity. We show that a high-complexity blend of two individual β-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses strong bioactivity, resulting in an enhanced trained innate immune response by human primary monocytes. The training required the Dectin-1/CR3, TLR4, and MMR receptors, as well as the Raf-1, Syk, and PI3K downstream signaling molecules. By activating multiple receptors and downstream signaling pathways, the components of this β-glucan preparation are able to act synergistically, causing a robust secondary response upon an unrelated challenge. In in-vivo murine models of melanoma and bladder cell carcinoma, pre-treatment of mice with the β-glucan preparation led to a significant reduction in tumor growth. These insights may aid in the development of future therapies based on β-glucan structures that induce an effective trained immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vuscan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Efrosyni Markaki
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andrei Sarlea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Tintoré
- R&D Department, AB Biotek Human Nutrition and Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Cuñé
- R&D Department, AB Biotek Human Nutrition and Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Carlos de Lecea
- R&D Department, AB Biotek Human Nutrition and Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leo A.B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Braian C, Karlsson L, Das J, Lerm M. Selected β-Glucans Act as Immune-Training Agents by Improving Anti-Mycobacterial Activity in Human Macrophages: A Pilot Study. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:751-764. [PMID: 37734337 PMCID: PMC10616672 DOI: 10.1159/000533873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells by β-glucan in a process called trained immunity leads to an enhanced host response to a secondary infection. β-Glucans are structural components of plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria and thus recognized as non-self by human macrophages. We selected the β-glucan curdlan from Alcaligenes faecalis, WGP dispersible from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and β-glucan-rich culture supernatant of Alternaria and investigated whether they could produce trained immunity effects leading to an increased control of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We observed a significant M. tuberculosis growth reduction in macrophages trained with curdlan and Alternaria, which also correlated with increased IL-6 and IL-1β release. WGP dispersible-trained macrophages were stratified into "non-responders" and "responders," according to their ability to control M. tuberculosis, with "responders" producing higher IL-6 levels. The addition of neutrophils to infected macrophage cultures further enhanced macrophage control of virulent M. tuberculosis, but not in a stimuli-dependent manner. Pathway enrichment analysis of DNA methylome data also highlighted hypomethylation of genes in pathways associated with signaling and cellular reorganization and motility, and "responders" to WGP training were enriched in the interferon-gamma signaling pathway. This study adds evidence that certain β-glucans show promise as immune-training agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Braian
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jyotirmoy Das
- Bioinformatics, Core Facility, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Genomics Linköping, SciLife Laboratory, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, CBCS, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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6
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Wu Z, Yang Y, Li J, Bossier P, Wei X, Guo Z, Han B, Ye J. β-Glucans in particulate and solubilized forms elicit varied immunomodulatory and apoptosis effects in teleost macrophages in a dosedependent manner. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243358. [PMID: 37675105 PMCID: PMC10477985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are a group of heterogeneous glucose polymers that possess immunomodulatory activities. The complex nature of their structures, uncertainty regarding the doses, and variable immune effects pose a challenge to comprehensive understanding. In this study, we investigated the immune responses and apoptosis effects in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) head kidney macrophages (MФ) upon exposure to two β-Glucans (Paramylon and Laminarin) at low and high doses. Our results demonstrate that Paramylon elicits more robust immune responses than Laminarin, albeit with a dose-limiting effect. We also observed that the high-dose Paramylon induces apoptosis, whereas no such effect was detected in Laminarin treatment. Mechanistically, high-dose Paramylon activates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, with significantly up-regulation of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes and impaired mitochondrial function. On the other hand, Laminarin triggers metabolic reprogramming in MФ, resulting in the enrichment of the metabolite α-Ketoglutarate, which protects the MФ from apoptosis. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of identifying the optimal dose range for β-Glucans, based on sources or structures, to achieve maximal immunomodulatory effects. These results have important implications for the design and optimization of β-Glucans-based drugs or adjuvants in immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelin Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiadong Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Xiayi Wei
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Zhong X, Wang G, Li F, Fang S, Zhou S, Ishiwata A, Tonevitsky AG, Shkurnikov M, Cai H, Ding F. Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of β-Glucans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1615. [PMID: 37376063 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucan, one of the homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucose, exists widely in cereals and microorganisms and possesses various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. More recently, there has been mounting proof that β-glucan functions as a physiologically active "biological response modulator (BRM)", promoting dendritic cell maturation, cytokine secretion, and regulating adaptive immune responses-all of which are directly connected with β-glucan-regulated glucan receptors. This review focuses on the sources, structures, immune regulation, and receptor recognition mechanisms of β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Medical College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fu Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Sixian Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Siai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Maxim Shkurnikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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8
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Kil BJ, Pyung YJ, Park H, Kang JW, Yun CH, Huh CS. Probiotic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GILA with alleviating intestinal inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6687. [PMID: 37095161 PMCID: PMC10125971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several probiotic products have been developed; however, most probiotic applications focused on prokaryotic bacteria whereas eukaryotic probiotics have received little attention. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains are eukaryotes notable for their fermentation and functional food applications. The present study investigated the novel yeast strains isolated from Korean fermented beverages and examined their potential probiotic characteristics. We investigated seven strains among 100 isolates with probiotic characteristics further. The strains have capabilities such as auto-aggregation tendency, co-aggregation with a pathogen, hydrophobicity with n-hexadecane,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging effect, survival in simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and the adhesion ability of the strains to the Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, all the strains contained high cell wall glucan content, a polysaccharide with immunological effects. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing identified the Saccharomyces strains selected in the present study as probiotics. To examine the effects of alleviating inflammation in cells, nitric oxide generation in raw 264.7 cells with S. cerevisiae showed that S. cerevisiae GILA could be a potential probiotic strain able to alleviate inflammation. Three probiotics of S. cerevisiae GILA strains were chosen by in vivo screening with a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis murine model. In particular, GILA 118 down-regulates neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and myeloperoxidase in mice treated with DSS. The expression levels of genes encoding tight junction proteins in the colon were upregulated, cytokine interleukin-10 was significantly increased, and tumor necrosis factor-α was reduced in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Ju Kil
- Biomodulation Major, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Pyung
- Biomodulation Major, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Park
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Biomodulation Major, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Lu Z, Rämgård C, Ergenlioğlu İ, Sandin L, Hammar H, Andersson H, King K, Inman AR, Hao M, Bulone V, McKee LS. Multiple enzymatic approaches to hydrolysis of fungal β-glucans by the soil bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36610032 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the soil Bacteroidota Chitinophaga pinensis encodes a large number of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) with noteworthy features and potentially novel functions. Several are predicted to be active on polysaccharide components of fungal and oomycete cell walls, such as chitin, β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan. While several fungal β-1,6-glucanase enzymes are known, relatively few bacterial examples have been characterised to date. We have previously demonstrated that C. pinensis shows strong growth using β-1,6-glucan as the sole carbon source, with the efficient release of oligosaccharides from the polymer. We here characterise the capacity of the C. pinensis secretome to hydrolyse the β-1,6-glucan pustulan and describe three distinct enzymes encoded by its genome, all of which show different levels of β-1,6-glucanase activity and which are classified into different GH families. Our data show that C. pinensis has multiple tools to deconstruct pustulan, allowing the species' broad utility of this substrate, with potential implications for bacterial biocontrol of pathogens via cell wall disruption. Oligosaccharides derived from fungal β-1,6-glucans are valuable in biomedical research and drug synthesis, and these enzymes could be useful tools for releasing such molecules from microbial biomass, an underexploited source of complex carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijia Lu
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Rämgård
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - İrem Ergenlioğlu
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lova Sandin
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Hammar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Andersson
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharine King
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annie R Inman
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mengshu Hao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Xiao R, Zeng J, Bressler EM, Lu W, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis of bioactive (1→6)-β-glucose branched poly-amido-saccharides that stimulate and induce M1 polarization in macrophages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4661. [PMID: 35945224 PMCID: PMC9363418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are of significant interest due to their potent antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Nevertheless, the difficulty in purification, structural heterogenicity, and limited solubility impede the development of structure-property relationships and translation to therapeutic applications. Here, we report the synthesis of a new class of (1→6)-β-glucose-branched poly-amido-saccharides (PASs) as β-glucan mimetics by ring-opening polymerization of a gentiobiose-based disaccharide β-lactam and its copolymerization with a glucose-based β-lactam, followed by post-polymerization deprotection. The molecular weight (Mn) and frequency of branching (FB) of PASs is readily tuned by adjusting monomer-to-initiator ratio and mole fraction of gentiobiose-lactam in copolymerization. Branched PASs stimulate mouse macrophages, and enhance production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a FB-, dose-, and Mn-dependent manner. The stimulation proceeds via the activation of NF-κB/AP-1 pathway in a Dectin-1-dependent manner, similar to natural β-glucans. The lead PAS significantly polarizes primary human macrophages towards M1 phenotype compared to other β-glucans such as lentinan, laminarin, and curdlan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Shenzhen Middle School, Shenzhen, GD, 518001, China
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Eric M Bressler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Tosoh Bioscience LLC, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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11
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Preethy S, Raghavan K, Dedeepiya VD, Surya Prakash V, Ikewaki N, Ikeue Y, Nagataki M, Iwasaki M, Senthilkumar R, Abraham SJK. Beneficial Immune Regulation by Biological Response Modifier Glucans in COVID-19 and Their Envisaged Potentials in the Management of Sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870632. [PMID: 35833122 PMCID: PMC9272021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an abnormal immune response induced by infection with no approved or specific therapeutic options. We present our perspectives for the therapeutic management of sepsis through a four-way approach: (1) infection control through immune enhancement; (2) immune suppression during the initial hyper-inflammatory phase; (3) balanced immune-modulation to counter the later immune-paralysis phase; and (4) advantageous effects on metabolic and coagulation parameters throughout. COVID-19 is a virus-triggered, accelerated sepsis-like reaction that is associated with the rapid progress of an inflammatory cascade involving a cytokine storm and multiorgan failure. Here, we discuss the potential of the biological response modifiers, β-glucans (BRMGs), in the management of sepsis based on their beneficial effects on inflammatory-immune events in COVID-19 clinical studies. In COVID-19 patients, apart from metabolic regulation, BRMGs, derived from a black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans strain AFO-202, have been reported to stimulate immune responses. BRMGs, produced by another strain (N-163) of A. pullulans, have been implicated in the beneficial regulation of inflammatory markers and immunity, namely IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, ferritin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR), leucocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LeCR), and leukocyte-to-IL-6 ratio (LeIR). Agents such as these β-glucans, which are safe as they have been widely consumed by humans for decades, have potential as adjuncts for the prevention and management of sepsis as they exert their beneficial effects across the spectrum of processes and factors involved in sepsis pathology, including, but not limited to, metabolism, infection, inflammation, immune modulation, immune enhancement, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Preethy
- Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Kadalraja Raghavan
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sarvee Integra Private Limited, Chennai, India
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Jesuit Antonyraj memorial Inter-disciplinary Centre for Advanced Recovery and Education (JAICARE), Madurai, India
| | | | | | - Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan
- Institute of Immunology, Junsei Educational Institute, Nobeoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaru Iwasaki
- Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), University of Yamanashi - School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
| | - Rajappa Senthilkumar
- Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Samuel J. K. Abraham
- Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
- Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), University of Yamanashi - School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
- Antony-Xavier Interdisciplinary Scholastics (AXIS), GN Corporation Ltd., Kofu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Samuel J. K. Abraham, ;
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12
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β-Glucans from Yeast—Immunomodulators from Novel Waste Resources. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides with bioactive properties, including immune modulation. Natural sources of these compounds include yeast, oats, barley, mushrooms, and algae. Yeast is abundant in various processes, including fermentation, and they are often discarded as waste products. The production of biomolecules from waste resources is a growing trend worldwide with novel waste resources being constantly identified. Yeast-derived β-glucans may assist the host’s defence against infections by influencing neutrophil and macrophage inflammatory and antibacterial activities. β-glucans were long regarded as an essential anti-cancer therapy and were licensed in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980 and new mechanisms of action of these molecules are constantly emerging. This paper outlines yeast β-glucans’ immune-modulatory and anti-cancer effects, production and extraction, and their availability in waste streams.
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13
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Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Finkelman MA, Chancharoenthana W, Leelahavanichkul A. More Prominent Inflammatory Response to Pachyman than to Whole-Glucan Particle and Oat-β-Glucans in Dextran Sulfate-Induced Mucositis Mice and Mouse Injection through Proinflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074026. [PMID: 35409384 PMCID: PMC8999416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1→3)-β-D-glucans (BG) (the glucose polymers) are recognized as pathogen motifs, and different forms of BGs are reported to have various effects. Here, different BGs, including Pachyman (BG with very few (1→6)-linkages), whole-glucan particles (BG with many (1→6)-glycosidic bonds), and Oat-BG (BG with (1→4)-linkages), were tested. In comparison with dextran sulfate solution (DSS) alone in mice, DSS with each of these BGs did not alter the weight loss, stool consistency, colon injury (histology and cytokines), endotoxemia, serum BG, and fecal microbiome but Pachyman-DSS-treated mice demonstrated the highest serum cytokine elicitation (TNF-α and IL-6). Likewise, a tail vein injection of Pachyman together with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the highest levels of these cytokines at 3 h post-injection than LPS alone or LPS with other BGs. With bone marrow-derived macrophages, BG induced only TNF-α (most prominent with Pachyman), while LPS with BG additively increased several cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10); inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, Syk, and NF-κB); and cell energy alterations (extracellular flux analysis). In conclusion, Pachyman induced the highest LPS proinflammatory synergistic effect on macrophages, followed by WGP, possibly through Syk-associated interactions between the Dectin-1 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Selection of the proper form of BGs for specific clinical conditions might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Tropical Nephrology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
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14
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Chen G, Kang W, Li W, Chen S, Gao Y. Oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs: from non-specific formulation approaches to intestinal cell targeting strategies. Theranostics 2022; 12:1419-1439. [PMID: 35154498 PMCID: PMC8771547 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years has witnessed a booming market of protein and peptide drugs, owing to their superior efficiency and biocompatibility. Parenteral route is the most commonly employed method for protein and peptide drugs administration. However, short plasma half-life protein and peptide drugs requires repetitive injections and results in poor patient compliance. Oral delivery is a promising alternative but hindered by harsh gastrointestinal environment and defensive intestinal epithelial barriers. Therefore, designing suitable oral delivery systems for peptide and protein drugs has been a persistent challenge. This review summarizes the main challenges for oral protein and peptide drugs delivery and highlights the advanced formulation strategies to improve their oral bioavailability. More importantly, major intestinal cell types and available targeting receptors are introduced along with the potential strategies to target these cell types. We also described the multifunctional biomaterials which can be used to prepare oral carrier systems as well as to modulate the mucosal immune response. Understanding the emerging delivery strategies and challenges for protein and peptide drugs will surely inspire the production of promising oral delivery systems that serves therapeutic needs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weirong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Fischer S, Stegmann F, Gnanapragassam VS, Lepenies B. From structure to function – Ligand recognition by myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5790-5812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Evaluation of blood cell viability rate, gene expression, and O-GlcNAcylation profiles as indicative signatures for fungal stimulation of salmonid cell models. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:120-129. [PMID: 34979452 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases of fish are a significant economic problem in aquaculture. Using high-throughput expression analysis, we identified potential transcript markers in primary head kidney and secondary embryonic cells from salmonid fish after stimulation with the inactivated fungi Mucor hiemalis and Fusarium aveneacium and with purified fungal molecular patterns. The transcript levels of most of the 45 selected genes were altered in head-kidney cells after 24 h of stimulation with fungal antigens. Stimulation with the inactivated fungus M. hiemalis induced the most pronounced transcriptional changes, including the pathogen receptor-encoding genes CLEC18A and TLR22, the cytokine-encoding genes IL6 and TNF, and the gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide LEAP2. In parallel, we analyzed the total GlcNAcylation status of embryonic salmonid cells with or without stimulation with inactivated fungi. O-GlcNAcylation modulates gene expression, intracellular protein, and signal activity, but we detected no significant differences after a 3-h stimulation. A pathway analysis tool identified the "apoptosis of leukocytes" based on the expression profile 24 h after fungal stimulation. Fluorescence microscopy combined with flow cytometry revealed apoptosis in 50 % of head-kidney leukocytes after 3 h stimulation with M. hiemalis, but this level decreased by > 5% after 24 h of stimulation. The number of apoptotic cells significantly increased in all blood cells after a 3-h stimulation with fungal molecular patterns compared to unstimulated controls. This in vitro approach identified transcript-based parameters that were strongly modulated by fungal infections of salmonid fish.
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17
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Iliev DB, Strandskog G, Sobhkhez M, Bruun JA, Jørgensen JB. Secretome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Leukocytes Highlights the Role of Phagocytes in the Immune Response to Soluble β-Glucan. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736964. [PMID: 34917074 PMCID: PMC8671040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
β‐Glucans (BG) are glucose polymers which are produced in bacteria and fungi but not in vertebrate organisms. Being recognized by phagocytic leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils through receptors such as dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR3), the BG are perceived by the innate immune system of vertebrates as foreign substances known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). The yeast-derived BG has been recognized for its potent biological activity and it is used as an immunomodulator in human and veterinary medicine. The goal of the current study was to characterize the immunostimulatory activity of soluble yeast BG in primary cultures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in which phagocytic cell types including neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes predominate. The effect of BG on the secretome of HKL cultures, including secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble protein55s was characterized through western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that, along with upregulation of proinflammatory genes, BG induces secretion of ubiquitinated proteins (UbP), MHCII-containing EVs from professional antigen presenting cells as well as proteins derived from granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Among the most abundant proteins identified in BG-induced EVs were beta-2 integrin subunits, including CD18 and CD11 homologs, which highlights the role of salmon granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the response to soluble BG. Overall, the current work advances the knowledge about the immunostimulatory activity of yeast BG on the salmon immune system by shedding light on the effect of this PAMP on the secretome of salmon leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Iliev
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology 'Roumen Tsanev', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Guro Strandskog
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mehrdad Sobhkhez
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jack A Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, Proteomics Platform, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Cai SS, Li T, Akinade T, Zhu Y, Leong KW. Drug delivery carriers with therapeutic functions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113884. [PMID: 34302897 PMCID: PMC8440421 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Design of micro- or nanocarriers for drug delivery has primarily been focused on properties such as hydrophobicity, biodegradability, size, shape, surface charge, and toxicity, so that they can achieve optimal delivery with respect to drug loading, release kinetics, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and biocompatibility. Incorporation of stimulus-sensitive moieties into the carriers would lead to "smart" delivery systems. A further evolution would be to endow the carrier with a therapeutic function such that it no longer serves as a mere passive entity to release the drug at the target tissue but can be viewed as a therapeutic agent in itself. In this review, we will discuss recent and ongoing efforts over the past decade to design therapeutic drug carriers that confer a biological benefit, including ROS scavenging or generating, pro- or anti-inflammatory, and immuno-evasive properties, to enhance the overall therapeutic efficacy of the delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting S. Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Tolulope Akinade
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Yuefei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States,Corresponding author , Mailing address: 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027
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19
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Pedro ARV, Lima T, Fróis-Martins R, Leal B, Ramos IC, Martins EG, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Maia MRG, Vilanova M, Correia A. Dectin-1-Mediated Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Yeast β-Glucans in Bovine Monocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689879. [PMID: 34122455 PMCID: PMC8195389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast-derived products containing β-glucans have long been used as feed supplements in domesticated animals in an attempt to increase immunity. β-glucans are mainly recognized by the cell surface receptor CLEC7A, also designated Dectin-1. Although the immune mechanisms elicited through Dectin-1 activation have been studied in detail in mice and humans, they are poorly understood in other species. Here, we evaluated the response of bovine monocytes to soluble and particulate purified β-glucans, and also to Zymosan. Our results show that particulate, but not soluble β-glucans, can upregulate the surface expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on bovine monocytes. In addition, stimulated cells increased production of IL-8 and of TNF, IL1B, and IL6 mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated positively with CLEC7A gene expression. Production of IL-8 and TNF expression decreased significantly after CLEC7A knockdown using two different pairs of siRNAs. Overall, we demonstrated here that bovine monocytes respond to particulate β-glucans, through Dectin-1, by increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data support further studies in cattle on the induction of trained immunity using dietary β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R V Pedro
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Lima
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel C Ramos
- Animal Nutrition Division, Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Elisabete G Martins
- ADM Portugal, SA, Murtede, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Li H, Hu Q, Hong X, Jiang Z, Ni H, Li Q, Zhu Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of a thermostable and halotolerant endo-β-1,4-glucanase from Microbulbifer sp. ALW1. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:250. [PMID: 33968593 PMCID: PMC8088414 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Microbulbifer sp. ALW1 was previously characterized with the capability to break down the cell wall of brown algae into fine pieces. The biological functions of strain ALW1 were yet to be elucidated. In this study, a gene, namely MaCel5A, was isolated from the ALW1 strain genome, encoding an endo-β-1,4-glucanase. MaCel5A was phylogenetically categorized under the glycoside hydrolase family GH5, with the highest identity to a putative cellulase of Microbulbifer thermotolerans. The recombinant MaCel5A protein purified from heterologous expression in E. coli exhibited maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.0, respectively, and functioned selectively toward carboxymethyl cellulose and barley β-glucan. Recombinant MaCel5A demonstrated considerable tolerance to the exposure to high temperature up to 80 °C for 30 min retaining 49% residual activity. In addition, MaCel5A showed moderate stability against pH 5.0-11.0 and strong stability in the presence of nonionic surfactant. MaCel5A exhibited strong halo-stability and halotolerance. The activity of the enzyme increased about tenfold at 0.5 M NaCl, and about fivefold even at 4.0 M NaCl compared to the enzyme activity without the addition of salt. The two conserved glutamic acid residues in MaCel5A featured the typical catalytic acid/base and nucleophile machinery of glycoside hydrolases. These characteristics highlight the industrial application potential of MaCel5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008 China
| | - Qingsong Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Xuan Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361008 China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, 361021 China
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21
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Schulze C, Stamer LLM, Huss SK, Schaufler K, Guenther S, Schultze N. Establishment of a quantification method for β-glucans and their immune activity potential for quality control of β-glucan containing products. Carbohydr Res 2021; 504:108327. [PMID: 33934035 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta glucans are complex glucose polymers well known for their immune modulatory properties. Therefore they are used and advertised in dietary supplements. Unfortunately there is no standardized test system for quality control of such health-related foods. This approach combined wet chemical and enzyme-based quantification methods (e.g. aniline blue, Glucatell®) with a cytokine secretion assay as parameter for immune activation to resolve this problem and to establish a quality control system for β-glucan containing products and extracts. Commercially available pure β-glucans with different origin and structure were used in this study. None of the methods allowed an accurate β-glucan quantification. Most promising was the test kit K-EBHLG (Megazyme). However, cytokine secretion from whole blood was detectable under the influence of β-glucans, but there was no correlation with the quantification results using the commercially available kits. Therefore, the quality control of β-glucan containing products needs further efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulze
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Lisa Marie Stamer
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah Katherine Huss
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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22
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Differential Induction Pattern Towards Classically Activated Macrophages in Response to an Immunomodulatory Extract from Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelium. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030206. [PMID: 33799778 PMCID: PMC8000819 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom preparations have been investigated because of their ability to modulate the immune function. However, there is still no consensus regarding the activation and polarizing effect on macrophages by Pleurotus-derived bioproducts. This study examined the immune-activating effect of a mycelium-derived P. ostreatus aqueous extract (HW-Pm) on macrophage functions, by means of the determination of nitric oxide (NO) production, the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Arginase-1 and FIZZ and the cytokine levels. The phagocytic activity and the activation of NF-κB in U937 reporter cells were also investigated. No cytotoxicity was observed in macrophages treated with HW-Pm (IC50 > 1024 μg/mL) by the resazurin test. HW-Pm induced high levels of NO production and iNOS expression in macrophages. In contrast, HW-Pm did not induce Arginase-1 and FIZZ mRNA expressions. The mushroom extract increased TNF-α and IL-6 production and the phagocytic function in murine macrophages. It also stimulated the activation of the NF-κB promoter. The P. ostreatus mycelium extract has a potential application as a natural immune-enhancing agent, by targeting macrophage activation towards the classically activated subset and stimulating macrophage-mediated innate immune responses.
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23
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Heng Y, Zhang X, Borggrewe M, van Weering HRJ, Brummer ML, Nijboer TW, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Boddeke EWGM, Laman JD, Eggen BJL. Systemic administration of β-glucan induces immune training in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:57. [PMID: 33618716 PMCID: PMC7901224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An innate immune memory response can manifest in two ways: immune training and immune tolerance, which refers to an enhanced or suppressed immune response to a second challenge, respectively. Exposing monocytes to moderate-to-high amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces immune tolerance, whereas fungal β-glucan (BG) induces immune training. In microglia, it has been shown that different LPS inocula in vivo can induce either immune training or tolerance. Few studies focused on impact of BG on microglia and were only performed in vitro. The aim of the current study was to determine whether BG activates and induces immune memory in microglia upon peripheral administration in vivo. Methods Two experimental designs were used. In the acute design, mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with PBS, 1 mg/kg LPS or 20 mg/kg BG and were terminated after 3 h, 1 or 2 days. In the preconditioning design, animals were first challenged i.p. with PBS, 1 mg/kg LPS or 20 mg/kg BG. After 2, 7 or 14 days, mice received a second injection with PBS or 1 mg/kg LPS and were sacrificed 3 h later. Microglia were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cytokine gene expression levels were determined. In addition, a self-developed program was used to analyze microglia morphological changes. Cytokine concentrations in serum were determined by a cytokine array. Results Microglia exhibited a classical inflammatory response to LPS, showing significant upregulation of Tnf, Il6, Il1β, Ccl2, Ccl3 and Csf1 expression, three h after injection, and obvious morphological changes 1 and 2 days after injection. With an interval of 2 days between two challenges, both BG and LPS induced immune training in microglia. The training effect of LPS changed into immune tolerance after a 7-day interval between 2 LPS challenges. Preconditioning with BG and LPS resulted in increased morphological changes in microglia in response to a systemic LPS challenge compared to naïve microglia. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that preconditioning with BG and LPS both induced immune training of microglia at two days after the first challenge. However, with an interval of 7 days between the first and second challenge, LPS-preconditioning resulted in immune tolerance in microglia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02103-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Borggrewe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilmar R J van Weering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike L Brummer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling W Nijboer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Benlier N, Uçar N, Öğüt E, Çinkir HY, Yildirim M, Karadeniz PG, Akkol EK, Khan H, Saygili EI. Assessment of Antioxidant Effect of Beta-Glucan on the Whole Blood Oxidative DNA Damage with the Comet Assay in Colorectal Cancer. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:446-453. [PMID: 33605867 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210219145445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect of beta glucan on oxidative DNA damage by comet assay. METHODS A total of 19 adult females and males diagnosed with stage 3-4 colorectal cancer and a control group of 20 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Blood samples of the participants were analyzed using Comet Assay for the parameters of DNA damage. RESULTS Significantly increased DNA damage was observed in patients versus control group as indicated by greater values of tail moment, tail percent DNA and tail length. Following incubation with β-glucan, a substantial reduction was found in the aforementioned parameters of DNA damage. Comet assay revealed significant levels of endogenous DNA damage in patients as shown by remarkable increases in the tail moment, the percentage of DNA in the tail and the tail length values, in comparison with the control group. Following treatment of fresh whole blood with β-glucan incubation, DNA damages were significantly reduced but lower values were observed after β-glucan incubation in the patient group versus control group. CONCLUSION β-Glucan was found to reduce DNA damage substantially in colorectal cancer patients and show antimutagenic effects. Our results suggested that dietary β-glucan intake might be important in the genesis of colorectal cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necla Benlier
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, SANKO University School of Medicine, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
| | - Nilay Uçar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, SANKO University Graduate Institute of Education, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
| | - Eda Öğüt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, SANKO University School of Medicine, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
| | - Havva Yeşil Çinkir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yildirim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, Beşiktaş 34353, Istanbul. Turkey
| | - Pınar Günel Karadeniz
- Department of Biostatistics, SANKO University Faculty of Medicine, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara. Turkey
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan. Pakistan
| | - Eyüp Ilker Saygili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, SANKO University Graduate Institute of Education, 27090, Gaziantep. Turkey
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25
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de Graaff P, Berrevoets C, Rӧsch C, Schols HA, Verhoef K, Wichers HJ, Debets R, Govers C. Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:547-561. [PMID: 32860527 PMCID: PMC7889676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer T-cell responses are often halted due to the immune-suppressive micro-environment, in part related to tumor-associated macrophages. In the current study, we assessed indigestible β-glucans (oatβG, curdlan, grifolan, schizophyllan, lentinan, yeast whole glucan particles (yWGP), zymosan and two additional yeast-derived β-glucans a and b) for their physicochemical properties as well as their effects on the plasticity of human monocyte-derived macrophages that were polarized with IL-4 to immune-suppressive macrophages. Beta-glucans were LPS/LTA free, and tested for solubility, molecular masses, protein and monosaccharide contents. Curdlan, yeast-b and zymosan re-polarized M(IL-4) macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype, in particular showing enhanced gene expression of CCR7, ICAM1 and CD80, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Notably, differential gene expression, pathway analysis as well as protein expressions demonstrated that M(IL-4) macrophages treated with curdlan, yeast-b or zymosan demonstrated enhanced production of chemo-attractants, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8, which contribute to recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. The secretion of chemo-attractants was confirmed when using patient-derived melanoma-infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, the bacterial-derived curdlan as well as the yeast-derived β-glucans yeast-b and zymosan have the unique ability to preferentially skew macrophages towards a chemo-attractant-producing phenotype that may aid in anti-cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla de Graaff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cor Berrevoets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Rӧsch
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Verhoef
- Department of General Surgery, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Della Camera G, Lipsa D, Mehn D, Italiani P, Boraschi D, Gioria S. A Step-by-Step Approach to Improve Clinical Translation of Liposome-Based Nanomaterials, a Focus on Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E820. [PMID: 33467541 PMCID: PMC7830677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide guidelines to design and perform a robust and reliable physical-chemical characterization of liposome-based nanomaterials, and to support method development with a specific focus on their inflammation-inducing potential. Out of eight differently functionalized liposomes selected as "case-studies", three passed the physical-chemical characterization ( in terms of size-distribution, homogeneity and stability) and the screening for bacterial contamination (sterility and apyrogenicity). Although all three were non-cytotoxic when tested in vitro, they showed a different capacity to activate human blood cells. HSPC/CHOL-coated liposomes elicited the production of several inflammation-related cytokines, while DPPC/CHOL- or DSPC/CHOL-functionalized liposomes did not. This work underlines the need for accurate characterization at multiple levels and the use of reliable in vitro methods, in order to obtain a realistic assessment of liposome-induced human inflammatory response, as a fundamental requirement of nanosafety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Della Camera
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorelia Lipsa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.B.)
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (G.D.C.); (D.L.); (D.M.)
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27
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Angulo M, Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C. Yarrowia lipolytica N6-glucan protects goat leukocytes against Escherichia coli by enhancing phagocytosis and immune signaling pathway genes. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104735. [PMID: 33453314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulant and protective effects of Yarrowia lipolytica glucans against important pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, have not been investigated in goats and other ruminants. This study aimed to characterize Y. lipolytica N6-glucan (Yl-glucan) and its possible role in immunological signaling pathway activation and immunoprotection against E. coli in goat leukocytes. Characterization analyses showed that Y. lipolytica content had a mix of β and α-D-glucans, molecular weight of 3301.53 kDa and low solubility after the heat treatment. The stimulation of goat leukocytes with Yl-glucan induced protection against E. coli challenge. Remarkably, Yl-glucan and E. coli interaction increased gene expression of dectin-1 and TLR-2 receptors, signaling pathway Syk/NFκB, and cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-10. As a consequence of signaling activation, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production enhanced killing of pathogens. Altogether, Y. lipolytica-glucan demonstrated to possess an immunoprotective potential against E. coli through innate immune response modulation in goat leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S, 23090, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S, 23090, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S, 23090, Mexico.
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28
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Mehraj V, Ramendra R, Isnard S, Dupuy FP, Ponte R, Chen J, Kema I, Jenabian MA, Costinuik CT, Lebouché B, Thomas R, Coté P, Leblanc R, Baril JG, Durand M, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Tremblay C, Ancuta P, Bernard NF, Sheppard DC, Routy JP. Circulating (1→3)-β-D-glucan Is Associated With Immune Activation During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:232-241. [PMID: 30877304 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial translocation from the gut to systemic circulation contributes to immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is usually assessed by measuring plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fungal colonization in the gut increases during HIV-infection and people living with HIV (PLWH) have increased plasma levels of fungal polysaccharide (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (βDG). We assessed the contribution of circulating DG to systemic immune activation in PLWH. METHODS Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of plasma βDG levels were conducted along with markers of HIV disease progression, epithelial gut damage, bacterial translocation, proinflammatory cytokines, and βDG-specific receptor expression on monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. RESULTS Plasma βDG levels were elevated during early and chronic HIV infection and persisted despite long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). βDG increased over 24 months without ART but remained unchanged after 24 months of treatment. βDG correlated negatively with CD4 T-cell count and positively with time to ART initiation, viral load, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, LPS, and soluble LPS receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14). Elevated βDG correlated positively with indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 enzyme activity, regulatory T-cell frequency, activated CD38+Human Leukocyte Antigen - DR isotype (HLA-DR)+ CD4 and CD8 T cells and negatively with Dectin-1 and NKp30 expression on monocytes and NK cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PLWH have elevated plasma βDG in correlation with markers of disease progression, gut damage, bacterial translocation, and inflammation. Early ART initiation prevents further βDG increase. This fungal antigen contributes to immune activation and represents a potential therapeutic target to prevent non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
| | - Rayoun Ramendra
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Rosalie Ponte
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Jun Chen
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cecilia T Costinuik
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel, de Médecine, Université de Montréal
| | - Pierre Coté
- Clinique Médicale Quartier Latin, de Médecine, Université de Montréal
| | - Roger Leblanc
- Clinique Médicale Opus, de Médecine, Université de Montréal
| | - Jean-Guy Baril
- Clinique Médicale Quartier Latin, de Médecine, Université de Montréal
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
| | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole F Bernard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada
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Zhang H, Zahid A, Ismail H, Tang Y, Jin T, Tao J. An overview of disease models for NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:429-446. [PMID: 33131335 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory reactions, including those mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome, maintain the body's homeostasis by removing pathogens, repairing damaged tissues, and adapting to stressed environments. However, uncontrolled activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome tends to cause various diseases using different mechanisms. Recently, many inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome have been reported and many are being developed. In order to assess their efficacy, specificity, and mechanism of action, the screening process of inhibitors requires various types of cell and animal models of NLRP3-associated diseases.Areas covered: In the following review, the authors give an overview of the cell and animal models that have been used during the research and development of various inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome.Expert opinion: There are many NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, but most of the inhibitors have poor specificity and often influence other inflammatory pathways. The potential risk for cross-reaction is high; therefore, the development of highly specific inhibitors is essential. The selection of appropriate cell and animal models, and combined use of different models for the evaluation of these inhibitors can help to clarify the target specificity and therapeutic effects, which is beneficial for the development and application of drugs targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hazrat Ismail
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science. Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Jesus S, Bernardi N, da Silva J, Colaço M, Panão Costa J, Fonte P, Borges O. Unravelling the Immunotoxicity of Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles-Effects of Polymer Molecular Weight, Hydrolysis, and Blends. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2819-2833. [PMID: 33050694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester that has FDA and CE approval as a medical device. Nonetheless, the lack of toxicity exhibited by the polymer cannot be extrapolated to its nanomaterial conformation. Despite PCL-based NPs being widely studied in the biomedical field for their advantages as controlled drug delivery systems, little data describe PCL NPs' toxicity, particularly immunotoxicity. This work assessed different PCL-based delivery systems intended for protein delivery regarding their immunotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Two different molecular weight PCL polymers were used, as well as blends with chitosan and glucan. Results showed that the presence of NaOH during the production of PCL2 NPs and PCL2/glucan NPs induced PCL alkali hydrolysis, generating more reactive groups (carboxyl and hydroxyl) that contributed to an increased toxicity of the NPs (higher reduction in peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability and lower hemocompatibility). PCL2/glucan NPs showed an anti-inflammatory activity characterized by the inhibition of LPS stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. In conclusion, generalizations among different PCL NP delivery systems must be avoided, and immunotoxicity assessments should be performed in the early stage of product development to increase the clinical success of the nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natalia Bernardi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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31
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Carballo C, Mateus AP, Maya C, Mantecón L, Power DM, Manchado M. Microalgal extracts induce larval programming and modify growth and the immune response to bioactive treatments and LCDV in Senegalese sole post-larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:263-272. [PMID: 32750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants are key molecules in aquaculture since they heighten defensive responses and protection against pathogens. The present study investigated the treatment of Senegalese sole larvae with a whole-cell crude extract of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana (Nanno) and programming of growth and the immune system. Larvae at hatch were treated with the Nanno extracts for 2 h and thereafter were cultivated for 32 days post-hatch (dph) in parallel with an untreated control group (CN). Dry weight and length at 21 days post-hatch (dph) were higher in post-larvae of the Nanno than CN group. These differences in weight were later confirmed at 32 dph. To evaluate changes in the immune response associated with Nanno-programming treatments, the Nanno and CN post-larvae were supplied with two bioactive compounds yeast β-glucan (Y) and a microalga extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MAe). The bioactive treatments were administrated to the treatment groups through the live prey (artemia metanauplii, 200 artemia mL-1) enriched for 30 min with MAe or Y (at 2 mg mL-1 SW) or untreated prey in the case of the negative control (SW). The effect of the treatments was assessed by monitoring gene expression, enzyme activity and mortality over 48 h. The post-larvae sole supplied with the bioactive compounds Y and MAe had increased mortality at 48 h compared to the SW group. Moreover, mortality was higher in Nanno-programmed than CN post-larvae. Lysozyme and total anti-protease enzymatic activities at 6 and 24 h after the start of the trial were significantly higher in the Nanno and MAe supplied post-larvae compared to their corresponding control (CN and SW, respectively). Immune gene transcripts revealed that il1b, cxc10 and mx mRNAs were significantly different between Nanno and CN post-larvae at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, the expression of il1b, tnfa, cxc10, irf3, irf7 and mx was modified by bioactive treatments but with temporal differences. At 48 h after bioactive treatments, Y and SW post-larvae were challenged with the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). No difference existed in viral copy number between programming or bioactive treatment groups at 3, 6 and 24 h after LCDV challenge although the total number of copies reduced with time. Gene expression profiles in the LCDV-challenged group indicated that post-larvae triggered a wide defensive response compared to SWC 24 h after challenge, which was modulated by programming and bioactive compound treatments. Cluster analysis of expressed genes separated the SW and Y groups indicating long-lasting effects of yeast β-glucan treatment in larvae. A noteworthy interaction between Nanno-programming and Y-treatment on the regulation of antiviral genes was observed. Overall, the data demonstrate the capacity of microalgal crude extracts to modify sole larval plasticity with long-term effects on larval growth and the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Maya
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecón
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Crecimiento Azul, Centro IFAPA El Toruño, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Spain.
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Govers C, Tang Y, Stolte EH, Wichers HJ, Mes JJ. Wheat-derived arabinoxylans reduced M2-macrophage functional activity, but enhanced monocyte-recruitment capacity. Food Funct 2020; 11:7073-7083. [PMID: 32725025 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of non-digestible polysaccharides (NDPs) have been recognized in in vitro and in vivo studies. The latter mostly demonstrated altered frequencies and inflammatory status of immune cells as clinical parameters. Most of the NDP activity will be exerted in the intestine where they can directly interact with macrophages. The predominant macrophage phenotype in the intestine is M2-like, with M1-like macrophages arising during inflammation. Here, we investigated transcriptional and functional impact on these macrophage phenotypes by NDP-treatment (i.e. yeast-derived soluble β-glucan (yeast-βG), apple-derived RG-I (apple-RGI), shiitake-derived β-glucan (shiitake-βG) or wheat-derived arabinoxylan (wheat-AX)). Wheat-AX, and to a lesser extent shiitake-βG and apple-RGI but not yeast-βG, reduced endocytosis and antigen processing capacity of M1- and M2-like macrophages. Moreover, the NDPs, and most notably wheat-AX, strongly induced transcription and secretion of a unique set of cytokines and chemokines. Conditioned medium from wheat-AX-treated M2-like macrophages subsequently demonstrated strongly increased monocyte recruitment capacity. These findings are in line with clinically observed immunomodulatory aspects of NDPs making it tempting to speculate that clinical activity of some NDPs is mediated through enhanced chemoattraction and modifying activity of intestinal immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Govers
- Wageningen - Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yongfu Tang
- Wageningen - Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. and Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands and Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ellen H Stolte
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen - Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. and Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen - Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Detection of Beta-Glucan Contamination in Nanotechnology-Based Formulations. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153367. [PMID: 32722261 PMCID: PMC7436117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the potential contamination of pharmaceutical products with innate immunity modulating impurities (IIMIs) is essential for establishing their safety profiles. IIMIs are a large family of molecules with diverse compositions and structures that contribute to the immune-mediated adverse effects (IMAE) of drug products. Pyrogenicity (the ability to induce fever) and activation of innate immune responses underlying both acute toxicities (e.g., anaphylactoid reactions or pseudoallergy, cytokine storm) and long-term effects (e.g., immunogenicity) are among the IMAE commonly related to IIMI contamination. Endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria are the best-studied IIMIs in that both methodologies for and pitfalls in their detection and quantification are well established. Additionally, regulatory guidance documents and research papers from laboratories worldwide are available on endotoxins. However, less information is currently known about other IIMIs. Herein, we focus on one such IIMI, namely, beta-glucans, and review literature and discuss the experience of the Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL) with the detection of beta-glucans in nanotechnology-based drug products.
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Guo Q, Bi D, Wu M, Yu B, Hu L, Liu C, Gu L, Zhu H, Lei A, Xu X, Wang J. Immune activation of murine RAW264.7 macrophages by sonicated and alkalized paramylon from Euglena gracilis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:171. [PMID: 32560675 PMCID: PMC7304158 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euglena is a new super health food resource that is rich in the natural polysaccharide paramylon, a linear β-1,3-glucan with various biological activities including activity on the immune system in different cell lines and animals. Despite these reports, the immune regulation mechanism of paramylon is still unclear. RESULTS We investigate the signaling pathways paramylon impacts in immune macrophages. In RAW264.7 macrophages, sonicated and alkalized paramylon oligomers up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, paramylon activated the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inhibiting these pathways attenuated the paramylon-induced secretion of the above immune-mediators. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Euglena gracilis paramylon modulates the immune system via activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and thus has potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingcan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Boming Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Anping Lei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Pustulan Activates Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro and Promotes Ex Vivo CD4 + T Cell Recall Response to Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020226. [PMID: 32429204 PMCID: PMC7349971 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious avian coronavirus. IBV causes substantial worldwide economic losses in the poultry industry. Vaccination with live-attenuated viral vaccines, therefore, are of critical importance. Live-attenuated viral vaccines, however, exhibit the potential for reversion to virulence and recombination with virulent field strains. Therefore, alternatives such as subunit vaccines are needed together with the identification of suitable adjuvants, as subunit vaccines are less immunogenic than live-attenuated vaccines. Several glycan-based adjuvants directly targeting mammalian C-type lectin receptors were assessed in vitro using chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). The β-1-6-glucan, pustulan, induced an up-regulation of MHC class II (MHCII) cell surface expression, potentiated a strong proinflammatory cytokine response, and increased endocytosis in a cation-dependent manner. Ex vivo co-culture of peripheral blood monocytes from IBV-immunised chickens, and BM-DCs pulsed with pustulan-adjuvanted recombinant IBV N protein (rN), induced a strong recall response. Pustulan-adjuvanted rN induced a significantly higher CD4+ blast percentage compared to either rN, pustulan or media. However, the CD8+ and TCRγδ+ blast percentage were significantly lower with pustulan-adjuvanted rN compared to pustulan or media. Thus, pustulan enhanced the efficacy of MHCII antigen presentation, but apparently not the cross-presentation on MHCI. In conclusion, we found an immunopotentiating effect of pustulan in vitro using chicken BM-DCs. Thus, future in vivo studies might show pustulan as a promising glycan-based adjuvant for use in the poultry industry to contain the spread of coronaviridiae as well as of other avian viral pathogens.
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Fu J, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Zhao G, Tang Y, Zou L. Concise review: Coarse cereals exert multiple beneficial effects on human health. Food Chem 2020; 325:126761. [PMID: 32387947 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coarse cereals (CC) refer to cereal grains except for rice and wheat which are highly-valued as functional foods with nutritional and pharmacological properties. Owing to their diverse positive effect on chronic diseases, coarse cereals exert a vital role in food industry. CC and the main contents prevent tumor pathogenesis through promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest as well as modulating metastasis initiation. Meanwhile, CC ameliorates cardiovascular diseases through affecting multiple pathways, such as CaMKII/p-BFAF-3, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, etc. Besides, CC and the main contents have potential as prebiotics which facilitating the activities and growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. However, there's a lack of report on CC' beneficial properties and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here this article explains in detail, the effect and mechanism of CC on chronic diseases like tumor, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China.
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Zabriskie HA, Blumkaitis JC, Moon JM, Currier BS, Stefan R, Ratliff K, Harty PS, Stecker RA, Rudnicka K, Jäger R, Roberts MD, Young K, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041144. [PMID: 32325856 PMCID: PMC7230631 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise and thermal stress instigate robust challenges to the immune system. Various attempts to modify or supplement the diet have been proposed to bolster the immune system responses. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of yeast beta-glucan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation. Healthy, active men (29.6 ± 6.7 years, 178.1 ± 7.2 cm, 83.2 ± 11.2 kg, 49.6 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min, n = 16) and women (30.1 ± 8.9 years, 165.6 ± 4.1 cm, 66.7 ± 10.0 kg, 38.7 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min, n = 15) were randomly assigned in a double-blind and cross-over fashion to supplement for 13 days with either 250 mg/day of yeast beta-glucan (YBG) or a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Participants arrived fasted and completed a bout of treadmill exercise at 55% peak aerobic capacity (VO2Peak) in a hot (37.2 ± 1.8 °C) and humid (45.2 ± 8.8%) environment. Prior to and 0, 2, and 72 h after completing exercise, changes in white blood cell counts, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, markers of muscle damage, markers of muscle function, soreness, and profile of mood states (POMS) were assessed. In response to exercise and heat, both groups experienced significant increases in white blood cell counts, plasma creatine kinase and myoglobin, and soreness along with reductions in peak torque and total work with no between-group differences. Concentrations of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in YBG were lower than PLA for macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β) (p = 0.044) and tended to be lower for interleukin 8 (IL-8) (p = 0.079), monocyte chemoattractment protein 1 (MCP-1) (p = 0.095), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (p = 0.085). Paired samples t-tests using delta values between baseline and 72 h post-exercise revealed significant differences between groups for IL-8 (p = 0.044, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): (0.013, 0.938, d = −0.34), MCP-1 (p = 0.038, 95% CI: 0.087, 2.942, d = −0.33), and MIP-1β (p = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.85, d = −0.33). POMS outcomes changed across time with anger scores in PLA exhibiting a sharper decline than YBG (p = 0.04). Vigor scores (p = 0.04) in YBG remained stable while scores in PLA were significantly reduced 72 h after exercise. In conclusion, a 13-day prophylactic period of supplementation with 250 mg of yeast-derived beta-glucans invoked favorable changes in cytokine markers of inflammation after completing a prolonged bout of heated treadmill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia C. Blumkaitis
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Jessica M. Moon
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Brad S. Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Riley Stefan
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Kayla Ratliff
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Richard A. Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA;
| | | | - Kaelin Young
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-636-627-4629
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Carballo C, Pinto PIS, Mateus AP, Berbel C, Guerreiro CC, Martinez-Blanch JF, Codoñer FM, Mantecon L, Power DM, Manchado M. Yeast β-glucans and microalgal extracts modulate the immune response and gut microbiome in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:31-39. [PMID: 31128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One bottleneck to sustainability of fish aquaculture is the control of infectious diseases. Current trends include the preventive application of immunostimulants and prebiotics such as polysaccharides. The present study investigated how yeast β-glucan (Y), microalgal polysaccharide-enriched extracts (MAe) and whole Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells (MA) modulated the gut microbiome and stimulated the immune system in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) when administered by oral intubation. Blood, intestine and spleen samples were taken at 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after treatment. The short-term response (within 48 h after treatment) consisted of up-regulation of il1b and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y treated group. In contrast, administration of MAe decreased expression of tnfa and the chemokine cxc10 in the gut and spleen. Both treatments down-regulated the expression of irf3 with respect to the control group. Lysozyme activity in plasma decreased at 48 h only in the MAe-treated soles. Medium-term response consisted of the up-regulation of clec and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y, MAe and MA groups and of il1b mRNAs in the spleen of the MA group compared to the control group. Microbiome analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that the intestine microbiome was dominated by bacteria of the Vibrio genus (>95%). All the treatments decreased the relative proportion of Vibrio in the microbiome and Y and MAe decreased and MA increased diversity. Quantitative PCR confirmed the load of bacteria of the Vibrio genus was significantly decreased and this was most pronounced in Y treated fish. These data indicate that orally administrated insoluble yeast β-glucans acted locally in the gut modulating the immune response and controlling the Vibrio abundance. In contrast, the MAe slightly reduced the Vibrio load in the intestine and caused a transient systemic anti-inflammatory response. The results indicate that these polysaccharides are a promising source of prebiotics for the sole aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Concha Berbel
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cláudia C Guerreiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan F Martinez-Blanch
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco M Codoñer
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecon
- Fitoplancton Marino, Dársena Comercial S/N (Muelle Pesquero), 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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Amornphimoltham P, Yuen PST, Star RA, Leelahavanichkul A. Gut Leakage of Fungal-Derived Inflammatory Mediators: Part of a Gut-Liver-Kidney Axis in Bacterial Sepsis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2416-2428. [PMID: 30863955 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to systemic infection. In addition to frank gastrointestinal (GI) rupture/puncture, sepsis can also be exacerbated by translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the GI tract to the systemic circulation (gut origin of sepsis). In the human gut, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans are abundant, along with their major PAMP components, endotoxin (LPS) and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (BG). Whereas the influence of LPS in bacterial sepsis has been studied extensively, exploration of the role of BG in bacterial sepsis is limited. Post-translocation, PAMPs enter the circulation through lymphatics and the portal vein, and are detoxified and then excreted via the liver and the kidney. Sepsis-induced liver and kidney injury might therefore affect the kinetics and increase circulating PAMPs. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of the impact of PAMPs from both gut mycobiota and microbiota, including epithelial barrier function and the "gut-liver-kidney axis," on bacterial sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Paramylon, a Potent Immunomodulator from WZSL Mutant of Euglena gracilis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173114. [PMID: 31461965 PMCID: PMC6749516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans, heterogeneous glucose polymers present in many organisms, have the capability to activate the innate immune system. Efficacy of activation depends on purity of the compound, molecular structure, polymerization degree, and source. One of the purest forms of crystallized β-(1–3)-glucan present in nature is the paramylon extracted from the WZSL non-chloroplastic mutant of Euglena gracilis, which can be processed to produce linear nanofibers capable of interacting with specific receptors present on cell membranes. The effects of these nanofibers, already investigated on plants, animals, and humans, will be analyzed.
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Rykov SV, Kornberger P, Herlet J, Tsurin NV, Zorov IN, Zverlov VV, Liebl W, Schwarz WH, Yarotsky SV, Berezina OV. Novel endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase Bgh12A and xyloglucanase Xgh12B from Aspergillus cervinus belong to GH12 subgroup I and II, respectively. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7553-7566. [PMID: 31332485 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of intensive exploitation of aspergilli for the industrial production of carbohydrases, little is known about hydrolytic enzymes of fungi from the section Cervini. Novel glycoside hydrolases Bgh12A and Xgh12B from Aspergillus cervinus represent examples of divergent activities within one enzyme family and belong to the GH12 phylogenetic subgroup I (endo-(1,4)-β-glucanases) and II (endo-xyloglucanases), respectively. The bgh12A and xgh12B genes were identified in the unsequenced genome of A. cervinus using primers designed for conservative regions of the corresponding subgroups and a genome walking approach. The recombinant enzymes were heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. Bgh12A was an endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) hydrolyzing the unbranched soluble β-(1,4)-glucans and mixed linkage β-(1,3;1,4)-D-glucans. Bgh12A exhibited maximum activity on barley β-glucan (BBG), which amounted to 614 ± 30 U/mg of protein. The final products of BBG and lichenan hydrolysis were glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, 4-O-β-laminaribiosyl-glucose, and a range of higher mixed-linkage gluco-oligosaccharides. In contrast, the activity of endo-xyloglucanase Xgh12B (EC 3.2.1.151) was restricted to xyloglucan, with 542 ± 39 U/mg protein. The enzyme cleaved the (1,4)-β-glycosidic bonds of the xyloglucan backbone at the unsubstituted glucose residues finally generating cellotetraose-based hepta-, octa, and nona-oligosaccharides. Bgh12A and Xgh12B had maximal activity at 55 °C, pH 5.0. At these conditions, the half-time of Xgh12B inactivation was 158 min, whereas the half-life of Bgh12A was 5 min. Recombinant P. pastoris strains produced up to 106 U/L of the target enzymes with at least 75% of recombinant protein in the total extracellular proteins. The Bgh12A and Xgh12B sequences show 43% identity. Strict differences in substrate specificity of Bgh12A and Xgh12B were in congruence with the presence of subgroup-specific structural loops and substrate-binding aromatic residues in the catalytic cleft of the enzymes. Individual composition of aromatic residues in the catalytic cleft defined variability in substrate selectivity within GH12 subgroups I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Rykov
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Petra Kornberger
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jonathan Herlet
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Nikita V Tsurin
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Ivan N Zorov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Leninsky prospect, 33, build. 2, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Zverlov
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123182
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sergey V Yarotsky
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Oksana V Berezina
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545.
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Barley β-glucan accelerates wound healing by favoring migration versus proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:389-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ramendra R, Isnard S, Mehraj V, Chen J, Zhang Y, Finkelman M, Routy JP. Circulating LPS and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan: A Folie à Deux Contributing to HIV-Associated Immune Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:465. [PMID: 30967860 PMCID: PMC6430738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is the driving force behind the occurrence of AIDS and non-AIDS events, and is only partially reduced by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Soon after HIV infection, intestinal CD4+ T cells are depleted leading to epithelial gut damage and subsequent translocation of microbes and/or their products into systemic circulation. Bacteria and fungi are the two most abundant populations of the gut microbiome. Circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (βDG), major components of bacterial and fungal cell walls respectively, are measured as markers of microbial translocation in the context of compromised gut barriers. While LPS is a well-known inducer of innate immune activation, βDG is emerging as a significant source of monocyte and NK cell activation that contributes to immune dysfunction. Herein, we critically evaluated recent literature to untangle the respective roles of LPS and βDG in HIV-associated immune dysfunction. Furthermore, we appraised the relevance of LPS and βDG as biomarkers of disease progression and immune activation on ART. Understanding the consequences of elevated LPS and βDG on immune activation will provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies against the occurrence of AIDS and non-AIDS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayoun Ramendra
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jun Chen
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yonglong Zhang
- Associates of Cape Cod Inc., Falmouth, MA, United States
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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de Graaff P, Govers C, Wichers HJ, Debets R. Consumption of β-glucans to spice up T cell treatment of tumors: a review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:1023-1040. [PMID: 30221551 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1523392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adoptive T-cell treatments of solid cancers have evolved into a robust therapy with objective response rates surpassing those of standardized treatments. Unfortunately, only a limited fraction of patients shows durable responses, which is considered to be due to a T cell-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we argue that naturally occurring β-glucans can enable reversion of such T cell suppression by engaging innate immune cells and enhancing numbers and function of lymphocyte effectors. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes timely reports with respect to absorption, trafficking and immune stimulatory effects of β-glucans, particularly in relation to innate immune cells. Furthermore, we list effects toward well-being and immune functions in healthy subjects as well as cancer patients treated with orally administered β-glucans, extended with effects of β-glucan treatments in mouse cancer models. EXPERT OPINION Beta-glucans, when present in food and following uptake in the proximal gut, stimulate immune cells present in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and initiate highly conserved pro-inflammatory pathways. When tested in mouse cancer models, β-glucans result in better control of tumor growth and shift the TME toward a T cell-sensitive environment. Along these lines, we advocate that intake of β-glucans provides an accessible and immune-potentiating adjuvant when combined with adoptive T-cell treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla de Graaff
- a Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology , Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- a Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology , Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Phillips FC, Jensen GS, Showman L, Tonda R, Horst G, Levine R. Particulate and solubilized β-glucan and non-β-glucan fractions of Euglena gracilis induce pro-and anti-inflammatory innate immune cell responses and exhibit antioxidant properties. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:49-64. [PMID: 30881080 PMCID: PMC6407518 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s191824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this work was to determine the pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of the single-cell organism Euglena gracilis (EG) and various fractions of its whole biomass. Methods Heterotrophically grown EG was tested, along with its aqueous fraction (E-AQ), the intact linear β-glucan paramylon granules (PAR), and alkaline-solubilized paramylon. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures were treated with the test products and analyzed for a variety of cellular responses. Immune cell activation was evaluated by flow cytometry detection of CD69 levels on CD3-CD56+ NK cells, CD3+CD56+ NKT cells, and monocytes, and cytokines were analyzed from the cell culture supernatants. Antioxidant capacity was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay and cellular antioxidant protection and MTT assays. Results EG and E-AQ were the most effective in driving immune cell responses as measured by CD69 upregulation on NK and NKT cells and proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, IL-1β) cytokine production. None of the test products effectively stimulated monocyte. EG and PAR inhibited reactive oxygen species under conditions of oxidative stress. E-AQ contained antioxidants capable of providing cellular antioxidant protection from oxidative damage and protection of mitochondrial function under inflammatory conditions. Conclusion The effects of EG on immune function are only partially attributable to the content of the β-glucan, paramylon. The regulation of additional cellular responses, such a reactive oxygen species production and resistance to oxidative stress, is likely mediated by currently unknown molecules found in the EG cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah C Phillips
- Kemin Industries, Animal Nutrition and Health of North America, Des Moines, IA 50317, USA,
| | | | - Lucas Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel Tonda
- Kemin Industries, Animal Nutrition and Health of North America, Des Moines, IA 50317, USA,
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Carballo C, Chronopoulou EG, Letsiou S, Maya C, Labrou NE, Infante C, Power DM, Manchado M. Antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract in Senegalese sole. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:1-8. [PMID: 30064015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The microalgae are an important source of bioactive molecules including β-glucans that can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. In the present study, the antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract obtained from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was evaluated. The extract showed a higher total antioxidant activity as determined by ORAC and FRAP assays and a lower DPPH scavenging activity than particulate yeast-β-glucan. The cytotoxicity test indicated that extract concentrations higher than 0.01% w/v could impair cell viability of human dermal fibroblasts. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity, juvenile soles were intraperitoneally injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract suspended in coconut oil (1 mg/fish) followed by a reinjection at 7 days. A sham group injected with the carrier solution was maintained as a negative control. Cumulated mortality of fish injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract was 29.4% after six days and no mortality was recorded after extract reinjection. Expression analyses of fifteen genes related to the innate immune system in kidney, spleen and intestine showed temporal and organ-specific responses. A rapid (2 days post-injection; dpi) and strong induction of the pro-inflammatory il1b and the antimicrobial peptide hamp1 in the three immunological organs, the hsp90aa in kidney and spleen, irf3 in intestine and c3 in spleen was observed indicating a potent inflammatory response. The recovery of steady-state levels for all activated genes at 5 dpi, and the down-regulation of c-lectin receptor as well as some interferon-related genes (ifn1, irf1, irf3, irf8, irf9 and mx) in kidney and cxc10 in spleen indicated that the soles were able to activate a homeostatic response against the β-glucan insult. The reinjection of the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract did not activate a new inflammatory response but reduced the mRNA levels of hsp90aa and irf3 indicating that soles developed some resistance to β-glucans. Overall, these results reveal this enriched extract as a novel and potent source of β-glucans with antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacity suitable for immunostimulation in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Evangelia G Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Letsiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Scientific Affairs Department, APIVITA S.A., Athens, Greece
| | - Claudia Maya
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlos Infante
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular Endocrinology Group, Marine Science Center (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain.
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Akhapkina IG, Antropova AB, Akhmatov EA, Zheltikova TM. Effects of the Linear Fragments of Beta-(1→3)-Glucans on Cytokine Production in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1002-1006. [PMID: 30208836 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucans, homopolysaccharides composed of 3,6-branching β-(1→3)-D-glucan chains, attract great interest as inducers of cytokine synthesis. In this work, we studied the ability of linear fragments of beta-glucan chains to activate cytokine synthesis. Synthetic nona-β-(1→3)-D-glucoside (SO) representing a linear fragment of beta-glucan chain, endotoxin (ED), and natural β-(1→3)-D-glucan (GL) were tested for their role as inducers of cytokines in whole peripheral blood cultures collected from 17 individuals. The concentrations of IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TNF-β were measured in the supernatants after 2, 24, and 48 h of cell culturing. SO, ED, and GL stimulated production of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-10. The highest levels of biosynthesis after stimulation with SO were registered for IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. SO stimulated production of all cytokines (except IFN-γ) to a lesser extent than ED and GL. The IFN-γ/IL-10 (Th1/Th2) ratios after 24 and 48 h of culturing were 3.1 and 7.5 for SO; 0.03 and 0.1 for GL; and 0.06 and 0.2 for ED, respectively. The results indicate that linear fragments of beta-glucans cause a more pronounced shift of immune response towards the pro-inflammatory (Th1) type than beta-glucan itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Akhapkina
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.
| | - A B Antropova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - E A Akhmatov
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - T M Zheltikova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
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Grip J, Engstad RE, Skjæveland I, Škalko-Basnet N, Isaksson J, Basnet P, Holsæter AM. Beta-glucan-loaded nanofiber dressing improves wound healing in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:269-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zymosan attenuates melanoma growth progression, increases splenocyte proliferation and induces TLR-2/4 and TNF-α expression in mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:5. [PMID: 29588627 PMCID: PMC5863857 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the most common types of skin malignancies. Since current therapies are suboptimal, considerable interest has focused on novel natural-based treatments. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in evoking innate immunity against cancer cells. Zymosan, a known TLR-2 agonist, is a glucan derived from yeast cell walls with promising immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived zymosan-modulated skin melanoma progression by regulation of TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in peritoneal macrophages and serum TNF-α level. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: i) zymosan-treated (Z), ii) Melanoma-bearing mice (M), iii) Melanoma-bearing mice treated with zymosan (ZM) and iv) a healthy control group (negative control). 15 days after melanoma induction, mice were injected i.p. with zymosan (10 μg) daily for 4 consecutive days. Mice were CO2-euthanized and serum TNF-α level, TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in peritoneal macrophages and tumor growth measured. Splenocytes were treated ex-vivo with zymosan to determine viability and proliferation. Results Tumor weight significantly decreased following therapeutic dosing with zymosan (P < 0.05). This was associated with zymosan-induced upregulation of TLR-2, TLR-4 and TNF-α mRNA in peritoneal macrophages and enhanced serum TNF-α levels (P < 0.05). Splenocyte number and viability were increased in a concentration-dependent manner by zymosan. Conclusions Our study suggests that zymosan-induced upregulation of TLR-2, TLR-4 and TNF-α gene expression and of TNF-α release; together with increased level of lymphocyte proliferation may play a role in the inhibition of melanoma progression.
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Oluwole O, Rennie DC, Senthilselvan A, Dyck R, Afanasieva A, Kirychuk S, Katselis G, Lawson JA. The association between endotoxin and beta-(1 → 3)-D-glucan in house dust with asthma severity among schoolchildren. Respir Med 2018; 138:38-46. [PMID: 29724391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma severity can be affected by microbial exposures. However, less is known about the specific indoor agents aggravating the disease in children. We examined the associations between indoor endotoxin and beta-(1 → 3)-D-glucan exposures and asthma severity in children with asthma. METHODS A clinical cross-sectional study of schoolchildren (aged 7-17 years) was conducted in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Children with asthma (n = 116) were identified from 335 participants using a combination of survey responses and objective clinical assessments. We then ascertained asthma severity based on recommended guidelines (continuous daytime asthma symptoms, frequent nighttime asthma symptoms, and ≤ 60% predicted FEV1). Levels of indoor endotoxin and beta-(1 → 3)-D-glucan were measured in dust samples obtained from play area floors and child's mattresses. RESULTS The study population of 116 children with asthma was comprised of 75.9% mild asthma and 24.1% moderate/severe asthma. Higher mattress endotoxin concentration was associated with increased odds of moderate/severe asthma [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 11.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45-89.43] while higher beta-(1 → 3)-D-glucan concentration (aOR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03-0.89) and load (aOR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02-0.72) in play areas were inversely associated with moderate/severe asthma. Furthermore, higher mattress endotoxin concentration was associated with lower FVC (p = 0.01) and FEV1 (p = 0.03). These associations were not seen for beta-(1 → 3)-D-glucan. CONCLUSION Our results showed differential effects of microbial exposures on childhood asthma severity and further highlight domestic endotoxin exposure effects on respiratory health outcomes in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Oluwole
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Donna C Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | | | - Roland Dyck
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Anna Afanasieva
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Shelley Kirychuk
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - George Katselis
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Joshua A Lawson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
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