1
|
Musazadeh V, Morovatshoar R, Kavyani Z, Vajdi M, Askari G. Effects of flaxseed supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106868. [PMID: 38971216 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Several studies reported the benefits of flaxseed on inflammatory biomarkers, while others reported conflicting findings. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the impacts of flaxseed on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Databases including Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences were searched till February 2024. The 54 RCTs were included in the final analysis, which involved 3000 individuals from 12 countries. Overall, the flaxseed supplementation had a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = -0.46; 95 % CI: -0.70, -0.23, P < 0.001; I2 = 82.9 %, P < 0.001), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (SMD = -0.64, 95 % CI: -1.13, -0.16, P = 0.010; I2 = 92.7, P < 0.001). Furthermore, flaxseed did not significantly change the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (SMD = -0.17; 95 % CI: -0.63, 0.29, P = 0.467; I2 = 92, P < 0.001). Flaxseed supplementation significantly decreased serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6, but not TNF-a. Thus, this meta-analysis suggests that the current evidence supports the potential benefits of flaxseed in managing inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Morovatshoar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Musazadeh V, Abolghasemian M, Kavyani Z, Moridpour AH, Nazari A, Faghfouri AH. The effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on anthropometric indices: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2024; 84:103066. [PMID: 38992480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation has shown promise as an anti-obesity agent in various clinical trials, although results have been inconsistent. To provide a more accurate assessment of the impact of flaxseed supplementation on anthropometric indices, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. METHODS We searched several international databases until August 2023, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were analyzed using a random-effects model. RESULTS Sixty-four trials comprising 72 treatment arms were included. All studies reported the intervention types (Lignans, Whole flaxseed, and Flaxseed oil) and dosage. However, three studies did testing for purity, and 40 studies reported potency. Also, the risk of contamination with heavy metals was not mentioned in studies. Another limitation was the lack of blind evaluation in the studies. According to three trials included in the systematic review, flaxseed did not affect anthropometric indices. Our meta-analysis revealed significant reductions in body weight (WMD = -0.63 kg; 95 % CI: -1.00, -0.27, P < 0.001; I2 = 76.7 %, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.24 kg/m2, 95 % CI: -0.36, -0.11, P < 0.001; I2 = 78.5 %, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -1.43 cm, 95 % CI: -2.06, -0.80, P < 0.001; I2 = 81.1 %, P < 0.001) following flaxseed supplementation. Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions lasting 10-20 weeks, and studies involving subjects with higher BMI (>30 kg/m2) showed more significant anti-obesity effects. Based on the GRADE evaluation, body weight, BMI, and WC results were considered as moderate-certainty evidence. CONCLUSION Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) leads to meaningful improvements in body weight, BMI, and WC. Therefore, flaxseed can be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic approach in improving obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student research committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MohammadReza Abolghasemian
- Department of Hygiene and Food Safety, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Moridpour
- Student Research Committee,Department of Nutritional Sciences,School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morissette A, Agrinier AL, Gignac T, Ramadan L, Diop K, Marois J, Varin TV, Pilon G, Simard S, Larose É, Gagnon C, Arsenault BJ, Després JP, Carreau AM, Vohl MC, Marette A. Substituting Refined Sugars With Maple Syrup Decreases Key Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Individuals With Mild Metabolic Alterations: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00465-6. [PMID: 39163971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maple syrup, a minimally transformed sweetener rich in polyphenols, can exert a action and improve metabolic parameters in animal models. However, no randomized clinical trial has investigated this. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine whether replacing refined sugars with an equivalent quantity of maple syrup could decrease key cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with mild metabolic alterations. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial with 42 overweight adults with mild cardiometabolic alterations, participants were instructed to substitute 5% of their total caloric intake from added sugars with either maple syrup or an artificially flavored sucrose syrup for 8 wk. The primary outcome included changes in glucose homeostasis, whereas secondary outcomes were changes in other cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure, anthropometric indices, and blood lipid profiles. Exploratory outcomes involved analyzing changes in gut microbiota composition. RESULTS Replacing refined sugars with maple syrup over 8 wk decreased the glucose area under the curve when compared with substituting refined sugars with sucrose syrup, as determined during the oral glucose tolerance test, leading to a significant difference between the intervention arms (-50.59 ± 201.92 compared with 29.93 ± 154.90; P < 0.047). Substituting refined sugar with maple syrup also significantly decreased android fat mass (-7.83 ± 175.05 g compared with 67.61 ± 206.71 g; P = 0.02) and systolic blood pressure (-2.72 ± 8.73 mm Hg compared with 0.87 ± 8.99 mm Hg; P = 0.03). No changes in the blood lipid profile were observed. As an exploratory outcome, we further observed that substituting refined sugars with maple syrup promoted selective taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota such as a significant reduction in the abundance of Klebsiella species and decreased microbial functions associated with bacterial-induced cytokine response, when compared with substitution with sucrose syrup. CONCLUSIONS Substituting refined sugars with maple syrup in individuals with mild metabolic alterations result in a significantly greater reduction of key cardiometabolic risk factors compared with substitution with sucrose syrup, in association with specific changes in gut microbiota. The role of the gut microbiota in these effects remains to be further explored. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04117802.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Morissette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Agrinier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Théo Gignac
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lamia Ramadan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Khoudia Diop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Marois
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Simard
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Larose
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudia Gagnon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; VITAM-Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Carreau
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada; School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed DH, Fateh HL. Impact of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile and liver enzymes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 173:106838. [PMID: 38663513 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Since the effects of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile and liver enzymes are still controversial, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted in the present study to assess the effect of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile and liver enzymes. The study was designed, conducted, and reported according to the guidelines of the 2020 preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic and comprehensive search was performed in several databases from inception up to January 10, 2024. The meta-analysis on the impact of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile and liver enzymes indicates that the overall effect of flaxseed supplementation on triglycerides, combining different doses, revealed a significant reduction with a WMD of - 230.72 (-53.95, - 27.49) and a P-value of 0.010. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) demonstrated a positive effect, with an overall WMD of 1.82 (0.27, 3.38) and a P-value of 0.021, indicating an increase in HDL levels. The liver enzymes AST and ALT displayed reductions in their levels, with overall WMDs of - 21.18 (-2.95, 0.59) and - 24.83 (-8.74, - 20.91), respectively. Subgroup analysis based on dosage revealed more pronounced reductions in ALT levels for doses below 2000 mg/day. Findings from this study suggest that a flaxseed supplement might be beneficial to modulate the blood lipid profile and liver enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dyari H Ahmed
- Nursing Department, Halabja Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Hawal Lateef Fateh
- Nursing Department, Kalar Technical Institute, Garmian Polytechnic University, Kalar, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ellouze I, Korlagunta K, Lucas EA, Payton M, Singar S, Arjmandi BH. The Effects of Flaxseed Consumption on Glycemic Control in Native American Postmenopausal Women with Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1392. [PMID: 39057535 PMCID: PMC11276366 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12141392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose control in postmenopausal women is influenced by many factors, such as hormones, lifestyle variables, and genetics. Limited data exist on the effect of whole flaxseed on glucose status in postmenopausal Native American women. The aim of this study was to investigate the glucose management effect of a flaxseed dietary intervention on postmenopausal Native American women. In this study, 55 Native American postmenopausal women (aged 47-63 years) with borderline hyperglycemia (>100 and <126 mg/dL) and mild to moderate hypercholestorolemia (≥200 to ≤380 mmol/L), who were not on hormone replacement therapy, were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary regimens (control, flaxseed, and flaxseed + fiber) for three months, receiving interventions in the form of bread, muffins, and flaxseed powder. Despite daily consumption of flaxseed across diverse food formats, no significant changes in glucose (p = 0.3, p = 0.2), insulin levels (p = 0.59, p = 0.9), or HOMA-IR (p = 0.84, p = 0.66) were observed compared to their respective baseline values within the flaxseed and flaxseed + fiber groups, respectively. Conversely, the control group showed a significant rise in final glucose values from baseline (p = 0.01). However, the incorporation of ground flaxseed into low-glycemic foods holds potential for beneficial effects through maintaining glucose status among postmenopausal Native American women. This research provides critical insights into the effects of flaxseed, emphasizing the need for continued exploration to understand its role in supporting glucose management among postmenopausal Native American women. Further exploration is required to investigate the potential long-term impact and the use of flaxseed in managing glucose levels in this demographic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ellouze
- Functional Physiology and Bio-Resources Valorization Laboratory, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Jendouba University, Beja 9000, Tunisia
| | | | - Edralin A. Lucas
- Nutritional Sciences, College of Education and Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mark Payton
- Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Englewood, CO 80112, USA;
| | - Saiful Singar
- Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Bahram H. Arjmandi
- Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Joshi S, Srivastava R. Tracing the pathways and mechanisms involved in medicinal uses of flaxseed with computational methods and bioinformatics tools. Front Chem 2024; 11:1276052. [PMID: 38283897 PMCID: PMC10811174 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1276052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological drugs targeting specific pathways involved in various diseases have seen recent advancement with newer and more efficient emerging drug targets, but these drugs are limited in terms of their side effects and patient adherence. The potential of plant-based diets in the form of functional foods is increasingly being realized as an option to treat and/or prevent several diseases. In this work, we have selected flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), also known as linseed, to study its pharmacological efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action for medicinal purposes. The target genes of linseed with Disease Specificity Index (DSI >0.6) are compared to the associated genes of diabetes mellitus, decrease in appetite, addictive behavior, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and the selected genes are further evaluated using in silico methods. The binding affinity of flaxseed to three common target proteins (CCDC28b, PDCD6IP, and USP34) is assessed by docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that linseed is safe to use for mutagenic toxicity and other cardiotoxicity measures, but linseed is unsafe for embryotoxicity, hERG toxicity, and cardiac failure. The analysis of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways indicates that flaxseed can be used as a medicinal herb for treatment of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, IBDs, and PCOS.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Q, Wang X. The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14383. [PMID: 37762686 PMCID: PMC10532139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of a low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet on the glycemic profile of adults. A comprehensive search was performed across four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed) to evaluate the influence of the low-ratio LA/ALA. Relevant references were screened up until February 2023. Intervention effects were analyzed by calculating change values as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using fixed-effects models. Additionally, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were employed to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-one randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, and the low-ratio LA/ALA diet had no significant effect on fasting blood sugar (FBS, WMD: 0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.06, p = 0.989, I2 = 0.0%), insulin levels (WMD: 0.20 μIU/mL, 95% CI: -0.23, 0.63, p = 0.360, I2 = 3.2%), homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, WMD: 0.09, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.23, p = 0.243, I2 = 0.0%), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, WMD: -0.01%, 95% CI: -0.07, 0.06, p = 0.836, I2 = 0.0%). Based on subgroup analyses, it was observed that the impact of a low-ratio LA/ALA diet on elevated plasma insulin (WMD: 1.31 μIU/mL, 95% CI: 0.08, 2.54, p = 0.037, I2 = 32.0%) and HOMA-IR (WMD: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.84, p = 0.012, I2 = 0.0%) levels exhibited greater prominence in North America compared to Asian and European countries. Publication bias was not detected for FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels according to the Begg and Egger tests. Furthermore, the conducted sensitivity analyses indicated stability, as the effects of the low-ratio LA/ALA diet on various glycemic and related metrics remained unchanged even after removing individual studies. Overall, based on the available studies, it can be concluded that the low-ratio LA/ALA diet has limited impact on blood glucose-related biomarker levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sirotkin AV. Influence of Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on Female Reproduction. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:608-615. [PMID: 36808094 DOI: 10.1055/a-2013-2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the chemical composition of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and its general health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning its action on the female reproductive state, functions on the ovary and ovarian cells and reproductive hormones, as well as possible constituents and extra- and intracellular mediators mediating its effects on female reproductive processes. Flaxseed contains a number of biologically active molecules, which, acting through multiple signalling pathways, can determine numerous physiological, protective and therapeutic effects of flaxseed. The available publications demonstrate the action of flaxseed and its constituents on the female reproductive system - ovarian growth, follicle development, the resulting puberty and reproductive cycles, ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis, oo- and embryogenesis, hormonal regulators of reproductive processes and their dysfunctions. These effects can be determined by flaxseed lignans, alpha-linolenic acid and their products. Their actions can be mediated by changes in general metabolism, metabolic and reproductive hormones, their binding proteins, receptors and several intracellular signalling pathways, including protein kinases, transcription factors regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and malignant transformation. Flaxseed and its active molecules are found potentially useful for improving farm animal reproductive efficiency and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of the inclusion of extruded flaxseed in the diet of fattening pigs on performance parameters and blood parameters. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of 2%, 4% and 6% extruded flaxseed in the diet of fattening pigs on their growth performance parameters, carcass parameters, and selected blood parameters. The experiment was conducted on 160 weaners (from about 30 kg to about 110 kg BW) assigned to four experimental groups of 40 animals each (5 replicates with 8 individuals each). The animals in control group received a diet in which the source of fat was soybean oil. The other groups received extruded flaxseed (FE) in place of soybean meal in the amount of 2% (group 2FE); 4% (group 4FE) and 6% (group 6FE). Soybean oil was added to the diets in the experimental treatments to obtain equal amounts of fat. The inclusion of 2% and 4% extruded flaxseed in the diet of fatteners in place of soybean meal significantly improved the digestibility of basic nutrients, i.e. ether extract (by about 5%) and dietary fibre (by more than 20%) and led to better growth performance (higher BW by about 11%; higher ADG by about 20% and lower FCR by about 12%) vs group C. In the groups with 2% and 4% extruded flaxseed there was also an increase in the lean meat content of the carcasses (by about 6%) and the thickness of the backfat (by about 6.5%) vs group C. The inclusion of extruded flaxseed did not affect the animals' condition, as indicated by the haematological and biochemical parameters of the blood, which were within reference ranges. The results for production, nutrient digestibility and carcass analysis between groups 2FE and 4FE were similar, and at this stage of research indicate that the use of 2% extruded flaxseed is economically more justified.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zarei M, Adeli S, Hosseini S, Daneshzad E. The effect of flaxseed intake on appetite reduction: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3792-3804. [PMID: 35916016 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Appetite control has attracted many scientists' attention recently since it can lead to weight management and the prevention of further metabolic disorders. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of flaxseed on satiety perception but the results are controversial. This study aims to review these results comprehensively. PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for related papers on June 2021. The searched keywords for appetite were: visual analog scale, appetite, desire to eat, satiation, satiety, hunger, fullness, and for Flaxseed they were: flax, flax*, linseed*, lignin*, Linseed Oil, flaxseed, ground flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and Linum usitatissimum. The 13 included studies were inconsistent in results and some of them found no significant effect of flaxseed on the considered outcomes. However, three studies revealed a significant reduction in hunger perception as well as appetite. Moreover, two studies found a decreasing effect on prospective consumption. Three studies observed a positive significant effect on fullness and satiety. Although there are a limited number of documents related to the effect of flaxseed on appetite perception, or its equivalent terms, the available studies suggest the potential role of flaxseed in decreasing appetite and hunger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Adeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Hosseini
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quarta S, Massaro M, Carluccio MA, Calabriso N, Bravo L, Sarria B, García-Conesa MT. An Exploratory Critical Review on TNF-α as a Potential Inflammatory Biomarker Responsive to Dietary Intervention with Bioactive Foods and Derived Products. Foods 2022; 11:2524. [PMID: 36010524 PMCID: PMC9407274 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review collects and critically examines data on the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in lean, overweight and obese subjects, and the effects of intervention with different foods and food products containing bioactive constituents in overweight/obese individuals. We additionally explore the influence of different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on TNF-α levels and compare the response to food products with that to some anti-obesity drugs. Our aim was to provide an overview of the variability, consistency, and magnitude of the reported effects of dietary factors on TNF-α, and to envisage the reliability of measuring changes in the levels of this cytokine as a biomarker responsive to food intervention in association with the reduction in body weight. Regarding the circulating levels of TNF-α, we report: (i) a large intra-group variability, with most coefficients of variation (CV%) values being ≥30% and, in many cases, >100%; (ii) a large between-studies variability, with baseline TNF-α values ranging from <1.0 up to several hundred pg/mL; (iii) highly variable effects of the different dietary approaches with both statistically significant and not significant decreases or increases of the protein, and the absolute effect size varying from <0.1 pg/mL up to ≈50 pg/mL. Within this scenario of variability, it was not possible to discern clear differentiating limits in TNF-α between lean, overweight, and obese individuals or a distinct downregulatory effect on this cytokine by any of the different dietary approaches reviewed, i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), Vitamin-D (VitD), mixed (micro)nutrients, (poly)phenols or other phytochemicals. Further, there was not a clear relationship between the TNF-α responses and body weight changes. We found similarities between dietary and pharmacological treatments in terms of variability and limited evidence of the TNF-α response. Different factors that contribute to this variability are discussed and some specific recommendations are proposed to reinforce the need to improve future studies looking at this cytokine as a potential biomarker of response to dietary approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Quarta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Bravo
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarria
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Villarreal-Renteria AI, Herrera-Echauri DD, Rodríguez-Rocha NP, Zuñiga LY, Muñoz-Valle JF, García-Arellano S, Bernal-Orozco MF, Macedo-Ojeda G. Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2022; 70:102852. [PMID: 35843472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by increased blood sugar concentration and insulin resistance. Although there are only a few reports of potential benefits of flaxseed's consumption on different metabolic parameters, there is no evidence of its effect among people with these conditions. OBJECTIVES The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of flaxseed supplementation on glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM. METHODS A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science, to identify Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of milled or ground flaxseed supplementation on fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR. The data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software version 3.3 in a fixed-effect model. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis, the results showed a significant reduction on fasting blood sugar (SMD: -0.392, 95% CI: -0.596, -0.187, p = <0.001, I2 = 64.81%) insulin concentrations, (SMD: -0.287, 95% CI: -0.534, -0.041, p = 0.022, I2 = 32.53%), HbA1c (SMD: -0.442, 95% CI: -0.770, -0.114, p = 0.008, I2 = 11.058%), and HOMA-IR (SMD: -0.284, 95% CI: -0.530, -0.038, p = 0.024, I2 = 0.00%) after flaxseed supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Flaxseed supplementation seems to improve glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM; however, more RCTs are needed to have more decisive evidence about doses, method of supplementation, and the possible effect of synergy with the dietetic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Isabel Villarreal-Renteria
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Dulce Daniela Herrera-Echauri
- Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Norma Patricia Rodríguez-Rocha
- Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico; Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Laura Yareni Zuñiga
- Department of Health and Disease, University Center of Tonala (CUT), University of Guadalajara, 555 Nuevo Periferico, ZC 45425 Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco
- Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico; Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shareghfarid E, Nadjarzadeh A, Heidarzadeh-Esfahani N, Azamian Y, Hajiahmadi S. The Effect of Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on Body Composition and Inflammation Indices in Overweight Adults With Pre-Diabetes. Nutr Metab Insights 2022; 15:11786388221090083. [PMID: 35799617 PMCID: PMC9253991 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flaxseed has rich content of alpha linolenic acid for preventing pro
inflammatory process. The aim of present study is exploring the effect of
flaxseed oil supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and body composition
in overweight adults with pre-diabetes. Material and methods: this double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted with 80 overweight
pre-diabetic patients in 2 clusters (flaxseed oil group (2000-mg daily) and
control group) across a 14-week period. Anthropometric indices, body
composition and inflammatory indices were measured between 2 groups before
and after the treatment. Result: this study found a significant decrease in visceral fat level in the
intervention group (P = .009) and control group
(P = .004) at the end of the survey. However, the mean
change of it (P = .06) was not significant. Also, this
study showed that percentage of body fat (P = .31) and its
mean change (P = .6) did not have significantly different
between the 2 groups at the 14th week. The skeletal muscle% had a
significant rise in the intervention group (P = .005) and
control group (P = .003) by the end of 14th week. However,
the mean change of it (P = .19) was not significant between
the 2 groups. In addition, there was no significant change in the fasting
blood glucose (P = . 7), C reactive protein
(P = .12) and TNF-α (P = .22) between
the 2 groups at the end of study. Conclusion: It showed that flaxseed oil supplementation cannot improve body composition
and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shareghfarid
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Neda Heidarzadeh-Esfahani
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yasaman Azamian
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Salimeh Hajiahmadi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sant’Ana CT, Amorim ADD, Gava AP, Aguilar CM, Silva NG, Machado LD, Viana ML, Oliveira DDS, Silva PI, Costa NMB, Costa AGV. Brown and golden flaxseed reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, and improve the lipid profile in perimenopausal overweight women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:829-840. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2052820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Tomaz Sant’Ana
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ariane Dias de Amorim
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gava
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla Mora Aguilar
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nayana Garcia Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
| | - Líllian Duarte Machado
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center of Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mirelle Lomar Viana
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center of Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center of Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna Ibrahim Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center of Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Vasconcelos Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Center of Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, UFES, Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jamshidi-Naeini Y, Li R, Dickinson S, Vorland CJ, Brown AW. Errors in Analyses and Undisclosed Methods Render Meta-Analysis Irreproducible: A Second Comment on "Effects of Flaxseed Interventions on Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Adv Nutr 2022; 13:352-354. [PMID: 35100618 PMCID: PMC8803486 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rui Li
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Dickinson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Colby J Vorland
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The effects of phytochemicals and herbal bio-active compounds on tumour necrosis factor-α in overweight and obese individuals: a clinical review. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:91-110. [PMID: 34997431 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is abnormal fat accumulation in the body which acts as a risk factor for various cardiometabolic states. Adipose tissue in excess can release inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-6, and suppress adiponectin production. TNF-α increases the levels of IL-6 and acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein. Inflammation has a crucial role in developing and progressing various cardiometabolic diseases and a wide range of obesity-related complications. It has been shown that TNF-α has a significant role in the development of insulin resistance. Recently, a growing body of evidence has focused on herbal medicine, phytochemicals and natural bioactive compounds as inexpensive, relatively easy accessible agents with low adverse effects to reduce inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and simultaneously decrease insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia in obesity. The main focus of the current review is to summarize the results of the studies, which assessed the effects of phytochemicals and herbal bio-active compounds on serum TNF-α in subjects with overweight or obesity. This review suggests that herbal medicine have favorable effects on the reduction of TNF-α concentration; however, the results were not uniform for different products. Among the reviewed plants, ginger, ginseng, resveratrol, and flaxseed had more promising effects.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang C, Xia H, Wan M, Lu Y, Xu D, Yang X, Yang L, Sun G. Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:91. [PMID: 34635132 PMCID: PMC8504108 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed is widely used as a functional food for its rich sources of linolenic acid, lignans and dietary fibers in the world. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is first to evaluate effects of different flaxseed products (whole flaxseed, oil and lignans) on lipid profiles, inflammatory and anthropometric parameters in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases. METHODS Literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, Scopus, and Web of Science from the inception dates to January, 2020. Weighted mean differences with the 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using fix or random-effects models. RESULTS Thirty-one RCTs involving 1,698 participants were included. The present meta-analysis revealed that flaxseed consumption had an overall beneficial effect on serum TC, LDL-C, TG, apo B and IL-6 in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases, but not on apo A, HDL-C, hs-CRP, CRP and anthropometric indices. However, different flaxseed products showed obviously different effects. Whole flaxseed supplementation significantly reduced TC (- 11.85 mg/dl, 95% CI - 20.12 to - 3.57, P = 0.005), LDL-C (- 10.51 mg/dl, 95% CI - 14.96 to - 6.06, P < 0.001), TG (- 19.77 mg/dl, 95% CI - 33.61 to - 5.94, P = 0.005), apolipoprotein B (- 5.73 mg/dl, 95% CI - 7.53 to - 3.93, P < 0.001), TC/HDL-C (- 0.10, 95% CI - 0.19 to - 0.003, P = 0.044) and weight (- 0.40 kg, 95% CI - 0.76 to - 0.05, P = 0.027); Lignans supplementation significantly reduced TC (- 17.86 mg/dl, P = 0.004), LDL-C (- 15.47 mg/dl, P < 0.001) and TC/HDL-C (- 0.45, P = 0.04). Although flaxseed oil supplementation had no such lowering-effect on lipid, meta-analysis revealed its lowering-effect on IL-6 (- 0.35 pg/ml, P = 0.033) and hs-CRP (- 1.54 mg/l, P = 0.004). Subgroup analysis revealed that whole flaxseed decreased TC, LDL-C and TG levels irrespective of country and the intervention time prescribed, but was more pronounced when the dose of whole flaxseed was ≤ 30 g/day (TC: WMD - 13.61 mg/mL; LDL-C: WMD - 10.52 mg/mL; TG: WMD - 23.52 mg/mL), rather not a dose > 30 g/day. Moreover, a linear relationship between dose of whole flaxseed and absolute changes in C-reactive protein (P = 0.036) and a nonlinear relationship between with IL-6 (P < 0.001) were detected. CONCLUSIONS Flaxseed intervention suggested the positive effects on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases. Of these, whole flaxseed and lignans play an important role in reducing blood lipid, while flaxseed oil mainly plays in anti-inflammatory. Lipid- and weight-lowering was significant when whole flaxseed was consumed at doses < 30 mg/d, for lipid status with mixed dyslipidemia and patients with BMI > 25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moradi M, Chashnidel Y, Teimouri Yansari A, Khazari B, Mansouryar M. Moderate overfeeding of different sources of metabolizable energy and protein. II: Effects on inflammatory status of sheep in late pregnancy and growth trajectory of the offspring. Theriogenology 2021; 176:115-121. [PMID: 34601235 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of moderate overfeeding of different sources of metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (MP) on inflammatory status of sheep in late gestation and short-term growth performance of the offspring. A total of 32 healthy pregnant Zell ewes (2.5 ± 1 years old, 42.19 ± 1.65 kg body weight [BW]) were selected 7 weeks before lambing. After receiving a ten-day adaptation diet, eight ewes were randomly allocated to each of the four treatments including: 1) The adaptation diet that fulfills ME and MP requirements, according to the National Research Council's (NRC, 2007) recommendations for late pregnant ewes (CON); 2) A diet with 10% higher levels of ME than CON, using corn grain for extra ME (HEC); 3) A diet with 10% higher level of ME compared to CON, using flaxseed for additional ME (HEF); and 4) A diet with a 10% higher level of MP than CON, using a rumen-protected lysin and methionine supplement (RP-Lys & Met) to supply extra MP (PRO). After lambing, ewes continued their dietary treatments until 30 days postpartum; however, the content of ingredients were proportionally increased to meet the recommended levels of energy and protein for lactating ewes (NRC, 2007). Blood samples from the ewes were taken on days -21, -14, and -7 before parturition. Colostrum yield and components were determined, and lamb's BW and milk intake (MI) were measured weekly until 28 days of age. Other growth performance indexes were computed accordingly. Blood samples from the offspring were taken on days 15 and 30 of life. The data was analyzed using SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., 9.4). Compared with the CON, HEF-fed ewes were the only group that had lower levels of oxidative stress and blood inflammatory markers at -7 d before parturition (P < 0.05). Concentrations of aminotransferases in CON-fed ewes were greater than other groups in late gestation (P ≤ 0.05). Offspring of HEF- and PRO-fed ewes had higher birth BW than lambs of the CON-fed group (3.71 and 4.11 vs. 3.01 ± 0.24, Kg for HEF, PRO, and CON, respectively). Except for week 2, lambs of CON-fed ewes had lower BW gain compared with the other offspring (P < 0.01). Lambs of PRO-fed ewes had greater levels of plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG, days 15 and 30 of life; P < 0.05) and MI (from week 2; P < 0.001) than other groups. In conclusion, regardless of the source, moderate overfeeding of ME/MP was more beneficial for the immune status of late pregnant dams and the offspring's performance than non-overfed ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Moradi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - Y Chashnidel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - A Teimouri Yansari
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - B Khazari
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - M Mansouryar
- Zist Dam Group, University Incubator Center, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mann M, Rhee Y. Flaxseed Effects on Inflammation Regulatory Gene Expressions in an Obese Animal Model. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:292-296. [PMID: 34169469 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be partially influenced by low-grade inflammation caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines and excess adipose tissue. Flaxseed contains secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) that have been shown to prevent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and secretion. This study determined flaxseed effects on inflammation regulatory gene expressions and their relationships with weight gain in an obese animal model. C57BL/6J mice were fed with whole flaxseed, defatted flaxseed, or flaxseed oil supplemented high-fat diet for eight weeks. After eight weeks of dietary treatment, NF-κB, IκBα, IKKβ, IL-6, TNF-α, Akt2, and adiponectin gene expressions were measured. The result shows how health-promoting compounds in flaxseed assist in alleviating and preventing obesity-induced low-grade inflammation by actively working against IKKβ/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mann
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Yeong Rhee
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alasalvar C, Chang SK, Bolling B, Oh WY, Shahidi F. Specialty seeds: Nutrients, bioactives, bioavailability, and health benefits: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2382-2427. [PMID: 33719194 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeds play important roles in human nutrition and health since ancient time. The term "specialty" has recently been applied to seeds to describe high-value and/or uncommon food products. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to identify various classes of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols in specialty seeds. This review discusses nutrients, fat-soluble bioactives, polyphenols/bioactives, antioxidant activity, bioavailability, health benefits, and safety/toxicology of commonly consumed eight specialty seeds, namely, black cumin, chia, hemp, flax, perilla, pumpkin, quinoa, and sesame. Scientific results from the existing literature published over the last decade have been compiled and discussed. These specialty seeds, having numerous fat-soluble bioactives and polyphenols, together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been consumed. Hence, these specialty seeds can be considered as a valuable source of dietary supplements and functional foods due to their health-promoting bioactive components, polyphenols, and corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from these specialty seeds demonstrate bioavailability in humans with promising health benefits. Additional long-term and well-design human intervention trials are required to ascertain the health-promoting properties of these specialty seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bradley Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Won Young Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luvián-Morales J, Varela-Castillo FO, Flores-Cisneros L, Cetina-Pérez L, Castro-Eguiluz D. Functional foods modulating inflammation and metabolism in chronic diseases: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4371-4392. [PMID: 33506690 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are responsible for approximately 71% global deaths. These are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic alterations. "Functional foods" have been attributed with anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrated in cell lines and murine models; however, studies in humans are inconclusive. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify clinical trials that analyzed changes in inflammatory and metabolic mediators, in response to consumption of specific functional foods. A total of 3581 trials were screened and 88 were included for this review. Foods identified to regulate inflammation included cranberries, grapes, pomegranate, strawberries, wheat, whole grain products, low fat dairy products, yogurt, green tea, cardamom, turmeric, soy foods, almonds, chia seeds, flaxseed, pistachios, algae oil, flaxseed oil and grape seed oil. Clinical trials that focus on a dietary pattern rich in functional foods are necessary to explore if the additive effect of these foods lead to more clinically relevant outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julissa Luvián-Morales
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Postgraduate Unit, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Flores-Cisneros
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Postgraduate Unit, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucely Cetina-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Castro-Eguiluz
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) - Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reddy AJ, George ES, Roberts SK, Tierney AC. Effect of dietary intervention, with or without co-interventions, on inflammatory markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev 2021; 77:765-786. [PMID: 31361003 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with inflammation acting as a key driver in its pathogenesis and progression. Diet has the potential to mediate the release of inflammatory markers; however, little is known about the effects of various diets. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions on cytokines and adipokines in patients with NAFLD. DATA SOURCES The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials investigating dietary interventions, with or without supplementation, on cytokines and adipokines in NAFLD patients. DATA EXTRACTION Basic characteristics of populations, dietary intervention protocol, cytokines, and adipokines were extracted for each study. Quality of evidence was assessed using the American Dietetic Association criteria. DATA ANALYSIS Nineteen studies with a total of 874 participants were included. The most frequently reported inflammatory outcomes were C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, and leptin. Hypocaloric, isocaloric, or low-fat diets significantly (P < 0.05) lowered levels of CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin. The addition of nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation to dietary interventions appeared to elicit additional benefits for all of the most frequently reported inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Hypo- or isocaloric diets alone, or with co-interventions that included a nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation, appear to improve the inflammatory profile in patients with NAFLD. Thus, anti-inflammatory diets may have the potential to improve underlying chronic inflammation that underpins the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD. In the absence of any known liver-sensitive markers, the use of cytokines and adipokines as a surrogate marker of liver disease should be further investigated in well-controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana J Reddy
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena S George
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yari Z, Naser-Nakhaee Z, Karimi‐Shahrbabak E, Cheraghpour M, Hedayati M, Mohaghegh SM, Ommi S, Hekmatdoost A. Combination therapy of flaxseed and hesperidin enhances the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in cardiovascular risk control in prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:3. [PMID: 33402222 PMCID: PMC7786892 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regarding the increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic abnormalities, and its association with non-communicable chronic diseases, providing preventive and therapeutic strategies is a priority. A randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of combination therapy of milled brown flaxseed and hesperidin during lifestyle intervention on controlling cardiovascular risk in prediabetes. METHODS A total of forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to receive lifestyle intervention plus combination therapy of brown flaxseed (30 g milled) and hesperidin (two 500 mg capsules) or lifestyle modification alone for 12 weeks. Changes from baseline in anthropometric measures, lipid profile and atherogenic indices, glucose homeostasis parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers was assessed as a primary end point. RESULTS Anthropometric data comparison between the two groups showed a significant reduction in weight (p = 0.048). Waist circumference reduction was about twice that of the control group (- 6.75 cm vs - 3.57 cm), but this difference was not statistically significant. Comparison of blood pressure changes throughout the study indicated a greater reduction in blood pressure in the intervention group rather than control group (- 5.66 vs. - 1.56 mmHg, P = 0.049). Improvements of lipid profile and atherogenic indices, glucose homeostasis parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers in flaxseed-hesperidin group was significantly more than the control group after 12 weeks of intervention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that co-administration of flaxseed and hesperidin as an adjunct to lifestyle modification program is more effective than lifestyle modification alone in the metabolic abnormalities remission of prediabetic patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03737422. Registered 11 November 2018. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT03737422&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Naser-Nakhaee
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Marjan Mohaghegh
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Ommi
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of flaxseed oil on glycemic control and inflammatory markers in overweight adults with pre-diabetes: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
25
|
Yau JW, Thor SM, Ramadas A. Nutritional Strategies in Prediabetes: A Scoping Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2990. [PMID: 33003593 PMCID: PMC7650618 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional therapy has been conventionally recommended for people with prediabetes as a method to delay or halt progression to type 2 diabetes. However, recommended nutritional strategies evolve over time. Hence, we performed a scoping review on recently reported nutritional interventions for individuals with prediabetes. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched to identify relevant research articles published within the past 10 years. Ninety-five articles involving a total of 11,211 participants were included in this review. Nutritional strategies were broadly classified into four groups: low calorie diet, low glycemic index diet, specific foods, and a combination of diet and exercise. The most frequently assessed outcomes were plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, body mass index and body weight. More than 50% of reported interventions resulted in significant improvements in these parameters. Nutritional interventions have demonstrated feasibility and practicality as an effective option for prediabetes management. However, the intervention variability demonstrates the challenges of a 'one-size-fits-all' approach. Investigations in genetically diverse populations and objective assessment of progression rate to diabetes are necessary to better comprehend the impact of these nutritional strategies in prediabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amutha Ramadas
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (J.W.Y.); (S.M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Evenocheck A, Rhee Y, Hall C. Do Health Promoting Compounds of Flaxseed Attenuate Weight Gain Via Modulation of Obesity Gene Expression? PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:441-445. [PMID: 32440756 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) has been shown to increase DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) expression and DNMTs binding at obesity-associated genes. Natural compounds have the potential to reverse obesity-associated gene expression via the regulation of DNA methylation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of health promoting compounds of flaxseed on DNMTs and obesity-associated gene expression and weight gain. Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned into one of the following diet groups and fed for eight weeks: 45% kcal fat; 45% kcal fat+10% whole flaxseed; 45% kcal fat+6% defatted flaxseed; 45% kcal fat+4% flaxseed oil; and 16% kcal fat. DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, leptin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α expressions in adipose and muscle tissues were determined by real-time PCR. The health promoting compounds of flaxseed affected selected gene expression and attenuated weight gain. Further research is needed to identify the specific mechanisms modulating leptin or PPAR-α expression during DIO development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Evenocheck
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Y Rhee
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - C Hall
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yari Z, Cheraghpour M, Alavian SM, Hedayati M, Eini-Zinab H, Hekmatdoost A. The efficacy of flaxseed and hesperidin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:99-111. [PMID: 32647367 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing in prevalence globally and no definitive evidence for any approved pharmacological approaches for patients with NAFLD has been found yet. This study was aimed to assess the clinical effects of flaxseed and hesperidin in patients with NAFLD. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial, one hundred eligible patients with NAFLD were enrolled and randomly assigned to four dietary intervention groups including lifestyle modification program (control), lifestyle modification program with 30 g whole flaxseed powder, lifestyle modification program with 1 g hesperidin supplementation, and lifestyle modification program with combination of 30 g flaxseed and 1 g hesperidin (flax-hes) for 12 weeks. The changes in anthropometric parameters, metabolic profiles of glucose and lipids, inflammatory biomarkers and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were evaluated. RESULTS After the 12-week dietary interventions, significant reductions in body mass index, glucose hemostasis parameters and hepatic steatosis were observed in all groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect for time relative to almost all paraclinical parameters. Post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction revealed that the three intervention groups experienced significant decreases in plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, indices of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose and fatty liver index compared to control (p < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study confirmed that hesperidin and flaxseed supplementation improved glucose and lipid metabolism, while reduced inflammation and hepatic steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter) in NAFLD patients. The synergistic effects of their combination were observed on plasma glucose concentration and HOMA-IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Eini-Zinab
- Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effects of nut and seed consumption on markers of glucose metabolism in adults with prediabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2020; 122:361-375. [PMID: 31196252 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim was to investigate the effects of nut and seed consumption on markers of glucose metabolism in adults with prediabetes. Studies with a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design, comparing the effects of a diet containing nuts or seeds against a diet without nuts or seeds in adults with prediabetes, were considered eligible. Primary outcome measures included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance test and glycated Hb (HbA1c) concentrations. Studies were identified by searching PubMed and Scopus electronic databases and by checking full texts and reference lists of relevant records. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. We included five RCT involving 371 adults with prediabetes or at risk of diabetes; three RCT investigated the effects of whole nut consumption and two the effects of ground flaxseed consumption. Consumption of 57 g/d pistachios or mean intake of 60 g/d almonds for 4 months improved FPG and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) concentrations, insulin resistance, cellular glucose uptake in lymphocytes and β-cell function. Consumption of 56 g/d walnuts for 6 months was not found to affect FPG or HbA1c concentrations. Consumption of 13 g/d flaxseed for 3 months improved FPG and FPI concentrations and insulin resistance. In a second study, however, flaxseed consumption was not found to affect markers of glucose metabolism. The risk of bias was generally low, thus the reported results could be reliable. Further investigation of nut and seed consumption effects in the field of prediabetes is warranted.
Collapse
|
29
|
Proença C, Oliveira A, Freitas M, Ribeiro D, Sousa JLC, Ramos MJ, Silva AMS, Fernandes PA, Fernandes E. Structural Specificity of Flavonoids in the Inhibition of Human Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1541-1552. [PMID: 32364726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is a recognized regulatory enzyme of the gluconeogenesis pathway, which has emerged as a valid target to control gluconeogenesis-mediated overproduction of glucose. As such, the management of diabetes with FBPase inhibitors represents a potential alternative for the currently used antidiabetic agents. In this study, the FBPase inhibition of a panel of 55 structurally related flavonoids was tested, through a microanalysis screening system. Then, a subset of seven active inhibitors and their close chemical relatives were further evaluated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a linear interaction energy (LIE) approach. The results obtained showed that D14 (herbacetin) was the most potent inhibitor, suggesting that the presence of -OH groups at the C-3, C-4', C-5, C-7, and C-8 positions, as well as the double bond between C-2 and C-3 and the 4-oxo function at the pyrone ring, are favorable for the intended effect. Furthermore, D14 (herbacetin) is stabilized by a strong interaction with the Glu30 side chain and the Thr24 backbone of FBPase. This is the first investigation studying the in vitro inhibitory effect of a panel of flavonoids against human liver FBPase, thus representing a potentially important step for the search and design of novel inhibitors of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Proença
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana L C Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shayan M, Kamalian S, Sahebkar A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Flaxseed for Health and Disease: Review of Clinical Trials. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:699-722. [PMID: 32436825 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200521121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an oil-based seed that contains high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, fiber and many other bioactive components which is suggested for a healthier life. Nowadays, flaxseed is known as a remarkable functional food with different health benefits for humans and protects against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity and altogether metabolic syndrome. METHODS To review the bioactive components of flaxseed and their potential health effects, PubMed and Scopus were searched from commencement to July 2019. Keywords including: "flaxseed", "Linum usitatissimum", "metabolic syndrome", "obesity", "inflammation", "insulin resistance", "diabetes", "hyperlipidemia" and "menopause" were searched in the databases with varying combinations. CONCLUSION Consumption of flaxseed in different forms has valuable effects and protects against cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, inflammation and some other complications. Flaxseed can serve as a promising candidate for the management of metabolic syndrome to control blood lipid levels, fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, body weight, waist circumference, body mass and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Shayan
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safa Kamalian
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Askarpour M, Karimi M, Hadi A, Ghaedi E, Symonds ME, Miraghajani M, Javadian P. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2020; 126:154922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
32
|
Abstract
A wide variety of plant species provide edible seeds. Seeds are the dominant source of human calories and protein. The most important and popular seed food sources are cereals, followed by legumes and nuts. Their nutritional content of fiber, protein, and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fats make them extremely nutritious. They are important additions to our daily food consumption. When consumed as part of a healthy diet, seeds can help reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rahimlou M, Jahromi NB, Hasanyani N, Ahmadi AR. Effects of Flaxseed Interventions on Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:1108-1119. [PMID: 31115436 PMCID: PMC6855939 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been various clinical studies on the effect of flaxseed-derived products on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, but the findings from these are contradictory. The aim of the present study was to clarify any association. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from inception to May 2018. From the eligible trials, 32 articles describing studies conducted on adults aged 18-70 y were selected for the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses using the random-effects model were performed to investigate the data and results showed significant effects of flaxseed intake on circulating high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.75; 95% CI: -1.19, -0.30; P < 0.001] and TNFα (WMD = -0.38; 95% CI: -0.75,-0.01; P = 0.04). However, no significant changes were found in IL6 concentration (WMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.70, 0.21; P = 0.28) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = -0.34; 95% CI:-0.89, 0.20; P = 0.22). Moreover, by eliminating 1 of the studies from the sensitivity analysis, changes in IL6 concentration were significant (WMD = -0.44; 95% CI: -0.81, -0.08). The changes in inflammatory biomarkers were dependent on study design (parallel or crossover), supplement type (flaxseed, flaxseed oil, or lignan), study quality (high or low), and participants' age and BMI. According to this meta-analysis, flaxseed significantly reduced circulating concentrations of hs-CRP and TNFα, but did not affect IL6 and CRP. Further research is needed to examine the effect of different doses and long-term benefits of flaxseed and its derivatives on inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Banaie Jahromi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nazila Hasanyani
- Emam Reza Hospital affiliated with Social Security Organization, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gupta HP, Jha RR, Ahmad H, Patel DK, Ravi Ram K. Xenobiotic mediated diabetogenesis: Developmental exposure to dichlorvos or atrazine leads to type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Drosophila. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:461-474. [PMID: 31319158 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of diabetes to the magnitude of a global epidemic is attributed to non-traditional risk factors, including exposure to environmental chemicals. However, the contribution of xenobiotic exposure during the development of an organism to the etiology of diabetes is not fully addressed. Developing stages are more susceptible to chemical insult, but knowledge on the consequence of the same to the onset of diabetes is residual. In this context, by using Drosophila melanogaster having conserved Insulin/Insulin growth factor-like signaling (IIS) as well as glucose homeostasis as a model, we evaluated the potential of developmental exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP, an organophosphorus pesticide) or atrazine (herbicide) to cause diabetes in exposed organisms. Flies exposed to DDVP during their development display insulin deficiency or type 1 diabetes (T1D) while those exposed to atrazine show insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting that exposure to these xenobiotics during organismal development can result in diabetes and that different mechanisms underlie pesticide mediated diabetes. We show that oxidative stress-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling activation underlies insulin resistance in flies exposed to atrazine during their development while DDVP-mediated T1D involves activation of caspase-mediated cell death pathway. Mitigation of oxidative stress through over-expression of SOD2 in atrazine (20μg/ml) exposed flies, revealed significantly decreased oxidative stress levels and reduced phosphorylation of JNK. Moreover, glucose and Akt phosphorylation levels in SOD2 over-expression flies exposed to atrazine were comparable to those in controls, suggesting restoration in insulin sensitivity. Therefore, exposure to xenobiotics during development is a common risk factor for the development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, the present study cautions against the use of such diabetogenic pesticides. Also, mitigation of oxidative stress or anti-oxidant supplementation could be a potential therapy for xenobiotic mediated type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pawankumar Gupta
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Rakesh Roshan Jha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Humaira Ahmad
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kristipati Ravi Ram
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E68. [PMID: 31060335 PMCID: PMC6630319 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes considerable morbidity and mortality across the world. Socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing cancer prevalence, bespeaking a need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Phytochemicals like plant polyphenols are generally considered to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which explain their promotion for human health. The past several decades have contributed to a growing evidence base in the literature that demonstrate ability of polyphenols to modulate multiple targets of carcinogenesis linking models of cancer characteristics (i.e., hallmarks and nutraceutical-based targeting of cancer) via direct or indirect interaction or modulation of cellular and molecular targets. This evidence is particularly relevant for the lignans, an ubiquitous, important class of dietary polyphenols present in high levels in food sources such as flaxseed. Literature evidence on lignans suggests potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the relevant chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of dietary polyphenols and specifically focuses on the biological targets of flaxseed lignans. The consolidation of the considerable body of data on the diverse targets of the lignans will aid continued research into their potential for use in combination with other cancer chemotherapies, utilizing flaxseed lignan-enriched natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ursoniu S, Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Pinzaru I, Dehelean C, Noveanu L, Rysz J, Banach M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials investigating the effects of flaxseed supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:12-22. [PMID: 30697250 PMCID: PMC6348364 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.81034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many experimental and clinical trials have suggested that flaxseed might be a potent antihypertensive, but the evidence concerning the effects of flaxseed supplements on plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations has not been fully conclusive. We assessed the impact of the effects of flaxseed supplementation on plasma CRP concentrations through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis of available randomised controlled trials (RCTs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature search included EMBASE, ProQuest, CINAHL, and PUBMED databases up to 1st February 2016 to identify RCTs investigating the effect of flaxseed supplements on plasma CRP concentrations. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model, and effect size was expressed as weighed mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Meta-analysis of 17 selected RCTs with 1256 individuals did not suggest a significant change in plasma CRP concentrations following supplementation with flaxseed-containing products (WMD: -0.25 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.53, 0.02, p = 0.074). The effect size was robust in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis did not suggest any significant difference in terms of changing plasma CRP concentrations among different types of flaxseed supplements used in the included studies, i.e. flaxseed oil (WMD: -0.67 mg/l, 95% CI: -2.00, 0.65, p = 0.320), lignan extract (WMD: -0.32 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.71, 0.06, p = 0.103) and ground powder (WMD: -0.18 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.06, p = 0.142). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis of RCTs did not show a significant change in plasma CRP concentrations following supplementation with various flaxseed products. Large, well-designed studies should be still performed to validate the current results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Ursoniu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Public Health, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Department 2, Discipline of Toxicology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
van den Driessche JJ, Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of superfoods on risk factors of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of human intervention trials. Food Funct 2018; 9:1944-1966. [PMID: 29557436 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01792h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods can be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and subsequently the onset of cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus. More recently, however, another term was introduced to describe foods with additional health benefits: "superfoods", for which, to date, no generally accepted definition exists. Nonetheless, their consumption might contribute to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, for example due to the presence of potentially bioactive compounds. This review provides an overview of controlled human intervention studies with foods described as "superfoods" and their effects on metabolic syndrome parameters. First, an Internet search was performed to identify foods described as superfoods. For these superfoods, controlled human intervention trials were identified until April 2017 investigating the effects of superfood consumption on metabolic syndrome parameters: waist circumference or BMI, blood pressure, or concentrations of HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol or glucose. Seventeen superfoods were identified, including a total of 113 intervention trials: blueberries (8 studies), cranberries (8), goji berries (3), strawberries (7), chili peppers (3), garlic (21), ginger (10), chia seed (5), flaxseed (22), quinoa (1), cocoa (16), maca (1), spirulina (7), wheatgrass (1), acai berries (0), hemp seed (0) and bee pollen (0). Overall, only limited evidence was found for the effects of the foods described as superfoods on metabolic syndrome parameters, since results were not consistent or the number of controlled intervention trials was limited. The inconsistencies might have been related to intervention-related factors, such as duration or dose. Furthermore, conclusions may be different if other health benefits are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J van den Driessche
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H146-H159. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The inclusion of functional foods and natural health products in the diet are gaining increasing recognition as integral components of lifestyle changes in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed. The cardiovascular effects of dietary flaxseed have included an antihypertensive action, antiatherogenic effects, a lowering of cholesterol, an anti-inflammatory action, and an inhibition of arrhythmias. Its enrichment in the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and the antioxidant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside as well as its high fiber content have been implicated primarily in these beneficial cardiovascular actions. Although not as well recognized, flaxseed is also composed of other potential bioactive compounds such as proteins, cyclolinopeptides, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may also produce biological actions. These compounds could also be responsible for the cardiovascular effects of flaxseed. This article will not only summarize the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed but also review its bioactive compounds in terms of their properties, biological effects, and proposed mechanisms of action. It will also discuss promising research directions for the future to identify additional health-related benefits of dietary flaxseed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Flaxseed supplementation on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2017; 76:125-139. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
40
|
Di Y, Jones J, Mansell K, Whiting S, Fowler S, Thorpe L, Billinsky J, Viveky N, Cheng PC, Almousa A, Hadjistavropoulos T, Alcorn J. Influence of Flaxseed Lignan Supplementation to Older Adults on Biochemical and Functional Outcome Measures of Inflammation. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:646-653. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1342213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Di
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kerry Mansell
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Susan Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sharyle Fowler
- Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lilian Thorpe
- Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jennifer Billinsky
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Navita Viveky
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pui Chi Cheng
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmed Almousa
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Demmers A, Korthout H, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Kortekaas F, Maaskant JM. Effects of medicinal food plants on impaired glucose tolerance: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:91-106. [PMID: 28750220 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review was to assess available scientific data on the efficacy and safety of medicinal food plants for the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance. METHODS We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a minimum follow-up period of 6weeks. The diagnosis was determined by fasting plasma glucose values after two-hour oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated bias. The Cochrane tool of risk of Bias Tool was used. RESULTS This review included ten trials. Most studies were highly biased as data were incomplete or reporting was selective. The two-hour fasting plasma glucose after the curcumin extract intervention showed statistical significance after 3, 6 and 9months: p<0.01. Also, glycosylated haemoglobin levels A1c (HbA1c) values after curcumin extract intervention showed statistical significance after 3, 6 and 9months: p<0.01. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) after curcumin extract intervention showed statistical significance after 6months and after 9months: p<0.05 and p<0.01. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin has shown the confident results to be effective for the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance. Fenugreek and flaxseed may also be effective, but due to low quality of these studies the results must be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Demmers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Korthout
- LUECCM, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, The Netherlands.
| | - F S van Etten-Jamaludin
- Medical Library, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Kortekaas
- Fleur Kortekaas Health, Scientific Services Almere, The Netherlands.
| | - J M Maaskant
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Barati-Boldaji R, Bellissimo N, Totosy de Zepetnek JO. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Obes Rev 2017. [PMID: 28635182 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed consumption may be inversely associated with obesity; however, findings of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conflicting. The present study aimed to systematically review and analyse RCTs assessing the effects of flaxseed consumption on body weight and body composition. PubMed, Medline via Ovid, SCOPUS, EMBASE and ISI Web of Sciences databases were searched up to November 2016. Mean changes in body composition indices including body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were extracted. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with the I2 test. Publication bias and subgroup analyses were also performed. The quality of articles was assessed via the Jadad scale. A total of 45 RCTs were included. Meta-analyses suggested a significant reduction in body weight (WMD: -0.99 kg, 95% CI: -1.67, -0.31, p = 0.004), BMI (WMD: -0.30 kg m-2 , 95% CI: -0.53, -0.08, p = 0.008) and waist circumference (WMD: -0.80 cm, 95% CI: -1.40, -0.20, p = 0.008) following flaxseed supplementation. Subgroup analyses showed that using whole flaxseed in doses ≥30 g d-1 , longer-term interventions (≥12 weeks) and studies including participants with higher BMI (≥ 27 kg m-2 ) had positive effects on body composition. Whole flaxseed is a good choice for weight management particularly for weight reduction in overweight and obese participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mohammadi-Sartang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Z Mazloom
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Barati-Boldaji
- Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Soleimani Z, Hashemdokht F, Bahmani F, Taghizadeh M, Memarzadeh MR, Asemi Z. Clinical and metabolic response to flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1394-1400. [PMID: 28716357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the effects of flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in subjects with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are scarce. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in subjects with DFU. METHODS The current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 subjects (aged 40-85years old) with grade 3 DFU. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups (30 subjects each group) to receive either 1000mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil supplements or placebo twice a day for 12weeks. RESULTS After the 12-week intervention, compared with the placebo, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation resulted in significant decreases in ulcer length (-2.0±2.3 vs. -1.0±1.1cm, P=0.03), width (-1.8±1.7 vs. -1.0±1.0cm, P=0.02) and depth (-0.8±0.6 vs. -0.5±0.5cm, P=0.01). Additionally, significant reductions in serum insulin concentrations (-4.4±5.5 vs. +1.4±8.3 μIU/mL, P=0.002), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-2.1±3.0 vs. +1.0±5.0, P=0.005) and HbA1c (-0.9±1.5 vs. -0.1±0.4%, P=0.01), and a significant rise in the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.01±0.01 vs. -0.005±0.02, P=0.002) were seen following supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids compared with the placebo. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation significantly decreased serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-25.5±31.5 vs. -8.2±18.9μg/mL, P=0.01), and significantly increased plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+83.5±111.7 vs. -73.4±195.5mmol/L, P<0.001) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations (+60.7±140.2 vs. -15.5±129.7μmol/L, P=0.03) compared with the placebo. CONCLUSIONS Overall, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for 12weeks among subjects with DFU had beneficial effects on parameters of ulcer size, markers of insulin metabolism, serum hs-CRP, plasma TAC and GSH levels. In addition, flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids may have played an indirect role in wound healing due to its effects on improved metabolic profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soleimani
- Department of Infectious Disease, school of medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hashemdokht
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guasch-Ferré M, Merino J, Sun Q, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary Polyphenols, Mediterranean Diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6723931. [PMID: 28883903 PMCID: PMC5572601 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6723931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols come mainly from plant-based foods including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, coffee, tea, and nuts. Polyphenols may influence glycemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through different mechanisms, such as promoting the uptake of glucose in tissues, and therefore improving insulin sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the evidence from clinical trials and observational prospective studies linking dietary polyphenols to prediabetes and T2D, with a focus on polyphenol-rich foods characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. We aimed to describe the metabolic biomarkers related to polyphenol intake and genotype-polyphenol interactions modulating the effects on T2D. Intakes of polyphenols, especially flavan-3-ols, and their food sources have demonstrated beneficial effects on insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Several prospective studies have shown inverse associations between polyphenol intake and T2D. The Mediterranean diet and its key components, olive oil, nuts, and red wine, have been inversely associated with insulin resistance and T2D. To some extent, these associations may be attributed to the high amount of polyphenols and bioactive compounds in typical foods conforming this traditional dietary pattern. Few studies have suggested that genetic predisposition can modulate the relationship between polyphenols and T2D risk. In conclusion, the intake of polyphenols may be beneficial for both insulin resistance and T2D risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Merino
- Diabetes Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Montse Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Human Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, Rovira I Virgili University, Reus, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aguilar CM, Sant'Ana CT, Costa AGV, Silva PI, Costa NMB. Comparative effects of brown and golden flaxseeds on body composition, inflammation and bone remodelling biomarkers in perimenopausal overweight women. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
46
|
Pulkrabek M, Rhee Y, Gibbs P, Hall C. Flaxseed- and Buckwheat-Supplemented Diets Altered Enterobacteriaceae Diversity and Prevalence in the Cecum and Feces of Obese Mice. J Diet Suppl 2017; 14:667-678. [PMID: 28406725 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1305477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake may cause variable bacterial prevalence in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum and feces and its relationship to weight changes following flaxseed-, health-promoting compounds of flaxseed-, or buckwheat-supplemented diets. Seventy-two C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned to a diet group and fed for 8 weeks: high fat (45% kcal fat); 10% whole flaxseed (45% kcal fat); 6% defatted flaxseed (45% kcal fat); 4% flaxseed oil (45% kcal fat); 10% buckwheat (45% kcal fat); and low fat (16% kcal fat) diet groups. Significant differences in the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum (p < .0348) and feces at posttreatment (p < .0033) were observed. The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae affected posttreatment weight (p < .0001). Our results indicate that there may be a relationship between an increase in Enterobacteriaceae prevalence and weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Pulkrabek
- a Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota , USA
| | - Yeong Rhee
- a Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota , USA
| | - Penelope Gibbs
- b Microbiological Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota , USA
| | - Clifford Hall
- c Plant Sciences , North Dakota State University , Fargo , North Dakota , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zheng JS, Li K, Huang T, Chen Y, Xie H, Xu D, Sun J, Li D. Genetic Risk Score of Nine Type 2 Diabetes Risk Variants that Interact with Erythrocyte Phospholipid Alpha-Linolenic Acid for Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Hans: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040376. [PMID: 28398239 PMCID: PMC5409715 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of n-3 fatty acids on genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still not clear. In a case-control study of 622 Chinese T2D patients and 293 healthy controls, a genetic risk score (GRS) was created based on nine T2D genetic variants. Logistic regression was used to examine the interaction of the GRS with erythrocyte phospholipid n-3 fatty acids for T2D risk. Every 1-unit (corresponding to 1 risk allele) increase in GRS was associated with 12% (Odds ratio (OR): 1.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.04–1.20) higher risk of T2D. Compared with the lowest quartile, participants had lower T2D risk in the 2nd (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.36–0.84), 3rd (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.38–0.88) and 4th (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44–1.03) quartile of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) levels. Significant interaction (p-interaction = 0.029) of GRS with ALA for T2D risk was observed. Higher ALA levels were associated with lower T2D risk only among participants within the lowest GRS tertile, with ORs 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26–1.03), 0.44 (95% CI: 0.22–0.89) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.25–0.96) for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ALA quartile, compared with the 1st. This study suggests that higher erythrocyte ALA levels are inversely associated with T2D risk only among participants with low T2D genetic risk, with high genetic risk abolishing the ALA-T2D association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Kelei Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore.
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Hua Xie
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ground flaxseed increased nitric oxide levels in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized comparative effectiveness study of supplemental flaxseed and psyllium fiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
49
|
Króliczewska B, Miśta D, Króliczewski J, Zawadzki W, Kubaszewski R, Wincewicz E, Żuk M, Szopa J. A new genotype of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) with decreased susceptibility to fat oxidation: consequences to hematological and biochemical profiles of blood indices. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:165-171. [PMID: 26956460 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed is an alternative to marine products that provide the traditional dietary sources of ω-fatty acids. A new genotype of flax, W92, is rich in natural antioxidants as well as having a reduced content of α-linolenic acid and therefore shows decreased susceptibility to fat oxidation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a diet supplemented with W92 flaxseed on hematological and biochemical blood indices. RESULTS A positive impact of diet with the addition of flaxseed was observed on erythrocyte indices, including red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values. There were no significant differences for white blood cell (WBC), total protein and glucose values. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase estimations in serum were also carried out and no obvious toxicity to the liver was shown. Moreover, a lipid profile was performed in serum samples and a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), accompanied by an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was observed in rabbits fed flaxseed diets. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained, it appeared that the inclusion of a new genetically modified type of flaxseed in the diet altered cholesterol metabolism and could reduce the possibility of cardiovascular diseases. Diet enrichment with W92 flaxseed may be a solution to the health issues that are a result of improper diet in humans and animals. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Króliczewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, PL-50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, PL-50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Króliczewski
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, PL-50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zawadzki
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, PL-50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Kubaszewski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, PL-50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Wincewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, PL-50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, PL-51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, PL-51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abbott KA, Burrows TL, Thota RN, Acharya S, Garg ML. Do ω-3 PUFAs affect insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1470-1484. [PMID: 27680989 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has suggested that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR); however, results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. Recently it has been reported that n-3 PUFA status is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in women but not in men, suggesting a sex-dependent effect. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA interventions affect IR in a sex-dependent manner. DESIGN Five databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Pre-Medline) for randomized controlled trials. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. When possible, studies were pooled for a meta-analysis. The principle summary measure was the standardized mean difference (SMD) between groups. RESULTS Thirty-one eligible trials were identified with a total of 1848 participants [men: 45.1%; weighted mean ± SD age: 52.5 ± 8.2 y; weighted body mass index (in kg/m2): 28.8 ± 3.0]. Seven studies were conducted in women, 4 studies were conducted in men, and the remaining studies pooled men and women together. Twenty-six trials were pooled for the meta-analysis (men: n = 2; women: n = 6). With all studies (n = 26) pooled, there was no effect of n-3 PUFA on IR at the group level (SMD: 0.089; 95% CI: -0.105, 0.283; P = 0.367). In trials of ≥6 wk, a significant improvement in IR was seen in women (SMD: -0.266; 95% CI: -0.524, -0.007; P = 0.045) but not in men (SMD: 0.619; 95% CI: -0.583, 1.820; P = 0.313). CONCLUSIONS With this analysis, we provide preliminary evidence of a sex-dependent response of IR to an n-3 PUFA intervention. Additional studies are needed to confirm sex-dependent associations and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that are involved. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42015017940.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; and
| | | | - Shamasunder Acharya
- Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|