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Wang Y, Yang Z, Zheng X, Liang X, Wu L, Wu C, Dai J, Cao Y, Li M, Zhou F. Cerebral blood flow alterations and host genetic association in individuals with long COVID: A transcriptomic-neuroimaging study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241277621. [PMID: 39177056 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241277621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have indicated that altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) was associated with the long-term symptoms of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as "long COVID". COVID-19 and long COVID were found to be strongly associated with host gene expression. Nevertheless, the relationships between altered CBF, clinical symptoms, and gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear in individuals with long COVID. This study aimed to explore the genetic mechanisms of CBF abnormalities in individuals with long COVID by transcriptomic-neuroimaging spatial association. Lower CBF in the left frontal-temporal gyrus was associated with higher fatigue and worse cognition in individuals with long COVID. This CBF pattern was spatially associated with the expression of 2,178 genes, which were enriched in the molecular functions and biological pathways of COVID-19. Our study suggested that lower CBF is associated with persistent clinical symptoms in long COVID individuals, possibly as a consequence of the complex interactions among multiple COVID-19-related genes, which contributes to our understanding of the impact of adverse CNS outcomes and the trajectory of development to long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiumei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengsi Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fuqing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
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2
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Etebar N, Naderpour S, Akbari S, Zali A, Akhlaghdoust M, Daghighi SM, Baghani M, Sefat F, Hamidi SH, Rahimzadegan M. Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on brain renin angiotensin system related signaling and its subsequent complications on brain: A theoretical perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 138:102423. [PMID: 38705215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cellular ACE2 (cACE2), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), possesses catalytic activity to maintain AngII and Ang 1-7 balance, which is necessary to prevent harmful effects of AngII/AT2R and promote protective pathways of Ang (1-7)/MasR and Ang (1-7)/AT2R. Hemostasis of the brain-RAS is essential for maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral disease that causes multi-organ dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 mainly uses cACE2 to enter the cells and cause its downregulation. This, in turn, prevents the conversion of Ang II to Ang (1-7) and disrupts the normal balance of brain-RAS. Brain-RAS disturbances give rise to one of the pathological pathways in which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses neuroprotective pathways and induces inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Finally, these impairments lead to neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and neurological complications. In conclusion, the influence of RAS on various processes within the brain has significant implications for the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. These effects include sensory disturbances, such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, as well as cerebrovascular and brain stem-related disorders, all of which are intertwined with disruptions in the RAS homeostasis of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Etebar
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Saghi Naderpour
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Setareh Akbari
- Neuroscience and Research Committee, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Akhlaghdoust
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; USERN Office, Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Daghighi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Baghani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Seyed Hootan Hamidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Acharya BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Milad Rahimzadegan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Granholm ACE, Englund E, Gilmore A, Head E, Yong WH, Perez SE, Guzman SJ, Hamlett ED, Mufson EJ. Neuropathological findings in Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and control patients with and without SARS-COV-2: preliminary findings. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:92. [PMID: 38801558 PMCID: PMC11130011 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that led to COVID-19 is associated with significant and long-lasting neurologic symptoms in many patients, with an increased mortality risk for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or Down syndrome (DS). However, few studies have evaluated the neuropathological and inflammatory sequelae in postmortem brain tissue obtained from AD and people with DS with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. We examined tau, beta-amyloid (Aβ), inflammatory markers and SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in DS, AD, and healthy non-demented controls with COVID-19 and compared with non-infected brain tissue from each disease group (total n = 24). A nested ANOVA was used to determine regional effects of the COVID-19 infection on arborization of astrocytes (Sholl analysis) and percent-stained area of Iba-1 and TMEM 119. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies labeled neurons and glial cells in the frontal cortex of all subjects with COVID-19, and in the hippocampus of two of the three DS COVID-19 cases. SARS-CoV-2-related alterations were observed in peri-vascular astrocytes and microglial cells in the gray matter of the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and para-hippocampal gyrus. Bright field microscopy revealed scattered intracellular and diffuse extracellular Aβ deposits in the hippocampus of controls with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Overall, the present preliminary findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections induce abnormal inflammatory responses in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte E Granholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex II, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Research Complex II, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel J Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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4
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Chagas LDS, Serfaty CA. The Influence of Microglia on Neuroplasticity and Long-Term Cognitive Sequelae in Long COVID: Impacts on Brain Development and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3819. [PMID: 38612629 PMCID: PMC11011312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are key elements regulating brain development and brain health. These cells are fully responsive to stressors, microenvironmental alterations and are actively involved in the construction of neural circuits in children and the ability to undergo full experience-dependent plasticity in adults. Since neuroinflammation is a known key element in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, one might expect the dysregulation of microglial function to severely impact both functional and structural plasticity, leading to the cognitive sequelae that appear in the pathogenesis of Long COVID. Therefore, understanding this complex scenario is mandatory for establishing the possible molecular mechanisms related to these symptoms. In the present review, we will discuss Long COVID and its association with reduced levels of BDNF, altered crosstalk between circulating immune cells and microglia, increased levels of inflammasomes, cytokines and chemokines, as well as the alterations in signaling pathways that impact neural synaptic remodeling and plasticity, such as fractalkines, the complement system, the expression of SIRPα and CD47 molecules and altered matrix remodeling. Together, these complex mechanisms may help us understand consequences of Long COVID for brain development and its association with altered brain plasticity, impacting learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as cognitive decline in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Chagas
- Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Program of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24210-201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Oliveira BR, Nehlmeier I, Kempf AM, Venugopalan V, Rehders M, Ceniza MEP, Cavalcanti PADTPV, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Brix K. Cytoskeletal β-tubulin and cysteine cathepsin L deregulation by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with the neuronal model cell line SH-SY5Y. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00044-0. [PMID: 38432290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mainly infects the respiratory tract but can also target other organs, including the central nervous system. While it was recently shown that cells of the blood-brain-barrier are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, it remains debated whether neurons can be infected. In this study, we demonstrate that vesicular stomatitis virus particles pseudotyped with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants WT, Alpha, Delta and Omicron enter the neuronal model cell line SH-SY5Y. Cell biological analyses of the pseudo-virus treated cultures showed marked alterations in microtubules of SH-SY5Y cells. Because the changes in β-tubulin occurred in most cells, but only few were infected, we further asked whether interaction of the cells with spike protein might be sufficient to cause molecular and structural changes. For this, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with trimeric spike proteins for time intervals of up to 24 h. CellProfiler™-based image analyses revealed changes in the intensities of microtubule staining in spike protein-incubated cells. Furthermore, expression of the spike protein-processing protease cathepsin L was found to be up-regulated by wild type, Alpha and Delta spike protein pseudotypes and cathepsin L was found to be secreted from spike protein-treated cells. We conclude that the mere interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 with neuronal cells can affect cellular architecture and proteolytic capacities. The molecular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced cytoskeletal changes in neuronal cells remain elusive and require future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo R Oliveira
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Amy Madeleine Kempf
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Maren Rehders
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Marianne E P Ceniza
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany.
| | | | - Markus Hoffmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Abteilung Infektionsbiologie, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany.
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Chang H, Chen E, Hu Y, Wu L, Deng L, Ye‐Lehmann S, Mao X, Zhu T, Liu J, Chen C. Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305554. [PMID: 38143270 PMCID: PMC10933635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Acknowledging the neurological symptoms of COVID-19 and the long-lasting neurological damage even after the epidemic ends are common, necessitating ongoing vigilance. Initial investigations suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which assist in the evasion of the host's immune response and achieve immune evasion in SARS-CoV-2 systemic spreading, contribute to the virus's attack on the central nervous system (CNS). The pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant, and immunomodulatory properties of EVs contents may directly drive neuroinflammation and cerebral thrombosis in COVID-19. Additionally, EVs have attracted attention as potential candidates for targeted therapy in COVID-19 due to their innate homing properties, low immunogenicity, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) freely. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSCs) secreted EVs are widely applied and evaluated in patients with COVID-19 for their therapeutic effect, considering the limited antiviral treatment. This review summarizes the involvement of EVs in COVID-19 neuropathology as carriers of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogenic contents, as predictors of COVID-19 neuropathology by transporting brain-derived substances, and as therapeutic agents by delivering biotherapeutic substances or drugs. Understanding the diverse roles of EVs in the neuropathological aspects of COVID-19 provides a comprehensive framework for developing, treating, and preventing central neuropathology and the severe consequences associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Erya Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Honghui hospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Lining Wu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Liyun Deng
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Shixin Ye‐Lehmann
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System University of Paris‐Scalay Bicêtre Hosptial BâtGrégory Pincus 80 Rue du Gal Leclerc, CedexLe Kremlin Bicêtre94276France
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Cell EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
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7
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Rieder AS, Wyse ATS. Regulation of Inflammation by IRAK-M Pathway Can Be Associated with nAchRalpha7 Activation and COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:581-592. [PMID: 37640915 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the vaccine development and its importance, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still impacting the world. It is known that the COVID-19 severity is related to the cytokine storm phenomenon, being inflammation a common disease feature. The nicotinic cholinergic system has been widely associated with COVID-19 since it plays a protective role in inflammation via nicotinic receptor alpha 7 (nAchRalpha7). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Spro) subunits can interact with nAchRalpha7. Moreover, Spro causes toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, leading to pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. The increase and maturation of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family are mediated by activation of membrane receptors, such as TLRs. IRAK-M, a member of this family, is responsible for negatively regulating the activity of other active IRAKs. In addition, IRAK-M can regulate microglia phenotype by specific protein expression. Furthermore, there exists an antagonist influence of SARS-CoV-2 Spro and the cholinergic system action on the IRAK-M pathway and microglia phenotype. We discuss the overexpression and suppression of IRAK-M in inflammatory cell response to inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection when the cholinergic system is constantly activated via nAchRalpha7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessanda S Rieder
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse's Lab), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse's Lab), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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8
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Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Stimulate Release of Different Pro-Inflammatory Mediators via Activation of Distinct Receptors on Human Microglia Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6704-6714. [PMID: 37477768 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation associated with neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms persists well past the resolution of the infection, known as post-COVID-19 sequalae or long-COVID. The neuroimmune mechanism(s) involved in long-COVID have not been adequately characterized. In this study, we show that recombinant SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein stimulates release of pro-inflammatory IL-1b, CXCL8, IL-6, and MMP-9 from cultured human microglia via TLR4 receptor activation. Instead, recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) stimulates release of TNF-α, IL-18, and S100B via ACE2 signaling. These results provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contributes to neuroinflammation through different mechanisms that may be involved in CNS pathologies associated with long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsilioni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA
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9
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Munda M, Velnar T, Bosnjak R, Zele T, Gradisnik L, Spazzapan P, Kos N, Kocivnik N, Benedicic M, Prestor B. COVID-19 and Surgical Practice in Slovenia: Managing the Crisis in Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2095. [PMID: 37895476 PMCID: PMC10608538 DOI: 10.3390/life13102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant threat to global health. Worldwide, COVID-19 has affected the health service also in Slovenia. During this time, neurosurgery is facing difficulties in its service, both in emergency and elective surgeries. In the article, we describe the anti-COVID-19 measures taken at our neurosurgical department in a medical centre in Ljubljana, Slovenia, and analysed and compared the number of emergency and elective neurosurgical procedures during the time of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Munda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Tomaz Velnar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
- AMEU-ECM Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Roman Bosnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Tilen Zele
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
- AMEU-ECM Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Lidija Gradisnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Faculty Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Peter Spazzapan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Natasa Kos
- AMEU-ECM Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kocivnik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mitja Benedicic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Borut Prestor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (R.B.); (T.Z.); (P.S.); (M.B.); (B.P.)
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10
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Furman S, Green K, Lane TE. COVID-19 and the impact on Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.15985. [PMID: 37850241 PMCID: PMC11024062 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly escalated into a global pandemic that primarily affects older and immunocompromised individuals due to underlying clinical conditions and suppressed immune responses. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients exhibit a spectrum of neurological symptoms, indicating that COVID-19 can affect the brain in a variety of manners. Many studies, past and recent, suggest a connection between viral infections and an increased risk of neurodegeneration, raising concerns about the neurological effects of COVID-19 and the possibility that it may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset or worsen already existing AD pathology through inflammatory processes given that both COVID-19 and AD share pathological features and risk factors. This leads us to question whether COVID-19 is a risk factor for AD and how these two conditions might influence each other. Considering the extensive reach of the COVID-19 pandemic and the devastating impact of the ongoing AD pandemic, their combined effects could have significant public health consequences worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Furman
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697
| | - Kim Green
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
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11
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Aghelan Z, Pashaee S, Abtahi SH, Karima S, Khazaie H, Ezati M, Khodarahmi R. Natural Immunosuppressants as a Treatment for Chronic Insomnia Targeting the Inflammatory Response Induced by NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β Axis Activation: A Scooping Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:294-309. [PMID: 37552452 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is an inflammatory-related disease with an important pathological basis for various diseases which is a serious threat to a person's physical and mental health. So far, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of insomnia, among which inflammatory mechanisms have become the focus of scientific attention. In this regard, the aim of the present scooping review is to evaluate the potential benefits of natural compounds in treatment of chronic insomnia targeting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor-pyrin-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/IL-1β axis as one of the most important activators of inflammatory cascades. The data show that compounds that have the potential to cause inflammation induce sleep disorders, and that inflammatory mediators are key molecules in regulating the sleep-related activity of neurons. In the inflammatory process of insomnia, the role of NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of insomnia has been gradually considered by researchers. NLRP3 is an intracellular sensor that recognizes the widest range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). After identification and binding to damage factors, NLRP3 inflammasome is assembled to activate the caspase-1 and IL-1β. Increased production and secretion of IL-1β may be involved in central nervous system dysregulation of physiological sleep. The current scooping review reports the potential benefits of natural compounds that target NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activity and highlights the hypothesis which NLRP3 /caspase-1/IL-1β may serve as a potential therapeutic target for managing inflammation and improving symptoms in chronic insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghelan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pashaee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Hosein Abtahi
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Karima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Behehshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ezati
- Medical Biology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Nurse Street, Kermanshah, 6714415185, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Nurse Street, Kermanshah, 6714415185, Iran.
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12
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Chaves-Filho AM, Braniff O, Angelova A, Deng Y, Tremblay MÈ. Chronic inflammation, neuroglial dysfunction, and plasmalogen deficiency as a new pathobiological hypothesis addressing the overlap between post-COVID-19 symptoms and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Res Bull 2023; 201:110702. [PMID: 37423295 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
After five waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, it has been recognized that a significant portion of the affected individuals developed long-term debilitating symptoms marked by chronic fatigue, cognitive difficulties ("brain fog"), post-exertional malaise, and autonomic dysfunction. The onset, progression, and clinical presentation of this condition, generically named post-COVID-19 syndrome, overlap significantly with another enigmatic condition, referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Several pathobiological mechanisms have been proposed for ME/CFS, including redox imbalance, systemic and central nervous system inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Chronic inflammation and glial pathological reactivity are common hallmarks of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders and have been consistently associated with reduced central and peripheral levels of plasmalogens, one of the major phospholipid components of cell membranes with several homeostatic functions. Of great interest, recent evidence revealed a significant reduction of plasmalogen contents, biosynthesis, and metabolism in ME/CFS and acute COVID-19, with a strong association to symptom severity and other relevant clinical outcomes. These bioactive lipids have increasingly attracted attention due to their reduced levels representing a common pathophysiological manifestation between several disorders associated with aging and chronic inflammation. However, alterations in plasmalogen levels or their lipidic metabolism have not yet been examined in individuals suffering from post-COVID-19 symptoms. Here, we proposed a pathobiological model for post-COVID-19 and ME/CFS based on their common inflammation and dysfunctional glial reactivity, and highlighted the emerging implications of plasmalogen deficiency in the underlying mechanisms. Along with the promising outcomes of plasmalogen replacement therapy (PRT) for various neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric disorders, we sought to propose PRT as a simple, effective, and safe strategy for the potential relief of the debilitating symptoms associated with ME/CFS and post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Braniff
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angelina Angelova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F-91400 Orsay, France
| | - Yuru Deng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) and Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Chiang W, Stout A, Yanchik-Slade F, Li H, Terrando N, Nilsson BL, Gelbard HA, Krauss TD. Quantum Dot Biomimetic for SARS-CoV-2 to Interrogate Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Relevant to NeuroCOVID Brain Inflammation. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:15094-15107. [PMID: 37649833 PMCID: PMC10463222 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite limited evidence for infection of SARS-CoV-2 in the central nervous system, cognitive impairment is a common complication reported in "recovered" COVID-19 patients. Identification of the origins of these neurological impairments is essential to inform therapeutic designs against them. However, such studies are limited, in part, by the current status of high-fidelity probes to visually investigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the system of blood vessels and nerve cells in the brain, called the neurovascular unit. Here, we report that nanocrystal quantum dot micelles decorated with spike protein (COVID-QDs) are able to interrogate neurological damage due to SARS-CoV-2. In a transwell co-culture model of the neurovascular unit, exposure of brain endothelial cells to COVID-QDs elicited an inflammatory response in neurons and astrocytes without direct interaction with the COVID-QDs. These results provide compelling evidence of an inflammatory response without direct exposure to SARS-CoV-2-like nanoparticles. Additionally, we found that pretreatment with a neuro-protective molecule prevented endothelial cell damage resulting in substantial neurological protection. These results will accelerate studies into the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 mediates neurologic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Chiang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery
and Department of Neurology, and Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, and
Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Angela Stout
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery
and Department of Neurology, and Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, and
Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Francine Yanchik-Slade
- Department of Chemistry and The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Herman Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery
and Department of Neurology, and Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, and
Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Bradley L. Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry and The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Harris A. Gelbard
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery
and Department of Neurology, and Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, and
Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry and The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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14
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Yong CSK, Maniam EJH, Chang CWL, Lai JY, Ho CSH. Case report: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with anxiety symptoms in a COVID-19 post-infection patient. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1239576. [PMID: 37609652 PMCID: PMC10440421 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. We describe a man whose initial manifestations of CJD occurred shortly after contracting Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). He first developed anxiety and short-term memory loss a few weeks after a mild COVID-19 infection. He subsequently developed parkinsonism, eventually progressed to akinetic mutism, and passed away 5 months after symptom onset. This case highlights a potential temporal relationship between COVID-19 infection and the onset of neurodegenerative symptoms. Microglia and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and 'S1' spike proteins on SARS-CoV-2 are potential mediators in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christl S. K. Yong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ethan Jian-Hui Maniam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl W. L. Chang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Yexian Lai
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Messina A, Signorelli MS. COVID-19 associated psychosis. Ind Psychiatry J 2023; 32:215-221. [PMID: 38161482 PMCID: PMC10756597 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_27_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was declared, cases of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior have been reported worldwide, both during the acute phase of COVID-19 and after recovery. Given the recent emergence of COVID-19, data are still accumulating, and it is premature to correlate COVID-19 with psychotic disorders causally. However, SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and penetrate neurons. This finding and the amount of published work on COVID-19 and psychotic disorders compel special attention to elucidate the link between SARS-CoV-2 and the occurrence of psychotic symptoms. In this article, several reviews and case reports that have analyzed the link between COVID-19 and psychotic disorders are reviewed. In light of the data that have emerged at the present time, study criteria were proposed to identify COVID-19-related psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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16
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Zhang W, Ling L, Li J, Li Y, Liu Y. Coronavirus disease 2019 and acute cerebrovascular events: a comprehensive overview. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216978. [PMID: 37448747 PMCID: PMC10337831 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been increasing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with acute cerebrovascular events such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral venous thrombosis. Although the mechanism of cerebrovascular complications among COVID-19 patients has not been adequately elucidated, the hypercoagulable state, excessive inflammation and ACE-2-associated alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system after SARS-CoV-2 infection probably play an essential role. In this overview, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to acute cerebrovascular events and review the characteristics of COVID-19-related acute cerebrovascular events cases and treatment options available worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhou Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yudi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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17
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El-Maradny YA, Rubio-Casillas A, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Intrinsic factors behind long-COVID: I. Prevalence of the extracellular vesicles. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:656-673. [PMID: 37126363 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It can be argued that the severity of COVID-19 has decreased in many countries. This could be a result of the broad coverage of the population by vaccination campaigns, which often reached an almost compulsory status in many places. Furthermore, significant roles were played by the multiple mutations in the body of the virus, which led to the emergence of several new SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced infectivity but dramatically reduced pathogenicity. However, the challenges associated with the development of various side effects and their persistence for long periods exceeding 20 months as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, or taking available vaccines against it, are spreading horizontally and vertically in number and repercussions. For example, the World Health Organization announced that there are more than 17 million registered cases of long-COVID (also known as post-COVID syndrome) in the European Union countries alone. Furthermore, by using the PubMed search engine, one can find that more than 10 000 articles have been published focusing exclusively on long-COVID. In light of these enormous and ever-increasing numbers of cases and published articles, most of which are descriptive of the various long-COVID symptoms, the need to know the reasons behind this phenomenon raises several important questions. Is long-COVID caused by the continued presence of the virus or one/several of its components in the recovering individual body for long periods of time, which urges the body to respond in a way that leads to long-COVID development? Or are there some latent and limited reasons related to the recovering patients themselves? Or is it a sum of both? Many observations support a positive answer to the first question, whereas others back the second question but typically without releasing a fundamental reason/signal behind it. Whatever the answer is, it seems that the real reasons behind this widespread phenomenon remain unclear. This report opens a series of articles, in which we will try to shed light on the underlying causes that could be behind the long-COVID phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra A El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Noda Y, Sato A, Shichi M, Sato A, Fujii K, Iwasa M, Nagano Y, Kitahata R, Osawa R. Real world research on transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric symptoms with long-COVID in Japan. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 81:103438. [PMID: 36610206 PMCID: PMC9795803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients suffering from long-COVID is currently increasing rapidly, even after the acute symptoms of COVID-19 have improved. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a pilot transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment on neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by long-COVID. In this study, we examined the efficacy of the TMS treatment protocol, which has been established to be effective in refractory depression, by applying it to patients who sought TMS treatment for neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by long-COVID at TMS clinics in Tokyo, Japan in the context of the real world TMS registry study in Japan. Of the 23 patients (13 females) with long-COVID included in this case series, the main neuropsychiatric symptoms were chronic fatigue (n = 12) and cognitive dysfunction (n = 11), but most patients also showed mild depressive symptoms. The mean score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale before TMS treatment was 21.2, which improved to 9.8 after treatment. Similarly, the score on the Performance Status, which assesses the degree of fatigue, improved from 5.4 to 4.2, and the score on the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-item, which reflects cognitive function, improved from 10.0 to 6.3. Although a few patients complained of pain at the stimulation site during the TMS as a side effect, there were no serious adverse events. Despite the limitations of this open-label pilot study, the TMS protocol implemented in this study may have beneficial effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms caused by long-COVID, including depressive symptoms, chronic fatigue, and cognitive impairment. These preliminary findings warrant further validation in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Noda
- Shinjuku-Yoyogi Mental Lab Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | - Mio Iwasa
- Shinjuku-Yoyogi Mental Lab Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Norouzi-Barough L, Asgari Khosroshahi A, Gorji A, Zafari F, Shahverdi Shahraki M, Shirian S. COVID-19-Induced Stroke and the Potential of Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:37-46. [PMID: 35025001 PMCID: PMC8755896 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a known neurological complication of COVID-19 infection, which is associated with high mortality and disability. Following IS, secondary neuroinflammation that occurs can play both harmful and beneficial roles and lead to further injury or repair of damaged neuronal tissue, respectively. Since inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced stroke, targeting neuroinflammation could be an effective strategy for modulating the immune responses following ischemic events. Numerous investigations have indicated that the application of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) improves functional recovery following stroke, mainly through reducing neuroinflammation as well as promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Therefore, MSC-EVs can be applied for the regulation of SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammation and the management of COVID-19- related ischemic events. In this study, we have first described the advantages and disadvantages of neuroinflammation in the pathological evolution after IS and summarized the characteristics of neuroinflammation in COVID-19-related stroke. Then, we have discussed the potential benefit of MSC-EVs in the regulation of inflammatory responses after COVID-19-induced ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Norouzi-Barough
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Munster, Germany
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Zafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr. Daneshbod Pathol Lab, Shiraz, Iran.
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20
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Kamchatnov PR, Cheremin RA, Skipetrova LA, Chugunov AV. Neurological Signs of Postcovid Syndrome. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 52:968-975. [PMID: 36589208 PMCID: PMC9789305 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-022-01324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of postcovid syndrome (PCS) is of great interest due to its wide distribution and variety of clinical signs. The main neurological signs of PCS are discussed. Data on the presumptive mechanisms forming PCS are presented. The potential for using the drug Mexidol to treat patients with PCS is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Kamchatnov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - R. A. Cheremin
- Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - L. A. Skipetrova
- Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Chugunov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Neuro–Immune Interactions in Severe COVID-19 Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111256. [PMID: 36365007 PMCID: PMC9699641 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has affected the world since 2019. Interstitial pneumonia is the most common clinical presentation, but additional symptoms have been reported, including neurological manifestations. Severe forms of infection, especially in elderly patients, present as an excessive inflammatory response called “cytokine storm”, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure and death. Little is known about the relationship between symptoms and clinical outcomes or the characteristics of virus–host interactions. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight possible links between neurological involvement and respiratory damage mediated by pathological inflammatory pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We will focus on neuro–immune interactions and age-related immunity decline and discuss some pathological mechanisms that contribute to negative outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we will describe available therapeutic strategies and their effects on COVID-19 neurological symptoms.
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22
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Hogberg HT, Lam A, Ohayon E, Shahbaz MA, Clerbaux LA, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Concha R, De Bernardi F, Edrosa E, Hargreaves AJ, Kanninen KM, Munoz A, Pistollato F, Saravanan S, Garcia-Reyero N, Wittwehr C, Sachana M. The Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Applied to Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213411. [PMID: 36359807 PMCID: PMC9658029 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces neurologic injury, including neurological and/or psychological symptoms, remain unclear. In this review, the available knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19 was organized using the AOP framework. Four AOPs leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms. Furthermore, the impact on the neurological AOPs of COVID-19 by modulating and multiscale factors such as age, psychological stress, nutrition, poverty, and food insecurity was discussed. Organizing the existing knowledge along an AOP framework can represent a valuable tool to understand disease mechanisms and identify data gaps and potentially contribute to treatment, and prevention. This AOP-aligned approach also facilitates synergy between experts from different backgrounds, while the fast-evolving and disruptive nature of COVID-19 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinarity and cross-community research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T. Hogberg
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27518, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Ann Lam
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Elan Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Institute for Green & Open Sciences, Toronto, ON M6J 2J4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Rachel Concha
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Francesca De Bernardi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Eizleayne Edrosa
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Alan J. Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amalia Munoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Surat Saravanan
- Centre for Predictive Human Model Systems Atal Incubation Centre-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Clemens Wittwehr
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 75016 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
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23
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Priya SP, Sunil PM, Varma S, Brigi C, Isnadi MFAR, Jayalal JA, Shadamarshan RA, Kumar SS, Kumari NV, Kumar RPR. Direct, indirect, post-infection damages induced by coronavirus in the human body: an overview. Virusdisease 2022; 33:429-444. [PMID: 36311173 PMCID: PMC9593972 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 invades the cells via ACE2 receptor and damages multiple organs of the human body. Understanding the pathological manifestation is mandatory to endure the rising post-infection sequel reported in patients with or without comorbidities. Materials and methods Our descriptive review emphasises the direct, indirect and post-infection damages due to COVID-19. We have performed an electronic database search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with selective inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The included studies substantiated the extensive damages in the multiple organs due to direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19. After an apparent recovery, the prolonged presentation of the symptoms manifests as post-COVID that can be related with persisting viral antigens and dysregulated immune response. Conclusion A few of the symptoms of respiratory, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric systems that persist or reappear as post-COVID manifestations. Vaccination and preventive programs will effectively reduce the prevalence but, the post-COVID, a multisystem manifestation, will be a significant tribulation to the medical profession. However, the issue can be managed by implementing public health programs, rehabilitation services, and telemedicine virtual supports to raise awareness and reduce panic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - P. M. Sunil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala India ,Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerate Medicine, Malabar Medical College, Calicut, Kerala India
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Science Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE ,Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Carel Brigi
- Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohammad Faruq Abd Rachman Isnadi
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - J. A. Jayalal
- Department of Surgery, Kanyakumari Medical College and Hospital, Asaripallam, India
| | - R. Arunkumar Shadamarshan
- Dental Officer and Graded Specialist (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery), Indo Bhutan Friendship Hospital, IMTRAT, Thimpu Bhutan, 11001 Bhutan
| | - S. Suresh Kumar
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,, Bharath Institute of Higher Eduction and Research, Chennai, 600073 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Neela Vasantha Kumari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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24
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Association between Brain Injury Markers and Testosterone in Critically-Ill COVID-19 Male Patients. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112095. [PMID: 36363686 PMCID: PMC9697553 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that various neurologic manifestations are reported in critically-ill COVID-19 patients. Although low testosterone levels were associated with poor outcomes, the relationship between testosterone levels and indices of brain injury are still poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether testosterone levels are associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), biomarkers of brain injury, in patients with a severe form of COVID-19. The present study was conducted on 65 male patients aged 18−65 with severe COVID-19. Blood samples were collected at three time points: upon admission to ICU, 7 days after, and 14 days after. In patients with neurological sequels (n = 20), UCH-L1 serum concentrations at admission were markedly higher than in patients without them (240.0 (155.4−366.4) vs. 146.4 (92.5−243.9) pg/mL, p = 0.022). GFAP concentrations on admission did not differ between the groups (32.2 (24.2−40.1) vs. 29.8 (21.8−39.4) pg/mL, p = 0.372). Unlike GFAP, UCH-L1 serum concentrations exhibited a negative correlation with serum testosterone in all three time points (r = −0.452, p < 0.001; r = −0.430, p < 0.001 and r = −0.476, p = 0.001, respectively). The present study suggests that the traumatic brain injury biomarker UCH-L1 may be associated with neurological impairments seen in severe COVID-19. Moreover, a negative correlation between UCH-L1 and serum testosterone concentrations implies that testosterone may have a role in the development of neurological sequels in critically-ill COVID-19 patients.
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25
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Tziastoudi M, Cholevas C, Stefanidis I, Theoharides TC. Genetics of COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1838-1857. [PMID: 36204816 PMCID: PMC9639636 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID‐19 and ME/CFS present with some similar symptoms, especially physical and mental fatigue. In order to understand the basis of these similarities and the possibility of underlying common genetic components, we performed a systematic review of all published genetic association and cohort studies regarding COVID‐19 and ME/CFS and extracted the genes along with the genetic variants investigated. We then performed gene ontology and pathway analysis of those genes that gave significant results in the individual studies to yield functional annotations of the studied genes using protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER) VERSION 17.0 software. Finally, we identified the common genetic components of these two conditions. Seventy‐one studies for COVID‐19 and 26 studies for ME/CFS were included in the systematic review in which the expression of 97 genes for COVID‐19 and 429 genes for ME/CFS were significantly affected. We found that ACE, HLA‐A, HLA‐C, HLA‐DQA1, HLA‐DRB1, and TYK2 are the common genes that gave significant results. The findings of the pathway analysis highlight the contribution of inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways, and the T cell activation and Toll receptor signaling pathways. Protein class analysis revealed the contribution of defense/immunity proteins, as well as protein‐modifying enzymes. Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of both syndromes could involve some immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tziastoudi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Cholevas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Alvarez M, Trent E, Goncalves BDS, Pereira DG, Puri R, Frazier NA, Sodhi K, Pillai SS. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1020092. [PMID: 36268187 PMCID: PMC9577202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sneha S. Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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27
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Łuc M, Woźniak M, Rymaszewska J. Neuroinflammation in Dementia—Therapeutic Directions in a COVID-19 Pandemic Setting. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192959. [PMID: 36230921 PMCID: PMC9562181 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dementia is a heterogenous group of diseases, inflammation has been shown to play a central role in all of them and provides a common link in their pathology. This review aims to highlight the importance of immune response in the most common types of dementia. We describe molecular aspects of pro-inflammatory signaling and sources of inflammatory activation in the human organism, including a novel infectious agent, SARS-CoV-2. The role of glial cells in neuroinflammation, as well as potential therapeutic approaches, are then discussed. Peripheral immune response and increased cytokine production, including an early surge in TNF and IL-1β concentrations activate glia, leading to aggravation of neuroinflammation and dysfunction of neurons during COVID-19. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, have a large impact on future cognitive outcomes and should be included as a crucial intervention in dementia prevention. While the use of NSAIDs is not recommended due to inconclusive results on their efficacy and risk of side effects, the studies focused on the use of TNF antagonists as the more specific target in neuroinflammation are still very limited. It is still unknown, to what degree neuroinflammation resulting from COVID-19 may affect neurodegenerative process and cognitive functioning in the long term with ongoing reports of chronic post-COVID complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Łuc
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rymaszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Rodríguez-Morales J, Guartazaca-Guerrero S, Rizo-Téllez SA, Viurcos-Sanabria R, Barrón EV, Hernández-Valencia AF, Nava P, Escobedo G, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Méndez-García LA. Blood-brain Barrier Damage is Pivotal for SARS-CoV-2 Infection to the Central Nervous System. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:270-276. [PMID: 36050226 PMCID: PMC9471413 DOI: 10.5607/en21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic transport is the most accepted proposal to explain the SARS-CoV-2 infection of the CNS. Nevertheless, emerging evidence shows that neurons do not express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2, which highlights the importance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in preventing virus entry to the brain. In this study, we examine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and the cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from two patients with a brain tumor and COVID-19. To determine the BBB damage, we evaluate the Q- albumin index, which is an indirect parameter to assess the permeability of this structure. The Q-albumin index of the patient with an intraventricular brain tumor suggests that the BBB is undamaged, preventing the passage of SARS-CoV-2 and pro-inflammatory molecules. The development of brain tumors that disrupt the BBB (measured by the Q-albumin index), in this case, a petroclival meningioma (Case 1), allows the free passage of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and probably lets the free transit of pro-inflammatory molecules to the CNS, which leads to a possible activation of the microglia (astrogliosis) and an exacerbated immune response represented by IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-2 trying to inhibit both the infection and the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahir Rodríguez-Morales
- Neurosurgery Specialty, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Sebastián Guartazaca-Guerrero
- Neurosurgery Specialty, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Salma A Rizo-Téllez
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,PECEM, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Viurcos-Sanabria
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,PECEM, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Eira Valeria Barrón
- Genomic Medicine, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Aldo F Hernández-Valencia
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departments of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,Direction of Research, General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City 52786, Mexico
| | - Lucía A Méndez-García
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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29
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LaNoce E, Dumeng-Rodriguez J, Christian KM. Using 2D and 3D pluripotent stem cell models to study neurotropic viruses. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022; 2:869657. [PMID: 36325520 PMCID: PMC9624474 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.869657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of viral pathogens on the human central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging due to the lack of viable human CNS models for controlled experiments to determine the causal factors underlying pathogenesis. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and, more recently, cellular reprogramming of adult somatic cells to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide opportunities for directed differentiation to neural cells that can be used to evaluate the impact of known and emerging viruses on neural cell types. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be induced to neural lineages in either two- (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) cultures, each bearing distinct advantages and limitations for modeling viral pathogenesis and evaluating effective therapeutics. Here we review the current state of technology in stem cell-based modeling of the CNS and how these models can be used to determine viral tropism and identify cellular phenotypes to investigate virus-host interactions and facilitate drug screening. We focus on several viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Zika virus (ZIKV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), SARS-CoV-2, West Nile virus (WNV)) to illustrate key advantages, as well as challenges, of PSC-based models. We also discuss how human PSC-based models can be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs by generating data that are complementary to existing preclinical models. Ultimately, these efforts could facilitate the movement towards personalized medicine and provide patients and physicians with an additional source of information to consider when evaluating available treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma LaNoce
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeriel Dumeng-Rodriguez
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Christian
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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30
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Gonçalves CA, Sesterheim P, Wartchow KM, Bobermin LD, Leipnitz G, Quincozes-Santos A. Why antidiabetic drugs are potentially neuroprotective during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic: The focus on astroglial UPR and calcium-binding proteins. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:905218. [PMID: 35966209 PMCID: PMC9374064 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.905218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We are living in a terrifying pandemic caused by Sars-CoV-2, in which patients with diabetes mellitus have, from the beginning, been identified as having a high risk of hospitalization and mortality. This viral disease is not limited to the respiratory system, but also affects, among other organs, the central nervous system. Furthermore, we already know that individuals with diabetes mellitus exhibit signs of astrocyte dysfunction and are more likely to develop cognitive deficits and even dementia. It is now being realized that COVID-19 incurs long-term effects and that those infected can develop several neurological and psychiatric manifestations. As this virus seriously compromises cell metabolism by triggering several mechanisms leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR), which involves endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depletion, we review here the basis involved in this response that are intimately associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The discussion aims to highlight two aspects-the role of calcium-binding proteins and the role of astrocytes, glial cells that integrate energy metabolism with neurotransmission and with neuroinflammation. Among the proteins discussed are calpain, calcineurin, and sorcin. These proteins are emphasized as markers of the UPR and are potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we discuss the role of drugs widely prescribed to patients with diabetes mellitus, such as statins, metformin, and calcium channel blockers. The review assesses potential neuroprotection mechanisms, focusing on the UPR and the restoration of reticular Ca2+ homeostasis, based on both clinical and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Krista M. Wartchow
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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31
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Nasal Microbiota, Olfactory Health, Neurological Disorders and Aging—A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071405. [PMID: 35889124 PMCID: PMC9320618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal region is one of the distinct environments for the survival of various microbiota. The human microbial niche begins to inhabit the human body right from birth, and the microbiota survive as commensals or opportunistic pathogens throughout the life of humans in their bodies in various habitats. These microbial communities help to maintain a healthy microenvironment by preventing the attack of pathogens and being involved in immune regulation. Any dysbiosis of microbiota residing in the mucosal surfaces, such as the nasal passages, guts, and genital regions, causes immune modulation and severe infections. The coexistence of microorganisms in the mucosal layers of respiratory passage, resulting in infections due to their co-abundance and interactions, and the background molecular mechanisms responsible for such interactions, need to be considered for investigation. Additional clinical evaluations can explain the interactions among the nasal microbiota, nasal dysbiosis and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The respiratory airways usually act as a substratum place for the microbes and can act as the base for respiratory tract infections. The microbial metabolites and the microbes can cross the blood–brain barrier and may cause NDs, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The scientific investigations on the potential role of the nasal microbiota in olfactory functions and the relationship between their dysfunction and neurological diseases are limited. Recently, the consequences of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with neurological diseases are under exploration. The crosstalk between the gut and the nasal microbiota is highly influential, because their mucosal regions are the prominent microbial niche and are connected to the olfaction, immune regulation, and homeostasis of the central nervous system. Diet is one of the major factors, which strongly influences the mucosal membranes of the airways, gut, and lung. Unhealthy diet practices cause dysbiosis in gut microbiota and the mucosal barrier. The current review summarizes the interrelationship between the nasal microbiota dysbiosis, resulting olfactory dysfunctions, and the progression of NDs during aging and the involvement of coronavirus disease 2019 in provoking the NDs.
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Velnar T, Bosnjak R. Management of neurosurgical patients during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemics: The Ljubljana, Slovenia experience. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4726-4736. [PMID: 35801036 PMCID: PMC9198871 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i15.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. It bears unique biological characteristics, clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations, therefore presenting an important and urgent threat to global health. As a result, a new public health crisis arose, threatening the world with the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus. Despite the maximal worldwide public health responses aimed at containing the disease and delaying its spread, many countries have been confronted with a critical care crisis, and even more, countries will almost certainly follow. In Slovenia, the COVID-19 has struck the health system immensely and among all the specialities, neurosurgery has also been experiencing difficulties in the service, not only in regular, elective surgeries but especially during emergencies. The management of these neurosurgical patients has become more difficult than ever. We describe our protocol in the management of neurosurgical patients in the University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia and how neurosurgical pathology was tackled during the pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Velnar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bosnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Seehusen F, Clark JJ, Sharma P, Bentley EG, Kirby A, Subramaniam K, Wunderlin-Giuliani S, Hughes GL, Patterson EI, Michael BD, Owen A, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Kipar A. Neuroinvasion and Neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the K18-hACE2 Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:1020. [PMID: 35632761 PMCID: PMC9146514 DOI: 10.3390/v14051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only affects the respiratory tract but also causes neurological symptoms such as loss of smell and taste, headache, fatigue or severe cerebrovascular complications. Using transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and pathomorphological features in the CNS following intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as after prior influenza A virus infection. Apart from Omicron, we found all variants to frequently spread to and within the CNS. Infection was restricted to neurons and appeared to spread from the olfactory bulb mainly in basally oriented regions in the brain and into the spinal cord, independent of ACE2 expression and without evidence of neuronal cell death, axonal damage or demyelination. However, microglial activation, microgliosis and a mild macrophage and T cell dominated inflammatory response was consistently observed, accompanied by apoptotic death of endothelial, microglial and immune cells, without their apparent infection. Microgliosis and immune cell apoptosis indicate a potential role of microglia for pathogenesis and viral effect in COVID-19 and the possible impairment of neurological functions, especially in long COVID. These data may also be informative for the selection of therapeutic candidates and broadly support the investigation of agents with adequate penetration into relevant regions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Eleanor G. Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Krishanthi Subramaniam
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Sabina Wunderlin-Giuliani
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (G.L.H.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Benedict D. Michael
- Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK;
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre of Excellence in Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3NY, UK;
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.S.); (S.W.-G.)
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; (J.J.C.); (P.S.); (E.G.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (J.A.H.); (J.P.S.)
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Renz-Polster H, Tremblay ME, Bienzle D, Fischer JE. The Pathobiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Case for Neuroglial Failure. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:888232. [PMID: 35614970 PMCID: PMC9124899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.888232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) has a specific and distinctive profile of clinical features, the disease remains an enigma because causal explanation of the pathobiological matrix is lacking. Several potential disease mechanisms have been identified, including immune abnormalities, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial alterations, endothelial and muscular disturbances, cardiovascular anomalies, and dysfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Yet, it remains unclear whether and how these pathways may be related and orchestrated. Here we explore the hypothesis that a common denominator of the pathobiological processes in ME/CFS may be central nervous system dysfunction due to impaired or pathologically reactive neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes). We will test this hypothesis by reviewing, in reference to the current literature, the two most salient and widely accepted features of ME/CFS, and by investigating how these might be linked to dysfunctional neuroglia. From this review we conclude that the multifaceted pathobiology of ME/CFS may be attributable in a unifying manner to neuroglial dysfunction. Because the two key features - post exertional malaise and decreased cerebral blood flow - are also recognized in a subset of patients with post-acute sequelae COVID, we suggest that our findings may also be pertinent to this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Renz-Polster
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim E. Fischer
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Löscher W, Howe CL. Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870868. [PMID: 35615063 PMCID: PMC9125338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection ("early" or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery ("late" or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charles L. Howe
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Kitchen LC, Berman M, Halper J, Chazot P. Rationale for 1068 nm Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) as a Novel, Non-Invasive Treatment for COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses: Roles of NO and Hsp70. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095221. [PMID: 35563611 PMCID: PMC9105035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers from across the world are seeking to develop effective treatments for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which arose as a major public health issue in 2019, and was declared a pandemic in early 2020. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple-organ failure, neurological problems, and thrombosis have all been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fatalities. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for using photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) of the particular wavelength 1068 nm as a therapy for COVID-19, investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings illustrate the efficacy of PBMT 1068 nm for cytoprotection, nitric oxide (NO) release, inflammation changes, improved blood flow, and the regulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp70). We propose, therefore, that PBMT 1068 is a potentially effective and innovative approach for avoiding severe and critical illness in COVID-19 patients, although further clinical evidence is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Kitchen
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Marvin Berman
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - James Halper
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
- Correspondence:
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COVID-19 and the Brain: The Neuropathological Italian Experience on 33 Adult Autopsies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050629. [PMID: 35625558 PMCID: PMC9138268 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological symptoms are increasingly recognized in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. However, the neuropathogenesis remains unclear and it is not possible to define a specific damage pattern due to brain virus infection. In the present study, 33 cases of brain autopsies performed during the first (February–April 2020) and the second/third (November 2020–April 2021) pandemic waves are described. In all the cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was searched. Pathological findings are described and compared with those presently published.
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Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Zolkefley MKI, Ramli MD, Norman HH, Abdul Hamid H, Mustapha M. Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Recovery—Evolving Evidence for the Mediating Roles of the ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/Mas Receptor Axis and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063085. [PMID: 35328506 PMCID: PMC8949282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular events, notably acute ischemic strokes (AIS), have been reported in the setting of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Commonly regarded as cryptogenic, to date, the etiology is thought to be multifactorial and remains obscure; it is linked either to a direct viral invasion or to an indirect virus-induced prothrombotic state, with or without the presence of conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. In addition, patients are at a greater risk of developing long-term negative sequelae, i.e., long-COVID-related neurological problems, when compared to non-COVID-19 stroke patients. Central to the underlying neurobiology of stroke recovery in the context of COVID-19 infection is reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is known to lead to thrombo-inflammation and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR) axis inhibition. Moreover, after AIS, the activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may heighten the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating neuro-glial cell dysfunction, ultimately leading to nerve-cell death. Therefore, potential neuroprotective therapies targeting the molecular mechanisms of the aforementioned mediators may help to inform rehabilitation strategies to improve brain reorganization (i.e., neuro-gliogenesis and synaptogenesis) and secondary prevention among AIS patients with or without COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review aims to evaluate the mediating role of the ACE2/Ang- (1-7)/MasR axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19-mediated AIS, as well as the prospects of these neuroinflammation mediators for brain repair and in secondary prevention strategies against AIS in stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohd K. I. Zolkefley
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Danial Ramli
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Haziq Hazman Norman
- Anatomy Unit, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.M.N.C.M.N.); (M.M.)
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Ihunwo AO, Perego J, Martino G, Vicenzi E, Panina-Bordignon P. Neurogenesis and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826091. [PMID: 35251006 PMCID: PMC8891128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells that reside in the fetal and adult mammalian brain, which can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and supporting cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic cues, from cells in the local niche and from distant sites, stringently orchestrates the self-renewal and differentiation competence of NSCs. Ample evidence supports the important role of NSCs in neuroplasticity, aging, disease, and repair of the nervous system. Indeed, activation of NSCs or their transplantation into injured areas of the central nervous system can lead to regeneration in animal models. Viral invasion of NSCs can negatively affect neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, with consequent cell death, impairment of cell cycle progression, early differentiation, which cause neural progenitors depletion in the cortical layer of the brain. Herein, we will review the current understanding of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of the fetal brain and the NSCs, which are the preferential population targeted by ZIKV. Furthermore, the potential neurotropic properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause direct neurological damage, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadi Ogonda Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jessica Perego
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disesases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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40
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The roles of Eph receptors, neuropilin-1, P2X7, and CD147 in COVID-19-associated neurodegenerative diseases: inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential promising therapies. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:10. [PMID: 35109786 PMCID: PMC8809072 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, and finding a safe therapeutic strategy and effective vaccine is critical to overcoming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, elucidation of pathogenesis mechanisms, especially entry routes of SARS-CoV-2 may help propose antiviral drugs and novel vaccines. Several receptors have been demonstrated for the interaction of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), ephrin ligands and Eph receptors, neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), P2X7, and CD147. The expression of these entry receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) may make the CNS prone to SARS-CoV-2 invasion, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The present review provides potential pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the CNS, including entry receptors and cytokines involved in neuroinflammatory conditions. Moreover, it explains several neurodegenerative disorders associated with COVID-19. Finally, we suggest inflammasome and JaK inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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41
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Kamchatnov P, Cheremin R, Skipetrova L, Chugunov A. Neurological manifestations of postcovid syndrome. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:7-15. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221220317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Qusti S, Alshammari EM, Gyebi GA, Batiha GES. Covid-19-Induced Dysautonomia: A Menace of Sympathetic Storm. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211057635. [PMID: 34755562 PMCID: PMC8586167 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211057635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the plethora of debilitating neurological disorders of COVID-19 syndrome in survivors, the scope of SARS-CoV-2-induced dysautonomia (DNS) is yet to be understood, though the implications are enormous. Herein, we present an inclusive mini-review of SARS-CoV-2-induced DNS and its associated complications. Although, the direct link between Covid-19 and DSN is still speculative, the hypothetical links are thought to be either a direct neuronal injury of the autonomic pathway or a para/post-infectious immune-induced mechanism. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced stress may activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leading to neuro-hormonal stimulation and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with further development of sympathetic storm. Sympathetic over-activation in Covid-19 is correlated with increase in capillary pulmonary leakage, alveolar damage, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 can spread through pulmonary mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors to medullary respiratory center in a retrograde manner resulting in sudden respiratory failure. Taken together, DSN in Covid-19 is developed due to sympathetic storm and inhibition of Parasympathetic nervous system-mediated anti-inflammatory effect with development of cytokine storm. Therefore, sympathetic and cytokine storms together with activation of Renin-Angiotensin-System are the chief final pathway involved in the development of DSN in Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriyia University
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Almustansiriyia University
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, 37848King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, 236312Faculty of Science and Technology Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 289643Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Leite ADOF, Bento Torres Neto J, dos Reis RR, Sobral LL, de Souza ACP, Trévia N, de Oliveira RB, Lins NADA, Diniz DG, Diniz JAP, Vasconcelos PFDC, Anthony DC, Brites D, Picanço Diniz CW. Unwanted Exacerbation of the Immune Response in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Time to Review the Impact. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749595. [PMID: 34744633 PMCID: PMC8570167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a series of behavioral changes that resulted in increased social isolation and a more sedentary life for many across all age groups, but, above all, for the elderly population who are the most vulnerable to infections and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Systemic inflammatory responses are known to accelerate neurodegenerative disease progression, which leads to permanent damage, loss of brain function, and the loss of autonomy for many aged people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a spectrum of inflammatory responses was generated in affected individuals, and it is expected that the elderly patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases who survived SARSCoV-2 infection, it will be found, sooner or later, that there is a worsening of their neurodegenerative conditions. Using mouse prion disease as a model for chronic neurodegeneration, we review the effects of social isolation, sedentary living, and viral infection on the disease progression with a focus on sickness behavior and on the responses of microglia and astrocytes. Focusing on aging, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to immunosenescence in chronic neurodegenerative diseases and how infections may accelerate their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Oliveira Ferreira Leite
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João Bento Torres Neto
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues dos Reis
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luciane Lobato Sobral
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristine Passos de Souza
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nonata Trévia
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Roseane Borner de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nara Alves de Almeida Lins
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Alhuthail E, Stockley J, Coney A, Cooper B. Measurement of breathing in patients with post-COVID-19 using structured light plethysmography (SLP). BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 8:8/1/e001070. [PMID: 34642224 PMCID: PMC8506860 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on global health to date, with 5.6 million cases in the UK since its emergence. The respiratory symptoms largely mimic those of pneumonia’ with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. The effects on respiratory physiology are not yet fully understood, but evidence is emerging that there is much dysfunctional breathing reported but little information on tidal ventilation from the acute phase of the infection. Structured light plethysmography (SLP) is a contactless technique of respiratory function testing that measures tidal breathing parameters by assessing thoracoabdominal displacement. Methods In a postdischarge clinic, SLP was performed routinely on 110 hospitalised patients recovering from COVID-19 who had been screened for respiratory symptoms to confirm any respiratory changes occurring after the disease. Patients were categorised based on their hospital treatment in (1) the intensive therapy unit (ITU) (requiring intubation) (n=65) or (2) respiratory wards only (n=45). Data from these two patient cohorts were compared with preacquired data from healthy controls (n=30). Results We have found a significantly increased respiratory rate (p=0.006) in ITU patients compared with the healthy cohort and also a significant decrease in the inspiratory time (p=0.01), expiratory time (p=0.005) and the total breathing cycle (p=0.008). There were no significant differences between ITU and ward patients and no significant differences in healthy compared with ward patients. We examined the variability of breathing (‘entropy’) both in terms of the breath-to-breath interval and the volume-to-volume change. The breath-to-breath interval alone was significantly lower in ITU patients compared with healthy cohorts (p=0.02). Conclusion Our findings suggest that abnormalities in tidal breathing can be detected in COVID-19 recovery patients, and SLP may be a promising tool in assessing the aftermath of diseases such as COVID-19, particularly if more intensive management strategies such as mechanical ventilation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyas Alhuthail
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK.,Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James Stockley
- Lung Function and Sleep, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Coney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brendan Cooper
- Lung Function and Sleep, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Han Y, Yuan K, Wang Z, Liu WJ, Lu ZA, Liu L, Shi L, Yan W, Yuan JL, Li JL, Shi J, Liu ZC, Wang GH, Kosten T, Bao YP, Lu L. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, potential neurotropic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:499. [PMID: 34593760 PMCID: PMC8482959 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused large-scale economic and social losses and worldwide deaths. Although most COVID-19 patients have initially complained of respiratory insufficiency, the presence of neuropsychiatric manifestations is also reported frequently, ranging from headache, hyposmia/anosmia, and neuromuscular dysfunction to stroke, seizure, encephalopathy, altered mental status, and psychiatric disorders, both in the acute phase and in the long term. These neuropsychiatric complications have emerged as a potential indicator of worsened clinical outcomes and poor prognosis, thus contributing to mortality in COVID-19 patients. Their etiology remains largely unclear and probably involves multiple neuroinvasive pathways. Here, we summarize recent animal and human studies for neurotrophic properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and elucidate potential neuropathogenic mechanisms involved in the viral invasion of the central nervous system as a cause for brain damage and neurological impairments. We then discuss the potential therapeutic strategy for intervening and preventing neuropsychiatric complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Time-series monitoring of clinical-neurochemical-radiological progress of neuropsychiatric and neuroimmune complications need implementation in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2. The development of a screening, intervention, and therapeutic framework to prevent and reduce neuropsychiatric sequela is urgently needed and crucial for the short- and long-term recovery of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jian Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-An Lu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Shi
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Liang Yuan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Chun Liu
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Hua Wang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Thomas Kosten
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDivision of Alcohol and Addiction Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Theoharides TC. Ways to Address Perinatal Mast Cell Activation and Focal Brain Inflammation, including Response to SARS-CoV-2, in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2021; 11:860. [PMID: 34575637 PMCID: PMC8465360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to increase, but no distinct pathogenesis or effective treatment are known yet. The presence of many comorbidities further complicates matters, making a personalized approach necessary. An increasing number of reports indicate that inflammation of the brain leads to neurodegenerative changes, especially during perinatal life, "short-circuiting the electrical system" in the amygdala that is essential for our ability to feel emotions, but also regulates fear. Inflammation of the brain can result from the stimulation of mast cells-found in all tissues including the brain-by neuropeptides, stress, toxins, and viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, leading to the activation of microglia. These resident brain defenders then release even more inflammatory molecules and stop "pruning" nerve connections, disrupting neuronal connectivity, lowering the fear threshold, and derailing the expression of emotions, as seen in ASD. Many epidemiological studies have reported a strong association between ASD and atopic dermatitis (eczema), asthma, and food allergies/intolerance, all of which involve activated mast cells. Mast cells can be triggered by allergens, neuropeptides, stress, and toxins, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and activation of microglia. Moreover, many epidemiological studies have reported a strong association between stress and atopic dermatitis (eczema) during gestation, which involves activated mast cells. Both mast cells and microglia can also be activated by SARS-CoV-2 in affected mothers during pregnancy. We showed increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-18 and its receptor, but decreased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-38 and its receptor IL-36R, only in the amygdala of deceased children with ASD. We further showed that the natural flavonoid luteolin is a potent inhibitor of the activation of both mast cells and microglia, but also blocks SARS-CoV-2 binding to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). A treatment approach should be tailored to each individual patient and should address hyperactivity/stress, allergies, or food intolerance, with the introduction of natural molecules or drugs to inhibit mast cells and microglia, such as liposomal luteolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Pyne JD, Brickman AM. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dementia Risk: Potential Pathways to Cognitive Decline. NEURODEGENER DIS 2021; 21:1-23. [PMID: 34348321 PMCID: PMC8678181 DOI: 10.1159/000518581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the far-reaching pandemic, has infected approximately 185 million of the world's population to date. After infection, certain groups, including older adults, men, and people of color, are more likely to have adverse medical outcomes. COVID-19 can affect multiple organ systems, even among asymptomatic/mild severity individuals, with progressively worse damage for those with higher severity infections. SUMMARY The COVID-19 virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily attaches to cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, a universal receptor present in most major organ systems. As SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor, its bioavailability becomes limited, thus disrupting homeostatic organ function and inducing an injury cascade. Organ damage can then arise from multiple sources including direct cellular infection, overactive detrimental systemic immune response, and ischemia/hypoxia through thromboembolisms or disruption of perfusion. In the brain, SARS-CoV-2 has neuroinvasive and neurotropic characteristics with acute and chronic neurovirulent potential. In the cardiovascular system, COVID-19 can induce myocardial and systemic vascular damage along with thrombosis. Other organ systems such as the lungs, kidney, and liver are all at risk for infection damage. Key Messages: Our hypothesis is that each injury consequence has the independent potential to contribute to long-term cognitive deficits with the possibility of progressing to or worsening pre-existing dementia. Already, reports from recovered COVID-19 patients indicate that cognitive alterations and long-term symptoms are prevalent. This critical review highlights the injury pathways possible through SARS-CoV-2 infection that have the potential to increase and contribute to cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Pyne
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Constant O, Barthelemy J, Bolloré K, Tuaillon E, Gosselet F, Chable-Bessia C, Merida P, Muriaux D, Van de Perre P, Salinas S, Simonin Y. SARS-CoV-2 Poorly Replicates in Cells of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier Without Associated Deleterious Effects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697329. [PMID: 34386007 PMCID: PMC8353323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurological symptoms have been associated to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection including headache, fever, anosmia, ageusia, but also, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and ischemic stroke. Responsible for the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 may access and affect the central nervous system (CNS) by several pathways such as axonal retrograde transport or through interaction with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. Here, we explored the molecular and cellular effects of direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of human BBB cells. We observed low replication of SARS-CoV-2 that was accompanied by very moderate inflammatory response. Using a human in vitro BBB model, we also described low replication levels without strong inflammatory response or modulation of endothelium integrity. Finally, using serum samples from COVID-19 patients, we highlighted strong concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors that did not perturb BBB integrity after short term exposure. Altogether, our results show that the main mechanism of brain access following SARS-CoV-2 infection does not seem to be directed by brain infection through endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bolloré
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Lens, France
| | - Christine Chable-Bessia
- Centre d’Etude des Maladies Infectieuses et de Pharmacologie Anti-Infectieuses, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Peggy Merida
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Centre d’Etude des Maladies Infectieuses et de Pharmacologie Anti-Infectieuses, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
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Ondek K, Nasirishargh A, Dayton JR, Nuño MA, Cruz-Orengo L. Strain and sex differences in somatosensation and sociability during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100262. [PMID: 34589768 PMCID: PMC8474462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that results in major locomotor deficits. However, recent studies have revealed that fatigue, slow processing speed, and memory impairment are the top variables impacting employment status for MS patients. These suggest that cognitive effects may have a greater impact on productivity, lifestyle, and quality of life than do disease-related motor deficits. However, these debilitating non-locomotive effects have been largely overlooked in rodent models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We hypothesized that murine EAE can also be used to assess non-locomotive dysfunctions (mood, sociability, muscle strength, and balance), as well as potential biases in these dysfunctions due to sex and/or strain. We actively immunized male and female C57BL/6 (B6) and SJL mice for EAE and evaluated their performance on the Deacon's weight grip test, Kondziela's inverted screen test, Hall's rope grip test, manual von Frey test for somatic nociception, and a three-chamber social preference paradigm. We hypothesized that EAE progression is associated with changes in muscle strength, balance, pain, and sociability and that these variations are linked to sex and/or strain. Our results indicate that strain but not sex influenced differences in muscle strength and balance during EAE, and both sex and strain have an impact on mechanical nociception, regardless of EAE disease status. Furthermore, both sex and strain had complex effects on differences in sociability. In conclusion, testing these additional modalities during EAE helps to unveil other signs and symptoms that could be used to determine the efficacy of a drug or treatment in the modulation of a MS-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aida Nasirishargh
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jacquelyn R. Dayton
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Miriam A. Nuño
- University of California, Davis. Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Public Health/Medical Sciences Bldg. 1-C, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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50
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Boulkrane MS, Ilina V, Melchakov R, Arisov M, Fedotova J, Gozzo L, Drago F, Lu W, Sarapultsev A, Tceilikman V, Baranenko D. The impact of SARS-Cov-2 on the Nervous system and Mental Health. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:412-431. [PMID: 34191699 PMCID: PMC9413788 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210629151303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) in March 2020, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are not yet completely understood. Therefore, to date, few therapeutic options are available for patients with mild-moderate or serious disease. In addition to systemic and respiratory symptoms, several reports have documented various neurological symptoms and impairments of mental health. The current review aims to provide the available evidence about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on mental health. The present data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 produces a wide range of impairments and disorders of the brain. However, a limited number of studies investigated the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. Although the main features and outcomes of COVID-19 are linked to severe acute respiratory illness, the possible damages on the brain should be considered, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Said Boulkrane
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Ilina
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Melchakov
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Arisov
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants - a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Julia Fedotova
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Lucia Gozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biological Tower, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biological Tower, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Weihong Lu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin prospect, Chelaybinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Tceilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin prospect, Chelaybinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Baranenko
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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