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Lim-Hing S, Gandhi KJK, Villari C. The role of Manganese in tree defenses against pests and pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108641. [PMID: 38663267 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) deficiency is a widespread occurrence across different landscapes, including agricultural systems and managed forests, and causes interruptions in the normal metabolic functioning of plants. The microelement is well-characterized for its role in the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II and maintenance of photosynthetic structures. Mn is also required for a variety of enzymatic reactions in secondary metabolism, which play a crucial role in defense strategies for trees. Despite the strong relationship between Mn availability and the biosynthesis of defense-related compounds, there are few studies addressing how Mn deficiency can impact tree defense mechanisms and the ensuing ecological patterns and processes. Understanding this relationship and highlighting the potentially deleterious effects of Mn deficiency in trees can also inform silvicultural and management decisions to build more robust forests. In this review, we address this relationship, focusing on forest trees. We describe Mn availability in forest soils, characterize the known impacts of Mn deficiency in plant susceptibility, and discuss the relationship between Mn and defense-related compounds by secondary metabolite class. In our review, we find several lines of evidence that low Mn availability is linked with lowered or altered secondary metabolite activity. Additionally, we compile documented instances where Mn limitation has altered the defense capabilities of the host plant and propose potential ecological repercussions when studies are not available. Ultimately, this review aims to highlight the importance of untangling the effects of Mn limitation on the ecophysiology of plants, with a focus on forest trees in both managed and natural stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lim-Hing
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA
| | - Caterina Villari
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
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Funnell-Harris DL, Sattler SE, O'Neill PM, Gries T, Ge Z, Nersesian N. Effects of Altering Three Steps of Monolignol Biosynthesis on Sorghum Responses to Stalk Pathogens and Water Deficit. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3984-3995. [PMID: 37430480 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1959-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The drought-resilient crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is grown worldwide for multiple uses, including forage or potential lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. A major impediment to biomass yield and quality are the pathogens Fusarium thapsinum and Macrophomina phaseolina, which cause Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot, respectively. These fungi are more virulent with abiotic stresses such as drought. Monolignol biosynthesis plays a critical role in plant defense. The genes Brown midrib (Bmr)6, Bmr12, and Bmr2 encode the monolignol biosynthesis enzymes cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, respectively. Plant stalks from lines overexpressing these genes and containing bmr mutations were screened for pathogen responses with controlled adequate or deficit watering. Additionally, near-isogenic bmr12 and wild-type lines in five backgrounds were screened for response to F. thapsinum with adequate and deficit watering. All mutant and overexpression lines were no more susceptible than corresponding wild-type under both watering conditions. The bmr2 and bmr12 lines, near-isogenic to wild-type, had significantly shorter mean lesion lengths (were more resistant) than RTx430 wild-type when inoculated with F. thapsinum under water deficit. Additionally, bmr2 plants grown under water deficit had significantly smaller mean lesions when inoculated with M. phaseolina than under adequate-water conditions. When well-watered, bmr12 in cultivar Wheatland and one of two Bmr2 overexpression lines in RTx430 had shorter mean lesion lengths than corresponding wild-type lines. This research demonstrates that modifying monolignol biosynthesis for increased usability may not impair plant defenses but can even enhance resistance to stalk pathogens under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Funnell-Harris
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Patrick M O'Neill
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Tammy Gries
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lincoln, NE 68583
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Patel S, Patel J, Bowen K, Koebernick J. Deciphering the genetic architecture of resistance to Corynespora cassiicola in soybean ( Glycine max L.) by integrating genome-wide association mapping and RNA-Seq analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255763. [PMID: 37828935 PMCID: PMC10565807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola is a problematic disease in tropical and subtropical soybean (Glycine max) growing regions. Although resistant soybean genotypes have been identified, the genetic mechanisms underlying target spot resistance has not yet been studied. To address this knowledge gap, this is the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted using the SoySNP50K array on a panel of 246 soybean accessions, aiming to unravel the genetic architecture of resistance. The results revealed significant associations of 14 and 33 loci with resistance to LIM01 and SSTA C. cassiicola isolates, respectively, with six loci demonstrating consistent associations across both isolates. To identify potential candidate genes within GWAS-identified loci, dynamic transcriptome profiling was conducted through RNA-Seq analysis. The analysis involved comparing gene expression patterns between resistant and susceptible genotypes, utilizing leaf tissue collected at different time points after inoculation. Integrating results of GWAS and RNA-Seq analyses identified 238 differentially expressed genes within a 200 kb region encompassing significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for disease severity ratings. These genes were involved in defense response to pathogen, innate immune response, chitinase activity, histone H3-K9 methylation, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway, kinase activity, and biosynthesis of flavonoid, jasmonic acid, phenylpropanoid, and wax. In addition, when combining results from this study with previous GWAS research, 11 colocalized regions associated with disease resistance were identified for biotic and abiotic stress. This finding provides valuable insight into the genetic resources that can be harnessed for future breeding programs aiming to enhance soybean resistance against target spot and other diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jinesh Patel
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kira Bowen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenny Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Role of Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids in Plant Resistance to Pests and Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238371. [PMID: 36500459 PMCID: PMC9735708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are specialized metabolites frequently reported as involved in plant defense to biotic or abiotic stresses. Their biosynthetic accumulation may be constitutive and/or induced in response to external stimuli. They may participate in plant signaling driving plant defense responses, act as a physical or chemical barrier to prevent invasion, or as a direct toxic weapon against microbial or insect targets. Their protective action is described as the combinatory effect of their localization during the host's interaction with aggressors, their sustained availability, and the predominance of specific compounds or synergy with others. Their biosynthesis and regulation are partly deciphered; however, a lot of gaps in knowledge remain to be filled. Their mode of action on microorganisms and insects probably arises from an interference with important cellular machineries and structures, yet this is not fully understood for all type of pests and pathogens. We present here an overview of advances in the state of the art for both phenylpropanoids and flavonoids with the objective of paving the way for plant breeders looking for natural sources of resistance to improve plant varieties. Examples are provided for all types of microorganisms and insects that are targeted in crop protection. For this purpose, fields of phytopathology, phytochemistry, and human health were explored.
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Darwish DBE, Ali M, Abdelkawy AM, Zayed M, Alatawy M, Nagah A. Constitutive overexpression of GsIMaT2 gene from wild soybean enhances rhizobia interaction and increase nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:431. [PMID: 36076165 PMCID: PMC9461152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the root nodules formation is regulated by specific and complex interactions of legume and rhizobial genes, there are still too many questions to be answered about the role of the genes involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. RESULTS The genetic and biological roles of the isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase gene GsIMaT2 from wild soybean (Glycine soja) in the regulation of nodule and root growth in soybean (Glycine max) were examined in this work. The effect of overexpressing GsIMaT2 from G. soja on the soybean nodulation signaling system and strigolactone production was investigated. We discovered that the GsIMaT2 increased nodule numbers, fresh nodule weight, root weight, and root length by boosting strigolactone formation. Furthermore, we examined the isoflavone concentration of transgenic G. max hairy roots 10 and 20 days after rhizobial inoculation. Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, and glycitein levels were considerably higher in GsMaT2-OE hairy roots after 10- and 20-days of Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection compared to the control. These findings suggest that isoflavones and their biosynthetic genes play unique functions in the nodulation signaling system in G. max. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our results indicate the potential effects of the GsIMaT2 gene on soybean root growth and nodulation. This study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between isoflavones, root development, and nodulation in soybean. HIGHLIGHTS * Cloning and Characterization of 7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase (GsIMaT2) gene from wild soybean (G. soja). * The role of GsIMaT2 gene in the regulation of root nodule development. *Overexpression of GsMaT2 gene increases the accumulation of isoflavonoid in transgenic soybean hairy roots. * This gene could be used for metabolic engineering of useful isoflavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511 Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, 74191 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, North Sinai Research Station, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo, 11753 Egypt
| | - Aisha M. Abdelkawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Shebin El-Kom, 32511 Egypt
| | - Marfat Alatawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, 74191 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Nagah
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Banha University, Qalyubia Governorate, Benha, 13518 Egypt
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Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Novel Simple O-Substituted Isoflavones against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810394. [PMID: 36142301 PMCID: PMC9498989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have been widely studied and have attracted extensive attention in fields ranging from chemotaxonomy and plant physiology to human nutrition and medicine. Isoflavones are often divided into three subgroups: simple O-substituted derivatives, prenylated derivatives, and glycosides. Simple O-substituted isoflavones and their glycosides, such as daidzein (daidzin), genistein (genistin), glycitein (glycitin), biochanin A (astroside), and formononetin (ononin), are the most common ingredients in legumes and are considered as phytoestrogens for daily dietary hormone replacement therapy due to their structural similarity to 17-β-estradiol. On the basis of the known estrogen-like potency, these above isoflavones possess multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-angiogenetic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, anti-osteoporotic, and neuroprotective activities. However, there are very few review studies on the protective effects of these novel isoflavones and their related compounds in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. This review primarily focuses on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and neuroprotective mechanism of these aforementioned novel isoflavones in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. From these published works in in vitro and in vivo studies, simple O-substituted isoflavones could serve as promising therapeutic compounds for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia reperfusion via their estrogenic receptor properties and neuron-modulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The detailed mechanism of the protective effects of simple O-substituted isoflavones against cerebral ischemia reperfusion might be related to the PI3K/AKT/ERK/mTOR or GSK-3β pathway, eNOS/Keap1/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, TLRs/TIRAP/MyD88/NFκ-B pathway, and Bcl-2-regulated anti-apoptotic pathway. However, clinical trials are needed to verify their potential on cerebral ischemia reperfusion because past studies were conducted with rodents and prophylactic administration.
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Ali M, Miao L, Soudy FA, Darwish DBE, Alrdahe SS, Alshehri D, Benedito VA, Tadege M, Wang X, Zhao J. Overexpression of Terpenoid Biosynthesis Genes Modifies Root Growth and Nodulation in Soybean (Glycine max). Cells 2022; 11:cells11172622. [PMID: 36078031 PMCID: PMC9454526 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root nodule formation in many leguminous plants is known to be affected by endogen ous and exogenous factors that affect formation, development, and longevity of nodules in roots. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the genes which are involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the effect of terpenoids and terpene biosynthesis genes on root nodule formation in Glycine max. The study aimed to clarify not only the impact of over-expressing five terpene synthesis genes isolated from G. max and Salvia guaranitica on soybean nodulation signaling pathway, but also on the strigolactones pathway. The obtained results revealed that the over expression of GmFDPS, GmGGPPS, SgGPS, SgFPPS, and SgLINS genes enhanced the root nodule numbers, fresh weight of nodules, root, and root length. Moreover, the terpene content in the transgenic G. max hairy roots was estimated. The results explored that the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes were significantly increased in transgenic soybean hairy roots in comparison with the control. Our results indicate the potential effects of terpenoids and terpene synthesis genes on soybean root growth and nodulation. The study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between terpenoids, root development, and nodulation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, North Sinai Research Station, Desert Research Center, Department of Genetic Resources, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Long Miao
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fathia A. Soudy
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Saleh Alrdahe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dikhnah Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant and Soil Sciences Division, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-186-7404-7685 (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-186-7404-7685 (J.Z.)
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Duan Y, Ma S, Chen X, Shen X, Yin C, Mao Z. Transcriptome changes associated with apple (Malus domestica) root defense response after Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica infection. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:484. [PMID: 35780085 PMCID: PMC9250749 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple replant disease is a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica strain MR5 (abbreviated hereafter as Fpmd MR5) in China. This pathogen causes root tissue rot and wilting leaves in apple seedlings, leading to plant death. A comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted using the Illumina Novaseq platform to identify the molecular defense mechanisms of the susceptible M.26 and the resistant M9T337 apple rootstocks to Fpmd MR5 infection. RESULTS Approximately 518.1 million high-quality reads were generated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Comparative analysis between the mock-inoculated and Fpmd MR5 infected apple rootstocks revealed 28,196 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 14,572 up-regulated and 13,624 down-regulated genes. Among them, the transcriptomes in the roots of the susceptible genotype M.26 were reflected by overrepresented DEGs. MapMan analysis indicated that a large number of DEGs were involved in the response of apple plants to Fpmd MR5 stress. The important functional groups identified via gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were responsible for fundamental biological regulation, secondary metabolism, plant-pathogen recognition, and plant hormone signal transduction (ethylene and jasmonate). Furthermore, the expression of 33 up-regulated candidate genes (12 related to WRKY DNA-binding proteins, one encoding endochitinase, two encoding beta-glucosidases, ten related to pathogenesis-related proteins, and eight encoding ethylene-responsive transcription factors) were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSION RNA-seq profiling was performed for the first time to analyze response of apple root to Fpmd MR5 infection. We found that the production of antimicrobial compounds and antioxidants enhanced plant resistance to pathogens, and pathogenesis-related protein (PR10 homologs, chitinase, and beta-glucosidase) may play unique roles in the defense response. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of the apple root response to Fpmd MR5 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Duan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China
| | - Shurui Ma
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China
| | - Chengmiao Yin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China.
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shangdong, China.
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Ren J, Jia F, Zeng H, Li G, Yang X. Ethylene-responsive factor ERF114 mediates fungal pathogen effector PevD1-induced disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:819-831. [PMID: 35340106 PMCID: PMC9104250 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors are well-documented in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses, but their roles in mediating elicitor-induced disease resistance remains largely unexplored. PevD1 is a Verticillium dahliae secretory effector that can induce disease resistance in cotton and tobacco plants. In our previous work, Nicotiana benthamiana ERF114 (NbERF114) was identified in a screen of genes differentially expressed in response to PevD1 infiltration. Here, we found that the ortholog of NbERF114 in Arabidopsis thaliana (ERF114) also strongly responded to PevD1 treatment and transcripts were induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection. Loss of ERF114 function caused impaired disease resistance, while overexpressing ERF114 (OE-ERF114) enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000. Moreover, ERF114 mediated PevD1-induced disease resistance. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the transcript level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1 (PAL1) and its downstream genes were significantly suppressed in erf114 mutants compared with A. thaliana Col-0. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis further confirmed that the PAL1 mRNA level was significantly elevated in overexpressing OE-ERF114 plants but reduced in erf114 mutants compared with Col-0. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay verified that ERF114 directly bound to the promoter of PAL1. The gene expression profiles of ERF114 and PAL1 in oestradiol-inducible transgenic plants confirmed ERF114 could activate PAL1 transcriptional expression. Further investigation revealed that ERF114 positively modulated PevD1-induced lignin and salicylic acid accumulation, probably by activating PAL1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of BiologySchool of Life SciencesInstitute of Plant and Food ScienceSouthern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)ShenzhenChina
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fenglian Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Park CH, Yeo HJ, Lim HS, Hyeon H, Kim JK, Park SU. Gene Expression and Metabolic Analyses of Nontransgenic and AtPAP1 Transgenic Tobacco Infected with Potato Virus X (PVX). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5838-5848. [PMID: 35532753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus X (PVX), a species of the genus Potexvirus, is a plant pathogenic virus that causes severe symptoms such as mild mosaic, crinkling, necrosis, and mottling on leaves. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of PVX virus infection on the metabolic system in nontransgenic and Arabidopsis thaliana production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (AtPAP1) transgenic tobacco using transcript expression analysis and metabolic profiling. Potato virus X inoculation increased the gene expression of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and the production of chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol in nontransgenic tobacco leaves. However, in the AtPAP1 transgenic tobacco leaves, PVX inoculation decreased the expression of AtPAP1 and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes, and the production of phenolics and anthocyanin also declined. In contrast, the levels of amino acids and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates increased after infection in the AtPAP1 transgenic plant leaves. To date, these results have not been reported previously. We suggest that PVX infection decreases AtPAP1 expression, leading to the downregulation of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-754, Korea
| | - Hyejin Hyeon
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo, 63608 Jeju, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Hamany Djande CY, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Tugizimana F, Dubery IA. Hordatines and Associated Precursors Dominate Metabolite Profiles of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings: A Metabolomics Study of Five Cultivars. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040310. [PMID: 35448497 PMCID: PMC9030721 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the process of enhancing crop potential, metabolomics offers a unique opportunity to biochemically describe plant metabolism and to elucidate metabolite profiles that govern specific phenotypic characteristics. In this study we report an untargeted metabolomic profiling of shoots and roots of barley seedlings performed to reveal the chemical makeup therein at an early growth stage. The study was conducted on five cultivars of barley: ‘Overture’, ‘Cristalia’, ‘Deveron’, ‘LE7′ and ‘Genie’. Seedlings were grown for 16 days post germination under identical controlled conditions, and methanolic extracts were analysed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) system. In addition, an unsupervised pattern identification technique, principal component analysis (PCA), was performed to process the generated multidimensional data. Following annotation of specific metabolites, several classes were revealed, among which phenolic acids represented the largest group in extracts from both shoot and root tissues. Interestingly, hordatines, barley-specific metabolites, were not found in the root tissue. In addition, metabolomic profiling revealed metabolites potentially associated with the plants’ natural protection system against potential pathogens. The study sheds light on the chemical composition of barley at a young developmental stage and the information gathered could be useful in plant research and biomarker-based breeding programs.
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Cox LD, Munholland S, Mats L, Zhu H, Crosby WL, Lukens L, Pauls KP, Bozzo GG. The Induction of the Isoflavone Biosynthesis Pathway Is Associated with Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Metabolites 2021; 11:433. [PMID: 34357327 PMCID: PMC8306140 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis infects common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causing the disease common bacterial blight (CBB). The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying CBB resistance in P. vulgaris. Trifoliate leaves of plants of a CBB-resistant P. vulgaris recombinant inbred line (RIL) and a CBB-susceptible RIL were inoculated with X. axonopodis or water (mock treatment). Leaves sampled at defined intervals over a 48-h post-inoculation (PI) period were monitored for alterations in global transcript profiles. A total of 800 genes were differentially expressed between pathogen and mock treatments across both RILs; approximately half were differentially expressed in the CBB-resistant RIL at 48 h PI. Notably, there was a 4- to 32-fold increased transcript abundance for isoflavone biosynthesis genes, including several isoflavone synthases, isoflavone 2'-hydroxylases and isoflavone reductases. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assessed leaf metabolite levels as a function of the PI period. The concentrations of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein and related metabolites coumestrol and phaseollinisoflavan were increased in CBB-resistant RIL plant leaves after exposure to the pathogen. Isoflavone pathway transcripts and metabolite profiles were unaffected in the CBB-susceptible RIL. Thus, induction of the isoflavone pathway is associated with CBB-resistance in P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Cox
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.D.C.); (L.L.); (K.P.P.)
| | - Seth Munholland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (S.M.); (W.L.C.)
| | - Lili Mats
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada; (L.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada; (L.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - William L. Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (S.M.); (W.L.C.)
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.D.C.); (L.L.); (K.P.P.)
| | - Karl Peter Pauls
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.D.C.); (L.L.); (K.P.P.)
| | - Gale G. Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.D.C.); (L.L.); (K.P.P.)
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Rodrigues JM, Coutinho FS, Dos Santos DS, Vital CE, Ramos JRLS, Reis PB, Oliveira MGA, Mehta A, Fontes EPB, Ramos HJO. BiP-overexpressing soybean plants display accelerated hypersensitivity response (HR) affecting the SA-dependent sphingolipid and flavonoid pathways. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112704. [PMID: 33640683 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic environmental stresses have limited the increase in soybean productivity. Overexpression of the molecular chaperone BiP in transgenic plants has been associated with the response to osmotic stress and drought tolerance by maintaining cellular homeostasis and delaying hypersensitive cell death. Here, we evaluated the metabolic changes in response to the hypersensitivity response (HR) caused by the non-compatible bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in BiP-overexpressing plants. The HR-modified metabolic profiles in BiP-overexpressing plants were significantly distinct from the wild-type untransformed. The transgenic plants displayed a lower abundance of HR-responsive metabolites as amino acids, sugars, carboxylic acids and signal molecules, including p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and dihydrosphingosine (DHS), when compared to infected wild-type plants. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic and signaling pathways were more stimulated in transgenic plants, and both pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) and transcriptional factors controlling the SA pathway were more induced in the BiP-overexpressing lines. Furthermore, the long-chain bases (LCBs) and ceramide biosynthetic pathways showed alterations in gene expression and metabolite abundance. Thus, as a protective pathway against pathogens, HR regulation by sphingolipids and SA may account at least in part by the enhanced resistance of transgenic plants. GmNAC32 transcriptional factor was more induced in the transgenic plants and it has also been reported to regulate flavonoid synthesis in response to SA. In fact, the BiP-overexpressing plants showed an increase in flavonoids, mainly prenylated isoflavones, as precursors for phytoalexins. Our results indicate that the BiP-mediated acceleration in the hypersensitive response may be a target for metabolic engineering of plant resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Mendonça Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Silva Coutinho
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Camilo Elber Vital
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rocha Lopes Soares Ramos
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Braga Reis
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti Almeida Oliveira
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CENARGEN, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Pacheco Batista Fontes
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Humberto Josué Oliveira Ramos
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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15
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Fouad AS, Hafez RM. Effects of cobalt ions and cobalt nanoparticles on transient expression of gus gene in catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2020.1847386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sayed Fouad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mahmoud Hafez
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Overexpression of OsCM alleviates BLB stress via phytohormonal accumulation and transcriptional modulation of defense-related genes in Oryza sativa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19520. [PMID: 33177639 PMCID: PMC7658211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae is a serious pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease in rice, markedly reducing its yield. In this study, the rice chorismate mutase (OsCM) gene was overexpressed in a bacterial leaf blight-susceptible rice line to investigate the functional role of OsCM in response to bacterial leaf blight stress. We reported that overexpression of OsCM altered the downstream pathway of aromatic amino acids, mitigating pathogen stress by altering stress-responsive genes and hormonal accumulation. Phenotypic evaluation showed that the lesion length in the transgenic line was significantly lesser than that in the wild-type, suggesting greater resistance in the transgenic line. Further analysis revealed that OsCM expression induced phenylalanine accumulation and suppressed tyrosine accumulation in response to bacterial leaf blight stress. Furthermore, bacterial leaf blight stress induced genes downstream of the phenylpropanoid pathway in conjunction with OsCM, suggesting that the phenylpropanoid pathway is dependent on OsCM gene expression. We reported high SA and low JA accumulation in response to bacterial leaf blight stress in the transgenic line. This higher SA accumulation suggested that SA induces immune responses by functioning as a promoter of nonexpresser pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) transcriptional regulation. Xa7 expression was induced with increase in nonexpresser pathogenesis-related genes 1, which is thought to be responsible for Xa7 expression, which is responsible for mitigating bacterial leaf blight stress.
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Sperandio EM, Alves TM, Vale HMMD, Gonçalves LDA, Silva ECE, Filippi MCCD. Signaling defense responses of upland rice to avirulent and virulent strains of Magnaporthe oryzae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153271. [PMID: 32927133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) can cause large losses in crop yields, especially in upland rice systems. Avirulent strains of M. oryzae can induce resistance to subsequent attacks by virulent strains in plants. This study aimed to investigate the defense responses in upland rice challenged with a virulent strain of M. oryzae after acclimation with an avirulent strain. The avirulent strain decreased rice blast severity in the challenged plants. Induced resistance was characterized by a hypersensitive response and early accumulation of phenolic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy showed that M. oryzae conidia germinate and form appressoria, but do not colonize leaf tissues. The activities of pathogenesis-related proteins, total phenolic compounds, and salicylic acid (SA) were affected by acclimation to the avirulent strain. The activities of β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase, as well as the SA levels explained most of the variability in the rice plant responses to M. oryzae. In addition, OsXa13, OsMAPKKK74, OsAOS2, OsACO7, and OsMAS1 expression was modulated depending on the virulence of the M. oryzae strains. This modulation in gene expression is critical for infection and some of these mechanisms are targeted by effectors, resulting in enhanced susceptibility and pathogen infection. These results have practical importance in plant-pathogen interaction studies to identify resistance-relevant mechanisms against M. oryzae in upland rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio M Sperandio
- Polo de Inovação, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana Km 01, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-000, Brazil.
| | - Tavvs Micael Alves
- Polo de Inovação, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana Km 01, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-000, Brazil.
| | - Helson Mário Martins do Vale
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia de Almeida Gonçalves
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Elienai Candia E Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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Gao J, Xue J, Xue Y, Liu R, Ren X, Wang S, Zhang X. Transcriptome sequencing and identification of key callus browning-related genes from petiole callus of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Kao) cultured on media with three browning inhibitors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:36-49. [PMID: 32035251 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) has ornamental, oil, and medicinal values, and demand in the markets for uniform tree peony seedlings is increasing. Micropropagation could quickly propagate uniform seedlings. However, the heavy browning phenomenon hinders large-scale development of uniform tree peony seedlings. In this paper, we measured the total phenolic compounds content, and sequenced the transcriptomes of tree peony 'Kao' petiole calluses cultured on media with three browning antagonist treatments and fresh petioles to identify the key genes involved in callus browning. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) treatment can reduce production of phenolic compounds and promote callus regeneration. A total of 218,957 unigenes were obtained from fresh petiole and three kinds of browning petiole calluses by transcriptome sequencing. The average sequence length of unigenes was 446 bp with an N50 of 493 bp. Functional annotation analysis revealed that 43,428, 45,357, 31,194, 30,019, and 21,357 unigenes were annotated using the NCBI-NR database, Swiss-Prot, KOG, GO, and KEGG, respectively. In total, 33 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as potentially associated with callus browning. Among these DEGs, 12 genes were predicted to participate in phenolic compounds biosynthesis, three genes were predicted to be involved in phenolic compounds oxidation, and six genes were predicted to participate in callus regeneration. Moreover, six transcription factors were observed to be differentially expressed in the fresh petiole and three treated petioles in tree peony. This study comprehensively identifies browning-related gene resources and will possibly help in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of callus browning of tree peony in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jingqi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yuqian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiuxia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Peony, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiuxin Zhang
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, China.
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Mena E, Stewart S, Montesano M, Ponce de León I. Soybean Stem Canker Caused by Diaporthe caulivora; Pathogen Diversity, Colonization Process, and Plant Defense Activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1733. [PMID: 32117332 PMCID: PMC7011206 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important crop in South America, and its production is limited by fungal diseases caused by species from the genus Diaporthe, including seed decay, pod and stem blight, and soybean stem canker (SSC). In this study, we focused on Diaporthe species isolated from soybean plants with SSC lesions in different parts of Uruguay. Diaporthe diversity was determined by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA and a partial region of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1α). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belong to five defined groups of Diaporthe species, Diaporthe caulivora and Diaporthe longicolla being the most predominant species present in stem canker lesions. Due to the importance of D. caulivora as the causal agent of SSC in the region and other parts of the world, we further characterized the interaction of this pathogen with soybean. Based on genetic diversity of D. caulivora isolates evaluated with inter-sequence single repetition (ISSR), three different isolates were selected for pathogenicity assays. Differences in virulence were observed among the selected D. caulivora isolates on susceptible soybean plants. Further inspection of the infection and colonization process showed that D. caulivora hyphae are associated with trichomes in petioles, leaves, and stems, acting probably as physical adhesion sites of the hyphae. D. caulivora colonized the stem rapidly reaching the phloem and the xylem at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi), and after 96 hpi, the stem was heavily colonized. Infected soybean plants induce reinforcement of the cell walls, evidenced by incorporation of phenolic compounds. In addition, several defense genes were induced in D. caulivora-inoculated stems, including those encoding a pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1), a PR-10, a β-1,3-glucanase, two chitinases, two lipoxygenases, a basic peroxidase, a defensin, a phenylalanine-ammonia lyase, and a chalcone synthase. This study provides new insights into the interaction of soybean with D. caulivora, an important pathogen causing SSC, and provides information on the activation of plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilyn Mena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Stewart
- Sección Protección Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Montesano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Liu Q, Hobbs HA, Domier LL. Genome-wide association study of the seed transmission rate of soybean mosaic virus and associated traits using two diverse population panels. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:3413-3424. [PMID: 31630210 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Genome-wide association analyses identified candidates for genes involved in restricting virus movement into embryonic tissues, suppressing virus-induced seed coat mottling and preserving yield in soybean plants infected with soybean mosaic virus. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) causes significant reductions in soybean yield and seed quality. Because seedborne infections can serve as primary sources of inoculum for SMV infections, resistance to SMV seed transmission provides a means to limit the impacts of SMV. In this study, two diverse population panels, Pop1 and Pop2, composed of 409 and 199 soybean plant introductions, respectively, were evaluated for SMV seed transmission rate, seed coat mottling, and seed yield from SMV-infected plants. The phenotypic data and genotypic data from the SoySNP50K dataset were analyzed using GAPIT and rrBLUP. For SMV seed transmission rate, a single locus was identified on chromosome 9 in Pop1. For SMV-induced seed coat mottling, loci were identified on chromosome 9 in Pop1 and on chromosome 3 in Pop2. For seed yield from SMV-infected plants, a single locus was identified on chromosome 3 in Pop2 that was within the map interval of a previously described quantitative trait locus for seed number. The high linkage disequilibrium regions surrounding the markers on chromosomes 3 and 9 contained a predicted nonsense-mediated RNA decay gene, multiple pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes (involved in restricting virus movement), two chalcone synthase genes, and a homolog of the yeast Rtf1 gene (involved in RNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing). The results of this study provided additional insight into the genetic architecture of these three important traits, suggested candidate genes for downstream functional validation, and suggested that genomic prediction would outperform marker-assisted selection for two of the four trait-marker associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Houston A Hobbs
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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22
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Hohenstein JD, Studham ME, Klein A, Kovinich N, Barry K, Lee YJ, MacIntosh GC. Transcriptional and Chemical Changes in Soybean Leaves in Response to Long-Term Aphid Colonization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 30930925 PMCID: PMC6424911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) are specialized insects that feed on soybean (Glycine max) phloem sap. Transcriptome analyses have shown that resistant soybean plants mount a fast response that limits aphid feeding and population growth. Conversely, defense responses in susceptible plants are slower and it is hypothesized that aphids block effective defenses in the compatible interaction. Unlike other pests, aphids can colonize plants for long periods of time; yet the effect on the plant transcriptome after long-term aphid feeding has not been analyzed for any plant-aphid interaction. We analyzed the susceptible and resistant (Rag1) transcriptome response to aphid feeding in soybean plants colonized by aphids (biotype 1) for 21 days. We found a reduced resistant response and a low level of aphid growth on Rag1 plants, while susceptible plants showed a strong response consistent with pattern-triggered immunity. GO-term analyses identified chitin regulation as one of the most overrepresented classes of genes, suggesting that chitin could be one of the hemipteran-associated molecular pattern that triggers this defense response. Transcriptome analyses also indicated the phenylpropanoid pathway, specifically isoflavonoid biosynthesis, was induced in susceptible plants in response to long-term aphid feeding. Metabolite analyses corroborated this finding. Aphid-treated susceptible plants accumulated daidzein, formononetin, and genistein, although glyceollins were present at low levels in these plants. Choice experiments indicated that daidzein may have a deterrent effect on aphid feeding. Mass spectrometry imaging showed these isoflavones accumulate likely in the mesophyll cells or epidermis and are absent from the vasculature, suggesting that isoflavones are part of a non-phloem defense response that can reduce aphid feeding. While it is likely that aphid can initially block defense responses in compatible interactions, it appears that susceptible soybean plants can eventually mount an effective defense in response to long-term soybean aphid colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Hohenstein
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Studham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam Klein
- Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kia Barry
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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23
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Chen S, Wu F, Li Y, Qian Y, Pan X, Li F, Wang Y, Wu Z, Fu C, Lin H, Yang A. NtMYB4 and NtCHS1 Are Critical Factors in the Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Are Involved in Salinity Responsiveness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 30846995 PMCID: PMC6393349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of salinity induce serious oxidative damage in plants. Flavonoids, as antioxidants, have important roles in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In the present study, the tobacco R2R3 MYB type repressor, NtMYB4, was isolated and characterized. The expression of NtMYB4 was suppressed by salinity. Overexpression of NtMYB4 reduced the salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. NtMYB4 repressed the promoter activity of NtCHS1 and negatively regulated its expression. Rutin accumulation was significantly decreased in NtMYB4 overexpressing transgenic plants and NtCHS1 RNAi silenced transgenic plants. Moreover, high H2O2 andO 2 - contents were detected in both types of rutin-reduced transgenic plants under high salt stress. In addition, exogenous rutin supplementation effectively scavenged ROS (H2O2 andO 2 - ) and improved the salt tolerance of the rutin-reduced transgenic plants. In contrast, NtCHS1 overexpressing plants had increased rutin accumulation, lower H2O2 andO 2 - contents, and higher tolerance to salinity. These results suggested that tobacco NtMYB4 acts as a salinity response repressor and negatively regulates NtCHS1 expression, which results in the reduced flavonoid accumulation and weakened ROS-scavenging ability under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengyan Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanli Qian
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuhao Pan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengxia Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanying Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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24
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Ha J, Kang YG, Lee T, Kim M, Yoon MY, Lee E, Yang X, Kim D, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Kim MY, Lee SH. Comprehensive RNA sequencing and co-expression network analysis to complete the biosynthetic pathway of coumestrol, a phytoestrogen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1934. [PMID: 30760815 PMCID: PMC6374408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumestrol (CMS), a coumestan isoflavone, plays key roles in nodulation through communication with rhizobia, and has been used as phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy in humans. Because CMS content is controlled by multiple genetic factors, the genetic basis of CMS biosynthesis has remained unclear. We identified soybean genotypes with consistently high (Daewonkong) or low (SS0903-2B-21-1-2) CMS content over 2 years. We performed RNA sequencing of leaf samples from both genotypes at developmental stage R7, when CMS levels are highest. Within the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, 41 genes were tightly connected in a functional co-expression gene network; seven of these genes were differentially expressed between two genotypes. We identified 14 candidate genes involved in CMS biosynthesis. Among them, seven were annotated as encoding oxidoreductases that may catalyze the transfer of electrons from daidzein, a precursor of CMS. Two of the other genes, annotated as encoding a MYB domain protein and a MLP-like protein, may increase CMS accumulation in response to stress conditions. Our results will help to complete our understanding of the CMS biosynthetic pathway, and should facilitate development of soybean cultivars with high CMS content that could be used to promote the fitness of plants and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Ha
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoyeon Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Tashackori H, Sharifi M, Chashmi NA, Behmanesh M, Safaie N. Piriformospora indica cell wall modulates gene expression and metabolite profile in Linum album hairy roots. PLANTA 2018; 248:1289-1306. [PMID: 30109409 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation of Linum album hairy roots by Piriformospora indica cell wall induced the target genes and specific metabolites in phenylpropanoid pathway and shifted the amino acid metabolism toward the phenolic compound production. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to defend themselves against various biotic stresses. One of these responses is the production of metabolites that act as defense compounds. Manipulation of plant cell cultures by biotic elicitors is a useful strategy for improving the production of valuable secondary metabolites. This study focused on hairy root culture of Linum album, an important source for lignans. The effects of cell wall elicitor extracted from Piriformospora indica on phenylpropanoid derivatives were evaluated to identify metabolic traits related to biotic stress tolerance. Significant increases in lignin, lignans; lariciresinol, podophyllotoxin, and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin; phenolic acids: cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid; flavonoids: myricetin, kaempferol, and diosmin were observed in response to the fungal elicitor. In addition, the gene expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, and pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase significantly increased after elicitation. The composition of free amino acids was altered under the elicitation. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, as precursors of phenylpropanoid metabolites, were increased, but alanine, serine, and glutamic acid significantly decreased in response to the fungal elicitor, suggesting that the amino acid pathway may be shifted toward biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and precursors of the phenylpropanoid pathway. These results provided evidence that up-regulation of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway in response to the fungal elicitor resulted in enhanced metabolic responses associated with the protection in L. album. This approach can also be applied to improve lignan production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Tashackori
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Yang C, Liang Y, Qiu D, Zeng H, Yuan J, Yang X. Lignin metabolism involves Botrytis cinerea BcGs1- induced defense response in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29866036 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1319-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BcGs1, a cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE), was originally derived from Botrytis cinerea. Our previous study revealed that BcGs1 could trigger defense responses and protect plants against various pathogens. We researched the defense response mechanism underlying this BcGs1 elicitation in tomato. RESULTS We revealed that the two domains were required for BcGs1's full necrosis activity. According to analysis and quantitative real-time PCR of the up-regulated proteins and genes filtered by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome approach, oxidative metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism were speculated to be involved in BcGs1-triggered defense response in tomato. Furthermore, experimental evidence showed that BcGs1 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and increased the level of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, as well as lignin accumulation. Moreover, histochemical analysis revealed that infiltration of BcGs1 in tomato leaves exhibited cell wall thickening compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that BcGs1 activated the basal defense response included lignin metabolism contributed to BcGs1-induced resistance to Botrytis. cinerea infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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27
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Yang C, Liang Y, Qiu D, Zeng H, Yuan J, Yang X. Lignin metabolism involves Botrytis cinerea BcGs1- induced defense response in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29866036 PMCID: PMC5987389 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BcGs1, a cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE), was originally derived from Botrytis cinerea. Our previous study revealed that BcGs1 could trigger defense responses and protect plants against various pathogens. We researched the defense response mechanism underlying this BcGs1 elicitation in tomato. RESULTS We revealed that the two domains were required for BcGs1's full necrosis activity. According to analysis and quantitative real-time PCR of the up-regulated proteins and genes filtered by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome approach, oxidative metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism were speculated to be involved in BcGs1-triggered defense response in tomato. Furthermore, experimental evidence showed that BcGs1 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and increased the level of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, as well as lignin accumulation. Moreover, histochemical analysis revealed that infiltration of BcGs1 in tomato leaves exhibited cell wall thickening compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that BcGs1 activated the basal defense response included lignin metabolism contributed to BcGs1-induced resistance to Botrytis. cinerea infection in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests/ Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural science, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
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28
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Kishi-Kaboshi M, Seo S, Takahashi A, Hirochika H. The MAMP-Responsive MYB Transcription Factors MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110 Activate the HCAA Synthesis Pathway and Enhance Immunity in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:903-915. [PMID: 29562362 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, including diverse compounds, such as monolignols and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAAs), are essential for land plants to protect them against abiotic stresses, and create physical and chemical barriers to pathogen infection. However, the control of production of these compounds in response to pathogens has been poorly understood. Previously we showed that a MAMP- (microbe-associated molecular pattern) responsive MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade (MKK4-MPK3/MPK6) comprehensively induced the expression of cinnamate/monolignol synthesis genes in rice cells. Here, we identified three MYB proteins, MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110, which are transcriptionally induced by MAMP treatment, MAPK activation and pathogen inoculation. Induced expression of these MYB genes systematically and specifically induced a large part of the genes encoding enzymes in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway. Furthermore, induced expression of the MYB genes caused accumulation of ferulic acid, one of the HCAAs, and enhanced resistance to both fungal and bacterial pathogens in planta. In conclusion, MYB30, MYB55 and MYB110 are involved in the signal pathway between MAMP perception and cinnamate/monolignol synthesis, and have important roles for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shigemi Seo
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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29
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Rizzo G, Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients 2018; 10:E43. [PMID: 29304010 PMCID: PMC5793271 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy is a basic food ingredient of traditional Asian cuisine used for thousands of years. In Western countries, soybeans have been introduced about a hundred years ago and recently they are mainly used for surrogate foods production. Soy and soy foods are common nutritional solutions for vegetarians, due to their high protein content and versatility in the production of meat analogues and milk substitutes. However, there are some doubts about the potential effects on health, such as the effectiveness on cardiovascular risk reduction or, conversely, on the possible disruption of thyroid function and sexual hormones. The soy components that have stimulated the most research interest are isoflavones, which are polyphenols with estrogenic properties highly contained in soybeans. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of soy and soy foods, focusing on their nutrient content, including phytoestrogens and other bioactive substances that are noteworthy for vegetarians, the largest soy consumers in the Western countries. The safety of use will also be discussed, given the growing trend in adoption of vegetarian styles and the new soy-based foods availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Primary Care Unit, Northern District, Local Health Unit 2, 31100 Treviso, Italy.
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30
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Wang H, Chen Z, Liu G, Bai C, Qiu H, Jia Y, Luo L. Alterations of growth, antioxidant system and gene expression in Stylosanthes guianensis during Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:256-266. [PMID: 28662462 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of many plants, including stylo (Stylosanthes spp.), which is an important tropical forage legume. Although C. gloeosporioides-caused anthracnose is the major constraint limiting the growth and yield of stylo, little information is available regarding the responses of stylo during the infection process of this pathogen. This study investigated the changes in growth, the antioxidant system and gene expression in stylo in response to C. gloeosporioides treatment. Negative effects of C. gloeosporioides were observed in inoculated stylo plants, as reflected by the formation of necrotic disease lesions and the decrease in shoot fresh weight. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation increased in stylo leaves during the C. gloeosporioides infection process. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the concentrations of the antioxidant compounds ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), increased in leaves under C. gloeosporioides treatment. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis showed that the expression of stress response genes, including NADPH oxidase (Nox), thioredoxin (Thi), pathogenesis related genes (PR1 and PR5), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chalcone synthase (CHS) and chitinase (Cht), was differentially enhanced in stylo leaves by C. gloeosporioides. Taken together, this study provides novel information regarding the alterations during the infection process of C. gloeosporioides in stylo at the levels of antioxidant system and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110, PR China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, PR China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, PR China
| | - Changjun Bai
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, PR China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, PR China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110, PR China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570110, PR China.
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Singh V, Singh B, Joshi R, Jaju P, Pati PK. Changes in the leaf proteome profile of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in response to Alternaria alternata infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178924. [PMID: 28575108 PMCID: PMC5456394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera is a high value medicinal plant which is used against large number of ailments. The medicinal properties of the plant attributes to a wide array of important secondary metabolites. The plant is predominantly infected with leaf spot pathogen Alternaria alternata, which leads to substantial biodeterioration of pharmaceutically important metabolites. To develop an effective strategy to combat this disease, proteomics based approach could be useful. Hence, in the present study, three different protein extraction methods tris-buffer based, phenol based and trichloroacetic acid-acetone (TCA-acetone) based method were comparatively evaluated for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis of W. somnifera. TCA-acetone method was found to be most effective and was further used to identify differentially expressed proteins in response to fungal infection. Thirty-eight differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS/MS). The known proteins were categorized into eight different groups based on their function and maximum proteins belonged to energy and metabolism, cell structure, stress and defense and RNA/DNA categories. Differential expression of some key proteins were also crosschecked at transcriptomic level by using qRT-PCR and were found to be consistent with the 2-DE data. These outcomes enable us to evaluate modifications that take place at the proteomic level during a compatible host pathogen interaction. The comparative proteome analysis conducted in this paper revealed the involvement of many key proteins in the process of pathogenesis and further investigation of these identified proteins could assist in the discovery of new strategies for the development of pathogen resistance in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Baldev Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Jaju
- Field Application Specialist - Life Science Group, Bio-rad Laboratories (India) Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Chen KQ, Zhao XY, An XH, Tian Y, Liu DD, You CX, Hao YJ. MdHIR proteins repress anthocyanin accumulation by interacting with the MdJAZ2 protein to inhibit its degradation in apples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44484. [PMID: 28317851 PMCID: PMC5357849 DOI: 10.1038/srep44484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins negatively regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanins by interacting with bHLH transcription factors. However, it is largely unknown if and how other regulators are involved in this process. In this study, the apple MdJAZ2 protein was characterized in regards to its function in the negative regulation of anthocyanin accumulation and peel coloration. MdJAZ2 was used as a bait to screen a cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid method. The hypersensitive induced reaction (HIR) proteins, MdHIR2 and MdHIR4, were obtained from this yeast two-hybrid. The ZIM domain of MdJAZ2 and the PHB domain of the MdHIR proteins are necessary for their interactions. The interactions were further verified using an in vitro pull-down assay. Subsequently, immunoblotting assays demonstrated that MdHIR4 enhanced the stability of the MdJAZ2-GUS protein. Finally, a viral vector-based transformation method showed that MdHIR4 inhibited anthocyanin accumulation and fruit coloration in apple by modulating the expression of genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Hong An
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yi Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
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Lei Y, Hannoufa A, Yu P. The Use of Gene Modification and Advanced Molecular Structure Analyses towards Improving Alfalfa Forage. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E298. [PMID: 28146083 PMCID: PMC5343834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa is one of the most important legume forage crops in the world. In spite of its agronomic and nutritive advantages, alfalfa has some limitations in the usage of pasture forage and hay supplement. High rapid degradation of protein in alfalfa poses a risk of rumen bloat to ruminants which could cause huge economic losses for farmers. Coupled with the relatively high lignin content, which impedes the degradation of carbohydrate in rumen, alfalfa has unbalanced and asynchronous degradation ratio of nitrogen to carbohydrate (N/CHO) in rumen. Genetic engineering approaches have been used to manipulate the expression of genes involved in important metabolic pathways for the purpose of improving the nutritive value, forage yield, and the ability to resist abiotic stress. Such gene modification could bring molecular structural changes in alfalfa that are detectable by advanced structural analytical techniques. These structural analyses have been employed in assessing alfalfa forage characteristics, allowing for rapid, convenient and cost-effective analysis of alfalfa forage quality. In this article, we review two major obstacles facing alfalfa utilization, namely poor protein utilization and relatively high lignin content, and highlight genetic studies that were performed to overcome these drawbacks, as well as to introduce other improvements to alfalfa quality. We also review the use of advanced molecular structural analysis in the assessment of alfalfa forage for its potential usage in quality selection in alfalfa breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaogeng Lei
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Singh V, Singh B, Sharma A, Kaur K, Gupta A, Salar R, Hallan V, Pati P. Leaf spot disease adversely affects human health-promoting constituents and withanolide biosynthesis inWithania somnifera(L.) Dunal. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:153-165. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - B. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - A. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - K. Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - A.P. Gupta
- QC & QA; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - R.K. Salar
- Department of Biotechnology; Chaudhary Devi Lal University; Sirsa Haryana India
| | - V. Hallan
- Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
| | - P.K. Pati
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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Shine MB, Yang JW, El-Habbak M, Nagyabhyru P, Fu DQ, Navarre D, Ghabrial S, Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:627-636. [PMID: 27411159 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) or the isochorismate synthase (ICS) catalyzed steps. The ICS pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense-related SA, at least in Arabidopsis. We investigated the relative contributions of PAL and ICS to defense-related SA accumulation in soybean (Glycine max). Soybean plants silenced for five PAL isoforms or two ICS isoforms were analyzed for SA concentrations and SA-derived defense responses to the hemibiotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora sojae. We show that, unlike in Arabidopsis, PAL and ICS pathways are equally important for pathogen-induced SA biosynthesis in soybean. Knock-down of either pathway shuts down SA biosynthesis and abrogates pathogen resistance. Moreover, unlike in Arabidopsis, pathogen infection is associated with the suppression of ICS gene expression. Pathogen-induced biosynthesis of SA via the PAL pathway correlates inversely with phenylalanine concentrations. Although infections with either virulent or avirulent strains of the pathogens increase SA concentrations, resistance protein-mediated response to avirulent P. sojae strains may function in an SA-independent manner. These results show that PAL- and ICS-catalyzed reactions function cooperatively in soybean defense and highlight the importance of PAL in pathogen-induced SA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Shine
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jung-Wook Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Mohamed El-Habbak
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Padmaja Nagyabhyru
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Duroy Navarre
- Department of Plant Pathology, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA
| | - Said Ghabrial
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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36
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Hao C, Xia Z, Fan R, Tan L, Hu L, Wu B, Wu H. De novo transcriptome sequencing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and an analysis of genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in response to Phytophthora capsici. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:822. [PMID: 27769171 PMCID: PMC5075214 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piper nigrum L., or "black pepper", is an economically important spice crop in tropical regions. Black pepper production is markedly affected by foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici, and genetic improvement of black pepper is essential for combating foot rot diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism of anti- P. capsici in black pepper. The molecular mechanisms underlying foot rot susceptibility were studied by comparing transcriptome analysis between resistant (Piper flaviflorum) and susceptible (Piper nigrum cv. Reyin-1) black pepper species. RESULTS 116,432 unigenes were acquired from six libraries (three replicates of resistant and susceptible black pepper samples), which were integrated by applying BLAST similarity searches and noted by adopting Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Gene Ontology (GO) genome orthology identifiers. The reference transcriptome was mapped using two sets of digital gene expression data. Using GO enrichment analysis for the differentially expressed genes, the majority of the genes associated with the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were identified in P. flaviflorum. In addition, the expression of genes revealed that after susceptible and resistant species were inoculated with P. capsici, the majority of genes incorporated in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway were up-regulated in both species. Among various treatments and organs, all the genes were up-regulated to a relatively high degree in resistant species. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase enzyme activity increased in susceptible and resistant species after inoculation with P. capsici, and the resistant species increased faster. The resistant plants retain their vascular structure in lignin revealed by histochemical analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide critical information regarding target genes and a technological basis for future studies of black pepper genetic improvements, including transgenic breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Hao
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Rui Fan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Lehe Tan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Lisong Hu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Baoduo Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
| | - Huasong Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533 China
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37
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Ngaki MN, Wang B, Sahu BB, Srivastava SK, Farooqi MS, Kambakam S, Swaminathan S, Bhattacharyya MK. Tanscriptomic Study of the Soybean-Fusarium virguliforme Interaction Revealed a Novel Ankyrin-Repeat Containing Defense Gene, Expression of Whose during Infection Led to Enhanced Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen in Transgenic Soybean Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163106. [PMID: 27760122 PMCID: PMC5070833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium virguliforme causes the serious disease sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean. Host resistance to this pathogen is partial and is encoded by a large number of quantitative trait loci, each conditioning small effects. Breeding SDS resistance is therefore challenging and identification of single-gene encoded novel resistance mechanisms is becoming a priority to fight this devastating this fungal pathogen. In this transcriptomic study we identified a few putative soybean defense genes, expression of which is suppressed during F. virguliforme infection. The F. virguliforme infection-suppressed genes were broadly classified into four major classes. The steady state transcript levels of many of these genes were suppressed to undetectable levels immediately following F. virguliforme infection. One of these classes contains two novel genes encoding ankyrin repeat-containing proteins. Expression of one of these genes, GmARP1, during F. virguliforme infection enhances SDS resistance among the transgenic soybean plants. Our data suggest that GmARP1 is a novel defense gene and the pathogen presumably suppress its expression to establish compatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline N. Ngaki
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Binod B. Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Subodh K. Srivastava
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad S. Farooqi
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Voorend W, Nelissen H, Vanholme R, De Vliegher A, Van Breusegem F, Boerjan W, Roldán-Ruiz I, Muylle H, Inzé D. Overexpression of GA20-OXIDASE1 impacts plant height, biomass allocation and saccharification efficiency in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:997-1007. [PMID: 26903034 PMCID: PMC5019232 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased biomass yield and quality are of great importance for the improvement of feedstock for the biorefinery. For the production of bioethanol, both stem biomass yield and the conversion efficiency of the polysaccharides in the cell wall to fermentable sugars are of relevance. Increasing the endogenous levels of gibberellic acid (GA) by ectopic expression of GA20-OXIDASE1 (GA20-OX1), the rate-limiting step in GA biosynthesis, is known to affect cell division and cell expansion, resulting in larger plants and organs in several plant species. In this study, we examined biomass yield and quality traits of maize plants overexpressing GA20-OX1 (GA20-OX1). GA20-OX1 plants accumulated more vegetative biomass than control plants in greenhouse experiments, but not consistently over two years of field trials. The stems of these plants were longer but also more slender. Investigation of GA20-OX1 biomass quality using biochemical analyses showed the presence of more cellulose, lignin and cell wall residue. Cell wall analysis as well as expression analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes in developing stems revealed that cellulose and lignin were deposited earlier in development. Pretreatment of GA20-OX1 biomass with NaOH resulted in a higher saccharification efficiency per unit of dry weight, in agreement with the higher cellulose content. On the other hand, the cellulose-to-glucose conversion was slower upon HCl or hot-water pretreatment, presumably due to the higher lignin content. This study showed that biomass yield and quality traits can be interconnected, which is important for the development of future breeding strategies to improve lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Voorend
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Plant Sciences Unit - Crop Husbandry and Environment, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Sun RZ, Pan QH, Duan CQ, Wang J. Light response and potential interacting proteins of a grape flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene promoter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:70-81. [PMID: 26433636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), a member of cytochrome P450 protein family, introduces B-ring hydroxyl group in the 3' position of the flavonoid. In this study, the cDNA sequence of a F3'H gene (VviF3'H), which contains an open reading frame of 1530 bp encoding a polypeptide of 509 amino acids, was cloned and characterized from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. VviF3'H showed high homology to known F3'H genes, especially F3'Hs from the V. vinifera reference genome (Pinot Noir) and lotus. Expression profiling analysis using real-time PCR revealed that VviF3'H was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues including berries, leaves, flowers, roots, stems and tendrils, suggesting its important physiological role in plant growth and development. Moreover, the transcript level of VviF3'H gene in grape berries was relatively higher at early developmental stages and gradually decreased during véraison, and then increased in the mature phase. In addition, the promoter of VviF3'H was isolated by using TAIL-PCR. Yeast one-hybrid screening of the Cabernet Sauvignon cDNA library and subsequent in vivo/vitro validations revealed the interaction between VviF3'H promoter and several transcription factors, including members of HD-Zip, NAC, MYB and EIN families. A transcriptional regulation mechanism of VviF3'H expression is proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Sun
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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40
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Oliveira MB, de Andrade RV, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Petrofeza S. Analysis of genes that are differentially expressed during the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-Phaseolus vulgaris interaction. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1162. [PMID: 26579080 PMCID: PMC4620421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, one of the most important plant pathogens, causes white mold on a wide range of crops. Crop yield can be dramatically decreased due to this disease, depending on the plant cultivar and environmental conditions. In this study, a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library approach was used for the identification of pathogen and plant genes that were differentially expressed during infection of the susceptible cultivar BRS Pérola of Phaseolus vulgaris L. A total of 979 unigenes (430 contigs and 549 singletons) were obtained and classified according to their functional categories. The transcriptional profile of 11 fungal genes related to pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, the temporal expression profile obtained by RT-qPCR was evaluated for the following categories of plant defense-related genes: pathogenesis-related genes (PvPR1, PvPR2, and PvPR3), phenylpropanoid pathway genes (PvIsof, PvFPS1, and 4CL), and genes involved in defense and stress-related categories (PvLox, PvHiprp, PvGST, PvPod, and PvDox). Data obtained in this study provide a starting point for achieving a better understanding of the pathosystem S. sclerotiorum-P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Rosângela V. de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Interação Molecular Planta-PragaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Silvana Petrofeza
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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García-Calderón M, Pons-Ferrer T, Mrázova A, Pal'ove-Balang P, Vilková M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Vega JM, Eliášová A, Repčák M, Márquez AJ, Betti M. Modulation of phenolic metabolism under stress conditions in a Lotus japonicus mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:760. [PMID: 26442073 PMCID: PMC4585329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper was aimed to investigate the possible implications of the lack of plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2) in phenolic metabolism during stress responses in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Important changes in the transcriptome were detected in a GS2 mutant called Ljgln2-2, compared to the wild type, in response to two separate stress conditions, such as drought or the result of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. Detailed transcriptomic analysis showed that the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds was affected in the mutant plants in these two different types of stress situations. For this reason, the genes and metabolites related to this metabolic route were further investigated using a combined approach of gene expression analysis and metabolite profiling. A high induction of the expression of several genes for the biosynthesis of different branches of the phenolic biosynthetic pathway was detected by qRT-PCR. The extent of induction was always higher in Ljgln2-2, probably reflecting the higher stress levels present in this genotype. This was paralleled by accumulation of several kaempferol and quercetine glycosides, some of them described for the first time in L. japonicus, and of high levels of the isoflavonoid vestitol. The results obtained indicate that the absence of GS2 affects different aspects of phenolic metabolism in L. japonicus plants in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Teresa Pons-Ferrer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Anna Mrázova
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Vilková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - José M. Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Adriana Eliášová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of PrešovPrešov, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Repčák
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
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Ayenew B, Degu A, Manela N, Perl A, Shamir MO, Fait A. Metabolite profiling and transcript analysis reveal specificities in the response of a berry derived cell culture to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:728. [PMID: 26442042 PMCID: PMC4585150 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As climate changes, there is a need to understand the expected effects on viticulture. In nature, stresses exist in a combined manner, hampering the elucidation of the effect of individual cues on grape berry metabolism. Cell suspension culture originated from pea-size Gamy Red grape berry was used to harness metabolic response to high light (HL; 2500 μmol m(-2)s(-1)), high temperature (HT; 40°C) and their combination in comparison to 25°C and 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) under controlled condition. When LC-MS and GC-MS based metabolite profiling was implemented and integrated with targeted RT-qPCR transcript analysis specific responses were observed to the different cues. HL enhanced polyphenol metabolism while HT and its combination with HL induced amino acid and organic acid metabolism with additional effect on polyphenols. The trend of increment in TCA cycle genes like ATCs, ACo1, and IDH in the combined treatment might support the observed increment in organic acids, GABA shunt, and their derivatives. The apparent phenylalanine reduction with polyphenol increment under HL suggests enhanced fueling of the precursor toward the downstream phenylpropanoid pathway. In the polyphenol metabolism, a differential pattern of expression of flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase and flavonoid 3' hydroxylase was observed under high light (HL) and combined cues which were accompanied by characteristic metabolite profiles. HT decreased glycosylated cyanidin and peonidin forms while the combined cues increased acetylated and coumarylated peonidin forms. Transcription factors regulating anthocyanin metabolism and their methylation, MYB, OMT, UFGT, and DFR, were expressed differentially among the treatments, overall in agreement with the metabolite profiles. Taken together these data provide insights into the coordination of central and secondary metabolism in relation to multiple abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Ayenew
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Asfaw Degu
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
| | - Neta Manela
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Avichai Perl
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Michal O. Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer, Israel
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Zavala K, Opazo JC. Lineage-Specific Expansion of the Chalcone Synthase Gene Family in Rosids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133400. [PMID: 26181912 PMCID: PMC4504668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosids are a monophyletic group that includes approximately 70,000 species in 140 families, and they are found in a variety of habitats and life forms. Many important crops such as fruit trees and legumes are rosids. The evolutionary success of this group may have been influenced by their ability to produce flavonoids, secondary metabolites that are synthetized through a branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway where chalcone synthase is a key enzyme. In this work, we studied the evolution of the chalcone synthase gene family in 12 species belonging to the rosid clade. Our results show that the last common ancestor of the rosid clade possessed six chalcone synthase gene lineages that were differentially retained during the evolutionary history of the group. In fact, of the six gene lineages that were present in the last common ancestor, 7 species retained 2 of them, whereas the other 5 only retained one gene lineage. We also show that one of the gene lineages was disproportionately expanded in species that belonged to the order Fabales (soybean, barrel medic and Lotus japonicas). Based on the available literature, we suggest that this gene lineage possesses stress-related biological functions (e.g., response to UV light, pathogen defense). We propose that the observed expansion of this clade was a result of a selective pressure to increase the amount of enzymes involved in the production of phenylpropanoid pathway-derived secondary metabolites, which is consistent with the hypothesis that suggested that lineage-specific expansions fuel plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattina Zavala
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C. Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Zhang W, Wei R, Chen S, Jiang J, Li H, Huang H, Yang G, Wang S, Wei H, Liu G. Functional characterization of CCR in birch (Betula platyphylla × Betula pendula) through overexpression and suppression analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:283-96. [PMID: 25393559 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We cloned a Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase gene (BpCCR1) from an apical meristem and first internode of Betula platyphylla and characterized its functions in lignin biosynthesis, wood formation and tree growth through transgenic approaches. We generated overexpression and suppression transgenic lines and analyzed them in comparison with the wild-type in terms of lignin content, anatomical characteristics, height and biomass. We found that BpCCR1 overexpression could increase lignin content up to 14.6%, and its underexpression decreased lignin content by 6.3%. Surprisingly, modification of BpCCR1 expression led to conspicuous changes in wood characteristics, including xylem vessel number and arrangement, and secondary wall thickness. The growth of transgenic trees in terms of height was also significantly influenced by the modification of BpCCR1 genes. We discuss the functions of BpCCR1 in the context of a phylogenetic tree built with CCR genes from multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
- Harbin Research Institute of Forestry Machinery, State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Haijiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Guifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
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Iberkleid I, Sela N, Brown Miyara S. Meloidogyne javanica fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein (Mj-FAR-1) regulates expression of lipid-, cell wall-, stress- and phenylpropanoid-related genes during nematode infection of tomato. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:272. [PMID: 25886179 PMCID: PMC4450471 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secreted Meloidogyne javanica fatty acid- and retinol-binding (FAR) protein Mj-FAR-1 is involved in nematode development and reproduction in host tomato roots. To gain further insight into the role of Mj-FAR-1 in regulating disease development, local transcriptional changes were monitored in tomato hairy root lines with constitutive mj-far-1 expression compared with control roots without inoculation, and 2, 5 and 15 days after inoculation (DAI), using mRNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS Gene-expression profiling revealed a total of 3970 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two lines. Among the DEGs, 1093, 1039, 1959, and 1328 genes were up- or downregulated 2-fold with false discovery rate < 0.001 in noninoculated roots, and roots 2, 5, and 15 DAI compared with control roots, respectively. Four main groups of genes that might be associated with Mj-FAR-1-mediated susceptibility were identified: 1) genes involved in biotic stress responses such as pathogen-defense mechanisms and hormone metabolism; 2) genes involved in phenylalanine and phenylpropanoid metabolism; 3) genes associated with cell wall synthesis, modification or degradation; and 4) genes associated with lipid metabolism. All of these genes were overrepresented among the DEGs. Studying the distances between the treatments, samples from noninoculated roots and roots at 2 DAI clustered predominantly according to the temporal dynamics related to nematode infection. However, at the later time points (5 and 15 DAI), samples clustered predominantly according to mj-far-1 overexpression, indicating that at these time points Mj-FAR-1 is more important in defining a common transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS The presence of four groups of DEGs demonstrates a network of molecular events is mediated by Mj-FAR-1 that leads to highly complex manipulation of plant defense responses against nematode invasion. The results shed light on the in vivo role of secreted FAR proteins in parasitism, and add to the mounting evidence that secreted FAR proteins play a major role in nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionit Iberkleid
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sigal Brown Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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Allie F, Pierce EJ, Okoniewski MJ, Rey C. Transcriptional analysis of South African cassava mosaic virus-infected susceptible and tolerant landraces of cassava highlights differences in resistance, basal defense and cell wall associated genes during infection. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1006. [PMID: 25412561 PMCID: PMC4253015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava mosaic disease is caused by several distinct geminivirus species, including South African cassava mosaic virus-[South Africa:99] (SACMV). To date, there is limited gene regulation information on viral stress responses in cassava, and global transcriptome profiling in SACMV-infected cassava represents an important step towards understanding natural host responses to plant geminiviruses. RESULTS A RNA-seq time course (12, 32 and 67 dpi) study, monitoring gene expression in SACMV-challenged susceptible (T200) and tolerant (TME3) cassava landraces, was performed using the Applied Biosystems (ABI) SOLiD next-generation sequencing platform. The multiplexed paired end sequencing run produced a total of 523 MB and 693 MB of paired-end reads for SACMV-infected susceptible and tolerant cDNA libraries, respectively. Of these, approximately 50.7% of the T200 reads and 55.06% of TME3 reads mapped to the cassava reference genome available in phytozome. Using a log2 fold cut-off (p<0.05), comparative analysis between the six normalized cDNA libraries showed that 4181 and 1008 transcripts in total were differentially expressed in T200 and TME3, respectively, across 12, 32 and 67 days post infection, compared to mock-inoculated. The number of responsive transcripts increased dramatically from 12 to 32 dpi in both cultivars, but in contrast, in T200 the levels did not change significantly at 67 dpi, while in TME3 they declined. GOslim functional groups illustrated that differentially expressed genes in T200 and TME3 were overrepresented in the cellular component category for stress-related genes, plasma membrane and nucleus. Alterations in the expression of other interesting genes such as transcription factors, resistance (R) genes, and histone/DNA methylation-associated genes, were observed. KEGG pathway analysis uncovered important altered metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sucrose and starch metabolism, and plant hormone signalling. CONCLUSIONS Molecular mechanisms for TME3 tolerance are proposed, and differences in patterns and levels of transcriptome profiling between T200 and TME3 with susceptible and tolerant phenotypes, respectively, support the hypothesis that viruses rearrange their molecular interactions in adapting to hosts with different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhahna Allie
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
| | - Erica J Pierce
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
| | - Michal J Okoniewski
- />Functional Genomics Center, Zurich, UNI ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chrissie Rey
- />School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
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Bansal R, Mian MAR, Mittapalli O, Michel AP. RNA-Seq reveals a xenobiotic stress response in the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, when fed aphid-resistant soybean. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:972. [PMID: 25399334 PMCID: PMC4289043 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much recent research has expanded our understanding of the molecular interactions between aphids and their host plants, it is lacking for the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. Since its North American invasion, A. glycines has become one of the most damaging insect pests on this important crop. Five soybean genes for host plant resistance to A. glycines have been identified, but populations of A. glycines have already adapted to overcome these resistance genes. Understanding the molecular interactions between resistant soybean and A. glycines can provide clues to its adaptation mechanisms. Here, we used RNA-Sequencing to compare and contrast A. glycines gene expression when fed resistant (Rag1) and susceptible soybean. RESULTS Combining results from a previous A. glycines transcriptome, we generated 64,860 high quality transcripts, totaling 41,151,086 bases. Statistical analysis revealed 914 genes with significant differential expression. Most genes with higher expression in A. glycines on resistant plants (N = 352) were related to stress and detoxification such as cytochrome P450s, glutathione-S-transferases, carboxyesterases, and ABC transporters. A total of 562 genes showed lower transcript abundance in A. glycines on resistant plants. From our extensive transcriptome data, we also identified genes encoding for putative salivary effector proteins (N = 73). Among these, 6 effector genes have lower transcript abundance in A. glycines feeding on resistant soybean. CONCLUSIONS Overall, A. glycines exhibited a pattern typical of xenobiotic challenge, thereby validating antibiosis in Rag1, presumably mediated through toxic secondary metabolites. Additionally, this study identified many A. glycines genes and gene families at the forefront of its molecular interaction with soybean. Further investigation of these genes in other biotypes may reveal adaptation mechanisms to resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Bansal
- />Department of Entomology, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - MAR Mian
- />Department of Entomology, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- />USDA-ARS Corn and Soybean Research Unit, and the Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Omprakash Mittapalli
- />Department of Entomology, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Andy P Michel
- />Department of Entomology, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Activation of salicylic acid metabolism and signal transduction can enhance resistance to Fusarium wilt in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish). Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:47-62. [PMID: 25277445 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubens (Foc) is the most serious disease that attacks banana plants. Salicylic acid (SA) can play a key role in plant-microbe interactions. Our study is the first to examine the role of SA in conferring resistance to Foc TR4 in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish), which is the greatest commercial importance cultivar in Musa. We used quantitative real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression profiles of 45 genes related to SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling pathways in a susceptible banana cultivar (cv. Cavendish) and a resistant banana cultivar (cv. Nongke No. 1) inoculated with Foc TR4. The expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling pathways was suppressed in a susceptible cultivar and activated in a resistant cultivar. The SA levels in each treatment arm were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. SA levels were decreased in the susceptible cultivar and increased in the resistant cultivar. Finally, we examined the contribution of exogenous SA to Foc TR4 resistance in susceptible banana plants. The expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways as well as SA levels were significantly increased. The results suggest that one reason for banana susceptibility to Foc TR4 is that expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and SA levels are suppressed and that the induced resistance observed in banana against Foc TR4 might be a case of salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance.
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Molecular Profiling of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)-Responsive Transcripts in Sugarcane Challenged with Colletotrichum falcatum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2839-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Margaria P, Ferrandino A, Caciagli P, Kedrina O, Schubert A, Palmano S. Metabolic and transcript analysis of the flavonoid pathway in diseased and recovered Nebbiolo and Barbera grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) following infection by Flavescence dorée phytoplasma. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2183-200. [PMID: 24689527 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) infections seriously affect production and survival of grapevine. We analysed the changes in the flavonoid pathway occurring in two red cultivars, the highly susceptible Barbera and the less susceptible Nebbiolo, following FDp infection. A combination of metabolic and transcript analyses was used to quantify flavonoid compounds and expression of a set of genes involved in their biosynthesis. Quantification of anthocyanins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and related biosynthetic enzymes was performed over the vegetative season, at four time points, on healthy, infected and recovered plants. A strong activation of anthocyanin accumulation was observed in infected Barbera leaves, while the response was less marked in Nebbiolo. Proanthocyanidins also accumulated mainly in infected Barbera leaves, even if basal proanthocyanidin concentration was higher in healthy and recovered Nebbiolo. Biochemical data were supported by transcript analysis: genes of the stem flavonoid pathway and of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches were expressed at a higher level in infected than in healthy plants, with a different magnitude between the two cultivars. Based on our results, we hypothesize that flavonoid accumulation is a physiological consequence of FD infection without affecting phytoplasma multiplication, although proanthocyanidin accumulation could help repel further infection by the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Margaria
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, 10135, Torino, Italy
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