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Kakuya F, Terao R, Onoda H, Okubo H, Fujiyasu H, Inyaku F, Fukuura A, Arai T, Kinebuchi T. Epidemiology of endemic human coronavirus infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:400-405. [PMID: 37979777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the coronavirus family that also includes endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) types OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63. HCoVs share extensive sequence homology with SARS-CoV-2. It has been assumed that HCoV infection occur primarily in winter and spring in Japan before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and that its frequency is the same for all age groups. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected for HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2. All medical data were retrospectively analyzed. Our primary objective was to describe the epidemiology of HCoV in the Furano, Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our secondary objective was to compare the prevalence of HCoV with that of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS From September 2020 to August 2022, 113 (6.2 %) of 1823 cases were positive for any HCoV. The HCoV-NL63 activity peaked in January-March 2021. The HCoV-OC43 activity peaked in June-August 2021. HCoVs were mostly detected at age ≤11 years and most frequently at age ≤2 years. HCoVs showed high detection in 2021, while SARS-CoV-2 showed moderate detection in 2020-2021, but significantly increased in 2022. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 pandemic, HCoV-OC43 activity peaked in the summer. The frequency of HCoV infection varied widely by age group and was higher among those aged ≤11 years. These were different from those reported before the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings suggest that the disease dynamics of HCoVs remain unclear and that continued surveillance is essential in the post-COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujio Kakuya
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan.
| | - Ryuta Terao
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | - Hikaru Onoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Inyaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | - Ai Fukuura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | - Toshio Arai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kinebuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Japan
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Joseph JO, Ylade M, Daag JV, Aogo R, Crisostomo MV, Mpingabo P, Premkumar L, Deen J, Katzelnick L. High transmission of endemic human coronaviruses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents in Cebu, Philippines. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3581033. [PMID: 38014070 PMCID: PMC10680936 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3581033/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is a betacoronavirus belonging to the same genus as endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) OC43 and HKU1 and is distinct from alpha hCoVs 229E and NL63. In a study of adolescents in the Philippines, we evaluated the seroprevalence to hCoVs, whether pre-pandemic hCoV immunity modulated subsequent risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and if SARS-CoV-2 infection affected the transmission of the hCoVs. METHODS From 499 samples collected in 2021 and screened by SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we randomly selected 59 SARS-CoV-2 negative and 61 positive individuals for further serological evaluation. We measured RBD and spike antibodies to the four hCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA in samples from the same participants collected pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and mid-pandemic (2021), before COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS We observed over 72% seropositivity to the four hCoVs pre-pandemic. Binding antibodies increased with age to 229E and OC43, suggesting endemic circulation, while immunity was flat across ages for HKU1 and NL63. During the COVID-19 pandemic, antibody level increased significantly to the RBDs of OC43, NL63, and 229E and spikes of all four hCoVs in both SARS-CoV-2 negative and positive adolescents. Those aged 12-15 years old in 2021 had higher antibodies to RBD and spike of OC43, NL63, and 229E than adolescents the same age in 2019, further demonstrating intense transmission of the hCoVs during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS We observe a limited impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endemic hCoV transmission. This study provides insight into co-circulation of hCoVs and SARS-CoV-2.
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Dowell AC, Tut G, Begum J, Bruton R, Bentley C, Butler M, Uwenedi G, Zuo J, Powell AA, Brent AJ, Brent B, Baawuah F, Okike I, Beckmann J, Ahmad S, Aiano F, Garstang J, Ramsay ME, Moss P, Ladhani SN. Nasal mucosal IgA levels against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses are low in children but boosted by reinfection. J Infect 2023; 87:403-412. [PMID: 37660754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Repeated coronavirus infections in childhood drive progressive maturation of systemic immune responses into adulthood. Analyses of immune responses in children have focused primarily upon systemic assessment but the importance of mucosal immunity is increasingly recognised. We studied virus-specific antibody responses in contemporaneous nasal swabs and blood samples from 99 children (4-15 years) and 28 adults (22-56 years), all of whom had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whilst mucosal IgA titres against Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial virus were comparable between children and adults, those against all coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, were lower in children. Mucosal IgA antibodies demonstrated comparable relative neutralisation capacity in both groups and retained activity against recent omicron variants such as XBB.1 which are highly evasive of IgG neutralisation. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection preferentially enhanced mucosal IgA responses whilst the impact of vaccination was more modest. Nasal IgA levels against coronaviruses thus display a pattern of incremental response to reinfection which likely determines the natural history of reinfection. This highlights the particular significance of developing mucosal vaccines against coronaviruses in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Butler
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Uwenedi
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel A Powell
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Baawuah
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ifeanyichukwu Okike
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Beckmann
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Allie Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Holt Street, Aston, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom.
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Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
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Yin D, Han Z, Lang B, Li Y, Mai G, Chen H, Feng L, Chen YQ, Luo H, Xiong Y, Jing L, Du X, Shu Y, Sun C. Effect of seasonal coronavirus immune imprinting on the immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195533. [PMID: 37654488 PMCID: PMC10467281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-existing cross-reactive immunity among different coronaviruses, also termed immune imprinting, may have a comprehensive impact on subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness. Here, we aim to explore the interplay between pre-existing seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs) antibodies and the humoral immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccination. Methods We first collected serum samples from healthy donors prior to COVID-19 pandemic and individuals who had received COVID-19 vaccination post-pandemic in China, and the levels of IgG antibodies against sCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 were detected by ELISA. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in magnitude and seropositivity rate between two groups. Then, we recruited a longitudinal cohort to collect serum samples before and after COVID-19 vaccination. The levels of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S, S1, S2 and N antigen were monitored. Association between pre-existing sCoVs antibody and COVID-19 vaccination-induced antibodies were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. Results 96.0% samples (339/353) showed the presence of IgG antibodies against at least one subtype of sCoVs. 229E and OC43 exhibited the highest seroprevalence rates at 78.5% and 72.0%, respectively, followed by NL63 (60.9%) and HKU1 (52.4%). The levels of IgG antibodies against two β coronaviruses (OC43 and HKU1) were significantly higher in these donors who had inoculated with COVID-19 vaccines compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors. However, we found that COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody levels were not significant different between two groups with high levelor low level of pre-existing sCoVs antibody among the longitudinal cohort. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of antibodies against sCoVs in Chinese population. The immune imprinting by sCoVs could be reactivated by COVID-19 vaccination, but it did not appear to be a major factor affecting the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccine. These findings will provide insights into understanding the impact of immune imprinting on subsequent multiple shots of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Emergency Manage Department, Foshan, China
| | - Guoqin Mai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbiao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaming Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Lin Jing
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Dowell AC, Lancaster T, Bruton R, Ireland G, Bentley C, Sylla P, Zuo J, Scott S, Jadir A, Begum J, Roberts T, Stephens C, Ditta S, Shepherdson R, Powell AA, Brent AJ, Brent B, Baawuah F, Okike I, Beckmann J, Ahmad S, Aiano F, Garstang J, Ramsay ME, Azad R, Waiblinger D, Willett B, Wright J, Ladhani SN, Moss P. Immunological imprinting of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3845. [PMID: 37386081 PMCID: PMC10310754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 are globally dominant and infection rates are very high in children. We measure immune responses following Omicron BA.1/2 infection in children aged 6-14 years and relate this to prior and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Primary Omicron infection elicits a weak antibody response with poor functional neutralizing antibodies. Subsequent Omicron reinfection or COVID-19 vaccination elicits increased antibody titres with broad neutralisation of Omicron subvariants. Prior pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 virus infection or vaccination primes for robust antibody responses following Omicron infection but these remain primarily focussed against ancestral variants. Primary Omicron infection thus elicits a weak antibody response in children which is boosted after reinfection or vaccination. Cellular responses are robust and broadly equivalent in all groups, providing protection against severe disease irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 variant. Immunological imprinting is likely to act as an important determinant of long-term humoral immunity, the future clinical importance of which is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgina Ireland
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Roberts
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christine Stephens
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shabana Ditta
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rebecca Shepherdson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Annabel A Powell
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Bernadette Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Baawuah
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Ifeanyichukwu Okike
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby, UK
| | - Joanne Beckmann
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Allie Street, London, UK
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Holt Street, Aston, UK
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK.
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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7
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Kolehmainen P, Huttunen M, Iakubovskaia A, Maljanen S, Tauriainen S, Yatkin E, Pasternack A, Naves R, Toivonen L, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Lempainen J, Peltola V, Waris M, Kakkola L, Ritvos O, Julkunen I. Coronavirus spike protein-specific antibodies indicate frequent infections and reinfections in infancy and among BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8416. [PMID: 37225867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections in early childhood and adults has not been well analyzed in longitudinal serological studies. Here we analyzed the changes in HCoV (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2) spike-specific antibody levels in follow-up serum specimens of 140 children at the age of 1, 2, and 3 years, and of 113 healthcare workers vaccinated for Covid-19 with BNT162b2-vaccine. IgG antibody levels against six recombinant HCoV spike subunit 1 (S1) proteins were measured by enzyme immunoassay. We show that by the age of three years the cumulative seropositivity for seasonal HCoVs increased to 38-81% depending on virus type. BNT162b2 vaccinations increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies, but no increase in seasonal coronavirus antibodies associated with vaccinations. In healthcare workers (HCWs), during a 1-year follow-up, diagnostic antibody rises were seen in 5, 4 and 14% of the cases against 229E, NL63 and OC43 viruses, respectively, correlating well with the circulating HCoVs. In 6% of the HCWs, a diagnostic antibody rise was seen against S1 of HKU1, however, these rises coincided with anti-OC43 S1 antibody rises. Rabbit and guinea pig immune sera against HCoV S1 proteins indicated immunological cross-reactivity within alpha-CoV (229E and NL63) and beta-CoV (HKU1 and OC43) genera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alina Iakubovskaia
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauno Naves
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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8
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Schubl SD, Figueroa C, Palma AM, de Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Brabender D, Hosseinian S, Naaseh A, Hernandez Dominguez O, Runge A, Skochko S, Chinn J, Kelsey AJ, Lai KT, Zhao W, Horvath P, Tifrea D, Grigorian A, Gonzales A, Adelsohn S, Zaldivar F, Edwards R, Amin AN, Stamos MJ, Barie PS, Felgner PL, Khan S. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in a health care worker population during the early pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:330. [PMID: 37194021 PMCID: PMC10186297 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While others have reported severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence studies in health care workers (HCWs), we leverage the use of a highly sensitive coronavirus antigen microarray to identify a group of seropositive health care workers who were missed by daily symptom screening that was instituted prior to any epidemiologically significant local outbreak. Given that most health care facilities rely on daily symptom screening as the primary method to identify SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers, here, we aim to determine how demographic, occupational, and clinical variables influence SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among health care workers. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional survey of HCWs for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity conducted from May 15th to June 30th 2020 at a 418-bed academic hospital in Orange County, California. From an eligible population of 5,349 HCWs, study participants were recruited in two ways: an open cohort, and a targeted cohort. The open cohort was open to anyone, whereas the targeted cohort that recruited HCWs previously screened for COVID-19 or work in high-risk units. A total of 1,557 HCWs completed the survey and provided specimens, including 1,044 in the open cohort and 513 in the targeted cohort. Demographic, occupational, and clinical variables were surveyed electronically. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was assessed using a coronavirus antigen microarray (CoVAM), which measures antibodies against eleven viral antigens to identify prior infection with 98% specificity and 93% sensitivity. RESULTS Among tested HCWs (n = 1,557), SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was 10.8%, and risk factors included male gender (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05-2.06), exposure to COVID-19 outside of work (2.29, 1.14-4.29), working in food or environmental services (4.85, 1.51-14.85), and working in COVID-19 units (ICU: 2.28, 1.29-3.96; ward: 1.59, 1.01-2.48). Amongst 1,103 HCWs not previously screened, seropositivity was 8.0%, and additional risk factors included younger age (1.57, 1.00-2.45) and working in administration (2.69, 1.10-7.10). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity is significantly higher than reported case counts even among HCWs who are meticulously screened. Seropositive HCWs missed by screening were more likely to be younger, work outside direct patient care, or have exposure outside of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Schubl
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cesar Figueroa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anton M Palma
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael R de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Algimantas Jasinskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Brabender
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hosseinian
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Naaseh
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Ava Runge
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Skochko
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Justine Chinn
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam J Kelsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kieu T Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter Horvath
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Delia Tifrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Areg Grigorian
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abran Gonzales
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Adelsohn
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frank Zaldivar
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alpesh N Amin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Stamos
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip S Barie
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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9
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Sayama Y, Okamoto M, Saito M, Saito-Obata M, Tamaki R, Joboco CD, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Seroprevalence of four endemic human coronaviruses and, reactivity and neutralization capability against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2310. [PMID: 36759702 PMCID: PMC9909632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43, are closely related to SARS-CoV-2. These coronaviruses are known to infect humans living in temperate areas, including children under 5 years old; however, the seroprevalence of four HCoVs among children in tropical areas, including the Philippines, remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against four HCoVs and to determine the reactivity and neutralization of these antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among children in the Philippines. A total of 315 serum samples collected from 2015 to 2018, before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, in Biliran island, Philippines, were tested for the presence of antibodies against four HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 using recombinant spike ectodomain proteins by IgG-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactivity to and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 were also investigated. The seroprevalence of the four HCoVs was 63.8% for HCoV-229E, 71.4% for HCoV-NL63, 76.5% for HCoV-HKU1, and 83.5% for HCoV-OC43 by ELISA. Age group analysis indicated that seropositivity to all HCoVs reached 80% by 2-3 years of age. While 69/315 (21.9%) of the samples showed reactive to SARS-CoV-2, almost no neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 was detected using neutralization assay. Reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein obtained by ELISA may not correlate with neutralization capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Saito-Obata
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Raita Tamaki
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Socorro Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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10
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Lobaina Y, Chen R, Ai P, Yang L, Alvarez-Lajonchere L, Suzarte E, Tan C, Silva R, Jiang Z, Yang K, Perera Y, Hermida L. Cross-Reactive Profile Against Two Conserved Coronavirus Antigens in Sera from SARS-CoV-2 Hybrid and Vaccinated Immune Donors. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:222-228. [PMID: 36735580 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the pandemic, the pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has been postulated as one possible cause of asymptomatic infections. Later, various works reported that pre-existing immune response against the two structural conserved antigens: S2 subunit and the nucleocapsid protein, were associated to some level of asymptomatic profile in infected individuals. To explore the Ab background against these two antigens, in the context of vaccine-elicited and hybrid (natural infection plus vaccination induced) immunity of SARS-CoV-2, in this work, we tested sera from inactivated vaccine-immunized donors and from vaccinated and subsequent natural infected donors upon the Omicron variant wave in Guangdong province, China. Serum samples were collected from 27 COVID-19 convalescent, 25 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated, and 10 negative donors. The IgG cross-reactivity response against these two antigens from another relevant human coronavirus (HCoV) was also evaluated. The findings indicate that IgG response against S2 and N protein was particularly higher in sera with hybrid immunity. The cross-reactive Abs were more significant against SARS-CoV-1, while a wide cross-reactivity was detected for N antigen for one human Alpha coronavirus HCoV-229E even in the negative control samples. The presence of cross-reactive Abs against the two conserved antigens N and S2, particularly in the context of hybrid immunity, could pave the way for future boosted vaccines carrying these conserved regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Lobaina
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,CIGB: Vaccines & Pharmaceutics Division, Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rong Chen
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Panchao Ai
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Liling Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Ninth People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Liz Alvarez-Lajonchere
- CIGB: Vaccines & Pharmaceutics Division, Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Edith Suzarte
- CIGB: Vaccines & Pharmaceutics Division, Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Changyuan Tan
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Ricardo Silva
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,BCF: BioCubafarma, Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixue Jiang
- Guangdong Eighth People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Ke Yang
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongzhou, China
| | - Yasser Perera
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,CIGB: Vaccines & Pharmaceutics Division, Biomedical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- CCBJIC: China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center, Yongzhou, China.,BCF: BioCubafarma, Representative Office in China, Beijing, China
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11
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Luo Y, Lv H, Zhao S, Sun Y, Liu C, Chen C, Liang W, Kwok KO, Teo QW, So RTY, Lin Y, Deng Y, Li B, Dai Z, Zhu J, Zhang D, Fernando J, Wu NC, Tun HM, Bruzzone R, Mok CKP, Mu X. Age-related seroprevalence trajectories of seasonal coronaviruses in children including neonates in Guangzhou, China. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:26-32. [PMID: 36481488 PMCID: PMC9721286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Four seasonal coronaviruses, including human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 cause approximately 15-30% of common colds in adults. However, the full landscape of the immune trajectory to these viruses that covers the whole childhood period is still not well understood. METHODS We evaluated the serological responses against the four seasonal coronaviruses in 1886 children aged under 18 years by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The optical density values against each HCoV were determined from each sample. Generalized additive models were constructed to determine the relationship between age and seroprevalence throughout the whole childhood period. The specific antibody levels against the four seasonal coronaviruses were also tested from the plasma samples of 485 pairs of postpartum women and their newborn babies. RESULTS The immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels of the four seasonal coronaviruses in the mother and the newborn babies were highly correlated (229E: r = 0.63; OC43: r = 0.65; NL63: r = 0.69; HKU1: r = 0.63). The seroprevalences in children showed a similar trajectory in that the levels of IgG in the neonates dropped significantly and reached the lowest level after the age of around 1 year (229E: 1.18 years; OC43: 0.97 years; NL63: 1.01 years; HKU1: 1.02 years) and then resurgence in the children who aged older than 1 year. Using the lowest level from the generalized additive models as our cutoff, the seroprevalences for HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 were 98.11%, 96.23%, 96.23% and 94.34% at the age of 16-18 years. CONCLUSION Mothers share HCoV-specific IgGs with their newborn babies and the level of maternal IgGs waned at around 1 year after birth. The resurgence of the HCoV-specific IgGs was found thereafter with the increase in age suggesting repeated infection occurred in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasha Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yuanxin Sun
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China,The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunke Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiwen Liang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-on Kwok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Ray TY So
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuhong Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixi Dai
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dengwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia Fernando
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Hein M. Tun
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China,The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris KP Mok
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China,The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Corresponding authors:
| | - Xiaoping Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding authors:
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12
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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13
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Wong LSY, Loo EXL, Huang CH, Yap GC, Tay MJY, Chua RXY, Kang AYH, Lu L, Lee BW, Shek LPC, Zhang J, Chia WN, Wang LF, Tham EH, Tambyah PA. Early seasonal coronavirus seroconversion did not produce cross-protective SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. J Infect 2023; 86:e10-e12. [PMID: 36067868 PMCID: PMC9443925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Su Yin Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System,Corresponding author at: Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | - Chiung-Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Gaik Chin Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Michelle Jia Yu Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Regena Xin Yi Chua
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Alicia Yi Hui Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Liangjian Lu
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- National University Hospital, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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14
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Gregory DJ, Vannier A, Duey AH, Roady TJ, Dzeng RK, Pavlovic MN, Chapin MH, Mukherjee S, Wilmot H, Chronos N, Charles RC, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC, Miller TE, Garcia-Beltran WF, Thierauf JC, Iafrate AJ, Mullenbrock S, Stump MD, Wetzel RK, Polakiewicz RD, Naranbhai V, Poznansky MC. Repertoires of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes targeted by antibodies vary according to severity of COVID-19. Virulence 2022; 13:890-902. [PMID: 35587156 PMCID: PMC9122311 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2073025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are central to recovery and immunity from COVID-19. However, the relationship between disease severity and the repertoire of antibodies against specific SARS-CoV-2 epitopes an individual develops following exposure remains incompletely understood. Here, we studied seroprevalence of antibodies to specific SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronavirus antigens in a well-annotated, community sample of convalescent and never-infected individuals obtained in August 2020. One hundred and twenty-four participants were classified into five groups: previously exposed but without evidence of infection, having no known exposure or evidence of infection, seroconverted without symptoms, previously diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19, and recovered after hospitalization with COVID-19. Prevalence of IgGs specific to the following antigens was compared between the five groups: recombinant SARS-CoV-2 and betacoronavirus spike and nucleocapsid protein domains, peptides from a tiled array of 22-mers corresponding to the entire spike and nucleocapsid proteins, and peptides corresponding to predicted immunogenic regions from other proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Antibody abundance generally correlated positively with severity of prior illness. A number of specific immunogenic peptides and some that may be associated with milder illness or protection from symptomatic infection were identified. No convincing association was observed between antibodies to Receptor Binding Domain(s) (RBDs) of less pathogenic betacoronaviruses HKU1 or OC43 and COVID-19 severity. However, apparent cross-reaction with SARS-CoV RBD was evident and some predominantly asymptomatic individuals had antibodies to both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV RBDs. Findings from this pilot study may inform development of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutic antibodies, and provide insight into viral pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Augustin Vannier
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiro H. Duey
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler J. Roady
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard K. Dzeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maia N. Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H. Chapin
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Mukherjee
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Richelle C. Charles
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Cardiology Care Clinics, Eatonton, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia C. Thierauf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Li N, Li X, Wu J, Zhang S, Zhu L, Chen Q, Fan Y, Wu Z, Xie S, Chen Q, Wang N, Wu N, Luo C, Shu Y, Luo H. Pre-existing humoral immunity to low pathogenic human coronaviruses exhibits limited cross-reactive antibodies response against SARS-CoV-2 in children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042406. [PMCID: PMC9626651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes asymptomatic or mild symptoms, even rare hospitalization in children. A major concern is whether the pre-existing antibodies induced by low pathogenic human coronaviruses (LPH-CoVs) in children can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. To address this unresolved question, we analyzed the pre-existing spike (S)-specific immunoglobin (Ig) G antibodies against LPH-CoVs and the cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 658 serum samples collected from children prior to SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We found that the seroprevalence of these four LPH-CoVs reached 75.84%, and about 24.64% of the seropositive samples had cross-reactive IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid, S, and receptor binding domain antigens of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the re-infections with different LPH-CoVs occurred frequently in children and tended to increase the cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. From the forty-nine serum samples with cross-reactive anti-S IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, we found that seven samples with a median age of 1.4 years old had detected neutralizing activity for the wild-type or mutant SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotypes. Interestingly, all of the seven samples contained anti-S IgG antibodies against HCoV-OC43. Together, these data suggest that children’s pre-existing antibodies to LPH-CoVs have limited cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against SRAS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XueYun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengze Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidian Xie
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuming Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huanle Luo, ; Yuelong Shu,
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huanle Luo, ; Yuelong Shu,
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17
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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18
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Pereira FM, Salomão de Araujo A, Catarina Martins Reis A, Santos da Hora A, Pinotti F, Paton RS, Vilas Boas Figueiredo C, Lopes Damasceno C, Carlos dos Santos D, Souza de Santana D, Freitas Sales D, Ariana Andrade Brandão E, da Silva Batista E, Campos de Sousa FS, Santana Menezes G, Silveira dos Santos J, Gomes Lima J, Tadeu Brito J, Dandara dos Santos L, Reboredo L, Santana Santos M, Kelly Astete Gomez M, Freitas da Cruz M, Rosa Ampuero M, Guerra Lemos da Silva M, S. da Paixão Melo M, Ferreira da Silva M, de Jesus Gonçalves dos Santos N, de Souza Pessoa N, Silva de Araujo R, de Macedo Godim T, Fraga de Oliveira Tosta S, Brandão Nardy V, Cristina Faria E, Frederico de Carvalho Dominguez Souza B, Laís Almeida dos Santos J, Wikramaratna P, Giovanetti M, Alcântara LCJ, Lourenço J, Leal e Silva de Mello A. Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071549. [PMID: 35891528 PMCID: PMC9321627 DOI: 10.3390/v14071549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RT-PCR testing data provides opportunities to explore regional and individual determinants of test positivity and surveillance infrastructure. Using Generalized Additive Models, we explored 222,515 tests of a random sample of individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the Brazilian state of Bahia during 2020. We found that age and male gender were the most significant determinants of test positivity. There was evidence of an unequal impact among socio-demographic strata, with higher positivity among those living in areas with low education levels during the first epidemic wave, followed by those living in areas with higher education levels in the second wave. Our estimated probability of testing positive after symptom onset corroborates previous reports that the probability decreases with time, more than halving by about two weeks and converging to zero by three weeks. Test positivity rates generally followed state-level reported cases, and while a single laboratory performed ~90% of tests covering ~99% of the state's area, test turn-around time generally remained below four days. This testing effort is a testimony to the Bahian surveillance capacity during public health emergencies, as previously witnessed during the recent Zika and Yellow Fever outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicidade Mota Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Aline Salomão de Araujo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Ana Catarina Martins Reis
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Anadilton Santos da Hora
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Francesco Pinotti
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; (F.P.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; (F.P.); (R.S.P.)
| | - Camylla Vilas Boas Figueiredo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Caroline Lopes Damasceno
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Daiana Carlos dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Daniele Souza de Santana
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Danielle Freitas Sales
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Evelyn Ariana Andrade Brandão
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Everton da Silva Batista
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Fulvia Soares Campos de Sousa
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Gabriela Santana Menezes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Jackeline Silveira dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Jaqueline Gomes Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Jean Tadeu Brito
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Lenisa Dandara dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Luciana Reboredo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Maiara Santana Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Marcela Kelly Astete Gomez
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Marcia Freitas da Cruz
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Mariele Guerra Lemos da Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Mariza S. da Paixão Melo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Marta Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Nadja de Jesus Gonçalves dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Núbia de Souza Pessoa
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Ramile Silva de Araujo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Taiane de Macedo Godim
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | | | - Vanessa Brandão Nardy
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Elaine Cristina Faria
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Breno Frederico de Carvalho Dominguez Souza
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | - Jessica Laís Almeida dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
| | | | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University of Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcântara
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (L.C.J.A.); (J.L.)
| | - José Lourenço
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.C.J.A.); (J.L.)
| | - Arabela Leal e Silva de Mello
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador 40295-010, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (A.S.d.A.); (A.C.M.R.); (A.S.d.H.); (C.V.B.F.); (C.L.D.); (D.C.d.S.); (D.S.d.S.); (D.F.S.); (E.A.A.B.); (E.d.S.B.); (F.S.C.d.S.); (G.S.M.); (J.S.d.S.); (J.G.L.); (J.T.B.); (L.D.d.S.); (L.R.); (M.S.S.); (M.K.A.G.); (M.F.d.C.); (M.R.A.); (M.G.L.d.S.); (M.S.d.P.M.); (M.F.d.S.); (N.d.J.G.d.S.); (N.d.S.P.); (R.S.d.A.); (T.d.M.G.); (V.B.N.); (E.C.F.); (B.F.d.C.D.S.); (J.L.A.d.S.); (A.L.e.S.d.M.)
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19
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Kolehmainen P, Heroum J, Jalkanen P, Huttunen M, Toivonen L, Marjomäki V, Waris M, Smura T, Kakkola L, Tauriainen S, Peltola V, Julkunen I. Serological Follow-Up Study Indicates High Seasonal Coronavirus Infection and Reinfection Rates in Early Childhood. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0196721. [PMID: 35481830 PMCID: PMC9241850 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory infections, especially in children. Currently, the knowledge on early childhood seasonal coronavirus infections and the duration of antibody levels following the first infections is limited. Here we analyzed serological follow-up samples to estimate the rate of primary infection and reinfection(s) caused by seasonal coronaviruses in early childhood. Serum specimens were collected from 140 children at ages of 13, 24, and 36 months (1, 2, and 3 years), and IgG antibody levels against recombinant HCoV nucleoproteins (N) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Altogether, 84% (118/140) of the children were seropositive for at least one seasonal coronavirus N by the age of 3 years. Cumulative seroprevalences for HCoVs 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 increased by age, and they were 45%, 27%, 70%, and 44%, respectively, at the age of 3 years. Increased antibody levels between yearly samples indicated reinfections by 229E, NL63, and OC43 viruses in 20-48% of previously seropositive children by the age of 3 years. Antibody levels declined 54-73% or 31-77% during the year after seropositivity in children initially seropositive at 1 or 2 years of age, respectively, in case there was no reinfection. The correlation of 229E and NL63, and OC43 and HKU1 EIA results, suggested potential cross-reactivity between the N specific antibodies inside the coronavirus genera. The data shows that seasonal coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibody levels decline relatively rapidly. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of COVID-19 requires better knowledge on the rate of coronavirus infections and coronavirus specific antibody responses in different population groups. In this work we analyzed changes in seasonal human coronavirus specific antibodies in young children participating in a prospective 3-year serological follow-up study. We show that based on seropositivity and changes in serum coronavirus antibody levels, coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibodies elicited by the infection decline relatively rapidly. These observations provide further information on the characteristics of humoral immune responses of coronavirus infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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20
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Cohen LE, Spiro DJ, Viboud C. Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010591. [PMID: 35771775 PMCID: PMC9246171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the epidemiological dynamics of different viral infections to project how the transition from a pandemic to endemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might take shape. Drawing from theories of disease invasion and transmission dynamics, waning immunity in the face of viral evolution and antigenic drift, and empirical data from influenza, dengue, and seasonal coronaviruses, we discuss the putative periodicity, severity, and age dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as it becomes endemic. We review recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, immunology, and evolution that are particularly useful in projecting the transition to endemicity and highlight gaps that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily E. Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Spiro
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Gerges D, Kapps S, Hernández-Carralero E, Freire R, Aiad M, Schmidt S, Winnicki W, Reiter T, Pajenda S, Schmidt A, Sunder-Plassmann G, Wagner L. Vaccination with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Induces Cross-Reactive Anti-RBD IgG against SARS-CoV-2 Variants including Omicron. Viruses 2022; 14:1181. [PMID: 35746653 PMCID: PMC9231407 DOI: 10.3390/v14061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have caused a significant increase in infections worldwide. Despite high vaccination rates in industrialized countries, the fourth VOC, Omicron, has outpaced the Delta variant and is causing breakthrough infections in individuals with two booster vaccinations. While the magnitude of morbidity and lethality is lower in Omicron, the infection rate and global spread are rapid. Using a specific IgG multipanel-ELISA with the spike protein’s receptor-binding domain (RBD) from recombinant Alpha, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, sera from health-care workers from the Medical University of Vienna were tested pre-pandemic and post-vaccination (BNT162b2; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). The cohort was continuously monitored by SARS-CoV-2 testing and commercial nucleocapsid IgG ELISA. RBD IgG ELISA showed significantly lower reactivity against the Omicron-RBD compared to the Alpha variant in all individuals (p < 0.001). IgG levels were independent of sex, but were significantly higher in BNT162b2 recipients <45 years of age for Alpha, Gamma, and Delta (p < 0.001; p = 0.040; p = 0.004, respectively). Pre-pandemic cross-reactive anti-Omicron IgG was detected in 31 individuals and was increased 8.78-fold after vaccination, regardless of vaccine type. The low anti-RBD Omicron IgG level could explain the breakthrough infections and their presence could also contribute to a milder COVID-19 course by cross-reactivity and broadening the adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gerges
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sebastian Kapps
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Esperanza Hernández-Carralero
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias-FIISC, 38320 La Laguna, Spain; (E.H.-C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias-FIISC, 38320 La Laguna, Spain; (E.H.-C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Monika Aiad
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sophie Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Thomas Reiter
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sahra Pajenda
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Gere Sunder-Plassmann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
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22
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Frutos AM, Kubale J, Kuan G, Ojeda S, Vydiswaran N, Sanchez N, Plazaola M, Patel M, Lopez R, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses: Comparing symptom presentation and severity of symptomatic illness among Nicaraguan children. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000414. [PMID: 35785016 PMCID: PMC9245908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that as SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children will represent the greatest proportion of SARS-Co-V-2 infections as they currently do with endemic coronavirus infections. While SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is low for children, it is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infections are distinct in symptom presentation, duration, and severity from endemic coronavirus infections in children. We compared symptom risk and duration of endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) infections from 2011-2016 with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021 in a Nicaraguan pediatric cohort. Blood samples were collected from study participants annually in February-April. Respiratory samples were collected from participants that met testing criteria. Blood samples collected in were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a subset of 2011-2016 blood samples from four-year-old children were tested for endemic HCoV antibodies. Respiratory samples were tested for each of the endemic HCoVs from 2011-2016 and for SARS-CoV-2 from 2020-2021 via rt-PCR. By April 2021, 854 (49%) cohort participants were ELISA positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most participants had antibodies against one alpha and one beta coronavirus by age four. We observed 595 symptomatic endemic HCoV infections from 2011-2016 and 121 symptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021. Symptom presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and endemic coronavirus infections were very similar, and SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infections were as or less severe on average than endemic HCoV infections. This suggests that, for children, SARS-CoV-2 may be just another endemic coronavirus. However, questions about the impact of variants and the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Frutos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - John Kubale
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Nivea Vydiswaran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Miguel Plazaola
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - May Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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23
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Sechan F, Grobben M, Edridge AWD, Jebbink MF, Loens K, Ieven M, Goossens H, van Hemert-Glaubitz S, van Gils MJ, van der Hoek L. Atypical Antibody Dynamics During Human Coronavirus HKU1 Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853410. [PMID: 35572703 PMCID: PMC9093712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is one of the four endemic coronaviruses. It has been suggested that there is a difference in incidence, with PCR-confirmed HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 infections occurring more commonly, whereas HCoV-HKU1 is the least seen. Lower incidence of HCoV-HKU1 infection has also been observed in serological studies. The current study aimed to investigate antibody dynamics during PCR-confirmed HCoV-HKU1 infections using serum collected during infection and 1 month later. We expressed a new HCoV-HKU1 antigen consisting of both the linker and carboxy-terminal domain of the viral nucleocapsid protein and implemented it in ELISA. We also applied a spike-based Luminex assay on serum samples from PCR-confirmed infections by the four endemic HCoVs. At least half of HCoV-HKU1-infected subjects consistently showed no antibody rise via either assay, and some subjects even exhibited substantial antibody decline. Investigation of self-reported symptoms revealed that HCoV-HKU1-infected subjects rated their illness milder than subjects infected by other HCoVs. In conclusion, HCoV-HKU1 infections reported in this study displayed atypical antibody dynamics and milder symptoms when compared to the other endemic HCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdyansyah Sechan
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Grobben
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur W D Edridge
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katherine Loens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Susan van Hemert-Glaubitz
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Fcγ-Receptor-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Sensitive, Specific, and Persistent Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein IgG Antibodies in Human Sera. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0007522. [PMID: 35574677 PMCID: PMC9199419 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and specific serological tests are mandatory for epidemiological studies evaluating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality rates. The accuracy of results is challenged by antibody waning after convalescence and by cross-reactivity induced by previous infections with other pathogens. By employing a patented platform technology based on capturing antigen-antibody complexes with a solid-phase-bound Fcγ receptor (FcγR) and truncated nucleocapsid protein as the antigen, two SARS-CoV-2 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), featuring different serum and antigen dilutions, were developed. Validation was performed using a serum panel comprising 213 longitudinal samples from 35 COVID-19 patients and a negative-control panel consisting of 790 pre-COVID-19 samples from different regions of the world. While both assays show similar diagnostic sensitivities in the early convalescent phase, ELISA 2 (featuring a higher serum concentration) enables SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody detection for a significantly longer time postinfection (≥15 months). Correspondingly, analytical sensitivity referenced to indirect immunofluorescence testing (IIFT) is significantly higher for ELISA 2 in samples with a titer of ≤1:640; for high-titer samples, a prozone effect is observed for ELISA 2. The specificities of both ELISAs were excellent not only for pre-COVID-19 serum samples from Europe, Asia, and South America but also for several challenging African sample panels. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG FcγR ELISAs, methodically combining antigen-antibody binding in solution and isotype-specific detection of immune complexes, are valuable tools for seroprevalence studies requiring the (long-term) detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in populations with a challenging immunological background and/or in which spike-protein-based vaccine programs have been rolled out.
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25
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Denninger V, Xu CK, Meisl G, Morgunov AS, Fiedler S, Ilsley A, Emmenegger M, Malik AY, Piziorska MA, Schneider MM, Devenish SRA, Kosmoliaptsis V, Aguzzi A, Fiegler H, Knowles TPJ. Microfluidic Antibody Affinity Profiling Reveals the Role of Memory Reactivation and Cross-Reactivity in the Defense Against SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:790-799. [PMID: 35352558 PMCID: PMC8982494 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts in understanding the course and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections have highlighted both potentially beneficial and detrimental effects of cross-reactive antibodies derived from memory immunity. Specifically, due to a significant degree of sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and other members of the coronavirus family, memory B-cells that emerged from previous infections with endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) could be reactivated upon encountering the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, thus prompting the production of cross-reactive antibodies. Determining the affinity and concentration of these potentially cross-reactive antibodies to the new SARS-CoV-2 antigens is therefore particularly important when assessing both existing immunity against common HCoVs and adverse effects like antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in COVID-19. However, these two fundamental parameters cannot easily be disentangled by surface-based assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which are routinely used to assess cross-reactivity. Here, we have used microfluidic antibody affinity profiling (MAAP) to quantitatively evaluate the humoral immune response in COVID-19 convalescent patients by determining both antibody affinity and concentration against spike antigens of SARS-CoV-2 directly in nine convalescent COVID-19 patient and three pre-pandemic sera that were seropositive for common HCoVs. All 12 sera contained low concentrations of high-affinity antibodies against spike antigens of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, indicative of past exposure to these pathogens, while the affinity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was lower. These results suggest that cross-reactivity as a consequence of memory reactivation upon an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may not be a significant factor in generating immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Denninger
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine K. Xu
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Meisl
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey S. Morgunov
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Ilsley
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Emmenegger
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anisa Y. Malik
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Monika A. Piziorska
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias M. Schneider
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R. A. Devenish
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis
- Department
of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes
Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- NIHR
Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- NIHR
Cambridge
Biomedical Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heike Fiegler
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Fluidic
Analytics, Unit A, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, JJ Thomson
Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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26
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Tanunliong G, Liu AC, Kaweski S, Irvine M, Reyes RC, Purych D, Krajden M, Morshed M, Sekirov I, Gantt S, Skowronski DM, Jassem AN. Age-Associated Seroprevalence of Coronavirus Antibodies: Population-Based Serosurveys in 2013 and 2020, British Columbia, Canada. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836449. [PMID: 35401521 PMCID: PMC8984254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOlder adults have been disproportionately affected during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, including higher risk of severe disease and long-COVID. Prior exposure to endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) may modulate the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to age-related observations. We hypothesized that cross-reactive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with antibodies to HCoV and that both increase with age.MethodsTo assess SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals, we drew upon archived anonymized residual sero-surveys conducted in British Columbia (BC), Canada, including before SARS-CoV-2 emergence (May, 2013) and before widespread community circulation in BC (May, 2020). Fifty sera, sex-balanced per ten-year age band, were sought among individuals ≤10 to ≥80 years old, supplemented as indicated by sera from March and September 2020. Sera were tested on the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) electrochemiluminescent multiplex immunoassay to quantify IgG antibody against the Spike proteins of HCoV, including alpha (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63) and beta (HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43) viruses, and the 2003 epidemic beta coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1. Cross-reactive antibodies to Spike, Nucleocapsid, and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 were similarly measured, with SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity overall defined by positivity on ≥2 targets.ResultsSamples included 407 sera from 2013, of which 17 were children ≤10 years. The 2020 samples included 488 sera, of which 88 were children ≤10 years. Anti-Spike antibodies to all four endemic HCoV were acquired by 10 years of age. There were 20/407 (5%) sera in 2013 and 8/488 (2%) in 2020 that were considered sero-positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on MSD testing. Of note, antibody to the single SARS-CoV-2 RBD target was detected in 329/407 (81%) of 2013 sera and 91/488 (19%) of 2020 sera. Among the SARS-CoV-2 overall sero-negative population, age was correlated with anti-HCoV antibody levels and these, notably 229E and HKU1, were correlated with cross-reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD titres. SARS-CoV-2 overall sero-positive individuals showed higher titres to HCoV more generally.ConclusionMost people have an HCoV priming exposure by 10 years of age and IgG levels are stable thereafter. Anti-HCoV antibodies can cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. These immunological interactions warrant further investigation with respect to their implications for COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalein Tanunliong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron C. Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Kaweski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mike Irvine
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Romina C. Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- LifeLabs, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Dale Purych
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta M. Skowronski
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Communicable Diseases and Immunization Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Agatha N. Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Agatha N. Jassem,
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Stocking C, de Miguel L, Suteu G, Dressel A, Soricelli A, Roskos M, Valor S, Mutschmann C, März W. Evaluation of five widely used serologic assays for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 102:115587. [PMID: 34826767 PMCID: PMC8554041 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic technologies are pivotal to the fight against COVID-19. While real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) remains the gold standard, commercial assays for antibodies against (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged. We sought to examine 5 widely used commercial methods. We measured antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 with assays, Abbott-IgG, Roche-IgT (total antibodies, isotype-unspecific), EUROIMMUN-IgG, EUROIMMUN-IgA, DiaSorin-IgG, in 191 serum samples from patients with rRT-PCR proven COVID-19 between days 0 and 47 after the onset of clinical symptoms and in biobank samples collected in 2018. The assays were calibrated using the manufacturers' instructions; results are in multiples of the assay specific cut-offs (Abbott, Roche, EUROIMMUN) or in arbitrary units (AU/mL, DiaSorin). The assays for IgG and IgT have approximately the same sensitivity and specificity for detecting seroconversion which starts at approximately day 3 after symptom onset, sensitivity reached 93% on day 16 and was 100% for each assay on day 20. The assay for IgA antibodies was superior in sensitivity and had a lower specificity than the others. Bivariate non-parametric correlation coefficients ranged between 0.738 and 0.991. Commercial assays for IgG or total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are largely equivalent for establishing seroconversion but differ at high antibody titres. Increased sensitivity to detect seroconversion is afforded by including IgA antibodies. Further international efforts to harmonise assays for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriela Suteu
- SYNLAB Medical Care Center Leverkusen GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Winfried März
- SYNLAB Academy, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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28
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Hamady A, Lee J, Loboda ZA. Waning antibody responses in COVID-19: what can we learn from the analysis of other coronaviruses? Infection 2022; 50:11-25. [PMID: 34324165 PMCID: PMC8319587 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the continuing surge in incidence and mortality globally, determining whether protective, long-term immunity develops after initial infection or vaccination has become critical. METHODS/RESULTS In this narrative review, we evaluate the latest understanding of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the four endemic human coronaviruses) in order to predict the consequences of antibody waning on long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We summarise their antibody dynamics, including the potential effects of cross-reactivity and antibody waning on vaccination and other public health strategies. At present, based on our comparison with other coronaviruses we estimate that natural antibody-mediated protection for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to last for 1-2 years and therefore, if vaccine-induced antibodies follow a similar course, booster doses may be required. However, other factors such as memory B- and T-cells and new viral strains will also affect the duration of both natural and vaccine-mediated immunity. CONCLUSION Overall, antibody titres required for protection are yet to be established and inaccuracies of serological methods may be affecting this. We expect that with standardisation of serological testing and studies with longer follow-up, the implications of antibody waning will become clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hamady
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - JinJu Lee
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna A Loboda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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29
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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30
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Frutos AM, Kubale J, Kuan G, Ojeda S, Vydiswaran N, Sanchez N, Plazaola M, Patel M, Lopez R, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses: Comparing symptom presentation and severity of symptomatic illness among Nicaraguan children.. [PMID: 35075460 PMCID: PMC8786229 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.09.21267537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that as SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children will represent the greatest proportion of SARS-Co-V-2 infections as they currently do with endemic coronavirus infections. While SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is low for children, it is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infections are distinct in symptom presentation, duration, and severity from endemic coronavirus infections in children. We compared symptom risk and duration of endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) infections from 2011–2016 with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021 in a Nicaraguan pediatric cohort. Blood samples were collected from study participants annually in February-April. Respiratory samples were collected from participants that met testing criteria. Blood samples collected in were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a subset of 2011–2016 blood samples from four-year-old children were tested for endemic HCoV antibodies. Respiratory samples were tested for each of the endemic HCoVs from 2011–2016 and for SARS-CoV-2 from 2020–2021 via rt-PCR. By April 2021, 854 (49%) cohort participants were ELISA positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most participants had antibodies against one alpha and one beta coronavirus by age four. We observed 595 symptomatic endemic HCoV infections from 2011–2016 and 121 symptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021. Symptom presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and endemic coronavirus infections were very similar, and SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infections were as or less severe on average than endemic HCoV infections. This suggests that, for children, SARS-CoV-2 may be just another endemic coronavirus. However, questions about the impact of variants and the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 remain.
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31
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Turke PW. Five reasons COVID-19 is less severe in younger age-groups. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:113-117. [PMID: 34853694 PMCID: PMC7799091 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of COVID-19 is age-related, with the advantage going to younger age-groups. Five reasons are presented. The first two are well-known, are being actively researched by the broader medical community, and therefore are discussed only briefly here. The third, fourth and fifth reasons derive from evolutionary life history theory, and potentially fill gaps in current understanding of why and how young and old age-groups respond differently to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Age of onset of generalized somatic aging and the timing of its progression are identified as important causes of these disparities, as are specific antagonistic pleiotropic tradeoffs in immune system function. Lay Summary: Covid-19 is less severe in younger age-groups than it is in older age-groups. Five advantages of youth are identified and explained in light of evolutionary life history theory, with a focus on the pattern of aging and specific tradeoffs between early and late immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Turke
- Turke & Thomashow Pediatrics, 7444 Dexter-Ann Arbor Rd, Dexter, MI 48130, USA
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32
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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33
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Erlichster M, Chana G, Zantomio D, Goudey B, Skafidas E. Pan-Family Assays for Rapid Viral Screening: Reducing Delays in Public Health Responses During Pandemics. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3047-e3052. [PMID: 32687168 PMCID: PMC7454384 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 has highlighted deficiencies in the testing capacity of many developed countries during the early stages of pandemics. Here we describe a strategy using pan-family viral assays to improve early accessibility of large-scale nucleic acid testing. METHODS Coronaviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were used as a case study for assessing utility of pan-family viral assays during the early stages of a novel pandemic. Specificity of a pan-coronavirus (Pan-CoV) assay for a novel pathogen was assessed using the frequency of common human coronavirus (HCoV) species in key populations. A reported Pan-CoV assay was assessed to determine sensitivity to 60 reference coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The resilience of the primer target regions of this assay to mutation was assessed in 8893 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes to predict ongoing utility during pandemic progression. RESULTS Because of common HCoV species, a Pan-CoV assay would return false positives for as few as 1% of asymptomatic adults, but up to 30% of immunocompromised patients with respiratory disease. One-half of reported Pan-CoV assays identify SARS-CoV-2 and with small adjustments can accommodate diverse variation observed in animal coronaviruses. The target region of 1 well-established Pan-CoV assay is highly resistant to mutation compared to species-specific SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. CONCLUSIONS Despite cross-reactivity with common pathogens, pan-family assays may greatly assist management of emerging pandemics through prioritization of high-resolution testing or isolation measures. Targeting highly conserved genomic regions make pan-family assays robust and resilient to mutation. A strategic stockpile of pan-family assays may improve containment of novel diseases before the availability of species-specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gursharan Chana
- MX3 Diagnostics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniela Zantomio
- Department of Haematology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Goudey
- IBM Research Australia, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Efstratios Skafidas
- MX3 Diagnostics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Bai Z, Li Q, Chen Q, Niu C, Wei Y, Huang H, Zhao W, Chen N, Yao X, Zhang Q, Mu C, Feng J, Zhu C, Li Z, Ding M, Feng B, Jin C, Lu X, Yang Y, Wu S, Shu X, Hu L, Qiu H, Huang Y. Clinical significance of serum IgM and IgG levels in COVID-19 patients in Hubei Province, China. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2:32-38. [PMID: 36785701 PMCID: PMC8487787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background There have been many studies about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the clinical significance of quantitative serum severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific IgM and IgG levels of COVID-19 patients have not been exhaustively analyzed. We aimed to investigate the time profiles of these IgM/IgG levels in COVID-19 patients and their correlations with clinical features. Methods A multicenter clinical study was conducted from February 20 to March 5 2020. It involved 179 COVID-19 patients (108 males and 71 females) from five hospitals in Huangshi in Hubei Province, China. To detect SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM/IgG, quantitative antibody assays (two-step indirect immunoassays with direct chemiluminescence technology) based on the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and spike protein 1 (S1) were used. For normally distributed data, means were compared using the t-test, χ 2-test, or exact probability method. For categorical data, medians were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Results The median age was 57 (44-69) years (58 [38-69] for males and 57 [49-68] for females). The median duration of positive nucleic acid test was 22.32 (17.34-27.43) days. The mortality rate was relatively low (3/179, 1.68%). Serum SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG was detected around week 1 after illness onset, gradually increased until peaking in weeks 4 and 5, and then declined. Serum IgM peaked in weeks 2 and 3, then gradually declined and returned to its normal range by week 7 in all patients. Notably, children had milder respiratory symptoms with lower SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM/IgG levels. The duration of positive nucleic acid test in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group was 30.36 (18.99-34.76) days, which was significantly longer than that in the non-COPD group (21.52 [16.75-26.51] days; P = 0.025). The peak serum SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG was significantly positively correlated with the duration of positive nucleic acid test. The incidence rate of severe and critical cases in the IgMhi group (using the median IgM level of 29.95 AU/mL as the cutoff for grouping) was about 38.0% (19/50), which was twice as much as that in the IgMlo group (18.4%; 9/49). The patients with positive chest imaging and lymphocytopenia (<1 × 109/L) had a higher SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM level. Conclusions Quantitative SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG levels are helpful for the diagnosis, severity classification, and management of COVID-19 patients, and they should be monitored in each stage of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Bai
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Qinghui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, China
| | - Changming Niu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Respirology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Hanpeng Huang
- Department of Respirology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211112, China
| | - Nian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211103, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211103, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Chuanyong Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211103, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Emergency, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Respirology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Binhui Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Chaochao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Huangshi Hospital of TCM (Infectious Disease Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sir Run Hospital Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211112, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Shuiyan Wu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, China
| | - Xiaochen Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215031, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215031, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - YingZi Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- Corresponding author: Yingzi Huang, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University; 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhong F, Lin C, Li J, Luo J, Zhang J. Crystal structures of human coronavirus NL63 main protease at different pH values. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:348-355. [PMID: 34605439 PMCID: PMC8488857 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21009523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), which belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus, mainly infects children and the immunocompromized and is responsible for a series of clinical manifestations, including cough, fever, rhinorrhoea, bronchiolitis and croup. HCoV-NL63, which was first isolated from a seven-month-old child in 2004, has led to infections worldwide and accounts for 10% of all respiratory illnesses caused by etiological agents. However, effective antivirals against HCoV-NL63 infection are currently unavailable. The HCoV-NL63 main protease (Mpro), also called 3C-like protease (3CLpro), plays a vital role in mediating viral replication and transcription by catalyzing the cleavage of replicase polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) into functional subunits. Moreover, Mpro is highly conserved among all coronaviruses, thus making it a prominent drug target for antiviral therapy. Here, four crystal structures of HCoV-NL63 Mpro in the apo form at different pH values are reported at resolutions of up to 1.78 Å. Comparison with Mpro from other human betacoronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV reveals common and distinct structural features in different genera and extends knowledge of the diversity, function and evolution of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haihai Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuelan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglin Zhong
- Shenzhen Crystalo Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Jmerry Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Shenzhen Crystalo Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Jmerry Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
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Abd Elkodous M, Olojede SO, Morsi M, El-Sayyad GS. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems as promising carriers for patients with COVID-19. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26463-26480. [PMID: 35480012 PMCID: PMC9037715 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be pandemic, massive efforts have been launched by researchers around the globe to combat this emerging infectious disease. Here we review the most recent data on the novel SARS-CoV-2 pathogen. We analyzed its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and current medications. After that, we summarized the promising drug delivery application of nanomaterial-based systems. Their preparation routes, unique advantages over the traditional drug delivery routes and their toxicity though risk analysis were also covered. We also discussed in detail the mechanism of action for one example of drug-loaded nanomaterial drug delivery systems (Avigan-contained nano-emulsions). This review provides insights about employing nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19 to increase the bioavailability of current drugs, reducing their toxicity, and to increase their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abd Elkodous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi Aichi 441-8580 Japan
- Center for Nanotechnology (CNT), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nile University Sheikh Zayed Giza 16453 Egypt
| | - S O Olojede
- Nanotechnology Platforms, Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Mahmoud Morsi
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University Menoufia Shebin El Kom Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) Cairo Egypt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC) Egyptian Armed Forces Cairo Egypt
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Woudenberg T, Pelleau S, Anna F, Attia M, Donnadieu F, Gravet A, Lohmann C, Seraphin H, Guiheneuf R, Delamare C, Stefic K, Marlet J, Brochot E, Castelain S, Augereau O, Sibilia J, Dubos F, Meddour D, Guen CGL, Coste-Burel M, Imbert-Marcille BM, Chauvire-Drouard A, Schweitzer C, Gatin A, Lomazzi S, Joulié A, Haas H, Cantais A, Bertholon F, Chinazzo-Vigouroux MF, Abdallah MS, Arowas L, Charneau P, Hoen B, Demeret C, Werf SVD, Fontanet A, White M. Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses in children and adults in north-eastern France. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103495. [PMID: 34304047 PMCID: PMC8299153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are underrepresented in the COVID-19 pandemic and often experience milder disease than adolescents and adults. Reduced severity is possibly due to recent and more frequent seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections. We assessed the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV specific antibodies in a large cohort in north-eastern France. METHODS In this cross-sectional seroprevalence study, serum samples were collected from children and adults requiring hospital admission for non-COVID-19 between February and August 2020. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43) were assessed using a bead-based multiplex assay, Luciferase-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and a pseudotype neutralisation assay. FINDINGS In 2,408 individuals, seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was 7-8% with three different immunoassays. Antibody levels to seasonal HCoV increased substantially up to the age of 10. Antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals were lowest in adults 18-30 years. In SARS-CoV-2 seronegative individuals, we observed cross-reactivity between antibodies to the four HCoV and SARS-CoV-2 Spike. In contrast to other antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, specific antibodies to sub-unit 2 of Spike (S2) in seronegative samples were highest in children. Upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels to Spike of betacoronavirus OC43 increased across the whole age spectrum. No SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals with low levels of antibodies to seasonal HCoV were observed. INTERPRETATION Our findings underline significant cross-reactivity between antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV, but provide no significant evidence for cross-protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to a recent seasonal HCoV infection. In particular, across all age groups we did not observe SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with low levels of antibodies to seasonal HCoV. FUNDING This work was supported by the « URGENCE COVID-19 » fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur, by the French Government's Investissement d'Avenir program, Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Grant No. ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), and by the REACTing (Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases), and by the RECOVER project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101003589, and by a grant from LabEx IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Woudenberg
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Anna
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinoloy Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Attia
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Donnadieu
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Gravet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Groupement Hospitalier Régional de Mulhouse et Sud-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Caroline Lohmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Groupement Hospitalier Régional de Mulhouse et Sud-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hélène Seraphin
- Centre Hospitalier Simone Veil de Beauvais, Beauvais, France
| | | | | | - Karl Stefic
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Marlet
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Service de Virologie, CHU Amiens Picardie, UR 4294 AGIR UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Service de Virologie, CHU Amiens Picardie, UR 4294 AGIR UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Augereau
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Dubos
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Urgences pédiatriques et maladies infectieuses, Lille, France
| | - Damia Meddour
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Urgences pédiatriques et maladies infectieuses, Lille, France
| | - Christèle Gras-Le Guen
- Urgences Pédiatrique et Pédiatrie Générale Hopital Mère Enfant CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Cyril Schweitzer
- Hôpital d'Enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France; EA 3450, DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy, France
| | - Amélie Gatin
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Hôpital d'enfants, CHRU Nancy
| | | | - Aline Joulié
- Urgences pédiatriques et pédiatrie générale, hôpitaux pédiatriques CHU Lenval, Nice
| | - Hervé Haas
- Urgences pédiatriques et pédiatrie générale, hôpitaux pédiatriques CHU Lenval, Nice
| | - Aymeric Cantais
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital University of St Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | - Laurence Arowas
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinoloy Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Hoen
- Direction de la recherche médicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Van Der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France.
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Ulyte A, Radtke T, Abela IA, Haile SR, Blankenberger J, Jung R, Capelli C, Berger C, Frei A, Huber M, Schanz M, Schwarzmueller M, Trkola A, Fehr J, Puhan MA, Kriemler S. Variation in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence across districts, schools and classes: baseline measurements from a cohort of primary and secondary school children in Switzerland. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047483. [PMID: 34312201 PMCID: PMC8316698 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the variation in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in school children and the relationship with self-reported symptoms. DESIGN Baseline measurements of a longitudinal cohort study (Ciao Corona) from June to July 2020. SETTING 55 schools stratified by district in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS 2585 children (1339 girls; median age: 11 years, age range: 6-16 years), attending grades 1-2, 4-5 and 7-8. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variation in seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children across 12 cantonal districts, schools and grades, assessed using Luminex-based test of four epitopes for IgG, IgA and IgM (Antibody Coronavirus Assay,ABCORA 2.0). Clustering of cases within classes. Association of seropositivity and symptoms. Comparison with seroprevalence in adult population, assessed using Luminex-based test of IgG and IgA (Sensitive Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer Immunoglobulin Serological test). RESULTS Overall seroprevalence was 2.8% (95% CI 1.5% to 4.1%), ranging from 1.0% to 4.5% across districts. Seroprevalence in grades 1-2 was 3.8% (95% CI 2.0% to 6.1%), in grades 4-5 was 2.4% (95% CI 1.1% to 4.2%) and in grades 7-8 was 1.5% (95% CI 0.5% to 3.0%). At least one seropositive child was present in 36 of 55 (65%) schools and in 44 (34%) of 131 classes where ≥5 children and ≥50% of children within the class were tested. 73% of children reported COVID-19-compatible symptoms since January 2020, with the same frequency in seropositive and seronegative children for all symptoms. Seroprevalence of children and adults was similar (3.2%, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.7% to 5.0% vs 3.6%, 95% CrI 1.7% to 5.4%). The ratio of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence-to-seropositive cases was 1:89 in children and 1:12 in adults. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was low in children and similar to that in adults by the end of June 2020. Very low ratio of diagnosed-to-seropositive children was observed. We did not detect clustering of SARS-CoV-2-seropositive children within classes, but the follow-up of this study will shed more light on transmission within schools. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04448717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Ulyte
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Alma Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Blankenberger
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Jung
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Capelli
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo Alan Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Siggins MK, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Durability of Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:648-662. [PMID: 33896688 PMCID: PMC8026254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Even in nonpandemic times, respiratory viruses account for a vast global burden of disease. They remain a major cause of illness and death and they pose a perpetual threat of breaking out into epidemics and pandemics. Many of these respiratory viruses infect repeatedly and appear to induce only narrow transient immunity, but the situation varies from one virus to another. In the absence of effective specific treatments, understanding the role of immunity in protection, disease, and resolution is of paramount importance. These problems have been brought into sharp focus by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we summarise what is now known about adaptive immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and draw comparisons with immunity to other respiratory viruses, focusing on the longevity of protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Siggins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Garritsen A, Scholzen A, van den Nieuwenhof DWA, Smits APF, Datema ES, van Galen LS, Kouwijzer MLCE. Two-tiered SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion screening in the Netherlands and stability of nucleocapsid, spike protein domain 1 and neutralizing antibodies. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:498-512. [PMID: 33684020 PMCID: PMC7967720 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1893378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological testing in the COVID-19 pandemic is mainly implemented to gain sero-epidemiological data, but can also retrospectively inform about suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHOD We verified and applied a two-tiered testing strategy combining a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific lateral flow assay (LFA) with a nucleocapsid protein (NCP) IgG ELISA to assess seroconversion in n = 7241 individuals. The majority had experienced symptoms consistent with COVID-19, but had no access to RT-PCR testing. Longitudinal follow-up in n = 97 LFA + individuals was performed up to 20 weeks after initial infection using NCP and spike protein S1 domain (S1) IgG ELISAs and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). RESULTS Individuals reporting symptoms from January 2020 onwards showed seroconversion, as did a considerable proportion of asymptomatic individuals. Seroconversion for symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was higher in an area with a known infection cluster compared to a low incidence area. Overall, 94% of individuals with a positive IgG result by LFA were confirmed by NCP ELISA. The proportion of ELISA-confirmed LFA results declined over time, in line with contracting NCP IgG titres during longitudinal follow-up. Neutralizing antibody activity was considerably more stable than S1 and NCP IgG titres, and both reach a plateau after approximately 100 d. The sVNT proved to be not only highly specific, but also more sensitive than the specificity-focussed two-tiered serology approach. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the high specificity of two-tiered serology testing and highlight the sVNT used as a valuable tool to support modelling of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics, complement molecular testing and provide relevant information to individuals.
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Mulabbi EN, Tweyongyere R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mworozi E, Koehlerb J, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Erima B, Tugume T, Aquino UQ, Byarugaba DK. Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:585. [PMID: 34134656 PMCID: PMC8207497 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nicholas Mulabbi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Jeff Koehlerb
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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Tamminen K, Salminen M, Blazevic V. Seroprevalence and SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity of endemic coronavirus OC43 and 229E antibodies in Finnish children and adults. Clin Immunol 2021; 229:108782. [PMID: 34118402 PMCID: PMC8188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are common causative agents of respiratory tract infections, affecting especially children. However, in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, children are the least affected age-group. The objective of this study was to investigate the magnitude of endemic hCoVs antibodies in Finnish children and adults, and pre-pandemic antibody cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2. Antibody levels against endemic hCoVs start to rise at a very early age, reaching to overall 100% seroprevalence. No difference in the antibody levels was detected for OC43 but the magnitude of 229E-specific antibodies was significantly higher in the sera of children. OC43 and 229E hCoV antibody levels of children correlated significantly with each other and with the level of cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, whereas these correlations completely lacked in adults. Although none of the sera showed SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, the higher overall hCoV cross-reactivity observed in children might, at least partially, contribute in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Rees EM, Waterlow NR, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of seropositivity of human seasonal coronaviruses using seroprevalence studies. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34708157 PMCID: PMC8517721 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16701.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The duration of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain, but it is of key clinical and epidemiological importance. Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been circulating for longer and, therefore, may offer insights into the long-term dynamics of reinfection for such viruses. Methods: Combining historical seroprevalence data from five studies covering the four circulating HCoVs with an age-structured reverse catalytic model, we estimated the likely duration of seropositivity following seroconversion. Results: We estimated that antibody persistence lasted between 0.9 (95% Credible interval: 0.6 - 1.6) and 3.8 (95% CrI: 2.0 - 7.4) years. Furthermore, we found the force of infection in older children and adults (those over 8.5 [95% CrI: 7.5 - 9.9] years) to be higher compared with young children in the majority of studies. Conclusions: These estimates of endemic HCoV dynamics could provide an indication of the future long-term infection and reinfection patterns of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Naomi R. Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Cromer D, Juno JA, Khoury D, Reynaldi A, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Davenport MP. Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:395-404. [PMID: 33927374 PMCID: PMC8082486 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is central to long-term control of the current pandemic. Despite our rapidly advancing knowledge of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2, understanding how these responses translate into protection against reinfection at both the individual and population levels remains a major challenge. An ideal outcome following infection or after vaccination would be a highly protective and durable immunity that allows for the establishment of high levels of population immunity. However, current studies suggest a decay of neutralizing antibody responses in convalescent patients, and documented cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection are increasing. Understanding the dynamics of memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms of immune control are crucial for the rational design and deployment of vaccines and for understanding the possible future trajectories of the pandemic. Here, we summarize our current understanding of immune responses to and immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and the implications for prevention of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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Lehmann AA, Kirchenbaum GA, Zhang T, Reche PA, Lehmann PV. Deconvoluting the T Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2: Specificity Versus Chance and Cognate Cross-Reactivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635942. [PMID: 34127926 PMCID: PMC8196231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection takes a mild or clinically inapparent course in the majority of humans who contract this virus. After such individuals have cleared the virus, only the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory can reveal the exposure, and hopefully the establishment of immune protection. With most viral infections, the presence of specific serum antibodies has provided a reliable biomarker for the exposure to the virus of interest. SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, does not reliably induce a durable antibody response, especially in sub-clinically infected individuals. Consequently, it is plausible for a recently infected individual to yield a false negative result within only a few months after exposure. Immunodiagnostic attention has therefore shifted to studies of specific T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2. Most reports published so far agree that a T cell response is engaged during SARS-CoV-2 infection, but they also state that in 20-81% of SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, T cells respond to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (mega peptide pools), allegedly due to T cell cross-reactivity with Common Cold coronaviruses (CCC), or other antigens. Here we show that, by introducing irrelevant mega peptide pools as negative controls to account for chance cross-reactivity, and by establishing the antigen dose-response characteristic of the T cells, one can clearly discern between cognate T cell memory induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. cross-reactive T cell responses in individuals who have not been infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Laboratorio de Inmunomedicina & Inmunoinformatica, Departamento de Immunologia & O2, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
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Coronavirus-Specific Antibody Cross Reactivity in Rhesus Macaques Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00117-21. [PMID: 33692201 PMCID: PMC8139699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00117-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are being rapidly developed with the goal of ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces serum responses that cross-react with other coronaviruses remains poorly studied. Here we define serum profiles in rhesus macaques after vaccination with DNA or Ad26 based vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein followed by SARS-CoV-2 challenge, or SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. Analysis of serum responses showed robust reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length Spike protein and receptor binding domain (RBD), both included in the vaccine. However, serum cross-reactivity to the closely related sarbecovirus SARS-CoV-1 Spike and RBD, was reduced. Reactivity was also measured to the distantly related common cold alpha-coronavirus, 229E and NL63, and beta-coronavirus, OC43 and HKU1, Spike proteins. Using SARS-COV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 lentivirus based pseudoviruses, we show that neutralizing antibody responses were predominantly SARS-CoV-2 specific. These data define patterns of cross-reactive binding and neutralizing serum responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in rhesus macaques. Our observations have important implications for understanding polyclonal responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike, which will facilitate future CoV vaccine assessment and development.ImportanceThe rapid development and deployment of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been unprecedented. In this study, we explore the cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses to other coronaviruses. By analyzing responses from NHPs both before and after immunization with DNA or Ad26 vectored vaccines, we find patterns of cross reactivity that mirror those induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data highlight the similarities between infection and vaccine induced humoral immunity for SARS-CoV-2 and cross-reactivity of these responses to other CoVs.
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47
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Laban NM, Bosomprah S, Musukuma-Chifulo K, Simuyandi M, Iyer S, Ng'ombe H, Muchimba M, Chauwa A, Tigere S, Chisenga CC, Chibuye M, Chilyabanyama ON, Goodier M, Chilengi R. Comparable exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in young children and healthcare workers in Zambia. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global health crisis that has caused large scale morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among young children and healthcare workers by measurement of anti-S1 antigen (spike protein) specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) using an in-house optimized indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from cohorts of healthcare workers (n = 287) and young children aged from 6 weeks to 2 years old (n = 150) pre-COVID-19 pandemic between September 2018 and November 2019 and post-COVID-19 pandemic between August and December 2020 were simultaneously tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 specific IgG. The arithmetic mean of natural logarithm-transformed ELISA relative absorbance reading + (3 x standard deviation) of pre-pandemic plasma was used as the cut-off to determine SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity of post-pandemic plasma. Results: There was no reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen detected in pre-pandemic plasma but in post pandemic plasma an 8.0% (23/287) IgG seropositivity in healthcare workers’ and 6.0% (9/150) seropositivity in children aged 2 years old was detected. Conclusions: Comparable levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity in healthcare workers and children suggest widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Zambia during the first wave of the pandemic. This finding has implications for continued acquisition and transmission of infection in the healthcare setting, household, and wider community.
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48
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Smith M, Abdesselem HB, Mullins M, Tan TM, Nel AJM, Al-Nesf MAY, Bensmail I, Majbour NK, Vaikath NN, Naik A, Ouararhni K, Mohamed-Ali V, Al-Maadheed M, Schell DT, Baros-Steyl SS, Anuar ND, Ismail NH, Morris PE, Mamat RNR, Rosli NSM, Anwar A, Ellan K, Zain RM, Burgers WA, Mayne ES, El-Agnaf OMA, Blackburn JM. Age, Disease Severity and Ethnicity Influence Humoral Responses in a Multi-Ethnic COVID-19 Cohort. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050786. [PMID: 33925055 PMCID: PMC8146997 DOI: 10.3390/v13050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all individuals across the globe in some way. Despite large numbers of reported seroprevalence studies, there remains a limited understanding of how the magnitude and epitope utilization of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 viral anti-gens varies within populations following natural infection. Here, we designed a quantitative, multi-epitope protein microarray comprising various nucleocapsid protein structural motifs, including two structural domains and three intrinsically disordered regions. Quantitative data from the microarray provided complete differentiation between cases and pre-pandemic controls (100% sensitivity and specificity) in a case-control cohort (n = 100). We then assessed the influence of disease severity, age, and ethnicity on the strength and breadth of the humoral response in a multi-ethnic cohort (n = 138). As expected, patients with severe disease showed significantly higher antibody titers and interestingly also had significantly broader epitope coverage. A significant increase in antibody titer and epitope coverage was observed with increasing age, in both mild and severe disease, which is promising for vaccine efficacy in older individuals. Additionally, we observed significant differences in the breadth and strength of the humoral immune response in relation to ethnicity, which may reflect differences in genetic and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, our data enabled localization of the immuno-dominant epitope to the C-terminal structural domain of the viral nucleocapsid protein in two independent cohorts. Overall, we have designed, validated, and tested an advanced serological assay that enables accurate quantitation of the humoral response post natural infection and that has revealed unexpected differences in the magnitude and epitope utilization within a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneerah Smith
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
| | - Houari B. Abdesselem
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Michelle Mullins
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
| | - Ti-Myen Tan
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrew J. M. Nel
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
| | | | - Ilham Bensmail
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Nour K. Majbour
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Nishant N. Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Adviti Naik
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Khalid Ouararhni
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Ali
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Sports City Road, Aspire Zone, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (V.M.-A.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Sports City Road, Aspire Zone, Doha P.O. Box 27775, Qatar; (V.M.-A.); (M.A.-M.)
| | - Darien T. Schell
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
| | - Seanantha S. Baros-Steyl
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
| | - Nur D. Anuar
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Nur H. Ismail
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Priscilla E. Morris
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Raja N. R. Mamat
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Nurul S. M. Rosli
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Arif Anwar
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Kavithambigai Ellan
- Virology Lab, Level 2, Block C7, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Setia Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia; (K.E.); (R.M.Z.)
| | - Rozainanee M. Zain
- Virology Lab, Level 2, Block C7, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Setia Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia; (K.E.); (R.M.Z.)
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S. Mayne
- Department of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa;
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (H.B.A.); (I.B.); (N.K.M.); (N.N.V.); (A.N.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.A.E.-A.); (J.M.B.); Tel.: +97-455-935-568 (O.M.A.E.-A.); +27-214-066-071 (J.M.B.)
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.J.M.N.); (D.T.S.); (S.S.B.-S.)
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia; (T.-M.T.); (N.D.A.); (N.H.I.); (P.E.M.); (R.N.R.M.); (N.S.M.R.); (A.A.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: (O.M.A.E.-A.); (J.M.B.); Tel.: +97-455-935-568 (O.M.A.E.-A.); +27-214-066-071 (J.M.B.)
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49
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Majdoubi A, Michalski C, O'Connell SE, Dada S, Narpala S, Gelinas J, Mehta D, Cheung C, Winkler DF, Basappa M, Liu AC, Görges M, Barakauskas VE, Irvine M, Mehalko J, Esposito D, Sekirov I, Jassem AN, Goldfarb DM, Pelech S, Douek DC, McDermott AB, Lavoie PM. A majority of uninfected adults show preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146316. [PMID: 33720905 PMCID: PMC8119195 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 occurs in the absence of prior viral exposure. However, this has been difficult to quantify at the population level due to a lack of reliably defined seroreactivity thresholds. Using an orthogonal antibody testing approach, we estimated that about 0.6% of nontriaged adults from the greater Vancouver, Canada, area between May 17 and June 19, 2020, showed clear evidence of a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, after adjusting for false-positive and false-negative test results. Using a highly sensitive multiplex assay and positive/negative thresholds established in infants in whom maternal antibodies have waned, we determined that more than 90% of uninfected adults showed antibody reactivity against the spike protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), or the nucleocapsid (N) protein from SARS-CoV-2. This seroreactivity was evenly distributed across age and sex, correlated with circulating coronaviruses' reactivity, and was partially outcompeted by soluble circulating coronaviruses' spike. Using a custom SARS-CoV-2 peptide mapping array, we found that this antibody reactivity broadly mapped to spike and to conserved nonstructural viral proteins. We conclude that most adults display preexisting antibody cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, which further supports investigation of how this may impact the clinical severity of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Majdoubi
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christina Michalski
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah E O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Dada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean Gelinas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surrey Memorial Hospital (SMH), Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Disha Mehta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surrey Memorial Hospital (SMH), Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claire Cheung
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dirk Fh Winkler
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manjula Basappa
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron C Liu
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vaccine Evaluation Centre, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Matthias Görges
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vilte E Barakauskas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Irvine
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer Mehalko
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Agatha N Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Steven Pelech
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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50
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Bortz RH, Florez C, Laudermilch E, Wirchnianski AS, Lasso G, Malonis RJ, Georgiev GI, Vergnolle O, Herrera NG, Morano NC, Campbell ST, Orner EP, Mengotto A, Dieterle ME, Fels JM, Haslwanter D, Jangra RK, Celikgil A, Kimmel D, Lee JH, Mariano MC, Nakouzi A, Quiroz J, Rivera J, Szymczak WA, Tong K, Barnhill J, Forsell MNE, Ahlm C, Stein DT, Pirofski LA, Goldstein DY, Garforth SJ, Almo SC, Daily JP, Prystowsky MB, Faix JD, Fox AS, Weiss LM, Lai JR, Chandran K. Single-Dilution COVID-19 Antibody Test with Qualitative and Quantitative Readouts. mSphere 2021; 6:e00224-21. [PMID: 33883259 PMCID: PMC8546701 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00224-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to place an immense burden on societies and health care systems. A key component of COVID-19 control efforts is serological testing to determine the community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and quantify individual immune responses to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Here, we describe a laboratory-developed antibody test that uses readily available research-grade reagents to detect SARS-CoV-2 exposure in patient blood samples with high sensitivity and specificity. We further show that this sensitive test affords the estimation of viral spike-specific IgG titers from a single sample measurement, thereby providing a simple and scalable method to measure the strength of an individual's immune response. The accuracy, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness of this test make it an excellent option for clinical deployment in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.IMPORTANCE Serological surveillance has become an important public health tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. Detection of protective antibodies and seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination can help guide patient care plans and public health policies. Serology tests can detect antibodies against past infections; consequently, they can help overcome the shortcomings of molecular tests, which can detect only active infections. This is important, especially when considering that many COVID-19 patients are asymptomatic. In this study, we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based qualitative and quantitative serology test developed to measure IgG and IgA antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. The test can be deployed using commonly available laboratory reagents and equipment and displays high specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IgG titers in patient samples can be estimated from a single measurement, enabling the assay's use in high-throughput clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, New York, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - George I Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Natalia G Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas C Morano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sean T Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika P Orner
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - M Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alev Celikgil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - James H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Margarette C Mariano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jose Quiroz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Wendy A Szymczak
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, New York, USA
| | | | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Stein
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - D Yitzchak Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Scott J Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Johanna P Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael B Prystowsky
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - James D Faix
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amy S Fox
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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