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Girard A, Vimonpatranon S, Chan A, Jiang A, Huang DW, Virtaneva K, Kanakabandi K, Martens C, Goes LR, Soares MA, Licavoli I, McMurry J, Doan P, Wertz S, Wei D, Ryk DV, Ganesan S, Hwang IY, Kehrl JH, Martinelli E, Arthos J, Cicala C. MAdCAM-1 co-stimulation combined with retinoic acid and TGF-β induces blood CD8 + T cells to adopt a gutCD101 + T RM phenotype. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00041-2. [PMID: 38729611 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRMs) help control local immune homeostasis and contribute to tissue-protective immune responses. The local cues that guide their differentiation and localization are poorly defined. We demonstrate that mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, a ligand for the gut-homing receptor α4β7 integrin, in the presence of retinoic acid and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) provides a co-stimulatory signal that induces blood cluster of differentiation (CD8+ T cells to adopt a TRM-like phenotype. These cells express CD103 (integrin αE) and CD69, the two major TRM cell-surface markers, along with CD101. They also express C-C motif chemokine receptors 5 (CCR5) , C-C motif chemokine receptors 9 (CCR9), and α4β7, three receptors associated with gut homing. A subset also expresses E-cadherin, a ligand for αEβ7. Fluorescent lifetime imaging indicated an αEβ7 and E-cadherin cis interaction on the plasma membrane. This report advances our understanding of the signals that drive the differentiation of CD8+ T cells into resident memory T cells and provides a means to expand these cells in vitro, thereby affording an avenue to generate more effective tissue-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Girard
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sinmanus Vimonpatranon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanda Chan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Jiang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- NCI, Lymphoid Malignancy Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kishore Kanakabandi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Livia R Goes
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isabella Licavoli
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan McMurry
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pearl Doan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel Wertz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danlan Wei
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Il Young Hwang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John H Kehrl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Arthos
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Singh L, Kumar A, Rai M, Basnet B, Rai N, Khanal P, Lai KS, Cheng WH, Asaad AM, Ansari S. Spectrum of COVID-19 induced liver injury: A review report. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:517-536. [PMID: 38689748 PMCID: PMC11056898 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i4.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes in the global health system, causing significant setbacks in healthcare systems worldwide. This pandemic has also shown resilience, flexibility, and creativity in reacting to the tragedy. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection targets most of the respiratory tract, resulting in a severe sickness called acute respiratory distress syndrome that may be fatal in some individuals. Although the lung is the primary organ targeted by COVID-19 viruses, the clinical aspect of the disease is varied and ranges from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. However, due to an unorganized immune response and several affected mechanisms, the liver may also experience liver cell injury, ischemic liver dysfunction, and drug-induced liver injury, which can result in respiratory failure because of the immune system's disordered response and other compromised processes that can end in multisystem organ failure. Patients with liver cirrhosis or those who have impaired immune systems may be more likely than other groups to experience worse results from the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We thus intend to examine the pathogenesis, current therapy, and consequences of liver damage concerning COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokjan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Maya Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Science, Teaching Hospital, Jumla 21200, Karnali, Nepal
| | - Bibek Basnet
- Health Sciences, Asian College of Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Satdobato 24122, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wan-Hee Cheng
- Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Morad Asaad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shamshul Ansari
- Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates.
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3
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Pereira MVA, Galvani RG, Gonçalves-Silva T, de Vasconcelo ZFM, Bonomo A. Tissue adaptation of CD4 T lymphocytes in homeostasis and cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379376. [PMID: 38690280 PMCID: PMC11058666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is traditionally classified as a defense system that can discriminate between self and non-self or dangerous and non-dangerous situations, unleashing a tolerogenic reaction or immune response. These activities are mainly coordinated by the interaction between innate and adaptive cells that act together to eliminate harmful stimuli and keep tissue healthy. However, healthy tissue is not always the end point of an immune response. Much evidence has been accumulated over the years, showing that the immune system has complex, diversified, and integrated functions that converge to maintaining tissue homeostasis, even in the absence of aggression, interacting with the tissue cells and allowing the functional maintenance of that tissue. One of the main cells known for their function in helping the immune response through the production of cytokines is CD4+ T lymphocytes. The cytokines produced by the different subtypes act not only on immune cells but also on tissue cells. Considering that tissues have specific mediators in their architecture, it is plausible that the presence and frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes of specific subtypes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and others) maintain tissue homeostasis. In situations where homeostasis is disrupted, such as infections, allergies, inflammatory processes, and cancer, local CD4+ T lymphocytes respond to this disruption and, as in the healthy tissue, towards the equilibrium of tissue dynamics. CD4+ T lymphocytes can be manipulated by tumor cells to promote tumor development and metastasis, making them a prognostic factor in various types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the function of tissue-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes is essential in developing new strategies for treating tissue-specific diseases, as occurs in cancer. In this context, this article reviews the evidence for this hypothesis regarding the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and compares their contribution to maintaining tissue homeostasis in different organs in a steady state and during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. A. Pereira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of High Complexity, Fernandes Figueira National Institute for The Health of Mother, Child, and Adolescent, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo G. Galvani
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Triciana Gonçalves-Silva
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zilton Farias Meira de Vasconcelo
- Laboratory of High Complexity, Fernandes Figueira National Institute for The Health of Mother, Child, and Adolescent, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wang Y, Shen Y, Lu S, Wu J. EVOO supplement prevents type 1 diabetes by modulating gut microbiota and serum metabolites in NOD mice. Life Sci 2023; 335:122274. [PMID: 37979832 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is the highest quality olive oil available and has been shown to regulate postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, it remains uncertain whether EVOO can prevent the onset of T1D. In this study, we investigated the potential preventive effect of orally administered EVOO on T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. MAIN METHODS We analyzed changes in fecal microbes using 16 s rDNA sequencing and serum metabolites using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). KEY FINDINGS Our findings showed that EVOO supplementation in NOD mice slowed gastric emptying, reduced insulitis, and delayed T1D onset. Moreover, EVOO altered the composition of fecal microbes, increasing the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, and promoting the growth of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria, such as Lachnoclostridium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005. Moreover, it also increased beneficial serum metabolites, including unsaturated fatty acid and triterpenoid, which positively correlated with the increased SCFA-producing bacteria and negatively correlated with the disease indicators. Conversely, most decreased serum lipid metabolites, such as Oleamide, showed the opposite trend. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that EVOO may ameliorate pancreas inflammation and prevent T1D onset in NOD mice by modulating gut microbiota and serum metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yiming Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shiping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112, United States
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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5
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Brockmann L, Tran A, Huang Y, Edwards M, Ronda C, Wang HH, Ivanov II. Intestinal microbiota-specific Th17 cells possess regulatory properties and suppress effector T cells via c-MAF and IL-10. Immunity 2023; 56:2719-2735.e7. [PMID: 38039966 PMCID: PMC10964950 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbes induce cytokine-producing effector tissue-resident CD4+ T cells, but the function of these T cells in mucosal homeostasis is not well understood. Here, we report that commensal-specific intestinal Th17 cells possess an anti-inflammatory phenotype marked by expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and co-inhibitory receptors. The anti-inflammatory phenotype of gut-resident commensal-specific Th17 cells was driven by the transcription factor c-MAF. IL-10-producing commensal-specific Th17 cells were heterogeneous and derived from a TCF1+ gut-resident progenitor Th17 cell population. Th17 cells acquired IL-10 expression and anti-inflammatory phenotype in the small-intestinal lamina propria. IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells and IL-10 signaling in intestinal macrophages drove IL-10 expression by commensal-specific Th17 cells. Intestinal commensal-specific Th17 cells possessed immunoregulatory functions and curbed effector T cell activity in vitro and in vivo in an IL-10-dependent and c-MAF-dependent manner. Our results suggest that tissue-resident commensal-specific Th17 cells perform regulatory functions in mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Madeline Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carlotta Ronda
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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6
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Zhu Y, Jin L, Chen J, Su M, Sun T, Yang X. Promoting the Recruitment, Engagement, and Reinvigoration of Effector T Cells via an Injectable Hydrogel with a Supramolecular Binding Capability for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2309667. [PMID: 37807931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a basic and key role in immunotherapy against solid tumors, and efficiently recruiting them into neoplastic foci and sustaining long-term effector function are consistent goals that remain a critical challenge. Here, an injectable alginate-based hydrogel with abundant β-cyclodextrin (ALG-βCD) sites is developed and intratumorally injected to recruit CCR9+ CD8+ T cells (a subset of T cells with robust antitumor activity) via the trapped chemokine CCL25. In the meantime, an intravenously injected adamantane-decorated anti-PD1 antibody (Ad-aPD1) would hitchhike on recruited CCR9+ CD8+ T cells to achieve the improved intratumoral accumulation of Ad-aPD1. Moreover, the Ad-PD1 and Ad-PDL1 antibodies are immobilized in the ALG-βCD hydrogel through supramolecular host-guest interactions of Ad and βCD, which facilitate engagement between CD8+ T cells and tumor cells and reinvigorate CD8+ T cells to avoid exhaustion. Based on this treatment strategy, T cell-mediated anticancer activity is promoted at multiple levels, eventually achieving superior antitumor efficacy in both orthotopic and postsurgical B16-F10 tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liangjie Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junbin Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
| | - Miao Su
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Xianzhu Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511442, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Esparcia-Pinedo L, Lancho-Sánchez Á, Tsukalov I, Pacheco MI, Martínez-Fleta P, Pérez-Miés B, Palacios-Calvo J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martín-Gayo E, Alfranca A. T regulatory lymphocytes specific for SARS-CoV-2 display increased functional plasticity. Clin Immunol 2023; 256:109806. [PMID: 37827267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells involved in host response to SARS-CoV-2 is relevant for understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis and individual differences in disease progression. We have analyzed chemokine receptor expression in SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes from vaccinated donors, and have found an increase of CCR9+ and CCR6+ cells. CCR9+ specific CD4+ cells are enriched in T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. These cells specifically show heterogeneous regulatory activity, associated with different profiles of CCR9/CCR6 expression, individual differences in IL-10 and IL-17 production, and variable FoxP3 and Notch4 expression. A higher heterogeneity in FoxP3 is selectively observed in convalescent individuals within vaccinated population. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ lymphocytes from COVID-19 patients are also enriched in CCR9+ and CCR6+ cells. CCR6+ specific Treg lymphocytes are mainly increased in critically ill individuals, indicating a preferential role for these cells in lung injury pathogenesis. We provide experimental evidence for a SARS-CoV-2-specific Treg population with increased plasticity, which may contribute to the differential pathogenic response against SARS-CoV-2 among individuals, and underlie the development of autoimmune conditions following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Lancho-Sánchez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María I Pacheco
- Medical Oncology Department Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez-Miés
- Pathology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, CIBERONC, IRYCIS and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Palacios-Calvo
- Pathology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, CIBERONC, IRYCIS and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Park E, Barclay WE, Barrera A, Liao TC, Salzler HR, Reddy TE, Shinohara ML, Ciofani M. Integrin α3 promotes T H17 cell polarization and extravasation during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg7597. [PMID: 37831759 PMCID: PMC10821720 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by CNS-infiltrating leukocytes, including TH17 cells that are critical mediators of disease pathogenesis. Although targeting leukocyte trafficking is effective in treating autoimmunity, there are currently no therapeutic interventions that specifically block encephalitogenic TH17 cell migration. Here, we report integrin α3 as a TH17 cell-selective determinant of pathogenicity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS-infiltrating TH17 cells express high integrin α3, and its deletion in CD4+ T cells or Il17a fate-mapped cells attenuated disease severity. Mechanistically, integrin α3 enhanced the immunological synapse formation to promote the polarization and proliferation of TH17 cells. Moreover, the transmigration of TH17 cells into the CNS was dependent on integrin α3, and integrin α3 deficiency enhanced the retention of CD4+ T cells in the perivascular space of the blood-brain barrier. Integrin α3-dependent interactions continuously maintain TH17 cell identity and effector function. The requirement of integrin α3 in TH17 cell pathogenicity suggests integrin α3 as a therapeutic target for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchong Park
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E. Barclay
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alejandro Barrera
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Liao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harmony R. Salzler
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy E. Reddy
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Sha A, Liu Y, Zhao X. SARS-CoV-2 and gastrointestinal diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177741. [PMID: 37323898 PMCID: PMC10267706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide. Literature review SARS-CoV-2 invades not only the respiratory system, but also the digestive system, causing a variety of gastrointestinal diseases. Significance Understanding the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the damage mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 to the gastrointestinal tracts and gastrointestinal glands are crucial to treating the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion This review summarizes the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, including gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, gastrointestinal ulcer diseases, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastrointestinal thrombotic diseases, etc. Furthermore, the mechanisms of gastrointestinal injury induced by SARS-COV-2 were analyzed and summarized, and the suggestions for drug prevention and treatment were put forward for the reference of clinical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuewen Zhao
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Durairajan SSK, Singh AK, Saravanan UB, Namachivayam M, Radhakrishnan M, Huang JD, Dhodapkar R, Zhang H. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: Transmission, Pathogenesis, Immunomodulation, Microflora Dysbiosis, and Clinical Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:1231. [PMID: 37376531 DOI: 10.3390/v15061231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the respiratory system of humans is widely recognized. There is increasing evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 possesses the capability to invade the gastrointestinal (GI) system, leading to the manifestation of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and GI lesions. These symptoms subsequently contribute to the development of gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these GI symptoms to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unelucidated. During infection, SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and other host proteases in the GI tract during the infection, possibly causing GI symptoms by damaging the intestinal barrier and stimulating inflammatory factor production, respectively. The symptoms of COVID-19-induced GI infection and IBD include intestinal inflammation, mucosal hyperpermeability, bacterial overgrowth, dysbiosis, and changes in blood and fecal metabolomics. Deciphering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and understanding its exacerbation may provide insights into disease prognosis and pave the way for the discovery of potential novel targets for disease prevention or treatment. Besides the usual transmission routes, SARS-CoV-2 can also be transmitted via the feces of an infected person. Hence, it is crucial to implement preventive and control measures in order to mitigate the fecal-to-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Within this context, the identification and diagnosis of GI tract symptoms during these infections assume significance as they facilitate early detection of the disease and the development of targeted therapeutics. The present review discusses the receptors, pathogenesis, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the induction of gut immune responses, the influence of gut microbes, and potential therapeutic targets against COVID-19-induced GI infection and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Udhaya Bharathy Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Mayurikaa Namachivayam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Moorthi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Government of India, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Radtke D, Thuma N, Schülein C, Kirchner P, Ekici AB, Schober K, Voehringer D. Th2 single-cell heterogeneity and clonal distribution at distant sites in helminth-infected mice. eLife 2022; 11:74183. [PMID: 35950748 PMCID: PMC9391044 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Th2 cells provide effector functions in type 2 immune responses to helminths and allergens. Despite knowledge about molecular mechanisms of Th2 cell differentiation, there is little information on Th2 cell heterogeneity and clonal distribution between organs. To address this, we performed combined single-cell transcriptome and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotype analysis on murine Th2 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and lung after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) as a human hookworm infection model. We find organ-specific expression profiles, but also populations with conserved migration or effector/resident memory signatures that unexpectedly cluster with potentially regulatory Il10posFoxp3neg cells. A substantial MLN subpopulation with an interferon response signature suggests a role for interferon signaling in Th2 differentiation or diversification. Further RNA-inferred developmental directions indicate proliferation as a hub for differentiation decisions. Although the TCR repertoire is highly heterogeneous, we identified expanded clones and CDR3 motifs. Clonal relatedness between distant organs confirmed effective exchange of Th2 effector cells, although locally expanded clones dominated the response. We further cloned an Nb-specific TCR from an expanded clone in the lung effector cluster and describe surface markers that distinguish transcriptionally defined clusters. These results provide insights in Th2 cell subset diversity and clonal relatedness in distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Thuma
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schülein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate modulation and immune cell trafficking in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:351-366. [PMID: 35165437 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is a critical element of the intestinal immune response, both in homeostasis and in pathological conditions associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This process involves adhesion molecules, chemoattractants and receptors expressed on immune cell surfaces, blood vessels and stromal intestinal tissue as well as signalling pathways, including those modulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The complex biological processes of leukocyte recruitment, activation, adhesion and migration have been targeted by various monoclonal antibodies (vedolizumab, etrolizumab, ontamalimab). Promising preclinical and clinical data with several oral S1P modulators suggest that inhibition of lymphocyte egress from the lymph nodes to the bloodstream might be a safe and efficacious alternative mechanism for reducing inflammation in immune-mediated disorders, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although various questions remain, including the potential positioning of S1P modulators in treatment algorithms and their long-term safety, this novel class of compounds holds great promise. This Review summarizes the critical mediators and mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking in IBD and the available evidence for efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of S1P receptor modulators in IBD and other immune-mediated disorders. Further, it discusses potential future approaches to incorporate S1P modulators into the treatment of IBD.
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13
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Gastrointestinal Involvement in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061188. [PMID: 35746659 PMCID: PMC9228950 DOI: 10.3390/v14061188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a virus that primarily results in mild or asymptomatic disease, making its transmission more challenging to control. In addition to the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 also infects the digestive tract. Some gastrointestinal symptoms occur with or before respiratory symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Respiratory infections are known to cause intestinal immune impairment and gastrointestinal symptoms. When the intestine is inflamed, cytokines affect the lung immune response and inflammation through blood circulation. The gastrointestinal microbiome may be a modifiable factor in determining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. The development of oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates and the maintenance of gut microbiota profiles may contribute to the early control of COVID-19 outbreaks. To this end, this review summarizes information on the gastrointestinal complications caused by SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 infection, the gastrointestinal–lung axis immune response, potential control strategies for oral vaccine candidates and maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis.
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14
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Nair VS, Heredia M, Samsom J, Huehn J. Impact of gut microenvironment on epigenetic signatures of intestinal T helper cell subsets. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Oja AE, van Lier RAW, Hombrink P. Two sides of the same coin: Protective versus pathogenic CD4 + resident memory T cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabf9393. [PMID: 35394815 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf9393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the adaptive immune system to form memory is key to providing protection against secondary infections. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are specialized T cell populations that reside within tissue sites where they await reencounter with their cognate antigen. TRM are distinct from circulating memory cells, including central and effector memory T cells, both functionally and transcriptionally. Since the discovery of TRM, most research has focused on CD8+ TRM, despite that CD4+ TRM are also abundant in most tissues. In the past few years, more evidence has emerged that CD4+ TRM can contribute both protective and pathogenic roles in disease. A complexity inherent to the CD4+ TRM field is the ability of CD4+ T cells to polarize into a multitude of distinct subsets and recognize not only viruses and intracellular bacteria but also extracellular bacteria, fungi, and parasites. In this review, we outline the key features of CD4+ TRM in health and disease, including their contributions to protection against SARS-CoV-2 and potential contributions to immunopathology associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Aghaallaei N, Agarwal R, Benjaminsen J, Lust K, Bajoghli B, Wittbrodt J, Feijoo CG. Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells Interact in a Specific Area of the Intestinal Mucosa Defined by the Ccl25-Ccr9 Axis in Medaka. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812899. [PMID: 35185906 PMCID: PMC8853713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organized intestinal mucosal immune response appears to be restricted to tetrapods. In teleost fish, there is no evidence for the existence of a particular intestinal region that facilitates the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, such as secondary lymphoid organs. Indeed, despite their importance in the defense against pathogens, the location and manner of APC-T cell interaction within the fish gut is unknown. Here, using non-invasive live imaging of newly developed transgenic reporter lines, we addressed the spatial organization and behavior of APCs and T cells in the intestine of medaka fish both during homeostasis and inflammation. We report that Ccr9a+ T cells are recruited to a band in the lamina propria next to the muscularis mucosa in which Ccl25-expressing cells are present. Ccr9a+ T cells contact APCs for several minutes, in a process mediated by connexin 43. This type of interaction was observed in homeostasis and inflammation, with the interaction being longer and more frequent during inflammation. Thus, our results demonstrate that the mucosal immune response in the intestine of medaka is organized and endowed with a specific region with specialized microenvironment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aghaallaei
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rashi Agarwal
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joergen Benjaminsen
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lust
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen G Feijoo
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Wu X, Sun M, Yang Z, Lu C, Wang Q, Wang H, Deng C, Liu Y, Yang Y. The Roles of CCR9/CCL25 in Inflammation and Inflammation-Associated Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686548. [PMID: 34490243 PMCID: PMC8416662 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine is a structure-related protein with a relatively small molecular weight, which can target cells to chemotaxis and promote inflammatory response. Inflammation plays an important role in aging. C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its ligand C-C chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) are involved in the regulating the occurrence and development of various diseases, which has become a research hotspot. Early research analysis of CCR9-deficient mouse models also confirmed various physiological functions of this chemokine in inflammatory responses. Moreover, CCR9/CCL25 has been shown to play an important role in a variety of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the roles of CCR9/CCL25 in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases, which will contribute to the design of future experimental studies on the potential of CCR9/CCL25 and advance the research of CCR9/CCL25 as pharmacological inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yonglin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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18
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Mohamed DZ, Ghoneim MES, Abu-Risha SES, Abdelsalam RA, Farag MA. Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: Manifestations, mechanism and management. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4504-4535. [PMID: 34366621 PMCID: PMC8326263 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is considered the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has become an international danger to human health. Although respiratory transmission and symptoms are still the essential manifestations of COVID-19, the digestive system could be an unconventional or supplementary route for COVID-19 to be transmitted and manifested, most likely due to the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can trigger hepatic injury via direct binding to the ACE2 receptor in cholangiocytes, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory cytokine storms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and adverse events of treatment drugs. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which are unusual in patients with COVID-19, and some digestive signs may occur without other respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 can be found in infected patients' stool, demonstrating the likelihood of transmission through the fecal-oral route. In addition, liver function should be monitored during COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. This review summarizes the evidence for extra-pulmonary manifestations, mechanisms, and management of COVID-19, particularly those related to the gastrointestinal tract and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Zakaria Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Mai El-Sayed Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32632, Egypt
| | - Sally El-Sayed Abu-Risha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Ramy Ahmed Abdelsalam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
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19
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, El-Sawaf Y. Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Epidemiological and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1716-1727. [PMID: 33967552 PMCID: PMC8072196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a threat worldwide for individuals of all ages, including children. Gastrointestinal manifestations could be the initial presenting manifestation in many patients, especially in children. These symptoms are more common in patients with severe disease than in patients with non-severe disease. Approximately 48.1% of patients had a stool sample that was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA. Children typically form 1%-8% of all laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2. Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in children are not rare, with a prevalence between 0 and 88%, and a wide variety of presentations, including diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, can develop before, with or after the development of respiratory symptoms. Atypical manifestations such as appendicitis or liver injury could also appear, especially in the presence of multisystem inflammatory disease. In this review, we discussed the epidemiology of COVID-19 gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as their implications on the diagnosis, misdiagnosis, prognosis, and faecal-oral transmission route of COVID-19 and the impact of gastrointestinal diseases on the gut microbiome, child nutrition, and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Yasser El-Sawaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
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20
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, El-Sawaf Y. Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Epidemiological and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2021. [PMID: 33967552 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1716.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a threat worldwide for individuals of all ages, including children. Gastrointestinal manifestations could be the initial presenting manifestation in many patients, especially in children. These symptoms are more common in patients with severe disease than in patients with non-severe disease. Approximately 48.1% of patients had a stool sample that was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA. Children typically form 1%-8% of all laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2. Gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 in children are not rare, with a prevalence between 0 and 88%, and a wide variety of presentations, including diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, can develop before, with or after the development of respiratory symptoms. Atypical manifestations such as appendicitis or liver injury could also appear, especially in the presence of multisystem inflammatory disease. In this review, we discussed the epidemiology of COVID-19 gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as their implications on the diagnosis, misdiagnosis, prognosis, and faecal-oral transmission route of COVID-19 and the impact of gastrointestinal diseases on the gut microbiome, child nutrition, and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 12, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Sawaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
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21
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Müller TM, Becker E, Wiendl M, Schulze LL, Voskens C, Völkl S, Kremer AE, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Circulating Adaptive Immune Cells Expressing the Gut Homing Marker α4β7 Integrin Are Decreased in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639329. [PMID: 33959123 PMCID: PMC8093414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a wide range of symptoms including gastrointestinal manifestations, and intestinal epithelial cells are a target of the virus. However, it is unknown how the intestinal immune system contributes to systemic immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We characterized peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with active COVID-19 and convalescent patients as well as healthy controls by flow cytometry. Results The frequency and absolute number of circulating memory T and B cells expressing the gut homing integrin α4β7 integrin was reduced during COVID-19, whether gastrointestinal symptoms were present or not. While total IgA-expressing B cells were increased, gut-imprinted B cells with IgA expression were stable. Conclusion COVID-19 is associated with a decrease in circulating adaptive immune cells expressing the key gut homing marker α4β7 suggesting that these cells are preferentially recruited to extra-intestinal tissues independently of α4β7 or that the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is at least numerically dominated by extraintestinal, particularly pulmonary, immune cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emily Becker
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wiendl
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Lou Schulze
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline Voskens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Ashrafi M, Kuhn KA, Weisman MH. The arthritis connection to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): why has it taken so long to understand it? RMD Open 2021; 7:e001558. [PMID: 33863841 PMCID: PMC8055104 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated arthritis is a subgroup of spondyloarthritis (SpA) that has suffered from lack of recognition in rheumatology clinical and research circles for over 100 years. Although clinically distinguishable from rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, it took advances in detection systems in the middle of the last century (rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27) to convincingly make the final separations. We now know that significant numbers of patients with SpA have associated clinical IBD and almost half of them show subclinical gut inflammation, yet the connection between the gut and the musculoskeletal system has remained a vexing problem. Two publications from Nathan Zvaifler (one in 1960, the other in 1975) presciently described the relationship between the gut and the spine/peripheral joints heralding much of the work present today in laboratories around the world trying to examine basic mechanisms for the connections (there are likely to be many) between the gut, the environment (presumably our intestinal flora) and the downstream effect on the musculoskeletal system. The role of dysregulated microbiome along with microbiome-driven T helper 17 cell expansion and immune cell migration to the joints has been recognised, all of which occur in the appropriate context of genetic background inside and outside of the human leucocyte antigen system. Moreover, different adhesion molecules that mediate immune cells homing to the gut and joints have been noted. In this review, we studied the origins and evolution of IBD-arthritis, proposed pathogenic mechanisms and the current gaps that need to be filled for a complete understanding of IBD-arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Ashrafi
- Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Internal Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael H Weisman
- Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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23
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Amiya T, Nakamoto N, Irie J, Taniki N, Chu PS, Koda Y, Miyamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Shiba S, Morikawa R, Itoh H, Kanai T. C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 regulates obesity-induced insulin resistance via inflammation of the small intestine in mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:603-617. [PMID: 33399911 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages is considered pivotal in the development of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. In addition, recent studies suggest an involvement of the intestine as the primary organ in inducing hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. We have reported that the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) CCR9 is associated with intestinal immunity and has a pathogenic role in various liver diseases. However, its contribution to type 2 diabetes is unknown. In the current study, we aimed to clarify the involvement of CCR9 in the pathology of type 2 diabetes and the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS To elucidate how CCR9 affects the development of metabolic phenotypes, we examined the impact of CCR9 deficiency on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes using male C57BL/6J (wild-type [WT]) and CCR9-deficient (CCR9 knockout [KO]) mice fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. RESULTS WT and Ccr9KO mice fed an HFD exhibited a comparable weight gain; however, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were significantly improved in Ccr9KO mice. Moreover, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the liver of Ccr9KO mice presented with less inflammation and increased expression of glucose metabolism-related genes than WT mice. Ccr9 and Ccl25 expression were specifically higher in the small intestine but was not altered by HFD feeding and type 2 diabetes development. Accumulation of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes and increased intestinal permeability in the small intestine was observed in WT mice following HFD feeding, but these changes were suppressed in HFD-fed Ccr9KO mice. Adoptive transfer of gut-tropic CCR9-expressing T lymphocytes partially reversed the favourable glucose tolerance found in Ccr9KO mice via exacerbated inflammation in the small intestine and VAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CCR9 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by inducing an inflammatory shift in the small intestine. Our findings support CCR9 as a new therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes via the gut-VAT-liver axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enteritis/etiology
- Enteritis/immunology
- Enteritis/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/immunology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Amiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Unit/Immunology & Inflammation, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichiro Irie
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Po-Sung Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Koda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Unit/Immunology & Inflammation, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shiba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Morikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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RORα is a critical checkpoint for T cell and ILC2 commitment in the embryonic thymus. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:166-178. [PMID: 33432227 PMCID: PMC7116838 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) contribute to immune homeostasis, protective immunity and tissue repair. Here we demonstrate that functional ILC2 cells can arise in the embryonic thymus from shared T cell precursors, preceding the emergence of CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) T cells. Thymic ILC2 cells migrated to mucosal tissues, with colonization of the intestinal lamina propria. Expression of the transcription factor RORα repressed T cell development while promoting ILC2 development in the thymus. From RNA-seq, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) data, we propose a revised transcriptional circuit to explain the co-development of T cells and ILC2 cells from common progenitors in the thymus. When Notch signaling is present, BCL11B dampens Nfil3 and Id2 expression, permitting E protein-directed T cell commitment. However, concomitant expression of RORα overrides the repression of Nfil3 and Id2 repression, allowing ID2 to repress E proteins and promote ILC2 differentiation. Thus, we demonstrate that RORα expression represents a critical checkpoint at the bifurcation of the T cell and ILC2 lineages in the embryonic thymus.
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25
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Li JB, Li JJ, Li M, Gao C, Zhang L, Li M, Zhu Q. Oral immunization induces a novel CXCR6 + β7 + intraepithelial lymphocyte subset predominating in the small intestine. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12996. [PMID: 33205443 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal T cells form a central part of the front-line defence against foreign organisms and need to be situated in the mucosa where infection occurs. It is well accepted that immunization by a mucosal route favours localization of antigen-specific effector T cells in the mucosal epithelium, while systemic immunization does not. The aim of the study is to determine how homing receptors are specifically involved in retaining effector T cells in the small intestine after oral immunization. We here demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CXCR6, integrins β7 and CD29 contribute differentially to the epithelial retention phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the small intestine of mice. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of unvaccinated mice are predominantly β7 single positives, and subcutaneous immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs are mainly composed of CXCR6+ , CD29+ and CXCR6+ CD29+ cells. Strikingly, the majority of oral immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs exhibit a distinct, tissue-specific CXCR6+ β7+ double-positive phenotype, cytotoxic potential and enhanced intraepithelial localization. Transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells preactivated with certain immuno-stimuli (such as monophosphoryl lipid A) results in increased accumulation of donor IELs with the CXCR6+ β7+ phenotype. As β7 exclusively paired with αE on IELs, our results strongly suggest that CXCR6 may cooperate with the heterodimer αEβ7 to preferentially retain intestinally induced effector IELs in the epithelium. The identification of this novel IEL phenotype has significant implications for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to enhance gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Changxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Meihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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26
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Ye Q, Wang B, Zhang T, Xu J, Shang S. The mechanism and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G245-G252. [PMID: 32639848 PMCID: PMC7414235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00148.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the typical respiratory response, new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is also associated with very common gastrointestinal symptoms. Cases with gastrointestinal symptoms are more likely to be complicated by liver injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). If not treated in time, coma and circulatory failure may ensue. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects the human body through the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the gastrointestinal tract, the mechanism underlying the gastrointestinal symptoms may involve damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier and promotion of the production of inflammatory factors. Indeed, after cells in the lungs become infected by SARS-CoV-2, effector CD4+ T cells reach the small intestine through the gut-lung axis, causing intestinal immune damage and diarrhea; early extensive use of antibacterial and antiviral drugs can also lead to diarrhea in patients. Thus, treatment options for COVID-19 patients should be promptly adjusted when they have gastrointestinal symptoms. As SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in the feces of COVID-19 patients, future prevention and control efforts must consider the possibility of fecal-oral transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bili Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Shang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Controlling leukocyte trafficking in IBD. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105050. [PMID: 32598943 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by the accumulation of immune cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes in the inflamed intestine. The presence and persistence of these cells, together with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, perpetuate intestinal inflammation in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Thus, blockade of leukocyte migration to the intestine is a main strategy used to control the disease and alleviate symptoms. Vedolizumab is the only anti-integrin drug approved for the treatment of IBD but several other drugs also targeting integrins, chemokines or receptors involved in leukocyte intestinal trafficking are under development and investigated for their efficacy and safety in IBD. The challenge now is to better understand the specific mechanism of action underlying each drug and to identify biomarkers that would guide drug selection in the individual patient.
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28
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Schulz-Kuhnt A, Greif V, Hildner K, Knipfer L, Döbrönti M, Zirlik S, Fuchs F, Atreya R, Zundler S, López-Posadas R, Neufert C, Ramming A, Kiefer A, Grüneboom A, Strasser E, Wirtz S, Neurath MF, Atreya I. ILC2 Lung-Homing in Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Functional Involvement of CCR6 and Impact on Respiratory Failure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:691. [PMID: 32457736 PMCID: PMC7221160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis patients suffer from a progressive, often fatal lung disease, which is based on a complex interplay between chronic infections, locally accumulating immune cells and pulmonary tissue remodeling. Although group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) act as crucial initiators of lung inflammation, our understanding of their involvement in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis remains incomplete. Here we report a marked decrease of circulating CCR6+ ILC2s in the blood of cystic fibrosis patients, which significantly correlated with high disease severity and advanced pulmonary failure, strongly implicating increased ILC2 homing from the peripheral blood to the chronically inflamed lung tissue in cystic fibrosis patients. On a functional level, the CCR6 ligand CCL20 was identified as potent promoter of lung-directed ILC2 migration upon inflammatory conditions in vitro and in vivo using a new humanized mouse model with light-sheet fluorescence microscopic visualization of lung-accumulated human ILC2s. In the lung, blood-derived human ILC2s were able to augment local eosinophil and neutrophil accumulation and induced a marked upregulation of pulmonary type-VI collagen expression. Studies in primary human lung fibroblasts additionally revealed ILC2-derived IL-4 and IL-13 as important mediators of this type-VI collagen-inducing effect. Taken together, the here acquired results suggest that pathologically increased CCL20 levels in cystic fibrosis airways induce CCR6-mediated lung homing of circulating human ILC2s. Subsequent ILC2 activation then triggers local production of type-VI collagen and might thereby drive extracellular matrix remodeling potentially influencing pulmonary tissue destruction in cystic fibrosis patients. Thus, modulating the lung homing capacity of circulating ILC2s and their local effector functions opens new therapeutic avenues for cystic fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schulz-Kuhnt
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vicky Greif
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Knipfer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Döbrönti
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zirlik
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Fuchs
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiefer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erwin Strasser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Slevin SM, Garner LC, Lahiff C, Tan M, Wang LM, Ferry H, Greenaway B, Lynch K, Geremia A, Hughes S, Leavens K, Krull D, Marks DJB, Nevin K, Page K, Srinivasan N, Tarzi R, Klenerman P, Travis S, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Keshav S. Lymphocyte Activation Gene (LAG)-3 Is Associated With Mucosal Inflammation and Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1446-1461. [PMID: 32179884 PMCID: PMC7533903 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lymphocyte activation gene [LAG]-3 is an immune checkpoint and its expression identifies recently activated lymphocytes that may contribute to inflammation. We investigated the role of LAG-3 by analysing its expression and function in immune cells from blood and tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis [UC]. METHODS The phenotypic properties of LAG-3+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and single-cell RNA-sequencing. LAG-3+ cells were quantified and correlated with disease activity. The functional effects of LAG-3+ cells were tested using a depleting anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody [mAb] in a mixed lymphocyte reaction [MLR]. RESULTS LAG-3+ cells in the blood were negligible. LAG-3+ lymphocytes were markedly increased in inflamed mucosal tissue and both frequencies of LAG-3+ T cells and transcript levels of LAG3 correlated with endoscopic severity. LAG-3 expression was predominantly on effector memory T cells, and single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed LAG3 expression in activated and cytokine-producing T cell subsets. Foxp3+CD25hi Tregs also expressed LAG-3, although most mucosal Tregs were LAG-3-. Mucosal LAG-3+ cells produced mainly interferon γ [IFNγ] and interleukin-17A. LAG-3+ cell numbers decreased in patients who responded to biologics, and remained elevated in non-responders. Treatment with a depleting anti-LAG-3 mAb led to a reduction in proliferation and IFNγ production in an MLR. CONCLUSIONS LAG-3+ cells are increased in the inflamed mucosa, predominantly on effector memory T cells with an activated phenotype and their cell numbers positively correlate with disease activity. Depleting LAG-3 eliminates activated proliferating T cells, and hence LAG-3 could be a therapeutic target in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Slevin
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,Corresponding authors: Carolina V. Arancibia-Cárcamo and Stephanie M. Slevin, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Level 5, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Tel: +44 1865 220663; ,
| | - Lucy C Garner
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Conor Lahiff
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm Tan
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Helen Ferry
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Borgel Greenaway
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Lynch
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alessandra Geremia
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Karen Leavens
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - David Krull
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J B Marks
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Katherine Nevin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kevin Page
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Naren Srinivasan
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ruth Tarzi
- Experimental Medicine Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK,Corresponding authors: Carolina V. Arancibia-Cárcamo and Stephanie M. Slevin, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Level 5, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Tel: +44 1865 220663; ,
| | - Satish Keshav
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020130. [PMID: 32085410 PMCID: PMC7168134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention and control challenging. Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV. Therefore, a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk. Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets. Because pregnancy-associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species, a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates.
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Blokland SLM, Kislat A, Homey B, Smithson GM, Kruize AA, Radstake TRDJ, van Roon JAG. Decreased circulating CXCR3 + CCR9+T helper cells are associated with elevated levels of their ligands CXCL10 and CCL25 in the salivary gland of patients with Sjögren's syndrome to facilitate their concerted migration. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12852. [PMID: 31733111 PMCID: PMC7064901 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR9 + T helper (Th) cells can induce Sjögren-like symptoms in mice and both CCR9 + Th cells and their ligand CCL25 are increased in the salivary glands of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. Increased circulating CCR9 + Th cells are present in pSS patients. CCR9 + Th cells are hyperresponsive to IL-7, secrete high levels of IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17 and IL-4 and potently stimulate B cells in both patients and healthy individuals. Our aim was to study co-expression of chemokine receptors on CCR9 + Th cells and whether in pSS this might differentially affect CCR9 + Th cell frequencies. Frequencies of circulating CCR9 + and CCR9- Th cells co-expressing CXCR3, CCR4, CCR6 and CCR10 were studied in pSS patients and healthy controls. CCL25, CXCL10, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL27 mRNA and protein expression of salivary gland tissue of pSS and non-Sjögren's sicca (non-SS) patients was assessed. Chemotaxis assays were performed to study migration induced by CXCL10 and CCL25. Higher expression of CXCR3, CCR4 and CCR6 but not CCR10 was observed on CCR9 + Th cells as compared to cells lacking CCR9. Decreased frequencies of circulating memory CCR9 + CXCR3+ Th cells were found in pSS patients, which was most pronounced in the effector memory subset. Increased salivary gland CCL25 and CXCL10 expression significantly correlated and both ligands functioned synergistically based on in vitro induced chemotaxis. Decreased memory CXCR3 + CCR9+ Th cells in blood of pSS patients may be due to a concerted action of overexpressed ligands at the site of inflammation in the salivary glands facilitating their preferential migration and positioning in the lymphocytic infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie L M Blokland
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kislat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Aike A Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel A G van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Trivett MT, Burke JD, Deleage C, Coren LV, Hill BJ, Jain S, Barsov EV, Breed MW, Kramer JA, Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, Swanstrom AE, Ott DE. Preferential Small Intestine Homing and Persistence of CD8 T Cells in Rhesus Macaques Achieved by Molecularly Engineered Expression of CCR9 and Reduced Ex Vivo Manipulation. J Virol 2019; 93:e00896-19. [PMID: 31434738 PMCID: PMC6803279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a powerful experimental approach to directly study T-cell-mediated immunity in vivo In the rhesus macaque AIDS virus model, infusing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals with CD8 T cells engineered to express anti-SIV T-cell receptor specificities enables direct experimentation to better understand antiviral T-cell immunity in vivo Limiting factors in ACT experiments include suboptimal trafficking to, and poor persistence in, the secondary lymphoid tissues targeted by AIDS viruses. Previously, we redirected CD8 T cells to B-cell follicles by ectopic expression of the CXCR5 homing protein. Here, we modify peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived CD8 T cells to express the CCR9 chemokine receptor, which induces preferential homing of the engineered cells to the small intestine, a site of intense early AIDS virus replication and pathology in rhesus macaques. Additionally, we increase in vivo persistence and overall systemic distribution of infused CD8 T cells, especially in secondary lymphoid tissues, by minimizing ex vivo culture/manipulation, thereby avoiding the loss of CD28+/CD95+ central memory T cells by differentiation in culture. These proof-of-principle results establish the feasibility of preferentially localizing PBMC-derived CD8 T cells to the small intestine and enables the direct experimental ACT-based assessment of the potential role of the quality and timing of effective antiviral CD8 T-cell responses to inhibit viral infection and subsequent replication in small intestine CD4 T cells. More broadly, these results support the engineered expression of homing proteins to direct CD8 T cells to target tissues as a means for both experimental and potential therapeutic advances in T-cell immunotherapies, including cancer.IMPORTANCEAdoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cells engineered with antigen-specific effector properties can deliver targeted immune responses against malignancies and infectious diseases. Current T-cell-based therapeutic ACT relies on circulatory distribution to deliver engineered T cells to their targets, an approach which has proven effective for some leukemias but provided only limited efficacy against solid tumors. Here, engineered expression of the CCR9 homing receptor redirected CD8 T cells to the small intestine in rhesus macaque ACT experiments. Targeted homing of engineered T-cell immunotherapies holds promise to increase the effectiveness of adoptively transferred cells in both experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Burke
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori V Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brenna J Hill
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Therapeutic and Diagnostic Implications of T Cell Scarring in Celiac Disease and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:836-852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Huang L, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang E, Li Y, Yu Q, Yang Q. Upregulation of CD4 +CD8 + memory cells in the piglet intestine following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis spores combined with PEDV whole inactivated virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:1-9. [PMID: 31282365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral immunization is a commonly employed route for inducing local immunity. However, the application of oral immunization is limited by the short-term persistence of immunity, particularly for inactivated viruses. The ultimate goal for mucosal vaccination is to stimulate protective immunological memory. In the intestine, long-term persistence of immunity is related to CD4+CD8+ memory T-cells. In this study, piglets were orally immunized with Bacillus subtilis spores (B.s) plus whole inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV WIV), followed by booster oral immunization. Initially, the results showed that B.s plus PEDV WIV enhanced the anti-PEDV capability on mucosal surfaces, as evidenced by plaque reduction neutralization tests in serum and intestinal fluid. Elevated antigen-specific IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in saliva, feces and nasal washing liquid were also observed. Meanwhile, B.s plus PEDV WIV increased the area of Peyer's patches and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the ileum of piglets. Similarly, the percentage of CD4+CD8+ memory T-cells were upregulated and proliferation ability of antigen-specific memory T-cell was strengthened in intestinal mucosal-associated lymphocytes, which was accompanied with increased expression of CCR9 after oral immunization with B.s plus PEDV WIV. In addition, the activation of memory T-cells is correlated with the increased mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4, as well as interleukin-6 and induced by B.s. Collectively, the study provided further insight into the potential immunopotentiator ability of B.s to assist PEDV WIV in the potentiation of immunity by upregulating memory CD4+CD8+ T cells via oral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jialu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Yongheng Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Senda T, Dogra P, Granot T, Furuhashi K, Snyder ME, Carpenter DJ, Szabo PA, Thapa P, Miron M, Farber DL. Microanatomical dissection of human intestinal T-cell immunity reveals site-specific changes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues over life. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:378-389. [PMID: 30523311 PMCID: PMC6375790 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Defining adaptive immunity with the complex structures of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract over life is essential for understanding immune responses to ingested antigens, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, and dysfunctions in disease. We present here an analysis of lymphocyte localization and T cell subset composition across the human GI tract including mucosal sites (jejunum, ileum, colon), gut-associated lymphoid tissues (isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs), Peyer's patches (PPs), appendix), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) from a total of 68 donors spanning eight decades of life. In pediatric donors, ILFs and PP containing naïve T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are prevalent in the jejunum and ileum, respectively; these decline in frequency with age, contrasting stable frequencies of ILFs and T cell subsets in the colon. In the mucosa, tissue resident memory T cells develop during childhood, and persist in high frequencies into advanced ages, while T cell composition changes with age in GALT and MLN. These spatial and temporal features of human intestinal T cell immunity define signatures that can be used to train predictive machine learning algorithms. Our findings demonstrate an anatomic basis for age-associated alterations in immune responses, and establish a quantitative baseline for intestinal immunity to define disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Senda
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tomer Granot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Compugen, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Furuhashi
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mark E Snyder
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dustin J Carpenter
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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36
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Fu H, Jangani M, Parmar A, Wang G, Coe D, Spear S, Sandrock I, Capasso M, Coles M, Cornish G, Helmby H, Marelli-Berg FM. A Subset of CCL25-Induced Gut-Homing T Cells Affects Intestinal Immunity to Infection and Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:271. [PMID: 30863398 PMCID: PMC6400137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon differentiation of T cells into the appropriate subtype required to clear infections and efficient effector T cell localization to antigen-rich tissue. Recent studies have highlighted the role played by subpopulations of tissue-resident memory (TRM) T lymphocytes in the protection from invading pathogens. The intestinal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue are densely populated by a variety of resident lymphocyte populations, including αβ and γδ CD8+ intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) and CD4+ T cells. While the development of intestinal γδ CD8+ IELs has been extensively investigated, the origin and function of intestinal CD4+ T cells have not been clarified. We report that CCR9 signals delivered during naïve T cell priming promote the differentiation of a population of α4β7+ IFN-γ-producing memory CD4+ T cells, which displays a TRM molecular signature, preferentially localizes to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated lymphoid tissue and cannot be mobilized by remote antigenic challenge. We further show that this population shapes the immune microenvironment of GI tissue, thus affecting effector immunity in infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Jangani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleesha Parmar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guosu Wang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Coe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Spear
- Bart's Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melania Capasso
- Bart's Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cornish
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Helmby
- Department for Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Pastille E, Wasmer MH, Adamczyk A, Vu VP, Mager LF, Phuong NNT, Palmieri V, Simillion C, Hansen W, Kasper S, Schuler M, Muggli B, McCoy KD, Buer J, Zlobec I, Westendorf AM, Krebs P. The IL-33/ST2 pathway shapes the regulatory T cell phenotype to promote intestinal cancer. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:990-1003. [PMID: 31165767 PMCID: PMC7746527 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition of immune infiltrates strongly affects the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Interleukin (IL)-33 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment have been separately implicated in CRC; however their contribution to intestinal carcinogenesis is still controversial. Here, we reveal that IL-33 signaling promotes CRC by changing the phenotype of Tregs. In mice with CRC, tumor-infiltrating Tregs preferentially upregulate IL-33 receptor (ST2), and IL-33/ST2 signaling positively correlates with tumor number and size. Transcriptomic and flow cytometry analyses demonstrate that ST2 expression induces a more activated and migratory phenotype in FOXP3+ Tregs, which favors their accumulation in the tumor environment. Consequently, genetic ablation of St2 reduces Treg infiltration and concomitantly enhances the frequencies of effector CD8+ T cells, thereby restraining CRC. Mechanistically, IL-33 curtails IL-17 production by FOXP3+ Tregs and inhibits Th17 differentiation. In humans, numbers of activated ST2-expressing Tregs are increased in blood and tumor lesions of CRC patients, suggesting a similar mode of regulation. Together, these data indicate a central role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in shaping an immunosuppressive environment during intestinal tumorigenesis. Blockade of this pathway may provide a strategy to modulate the composition of CRC immune infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pastille
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marie-Hélène Wasmer
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Adamczyk
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivian P. Vu
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas F. Mager
- 0000 0004 1936 7697grid.22072.35Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nhi Ngo Thi Phuong
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vittoria Palmieri
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Cedric Simillion
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kasper
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bDepartment of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ,0000 0001 0262 7331grid.410718.bGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Schuler
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bDepartment of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ,0000 0001 0262 7331grid.410718.bGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beat Muggli
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- 0000 0004 1936 7697grid.22072.35Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jan Buer
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inti Zlobec
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- 0000 0001 2187 5445grid.5718.bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philippe Krebs
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gary EN, Kutzler MA. Defensive Driving: Directing HIV-1 Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity to the Mucosa with Chemokine Adjuvants. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3734207. [PMID: 30648120 PMCID: PMC6311813 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3734207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A myriad of pathogens gain access to the host via the mucosal route; thus, vaccinations that protect against mucosal pathogens are critical. Pathogens such as HIV, HSV, and influenza enter the host at mucosal sites such as the intestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts. All currently licensed vaccines mediate protection by inducing the production of antibodies which can limit pathogen replication at the site of infection. Unfortunately, parenteral vaccination rarely induces the production of an antigen-specific antibody at mucosal surfaces and thus relies on transudation of systemically generated antibody to mucosal surfaces to mediate protection. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) consist of a complex network of immune organs and tissues that orchestrate the interaction between the host, commensal microbes, and pathogens at these surfaces. This complexity necessitates strict control of the entry and exit of lymphocytes in the MALT. This control is mediated by chemoattractant chemokines or cytokines which recruit immune cells expressing the cognate receptors and adhesion molecules. Exploiting mucosal chemokine trafficking pathways to mobilize specific subsets of lymphocytes to mucosal tissues in the context of vaccination has improved immunogenicity and efficacy in preclinical models. This review describes the novel use of MALT chemokines as vaccine adjuvants. Specific attention will be placed upon the use of such adjuvants to enhance HIV-specific mucosal humoral immunity in the context of prophylactic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony N. Gary
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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39
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Trivedi PJ, Adams DH. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Pitfalls and Promise. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:S641-S652. [PMID: 30137309 PMCID: PMC6104621 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal targets for anti-chemokine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been the receptors CCR9 and CXCR3 and their respective ligands CCL25 and CXCL10. More recently CCR6 and its ligand CCL20 have also received attention, the expression of the latter in enterocytes being manipulated through Smad7 signalling. These pathways, selected based on their fundamental role in regulating mucosal immunity, have led to the development of several therapeutic candidates that have been tested in early phase clinical trials with variable clinical efficacy. In this article, we appraise the status of chemokine-directed therapy in IBD, review recent developments, and nominate future areas for therapeutic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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40
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Santangelo PJ, Cicala C, Byrareddy SN, Ortiz K, Little D, Lindsay KE, Gumber S, Hong JJ, Jelicic K, Rogers KA, Zurla C, Villinger F, Ansari AA, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Early treatment of SIV+ macaques with an α 4β 7 mAb alters virus distribution and preserves CD4 + T cells in later stages of infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:932-946. [PMID: 29346349 PMCID: PMC5976508 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 mediates the trafficking of leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, to lymphoid tissues in the gut. Virus mediated damage to the gut is implicated in HIV and SIV mediated chronic immune activation and leads to irreversible damage to the immune system. We employed an immuno-PET/CT imaging technique to evaluate the impact of an anti-integrin α4β7 mAb alone or in combination with ART, on the distribution of both SIV infected cells and CD4+ cells in rhesus macaques infected with SIV. We determined that α4β7 mAb reduced viral antigen in an array of tissues of the lung, spleen, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes. These sites are not directly linked to α4β7 mediated homing; however, the most pronounced reduction in viral load was observed in the colon. Despite this reduction, α4β7 mAb treatment did not prevent an apparent depletion of CD4+ T cells in gut in the acute phase of infection that is characteristic of HIV/SIV infection. However, α4β7 mAb appeared to facilitate the preservation or restoration of CD4+ T cells in gut tissues at later stages of infection. Since damage to the gut is believed to play a central role in HIV pathogenesis, these results support further evaluation of α4β7 antagonists in the study and treatment of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Santangelo
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Kristina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Dawn Little
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kevin E. Lindsay
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J. J. Hong
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Katija Jelicic
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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41
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Hughes CE, Nibbs RJB. A guide to chemokines and their receptors. FEBS J 2018; 285:2944-2971. [PMID: 29637711 PMCID: PMC6120486 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that signal through cell surface G protein-coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are best known for their ability to stimulate the migration of cells, most notably white blood cells (leukocytes). Consequently, chemokines play a central role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system, and are involved in all protective or destructive immune and inflammatory responses. Classically viewed as inducers of directed chemotactic migration, it is now clear that chemokines can stimulate a variety of other types of directed and undirected migratory behavior, such as haptotaxis, chemokinesis, and haptokinesis, in addition to inducing cell arrest or adhesion. However, chemokine receptors on leukocytes can do more than just direct migration, and these molecules can also be expressed on, and regulate the biology of, many nonleukocytic cell types. Chemokines are profoundly affected by post-translational modification, by interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM), and by binding to heptahelical 'atypical' chemokine receptors that regulate chemokine localization and abundance. This guide gives a broad overview of the chemokine and chemokine receptor families; summarizes the complex physical interactions that occur in the chemokine network; and, using specific examples, discusses general principles of chemokine function, focusing particularly on their ability to direct leukocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hughes
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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42
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Frederick DR, Goggins JA, Sabbagh LM, Freytag LC, Clements JD, McLachlan JB. Adjuvant selection regulates gut migration and phenotypic diversity of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells following parenteral immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:549-561. [PMID: 28792004 PMCID: PMC6252260 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years, making vaccines against these diseases a high priority. It is known that certain vaccine adjuvants, chiefly bacterial ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, can induce mucosal antibodies when delivered parenterally. Based on this, we reasoned vaccine-specific mucosal cellular immunity could be induced via parenteral immunization with these adjuvants. Here, we show that, in contrast to the Toll-like receptor-9 agonist CpG, intradermal immunization with non-toxic double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli drove endogenous, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to expand and upregulate the gut-homing integrin α4β7. This was followed by T-cell migration into gut-draining lymph nodes and both small and large intestines. We also found that dmLT produces a balanced T-helper 1 and 17 (Th1 and Th17) response, whereas T cells from CpG immunized mice were predominantly Th1. Immunization with dmLT preferentially engaged CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) compared with CpG, and mice deficient in CD103+ DCs were unable to fully license antigen-specific T-cell migration to the intestinal mucosae following parenteral immunization. This work has the potential to redirect the design of existing and next generation vaccines to elicit pathogen-specific immunity in the intestinal tract with non-mucosal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Frederick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - J. Alan Goggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - Leila M. Sabbagh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - Lucy C. Freytag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - John D. Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
| | - James B. McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70112
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43
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Chan YLT, Zuo J, Inman C, Croft W, Begum J, Croudace J, Kinsella F, Maggs L, Nagra S, Nunnick J, Abbotts B, Craddock C, Malladi R, Moss P. NK cells produce high levels of IL-10 early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and suppress development of acute GVHD. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:316-329. [PMID: 28944953 PMCID: PMC5836991 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells rapidly reconstitute following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), at the time when alloreactive T cell immunity is being established. We investigated very early NK cell reconstitution in 82 patients following T cell-depleted allo-SCT. NK cell number rapidly increased, exceeding T cell reconstitution such that the NK:T cell ratio was over 40 by day 14. NK cells at day 14 (NK-14) were donor-derived, intensely proliferating and expressed chemokine receptors targeted to lymphoid and peripheral tissue. Spontaneous production of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was observed in over 70% of cells and transcription of cytokines and growth factors was augmented. NK-14 cell number was inversely correlated with the incidence of grade II-IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). These findings reveal that robust reconstitution of immunoregulatory NK cells by day 14 after allo-SCT is an important determinant of the clinical outcome, suggesting that NK cells may suppress the development of the T cell-mediated alloreactive immune response through production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Charlotte Inman
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Wayne Croft
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
- Centre for Computational BiologyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Joanne Croudace
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | | | - Luke Maggs
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Sandeep Nagra
- Birmingham Health PartnersCentre for Clinical HaematologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Jane Nunnick
- Birmingham Health PartnersCentre for Clinical HaematologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Ben Abbotts
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Charles Craddock
- Birmingham Health PartnersCentre for Clinical HaematologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Ram Malladi
- Birmingham Health PartnersCentre for Clinical HaematologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamUK
- Birmingham Health PartnersCentre for Clinical HaematologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
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44
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Ehrlich AK, Pennington JM, Tilton S, Wang X, Marshall NB, Rohlman D, Funatake C, Punj S, O’Donnell E, Yu Z, Kolluri SK, Kerkvliet NI. AhR activation increases IL-2 production by alloreactive CD4 + T cells initiating the differentiation of mucosal-homing Tim3 + Lag3 + Tr1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1989-2001. [PMID: 28833046 PMCID: PMC5927372 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by immunosuppressive ligands promotes the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although AhR-induced Foxp3+ Treg cells have been well studied, much less is known about the development and fate of AhR-induced Type 1 Treg (AhR-Tr1) cells. In the current study, we identified the unique transcriptional and functional changes in murine CD4+ T cells that accompany the differentiation of AhR-Tr1 cells during the CD4+ T-cell-dependent phase of an allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (allo-CTL) response. AhR activation increased the expression of genes involved in T-cell activation, immune regulation and chemotaxis, as well as a global downregulation of genes involved in cell cycling. Increased IL-2 production was responsible for the early AhR-Tr1 activation phenotype previously characterized as CD25+ CTLA4+ GITR+ on day 2. The AhR-Tr1 phenotype was further defined by the coexpression of the immunoregulatory receptors Lag3 and Tim3 and non-overlapping expression of CCR4 and CCR9. Consistent with the increased expression of CCR9, real-time imaging showed enhanced migration of AhR-Tr1 cells to the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon. The discovery of mucosal imprinting of AhR-Tr1 cells provides an additional mechanism by which therapeutic AhR ligands can control immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Jamie M. Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Susan Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Nikki B. Marshall
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Castle Funatake
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Sumit Punj
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Edmond O’Donnell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Siva K. Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Nancy I. Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
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45
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den Hartog G, van Osch TLJ, Vos M, Meijer B, Savelkoul HFJ, van Neerven RJJ, Brugman S. BAFF augments IgA2 and IL-10 production by TLR7/8 stimulated total peripheral blood B cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:283-292. [PMID: 28921509 PMCID: PMC5836859 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Class‐switching of B cells to IgA can be induced via both T‐cell‐dependent and T‐cell‐independent mechanisms. IgA is most predominantly produced mucosally and is important for combating infections and allergies. In contrast to mice, humans have two forms of IgA; IgA1 and IgA2 with diverse tissue distribution. In early life, IgA levels might be sub‐optimal especially during the fall season when bacterial and viral infections are more common. Therefore, we investigated using human B cells whether T‐cell‐independent factors ‐promoting cell survival, class switching and immunoglobulin secretion‐ BAFF, APRIL, IL‐10 and retinoic acid can boost IgA production in the context of viral or bacterial infection. To this end total and naive peripheral blood B cells were stimulated with these factors for 6 days in the presence or absence of TLR7/8 agonist R848 (mimicking viral infection) or TLR9 agonist CpG‐ODN (mimicking bacterial infection). We show that BAFF significantly augments IgA2 production in TLR7/8 stimulated mature, but not naïve B cells. In addition, BAFF augments IL‐10 production and viability in TLR7/8 and TLR9 stimulated mature B cells. These data warrant further investigation of its role in immune regulation both in the periphery and mucosal tissues in early life or during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.,Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs L J van Osch
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.,FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Animal Sciences Group, Cell Biology and Immunology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
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46
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Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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47
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Bankvall M, Östberg AK, Jontell M, Wold A, Östman S. The engagement of oral-associated lymphoid tissues during oral versus gastric antigen administration. Immunology 2017; 149:98-110. [PMID: 27288650 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of oral-associated lymphoid tissues during induction of oral tolerance still remains elusive. Therefore, the aim was to compare T-cell activation and induction of tolerance to ovalbumin (OVA) presented through either of two routes; deposited into the oral cavity, or the stomach, thereby bypassing the oral cavity. OVA was administered by the oral or gastric route to BALB/c mice that had received OVA-specific DO11.10+ CD4(+) T cells, stained with CellTrace(™) Violet dye, through intravenous injection. Proliferating OVA-specific T cells were detected in the nose-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) and the cervical, mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes at different time-points following OVA exposure. OVA-specific T-cell proliferation was initially observed in the NALT 1 hr after oral, but not gastric, administration. However, at day 1, proliferation at this site was also detected after gastric administration and profound proliferation was observed at all sites by day 4. For the oral route the degree of proliferation observed was lower in the peripheral lymph nodes by day 4 compared with the other sites. These results demonstrate a similar activation pattern achieved by the two routes. However, the NALT distinguishes itself as a site of rapid T-cell activation towards fed antigens irrespective of feeding regimen. To evaluate induction of tolerance a semi-effective OVA dose was used, to detect differences in the degree of tolerance achieved. This was performed in a model of OVA-induced airway hypersensitivity. No differences in tolerance induction were observed between the two administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bankvall
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Östberg
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Agnes Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Östman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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48
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Adamczyk A, Gageik D, Frede A, Pastille E, Hansen W, Rueffer A, Buer J, Büning J, Langhorst J, Westendorf AM. Differential expression of GPR15 on T cells during ulcerative colitis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90585. [PMID: 28422750 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) was recently highlighted as a colon-homing receptor for murine and human CD4+ T cells. The aim of this study was to explore the functional phenotype of human GPR15+CD4+ T cells, focusing on Tregs and effector T cells (Teffs), and to determine whether GPR15 is the driver for the migration of T cells to the colon during ulcerative colitis (UC). In the peripheral blood, GPR15 was expressed on Tregs and Teffs; both GPR15+ T cell subsets produced less IFN-γ and IL-4 but more IL-17 after stimulation and showed a higher migration activity compared with GPR15-CD4+ T cells. In UC patients, GPR15 expression was increased on Tregs in the peripheral blood but not on Teffs. Interestingly, the expression of GPR15 was significantly enhanced on colonic T cells of UC patients in noninflamed biopsies but not in inflamed biopsies. The differential expression of GPR15 in UC patients was accompanied by a significant reduction of bacterial immunoregulatory metabolites in the feces. In conclusion, GPR15 expression on CD4+ T cells is altered in UC patients, which may have implications for the development of therapeutic approaches to target T cell trafficking to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Adamczyk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Gageik
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annika Frede
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Büning
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Center of Integrative Gastroenterology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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49
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Langel SN, Paim FC, Lager KM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts. Virus Res 2016; 226:93-107. [PMID: 27212686 PMCID: PMC7111331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity, mortality, and loss of productivity from enteric diseases in neonatal piglets cost swine producers millions of dollars annually. In 2013-2014, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreak led to $900 million to $1.8 billion in annual losses to US swine producers. Passive lactogenic immunity remains the most promising and effective way to protect neonatal suckling piglets from enteric diseases like PEDV. Protecting suckling piglets through lactogenic immunity is dependent on trafficking of pathogen-specific IgA plasmablasts to the mammary gland and accumulation of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in milk, defined as the gut-mammary-sIgA axis. Due to an impermeable placenta, piglets are born agammaglobulinic, and are highly susceptible to a plethora of infectious agents. They rely solely on colostrum and milk antibodies for maternal lactogenic immunity. Previous advances in the development of live and attenuated vaccines for another devastating diarrheal virus of pigs, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), provide insights into the mechanisms of maternal immunity and piglet protection. In this chapter, we will review previous research on TGEV-induced lactogenic immunity to provide a historical perspective on current efforts for PEDV control and vaccines in the swine industry. Identifying factors that influence lactogenic immunity and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis may lead to improved vaccine regimens for PEDV and other enteric pathogens in gestating swine and improved overall herd immunity, swine health and industry productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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50
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Cabrera-Perez J, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Enteric immunity, the gut microbiome, and sepsis: Rethinking the germ theory of disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:127-139. [PMID: 27633573 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216669610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a poorly understood syndrome of systemic inflammation responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. The integrity of the gut epithelium and competence of adaptive immune responses are notoriously compromised during sepsis, and the prevalent assumption in the scientific and medical community is that intestinal commensals have a detrimental role in the systemic inflammation and susceptibility to nosocomial infections seen in critically ill, septic patients. However, breakthroughs in the last decade provide strong credence to the idea that our mucosal microbiome plays an essential role in adaptive immunity, where a human host and its prokaryotic colonists seem to exist in a carefully negotiated armistice with compromises and benefits that go both ways. In this review, we re-examine the notion that intestinal contents are the driving force of critical illness. An overview of the interaction between the microbiome and the immune system is provided, with a special focus on the impact of commensals in priming and the careful balance between normal intestinal flora and pathogenic organisms residing in the gut microbiome. Based on the data in hand, we hypothesize that sepsis induces imbalances in microbial populations residing in the gut, along with compromises in epithelial integrity. As a result, normal antigen sampling becomes impaired, and proliferative cues are intermixed with inhibitory signals. This situates the microbiome, the gut, and its complex immune network of cells and bacteria, at the center of aberrant immune responses during and after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- 1 Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,2 Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,4 Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- 1 Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,5 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,6 Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,7 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,8 Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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