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Huang D, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Andrea C, Shi J, Chen C, Teng Y, Zeng L. Evaluating air pollution exposure among cyclists: Real-time levels of PM 2.5 and NO 2 and POI impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173559. [PMID: 38806121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Although cycling has numerous health benefits, the increased breathing volume and lack of protection from exposure to the environment while cycling poses health risks that cannot be disregarded. Previous studies evaluating the exposure of cyclists to air pollution have typically focused on assessing exposure to a single pollutant or exposure concentrations on specific urban routes, and have not performed a comprehensive assessment considering the distribution of cyclists. The present study used bicycle-sharing big data to conduct a more comprehensive and refined real-time population weighted exposure risk assessment of pileless bike sharing riders in Beijing. We quantified the spatial distribution of high exposure areas at different times and found that the exposure risk during the evening peak period was significantly higher than that during the morning peak and early morning periods, particularly in the city center and its environs. By establishing stepwise regression models, we identified the significant impact of various urban points of interest (POIs) on exposure risk, with sports venues, public toilets, educational institutions, scenic spots, and financial entities particularly influential at different time periods. Medical institutions and shopping venues have a significant negative impact on the exposure levels of PM2.5 and NO2 among cyclists in most cases. These findings emphasize the need for targeted pollution control strategies. The aim of this study is to mitigate the impact of air pollution on cyclists and create a healthier cycling environment. The research results can provide new ideas for urban health planning and support scientific decision-making for sustainable urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Capital Int Airport Co Ltd, 09 Siwei Rd, Beijing 100621, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Critto Andrea
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Jieran Shi
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanmin Teng
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Liangen Zeng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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El Baramoussi EM, Ren Y, Xue C, Ouchen I, Daële V, Mercier P, Chalumeau C, Fur FLE, Colin P, Yahyaoui A, Favez O, Mellouki A. Nearly five-year continuous atmospheric measurements of black carbon over a suburban area in central France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159905. [PMID: 36343810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC) concentration over a nearly 5 year period (mid-2017-2021) was continuously monitored over a suburban area of Orléans city (France). Annual mean atmospheric BC concentration were 0.75 ± 0.65, 0.58 ± 0.44, 0.54 ± 0.64, 0.48 ± 0.46 and 0.50 ± 0.72 μg m-3, respectively, for the year of 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Seasonal pattern was also observed with maximum concentration (0.70 ± 0.18 μg m-3) in winter and minimum concentration (0.38 ± 0.04 μg m-3) in summer. We found a different diurnal pattern between cold (winter and fall) and warm (spring and summer) seasons. Further, fossil fuel burning contributed >90 % of atmospheric BC in the summer and biomass burning had a contribution equivalent to that of the fossil fuel in the winter. Significant week days effect on BC concentrations was observed, indicating the important role of local emissions such as car exhaust in BC level at this site. The behavior of atmospheric BC level with COVID-19 lockdown was also analyzed. We found that during the lockdown in warm season (first lockdown: 27 March-10 May 2020 and third lockdown 17 March-3 May 2021) BC concentration were lower than in cold season (second lockdown: 29 October-15 December 2020), which could be mainly related to the BC emission from biomass burning for heating. This study provides a long-term BC measurement database input for air quality and climate models. The analysis of especially weekend and lockdown effect showed implications on future policymaking toward improving local and regional air quality as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mehdi El Baramoussi
- Earth Sciences Department, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco; Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France
| | - Yangang Ren
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS - Université Orléans - CNES (UMR 7328), 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ibrahim Ouchen
- Earth Sciences Department, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Véronique Daële
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France
| | - Patrick Mercier
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Christophe Chalumeau
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Frédéric L E Fur
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Patrice Colin
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abderrazak Yahyaoui
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Oliver Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France; Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Die Feinstaubbelastung Radfahrender im innerstädtischen Straßenverkehr. ZENTRALBLATT FÜR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40664-023-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungFahrradfahren als Form der aktiven Fortbewegung bietet viele gesundheitliche Vorteile durch eine gesteigerte körperliche Aktivität. In städtischer Umgebung können diese Vorteile aufgrund der intensivierten Respiration beim Radfahren und der Nähe zum Fahrzeugverkehr mit einer assoziierten Exposition von verkehrsbedingter partikulärer Luftverschmutzung durch Feinstaub beeinträchtigt werden. Das Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist, eine Darstellung der aktuellen Literatur mit mobil erhobenen Daten zur Feinstaubbelastung Radfahrender im urbanen Raum zu geben sowie die darin beschriebenen Einflussfaktoren der Feinstaubkonzentrationen aus Meteorologie, Verkehr, Architektur und zeitlichen Bedingungen zu beschreiben. Fahrradfahren repräsentiert diesbezüglich eine effiziente Vorgehensweise zur Charakterisierung individueller Feinstaubbelastungen mit der Möglichkeit einer hohen räumlich-zeitlichen Auflösung. Unter Beachtung der Hintergrundkonzentration können Aussagen zur relativen Schadstoffexposition und des einhergehenden Gesundheitsrisikos mit Erkenntnissen zugunsten einer umweltverträglichen innerstädtischen Verkehrsplanung getroffen werden.
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Guo Q, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Bian M, Qian L, Xue T, Zhang JJ, Duan X. Acute change of lung function to short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with and without physical activity: A real-world crossover study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120481. [PMID: 36341821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) would increase the inhalation rate and thereby inhaled dose of air pollutants. However, it's still uncertain whether the effects of air pollutants on lung function are attenuated by PA, especially in the high-polluted areas. We aimed to disentangle the interaction between air pollution and PA on lung function among healthy adults. In this study, a real-world crossover study was conducted among 74 healthy adults. Each participant underwent both rest and 15-min intermittent moderate PA exposure scenarios (consisting of 15min stationary bike riding alternating with 15min of rest), which lasted for 2 h. On the same day, the participants among active and inactive group were exposed to the same air pollution. We have monitored the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10), particulate matter less than 1 μm (PM1), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) continuously during 2-h exposure. Lung function were measured at five times points for each visit (before, immediately, 3 h, 5 h, and 24 h after the 2-h exposure scenario). Mixed-effects models were applied to explore the effects of air pollution, PA, and their interaction on lung function. The participants had a mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 19.9 (0.9) years. The average concentration [mean ± SD] of PM2.5, PM10, PM1, BC, NO2, and O3 were 59.4 ± 45.1 μg/m3, 122.8 ± 109.0 μg/m3, 38.8 ± 29.2 μg/m3, 1.94 ± 1.17 μg/m3, 59.5 ± 26.6 μg/m3, and 74.0 ± 30.3 μg/m3, respectively. Overall, greater increasement in lung function were observed among active group compared with inactive group at all timepoints. In fully adjusted models, we observed the benefits of PA and detrimental effects of air pollutants on lung function. Our results suggested that PA, compared to rest, alleviated the detrimental effects of air pollutants on lung function. We also stressed the importance of timing of measurements for capturing association. In conclusion, our observations suggested that PA might alleviate the associations between various pollutant exposures and lung function, which would drive further research towards potential pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengyao Bian
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liqianxin Qian
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chandia-Poblete D, Cole-Hunter T, Haswell M, Heesch KC. The influence of air pollution exposure on the short- and long-term health benefits associated with active mobility: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157978. [PMID: 35964755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active mobility (AM), defined as walking and cycling for transportation, can improve health through increasing regular physical activity. However, these health improvements could be outweighed by harm from inhaling traffic-related air pollutants during AM participation. The interaction of AM and air pollutants on health is complex physiologically, manifesting as acute changes in health indicators that may lead to poor long-term health consequences. The aim of this study was to systematically review the current evidence of effect modification by air pollution (AP) on associations between AM and health indicators. Studies were included if they examined associations between AM and health indicators being modified by AP or, conversely, associations between AP and health indicators being modified by AM. Thirty-three studies met eligibility criteria. The main AP indicators studied were particulate matter, ultrafine particles, and nitrogen oxides. Most health indicators studied were grouped into cardiovascular and respiratory indicators. There is evidence of a reduction by AP, mainly ultrafine particles and PM2.5, in the short-term health benefits of AM. Multiple studies suggest that long-term health benefits of AM are not negatively associated with levels of the single traffic-related pollutant NO2. However, other studies reveal reduced long-term health benefits of AM in areas affected by high levels of pollutant mixtures. We recommend that future studies adopt consistent and rigorous study designs and include reporting of interaction testing, to advance understanding of the complex relationships between AM, AP, and health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Chandia-Poblete
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Thomas Cole-Hunter
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Melissa Haswell
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Indigenous Strategy and Services) and School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kristiann C Heesch
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Woollacott J, Alsufyani W, Beach RH, T. R. Morrison L, Bean de Hernández A, Rakic S, AlOmran M, Alsukait RF, Herbst CH, AlBalawi S. Effective options for addressing air quality– related environmental public health burdens in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10335. [PMID: 36097490 PMCID: PMC9463589 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution poses major disease burdens globally and accounts for approximately 10% of deaths annually through its contribution to a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, and other diseases. The burden of disease is particularly acute in Saudi Arabia, where a mix of anthropogenic and natural sources of air pollution threatens public health. Addressing these burdens requires careful study of the costs and effectiveness of available technologies and policies for reducing emissions (mitigation) and avoiding exposure (adaptation). To help evaluate these options, we conduct a semi-systematic literature review of over 3,000 articles published since 2010 that were identified by searches of literature focused on pollution mitigation and pollution adaptation. We identify a wide variety of effective mitigation and adaptation technologies and find that cost-effectiveness information for policy design is highly variable in the case of mitigation, both within and across pollution source categories; or scarce, in the case of adaptation. While pollution control costs are well studied, policy costs differ; these may vary more by location because of factors such as technology operating conditions and behavioral responses to adaptation initiatives, limiting the generalizability of cost-effectiveness information. Moreover, potential cost advantages of multipollutant control policies are likely to depend on the existing mix of pollution sources and controls. While the policy literature generally favors more flexible compliance mechanisms that increase the cost of polluting to reflect its costs to society, important policy design factors include policy co-benefits, distributional concerns, and inter-regional harmonization. In addition to these key themes, we find that further study is needed both to improve the availability of cost information for adaptation interventions and to localize technology and policy cost estimates to the Saudi context. Literature review of environmental public health technology and policy options. Air pollution mitigation options have considerable cost variation. Air pollution adaptation options lack thorough cost effectiveness evaluation. Policy effectiveness will depend heavily on local conditions and design. Saudi Arabia requires a mix of mitigation and adaptation public health options.
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Gjoreski M, Laporte M, Langheinrich M. Toward privacy-aware federated analytics of cohorts for smart mobility. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2022.891206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Location-based Behavioral Analytics (LBA) holds a great potential for improving the services available in smart cities. Naively implemented, such an approach would track the movements of every citizen and share their location traces with the various smart service providers—similar to today's Web analytics systems that track visitors across the web sites they visit. This study presents a novel privacy-aware approach to location-based federated analytics that removes the need for individuals to share their location traces with a central server. The general approach is to model the behavior of cohorts instead of modeling specific users. Using a federated approach, location data is processed locally on user devices and only shared in anonymized fashion with a server. The server aggregates the data using Secure Multiparty Computation (SMPC) into service-defined cohorts, whose data is then used to provide cohort analytics (e.g., demographics) for the various smart service providers. The approach was evaluated on three real-life datasets with varying dropout rates, i.e., clients not being able to participate in the SMPC rounds. The results show that our approach can privately estimate various cohort demographics (e.g., percentages of male and female visitors) with an error between 0 and 8 percentage points relative to the actual cohort percentages. Furthermore, we experimented with predictive models for estimating these cohort percentages 1-week ahead. Across all three datasets, the best-performing predictive model achieved a Pearson's correlation coefficient above 0.8 (strong correlation), and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between 0 and 10 (0 is the minimum and 100 is the maximum). We conclude that privacy-aware LBA can be achieved using existing mobile technologies and federated analytics.
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Chaix B, Bista S, Wang L, Benmarhnia T, Dureau C, Duncan DT. MobiliSense cohort study protocol: do air pollution and noise exposure related to transport behaviour have short-term and longer-term health effects in Paris, France? BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048706. [PMID: 35361634 PMCID: PMC8971765 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MobiliSense explores effects of air pollution and noise related to personal transport habits on respiratory and cardiovascular health. Its objectives are to quantify the contribution of personal transport/mobility to air pollution and noise exposures of individuals; to compare exposures in different transport modes; and to investigate whether total and transport-related personal exposures are associated with short-term and longer-term changes in respiratory and cardiovascular health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS MobiliSense uses sensors of location, behaviour, environmental nuisances and health in 290 census-sampled participants followed-up after 1/2 years with an identical sensor-based strategy. It addresses knowledge gaps by: (1) assessing transport behaviour over 6 days with GPS receivers and GPS-based mobility surveys; (2) considering personal exposures to both air pollution and noise and improving their characterisation (inhaled doses, noise frequency components, etc); (3) measuring respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes (smartphone-assessed respiratory symptoms, lung function with spirometry, resting blood pressure, ambulatory brachial/central blood pressure, arterial stiffness and heart rate variability) and (4) investigating short-term and longer-term (over 1-2 years) effects of transport. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The sampling and data collection protocol was approved by the National Council for Statistical Information, the French Data Protection Authority and the Ethical Committee of Inserm. Our final aim is to determine, for communicating with policy-makers, how scenarios of changes in personal transport behaviour affect individual exposure and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Chaix
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sanjeev Bista
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Limin Wang
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health & Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Clélie Dureau
- Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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Hong J, McArthur DP, Sim J, Kim CH. Did air pollution continue to affect bike share usage in Seoul during the COVID-19 pandemic? JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2022; 24:101342. [PMID: 35198380 PMCID: PMC8853829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2022.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of cycling has become more important in the urban transport system during the Covid-19 pandemic. As public transport passengers have tried to avoid crowded vehicles due to safety concerns, a rapid surge of cycling activities has been noted in many countries. This implies that more cyclists might be exposed to air pollution, potentially leading to health problems in cities like Seoul where the level of air pollution is high. METHODS We utilised three years of bike sharing programme (Ddareungi) data in Seoul and time series models to examine the changes in the relationship between particulate concentration (PM2.5) and total daily cycling duration before and during the pandemic. RESULTS We find that cyclists reacted less to the PM2.5 level during the pandemic, potentially due to the lack of covid-secure travel modes. Specifically, our results show significant negative associations between concentrations of PM2.5 and total daily cycling duration before the pandemic (year 2018 and 2019). However, this association became insignificant in 2020. CONCLUSIONS Building comprehensive cycling infrastructure that can reduce air pollution exposure of cyclists and improving air quality alert systems could help build a more resilient city for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Hong
- Department of Urban Studies, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jaehun Sim
- Korea Rural Economic Institute, Naju-si, South Korea
| | - Chung Ho Kim
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
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da Silveira Fleck A, Sadoine ML, Buteau S, Suarthana E, Debia M, Smargiassi A. Environmental and Occupational Short-Term Exposure to Airborne Particles and FEV 1 and FVC in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010571. [PMID: 34682321 PMCID: PMC8536058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: No study has compared the respiratory effects of environmental and occupational particulate exposure in healthy adults. Methods: We estimated, by a systematic review and meta-analysis, the associations between short term exposures to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM4) and certain parameters of lung function (FEV1 and FVC) in healthy adults. Results: In total, 33 and 14 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analyses, respectively. In environmental studies, a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with an FEV1 reduction of 7.63 mL (95% CI: −10.62 to −4.63 mL). In occupational studies, an increase of 10 µg/m3 in PM4 was associated with an FEV1 reduction of 0.87 mL (95% CI: −1.36 to −0.37 mL). Similar results were observed with FVC. Conclusions: Both occupational and environmental short-term exposures to fine particles are associated with reductions in FEV1 and FVC in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan da Silveira Fleck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 2375 Chem. de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; (A.d.S.F.); (M.L.S.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), 7101 Av du Parc, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Margaux L. Sadoine
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 2375 Chem. de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; (A.d.S.F.); (M.L.S.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), 7101 Av du Parc, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Stéphane Buteau
- Institut National de Sante Publique du Québec (INSPQ), 190 Boul Crémazie E, Montreal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada;
| | - Eva Suarthana
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 2155 Rue Guy, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (CRHSCM), 5400 Boul Gouin O, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 2375 Chem. de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; (A.d.S.F.); (M.L.S.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), 7101 Av du Parc, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, 2375 Chem. de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; (A.d.S.F.); (M.L.S.); (M.D.)
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), 7101 Av du Parc, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
- Institut National de Sante Publique du Québec (INSPQ), 190 Boul Crémazie E, Montreal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Janjua S, Powell P, Atkinson R, Stovold E, Fortescue R. Individual-level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with long-term respiratory conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 8:CD013441. [PMID: 34368949 PMCID: PMC8407478 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013441.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 90% of the global population lives in areas exceeding World Health Organization air quality limits. More than four million people each year are thought to die early due to air pollution, and poor air quality is thought to reduce an average European's life expectancy by one year. Individuals may be able to reduce health risks through interventions such as masks, behavioural changes and use of air quality alerts. To date, evidence is lacking about the efficacy and safety of such interventions for the general population and people with long-term respiratory conditions. This topic, and the review question relating to supporting evidence to avoid or lessen the effects of air pollution, emerged directly from a group of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in South London, UK. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of individual-level interventions that aim to help people with or without chronic respiratory conditions to reduce their exposure to outdoor air pollution. 2. To assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of individual-level interventions that aim to help people with chronic respiratory conditions reduce the personal impact of outdoor air pollution and improve health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We identified studies from the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other major databases. We did not restrict our searches by date, language or publication type and included a search of the grey literature (e.g. unpublished information). We conducted the most recent search on 16 October 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies (NRS) that included a comparison treatment arm, in adults and children that investigated the effectiveness of an individual-level intervention to reduce risks of outdoor air pollution. We included studies in healthy individuals and those in people with long-term respiratory conditions. We excluded studies which focused on non-respiratory long-term conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. We did not restrict eligibility of studies based on outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted study characteristics and outcome data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCTs and the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) as appropriate. One review author entered data into the review; this was spot-checked by a second author. We planned to meta-analyse results from RCTs and NRS separately, using a random-effects model. This was not possible, so we presented evidence narratively. We assessed certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Primary outcomes were: measures of air pollution exposure; exacerbation of respiratory conditions; hospital admissions; quality of life; and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We identified 11 studies (3372 participants) meeting our inclusion criteria (10 RCTs and one NRS). Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 74 years, and the duration of studies ranged from 24 hours to 104 weeks. Six cross-over studies recruited healthy adults and five parallel studies included either people with pre-existing conditions (three studies) or only pregnant women (two studies). Interventions included masks (e.g. an N95 mask designed to filter out airborne particles) (five studies), an alternative cycle route (one study), air quality alerts and education (five studies). Studies were set in Australia, China, Iran, the UK, and the USA. Due to the diversity of study designs, populations, interventions and outcomes, we did not perform any meta-analyses and instead summarised results narratively. We judged both RCTs and the NRS to be at risk of bias from lack of blinding and lack of clarity regarding selection methods. Many studies did not provide a prepublished protocol or trial registration. From five studies (184 participants), we found that masks or altered cycle routes may have little or no impact on physiological markers of air pollution exposure (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate variability), but we are very uncertain about this estimate using the GRADE approach. We found conflicting evidence regarding health care usage from three studies of air pollution alerts, with one non-randomised cross-over trial (35 participants) reporting an increase in emergency hospital attendances and admissions, but the other two randomised parallel trials (1553 participants) reporting little to no difference. We also gave the evidence for this outcome a very uncertain GRADE rating. None of our included trials reported respiratory exacerbations, quality of life or serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes were not well reported, but indicated inconsistent impacts of air quality alerts and education interventions on adherence, with some trials reporting improvements in the intervention groups and others reporting little or no difference. Symptoms were reported by three trials, with one randomised cross-over trial (15 participants) reporting a small increase in breathing difficulties associated with the mask intervention, one non-randomised cross-over trial (35 participants) reporting reduced throat and nasal irritation in the lower-pollution cycle route group (but no clear difference in other respiratory symptoms), and another randomised parallel trial (519 participants) reporting no clear difference in symptoms between those who received a smog warning and those who did not. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The lack of evidence and study diversity has limited the conclusions of this review. Using a mask or a lower-pollution cycle route may mitigate some of the physiological impacts from air pollution, but evidence was very uncertain. We found conflicting results for other outcomes, including health care usage, symptoms and adherence/behaviour change. We did not find evidence for adverse events. Funders should consider commissioning larger, longer studies, using high-quality and well-described methods, recruiting participants with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Studies should report outcomes of importance to people with respiratory conditions, such as exacerbations, hospital admissions, quality of life and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Janjua
- Cochrane Airways, Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Atkinson
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stovold
- Cochrane Airways, Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Fortescue
- Cochrane Airways, Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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12
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Rafiepourgatabi M, Woodward A, Salmond JA, Dirks KN. The Effect of Route Choice in Children's Exposure to Ultrafine Particles Whilst Walking to School. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157808. [PMID: 34360102 PMCID: PMC8345797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children walking to school are at a high risk of exposure to air pollution compared with other modes because of the time they spend in close proximity to traffic during their commute. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a walker's route choice on their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) on the walk to school. During morning commutes over a period of three weeks, exposure to UFP was measured along three routes: two routes were alongside both sides of a busy arterial road with significantly higher levels of traffic on one side compared to the other, and the third route passed through quiet streets (the background route). The results indicate that the mean exposure for the pedestrian walking along the background route was half the exposure experienced on the other two routes. Walkers on the trafficked side were exposed to elevated concentrations (>100,000 pt/cc) 2.5 times longer than the low-trafficked side. However, the duration of the elevated exposure for the background route was close to zero. Public health officials and urban planners may use the results of this study to promote healthier walking routes to schools, especially those planned as part of organized commutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Rafiepourgatabi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alistair Woodward
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Jennifer A. Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Kim Natasha Dirks
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
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13
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Silva FBD, Fonseca B, Domecg F, Facio MR, Prado C, Toledo L, Tuche W. Athletes Health during Pandemic Times: Hospitalization Rates and Variables Related to COVID-19 Prevalence among Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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14
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Morici G, Cibella F, Cogo A, Palange P, Bonsignore MR. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants During Exercise. Front Public Health 2020; 8:575137. [PMID: 33425832 PMCID: PMC7793908 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Biomedical Sport Studies Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Allen RW, Barn P. Individual- and Household-Level Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution Exposures and Health Risks: a Review of the Recent Literature. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7:424-440. [PMID: 33241434 PMCID: PMC7749091 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed recent peer-reviewed literature on three categories of individual- and household-level interventions against air pollution: air purifiers, facemasks, and behavior change. RECENT FINDINGS High-efficiency particulate air/arresting (HEPA) filter air purifier use over days to weeks can substantially reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations indoors and improve subclinical cardiopulmonary health. Modeling studies suggest that the population-level benefits of HEPA filter air purification would often exceed costs. Well-fitting N95 and equivalent respirators can reduce PM2.5 exposure, with several randomized crossover studies also reporting improvements in subclinical cardiovascular health. The health benefits of other types of face coverings have not been tested and their effectiveness in reducing exposure is highly variable, depends largely on fit, and is unrelated to cost. Behavior modifications may reduce exposure, but there has been little research on health impacts. There is now substantial evidence that HEPA filter air purifiers reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations and improve subclinical health indicators. As a result, their use is being recommended by a growing number of government and public health organizations. Several studies have also reported subclinical cardiovascular health benefits from well-fitting respirators, while evidence of health benefits from other types of facemasks and behavior changes remains very limited. In situations when emissions cannot be controlled at the source, such as during forest fires, individual- or household-level interventions may be the primary option. In most cases, however, such interventions should be supplemental to emission reduction efforts that benefit entire communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Allen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Prabjit Barn
- Legacy for Airway Health, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Elliott L, Loomis D. Respiratory effects of road pollution in recreational cyclists: a pilot study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:94-102. [PMID: 32613903 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1787316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We sought to measure bicyclists' roadway exposures to particulate matter and assess whether those exposures are associated with reduced pulmonary function. Thirty-one (31) volunteer participants riding bicycles on selected routes were tracked using the Global Positioning System. Personal exposures to particulate matter (PM-10) were measured during the rides and pulmonary function tests were administered at baseline, immediately after the ride, and 2 and 6-24 hours later. Post-ride decrements in pulmonary function were observed for several outcome measures, with the largest differences immediately post-ride. Statistically-significant declines in FEV1 (-38.42, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), -63.79 to -13.05 ml), FVC (-36.89, 95% CI, -62.96, -10.84 ml), and PEFR (-162, 95% CI -316.02 to -9.49 ml/sec) were observed for each increase in decile of peak exposure. PM-10 exposures encountered on roadways may put bicyclists at risk for pulmonary deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Elliott
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dana Loomis
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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17
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Carlsten C, Salvi S, Wong GWK, Chung KF. Personal strategies to minimise effects of air pollution on respiratory health: advice for providers, patients and the public. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1902056. [PMID: 32241830 PMCID: PMC7270362 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02056-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As global awareness of air pollution rises, so does the imperative to provide evidence-based recommendations for strategies to mitigate its impact. While public policy has a central role in reducing air pollution, exposure can also be reduced by personal choices. Qualified evidence supports limiting physical exertion outdoors on high air pollution days and near air pollution sources, reducing near-roadway exposure while commuting, utilising air quality alert systems to plan activities, and wearing facemasks in prescribed circumstances. Other strategies include avoiding cooking with solid fuels, ventilating and isolating cooking areas, and using portable air cleaners fitted with high-efficiency particulate air filters. We detail recommendations to assist providers and public health officials when advising patients and the public regarding personal-level strategies to mitigate risk imposed by air pollution, while recognising that well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed to better establish and validate interventions that benefit respiratory health in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gary W K Wong
- Dept of Pediatrics and School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Languille B, Gros V, Bonnaire N, Pommier C, Honoré C, Debert C, Gauvin L, Srairi S, Annesi-Maesano I, Chaix B, Zeitouni K. A methodology for the characterization of portable sensors for air quality measure with the goal of deployment in citizen science. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134698. [PMID: 31791756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of small air quality sensors is of growing interest within the scientific community, especially because this new technology is liable to improve air pollutant monitoring as well as be used for personal exposure quantification. Amongst the myriad existing devices, the performances are highly variable; this is why the sensors must be rigorously assessed before deployment, according to the intended use. This study is included in the Polluscope project; its purpose is to quantify personal exposure to air pollutants by using portable sensors. This paper designs and applies a methodology for the evaluation of portable air quality sensors to eight devices measuring PM, BC, NO2 and O3. The dedicated testing protocol includes static ambient air measurements compared with reference instruments, controlled chamber and mobility tests, as well as reproducibility evaluation. Three sensors (AE51, Cairclip and Canarin) were retained to be used for the field campaigns. The reliability of their performances were robustly quantified by using several metrics. These three devices (for a total of 36 units) were deployed to be worn by volunteers for a week. The results show the ability of sensors to discriminate between different environments (i.e., cooking, commuting or in an office). This work demonstrates, first, the ability of the three selected sensors to deliver data reliable enough to enable personal exposure estimations, and second, the robustness of this testing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Languille
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, IPSL, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, IPSL, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, IPSL, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clément Pommier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, IPSL, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- EPAR, IPLESP, INSERM et Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Basile Chaix
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Nemesis team, Paris, France
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19
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Effect of aerobic exercise and different levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) on pulmonary response in Wistar rats. Life Sci 2020; 254:117355. [PMID: 31987872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of particulate matter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been associated with adverse respiratory and the risk of inflammation. While regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of many adverse health effects. This study aimed to examine the protection of exercise on adverse pulmonary health induced by PM2.5 exposures in rats. METHODS 80 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: Sedentary (S), Exercise (E), Sedentary+ Low concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + LPM), Exercise+Low concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + LPM), Sedentary+Medium concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + MPM), Exercise+ Medium concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + MPM), Sedentary+High concentration PM2.5 exposures (S + HPM), and Exercise+ High concentration PM2.5 exposures (E + HPM). The rats in all E-related groups went through 8-week aerobic interval treadmill training (5 days/week, 1 h/day). The PM-related groups of rats were exposed to different concentration PM2.5 exposure in Beijing. After one bout of PM exposure, the pulmonary function, structure of lung tissues and several pulmonary biomarkers were observed. RESULTS 1) Compared with S group, following changes occurred in various S + PM2.5 exposure groups: lung tissues were seriously damaged, local bleeding, pus exudation, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as the decline of the SOD, CAT and GSH while the incline of Penh, Ti, Te, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β were observed. 2) Compared with the corresponding different concentration of S + PM2.5 exposure groups, Penh, Ti, Te, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased and CAT and GSH were increased in related E + PM groups respectively. CONCLUSION In summary, the results suggest that acute PM2.5 with different concentrations can cause different degrees of adverse effects on lung, especially in medium and high concentrations. The aerobic interval training improved the pulmonary function and impeded the lesion progression, which is due to effective in impeding the oxidative stress and inflammation.
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20
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Madureira J, Brancher EA, Costa C, Aurino de Pinho R, Teixeira JP. Cardio-respiratory health effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants while exercising outdoors: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108647. [PMID: 31450147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, outdoor exercisers are frequently exposed to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of TRAP exposure, specifically particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), during outdoor exercise on cardio-respiratory health effects. Systematic database searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline were performed by two researchers to identify peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2018. Combinations of keywords related to cardio-respiratory health effects, physical exercise and ambient air pollution were used. Thirteen studies were included, originating predominantly from European countries but also the American. They suggested that exercising in an environment with high TRAP exposure increases markers of respiratory and systemic inflammation, as well as, impairs the vascular function and increases artery pressure, when compared with an environment with low-TRAP exposure. In addition, the smaller particles appear to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse particles and NO2. This study also provides evidence that specific groups of the population have enhanced susceptibility to adverse effects from particulate matter exposure while exercising. There is a need for more studies focused on the relationship between air pollution, physical exercise and health, as large societal benefits can be obtained from healthy environments that can promote outdoor physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emerson Antonio Brancher
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício (LAFIBE), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Aurino de Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
The field of environmental health has been dominated by modeling associations, especially by regressing an observed outcome on a linear or nonlinear function of observed covariates. Readers interested in advances in policies for improving environmental health are, however, expecting to be informed about health effects resulting from, or more explicitly caused by, environmental exposures. The quantification of health impacts resulting from the removal of environmental exposures involves causal statements. Therefore, when possible, causal inference frameworks should be considered for analyzing the effects of environmental exposures on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Abèle Bind
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
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22
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Acute Effects of Air Pollution and Noise from Road Traffic in a Panel of Young Healthy Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050788. [PMID: 30836690 PMCID: PMC6427505 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Panel studies are an efficient means to assess short-term effects of air pollution and other time-varying environmental exposures. Repeated examinations of volunteers allow for an in-depth analysis of physiological responses supporting the biological interpretation of environmental impacts. Twenty-four healthy students walked for 1 h at a minimum of four separate occasions under each of the following four settings: along a busy road, along a busy road wearing ear plugs, in a park, and in a park but exposed to traffic noise (65 dB) through headphones. Particle mass (PM2.5, PM1), particle number, and noise levels were measured throughout each walk. Lung function and exhaled nitrogen oxide (NO) were measured before, immediately after, 1 h after, and approximately 24 h after each walk. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were measured every 15 min during each walk. Recorded air pollution levels were found to correlate with reduced lung function. The effects were clearly significant for end-expiratory flows and remained visible up to 24 h after exposure. While immediate increases in airway resistance could be interpreted as protective (muscular) responses to particulate air pollution, the persisting effects indicate an induced inflammatory reaction. Noise levels reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate variability. Maybe due to the small sample size, no effects were visible per specific setting (road vs. park).
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23
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Qin F, Yang Y, Wang ST, Dong YN, Xu MX, Wang ZW, Zhao JX. Exercise and air pollutants exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2018; 218:153-164. [PMID: 30582950 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically review and synthesize scientific evidence for the influence of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles that evaluated the combination effect of air pollution exposure and exercise on health. Questionnaires regarding exposure history, or studies examining indoor air pollution were excluded. Each included study needs to have clear exercise intervention plan. The pooled estimates of the combination effect of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health were calculated in the meta-analysis. The quality of each included study was assessed and the quality of evidence for each outcome assessed in the meta-analysis was also measured. Twenty-five studies were identified. Six studies addressed ozone exposure, four diesel exhaust exposure, six traffic-related air pollution, ten particulate matter (PM) exposure. Only peak expiratory flow (effect size [ES] = -0.238, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.389, -0.088) was found to be significantly decreased after exercise intervention in a polluted environment in the meta-analysis. Seven studies reported exposure to air pollutant during exercise was associated with an increased risk of airway inflammation and decrements in pulmonary function. Six studies discovered that exposure of traffic pollution or high PM during exercise may contribute to changes in blood pressure, systemic conduit artery function and micro-vascular function. The combination effect of air pollution and exercise was found to be associated with the increased risk of potential health problems of cardiopulmonary function, immune function, and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Song-Tao Wang
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Dong
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Xiao Xu
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Xiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China.
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Giles LV, Carlsten C, Koehle MS. The pulmonary and autonomic effects of high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in diesel exhaust. Environ Health 2018; 17:87. [PMID: 30541575 PMCID: PMC6292001 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution impairs aspects of pulmonary and autonomic function and causes pulmonary inflammation. However, how exercising in air pollution affects these indices is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling with diesel exhaust (DE) exposure on pulmonary function, heart rate variability (HRV), fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), norepinephrine and symptoms. METHODS Eighteen males performed 30-min trials of low-intensity or high-intensity cycling (30 and 60% of power at VO2peak) or a resting control condition. For each subject, each trial was performed once breathing filtered air (FA) and once breathing DE (300μg/m3 of PM2.5, six trials in total). Pulmonary function, FeNO, HRV, norepinephrine and symptoms were measured prior to, immediately post, 1 h and 2 h post-exposure. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Throat and chest symptoms were significantly greater immediately following DE exposure than following FA (p < 0.05). FeNO significantly increased 1 h following high-intensity exercise in DE (21.9 (2.4) vs. 19.3 (2.2) ppb) and FA (22.7 (1.7) vs. 19.9 (1.4)); however, there were no differences between the exposure conditions. All HRV indices significantly decreased following high-intensity exercise (p < 0.05) in DE and FA. The exception to this pattern was LF (nu) and LF/HF ratio, which significantly increased following high-intensity exercise (p < 0.05). Plasma norepinephrine (NE) significantly increased following high-intensity exercise in DE and FA, and this increase was greater than following rest and low-intensity exercise (p < 0.05). DE exposure did not modify any effects of exercise intensity on HRV or norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS Healthy individuals may not experience greater acute pulmonary and autonomic effects from exercising in DE compared to FA; therefore, it is unclear if such individuals will benefit from reducing vigorous activity on days with high concentrations on particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- Sport Science Department, Douglas College, 700 Royal Ave, New Westminster, BC, V3M 5Z5, Canada.
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Heart and Lung Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Cole CA, Carlsten C, Koehle M, Brauer M. Particulate matter exposure and health impacts of urban cyclists: a randomized crossover study. Environ Health 2018; 17:78. [PMID: 30428890 PMCID: PMC6237024 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycling and other forms of active transportation provide health benefits via increased physical activity. However, direct evidence of the extent to which these benefits may be offset by exposure and intake of traffic-related air pollution is limited. The purpose of this study is to measure changes in endothelial function, measures of oxidative stress and inflammation, and lung function in healthy participants before and after cycling along a high- and low- traffic route. METHODS Participants (n = 38) bicycled for 1 h along a Downtown and a Residential designated bicycle route in a randomized crossover trial. Heart rate, power output, particulate matter air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) and particle number concentration (PNC) were measured. Lung function, endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index, RHI), C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine were assessed within one hour pre- and post-trial. RESULTS Geometric mean PNC exposures and intakes were higher along the Downtown (exposure = 16,226 particles/cm3; intake = 4.54 × 1010 particles) compared to the Residential route (exposure = 9367 particles/cm3; intake = 3.13 × 1010 particles). RHI decreased following cycling along the Downtown route and increased on the Residential route; in mixed linear regression models, the (post-pre) change in RHI was 21% lower following cycling on the Downtown versus the Residential route (-0.43, 95% CI: -0.79, -0.079) but RHI decreases were not associated with measured exposure or intake of air pollutants. The differences in RHI by route were larger amongst females and older participants. No consistent associations were observed for any of the other outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Although PNC exposures and intakes were higher along the Downtown route, the lack of association between air pollutant exposure or intake with RHI and other measures suggests other exposures related to cycling on the Downtown route may have been influential in the observed differences between routes in RHI. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01708356 . Registered 16 October 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A. Cole
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Lab, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Michael Koehle
- School of Kinesiology and Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Danziger Filho JE, Segura JF, Gibson MD. Spatial variability of on-bicycle black carbon concentrations in the megacity of São Paulo: A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:539-543. [PMID: 30005266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, a controversial bicycle lane was installed on Paulista Avenue -a thoroughfare in the heart of the megacity of São Paulo with a high rate of motorised vehicles. For the first time, on-bicycle air pollution concentrations were assessed along this lane using black carbon (BC) as an indicator of fossil fuel combustion. We measured BC concentrations with a hand-held microaethalometer at a high temporal resolution, enabling the capture of fine spatial gradients along the route. Although this new link expanded the city's cycling network, our pioneering study showed that BC concentrations were large (mean 8.5 μg m-3) with extreme values reaching 24.0 μg m-3, comparable to concentrations found in many megacities. In agreement with other studies, we observed that concentrations decreased about 1.6 times on a section of the bicycle lane running through a calmer neighbourhood, which could indicate the potential to safeguard the health of cyclists by installing lanes with greater separation from main roads, such as Paulista Avenue. This pilot work paves the way to more detailed studies aiming to map out the spatial distribution of other traffic-related pollutants across the city's 458-km long bicycle network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil; Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - João Edson Danziger Filho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Julián Felipe Segura
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Mark David Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Fuertes E, Markevych I, Jarvis D, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Antó JM, Bowatte G, Bono R, Corsico AG, Emtner M, Gislason T, Gullón JA, Heinrich J, Henderson J, Holm M, Johannessen A, Leynaert B, Marcon A, Marchetti P, Moratalla JM, Pascual S, Probst-Hensch N, Sánchez-Ramos JL, Siroux V, Sommar J, Weyler J, Kuenzli N, Jacquemin B, Garcia-Aymerich J. Residential air pollution does not modify the positive association between physical activity and lung function in current smokers in the ECRHS study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:364-372. [PMID: 30121517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have examined whether a long-term beneficial effect of physical activity on lung function can be influenced by living in polluted urban areas. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether annual average residential concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and <10 μm (PM10) modify the effect of physical activity on lung function among never- (N = 2801) and current (N = 1719) smokers in the multi-center European Community Respiratory Health Survey. METHODS Associations between repeated assessments (at 27-57 and 39-67 years) of being physically active (physical activity: ≥2 times and ≥1 h per week) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were evaluated using adjusted mixed linear regression models. Models were conducted separately for never- and current smokers and stratified by residential long-term NO2, PM2.5 mass and PM10 mass concentrations (≤75th percentile (low/medium) versus >75th percentile (high)). RESULTS Among current smokers, physical activity and lung function were positively associated regardless of air pollution levels. Among never-smokers, physical activity was associated with lung function in areas with low/medium NO2, PM2.5 mass and PM10 mass concentrations (e.g. mean difference in FVC between active and non-active subjects was 43.0 mL (13.6, 72.5), 49.5 mL (20.1, 78.8) and 49.7 mL (18.6, 80.7), respectively), but these associations were attenuated in high air pollution areas. Only the interaction term of physical activity and PM10 mass for FEV1 among never-smokers was significant (p-value = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity has beneficial effects on adult lung function in current smokers, irrespective of residential air pollution levels in Western Europe. Trends among never-smokers living in high air pollution areas are less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuertes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josep Maria Antó
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo G Corsico
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margareta Emtner
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - John Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Britsol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Holm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ane Johannessen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bénédicte Leynaert
- Inserm, UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot Paris, UMR 1152, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Marchetti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jesús Martínez Moratalla
- Servicio de Neumología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (CHUA), Albacete, Spain; Servicio de Salud de Castilla - La Mancha (SESCAM), Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Pascual
- Respiratory Department, Galdakao Hospital, OSI Barrualde-Galdakao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Department Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA-Inserm U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Sommar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joost Weyler
- Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nino Kuenzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168, Institut Médical de Santé et Recherche Médicale, Villejuif, France; Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)-S1168, Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Local action on outdoor air pollution to improve public health. Int J Public Health 2018; 63:557-565. [PMID: 29679104 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, jointly with Public Health England, have developed a guideline on outdoor air pollution and its links to health. The guideline makes recommendations on local interventions that can help improve air quality and prevent a range of adverse health outcomes associated with road-traffic-related air pollution. METHODS The guideline was based on a rigorous assessment of the scientific evidence by an independent advisory committee, with input from public health professionals and other professional groups. The process included systematics reviews of the literature, expert testimonies and stakeholder consultation. RESULTS The guideline includes recommendations for local planning, clean air zones, measures to reduce emissions from public sector transport services, smooth driving and speed reduction, active travel, and awareness raising. CONCLUSIONS The guideline recommends taking a number of actions in combination, because multiple interventions, each producing a small benefit, are likely to act cumulatively to produce significant change. These actions are likely to bring multiple public health benefits, in addition to air quality improvements.
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Pritchard R. Revealed Preference Methods for Studying Bicycle Route Choice-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E470. [PMID: 29518991 PMCID: PMC5877015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One fundamental aspect of promoting utilitarian bicycle use involves making modifications to the built environment to improve the safety, efficiency and enjoyability of cycling. Revealed preference data on bicycle route choice can assist greatly in understanding the actual behaviour of a highly heterogeneous group of users, which in turn assists the prioritisation of infrastructure or other built environment initiatives. This systematic review seeks to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses of the empirical approaches for evaluating whole journey route choices of bicyclists. Two electronic databases were systematically searched for a selection of keywords pertaining to bicycle and route choice. In total seven families of methods are identified: GPS devices, smartphone applications, crowdsourcing, participant-recalled routes, accompanied journeys, egocentric cameras and virtual reality. The study illustrates a trade-off in the quality of data obtainable and the average number of participants. Future additional methods could include dockless bikeshare, multiple camera solutions using computer vision and immersive bicycle simulator environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Pritchard
- Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Design, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urban form can impact air pollution and public health. We reviewed health-related articles that assessed (1) the relationships among urban form, air pollution, and health as well as (2) aspects of the urban environment (i.e., green space, noise, physical activity) that may modify those relationships. RECENT FINDINGS Simulation and empirical studies demonstrate an association between compact growth, improved regional air quality, and health. Most studies are cross-sectional and focus on connections between transportation emissions and land use. The physical and mental health impacts of green space, public spaces that promote physical activity, and noise are well-studied aspects of the urban environment and there is evidence that these factors may modify the relationship between air pollution and health. Urban form can support efforts to design clean, health-promoting cities. More work is needed to operationalize specific strategies and to elucidate the causal pathways connecting various aspects of health.
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31
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Exposure to Black Carbon during Bicycle Commuting–Alternative Route Selection. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Turner MC, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Anderson K, Balshaw D, Cui Y, Dunton G, Hoppin JA, Koutrakis P, Jerrett M. Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health 2017; 38:215-239. [PMID: 28384083 PMCID: PMC7161939 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08003, Spain; , .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3Z7, Canada
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08003, Spain; , .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331;
| | - David Balshaw
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - Yuxia Cui
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; ,
| | - Genevieve Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033;
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94704; .,Department of Environmental Health Science, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772;
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Good N, Mölter A, Peel JL, Volckens J. An accurate filter loading correction is essential for assessing personal exposure to black carbon using an Aethalometer. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:409-416. [PMID: 28000686 PMCID: PMC5693258 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The AE51 micro-Aethalometer (microAeth) is a popular and useful tool for assessing personal exposure to particulate black carbon (BC). However, few users of the AE51 are aware that its measurements are biased low (by up to 70%) due to the accumulation of BC on the filter substrate over time; previous studies of personal black carbon exposure are likely to have suffered from this bias. Although methods to correct for bias in micro-Aethalometer measurements of particulate black carbon have been proposed, these methods have not been verified in the context of personal exposure assessment. Here, five Aethalometer loading correction equations based on published methods were evaluated. Laboratory-generated aerosols of varying black carbon content (ammonium sulfate, Aquadag and NIST diesel particulate matter) were used to assess the performance of these methods. Filters from a personal exposure assessment study were also analyzed to determine how the correction methods performed for real-world samples. Standard correction equations produced correction factors with root mean square errors of 0.10 to 0.13 and mean bias within ±0.10. An optimized correction equation is also presented, along with sampling recommendations for minimizing bias when assessing personal exposure to BC using the AE51 micro-Aethalometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Good
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna Mölter
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Hankey S, Lindsey G, Marshall JD. Population-Level Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution during Active Travel: Planning for Low-Exposure, Health-Promoting Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:527-534. [PMID: 27713109 PMCID: PMC5381994 DOI: 10.1289/ehp442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing infrastructure and land uses to encourage active travel (i.e., bicycling and walking) are promising strategies for designing health-promoting cities. Population-level exposure to air pollution during active travel is understudied. OBJECTIVES Our goals were a) to investigate population-level patterns in exposure during active travel, based on spatial estimates of bicycle traffic, pedestrian traffic, and particulate concentrations; and b) to assess how those exposure patterns are associated with the built environment. METHODS We employed facility-demand models (active travel) and land use regression models (particulate concentrations) to estimate block-level (n = 13,604) exposure during rush-hour (1600-1800 hours) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. We used the model-derived estimates to identify land use patterns and characteristics of the street network that are health promoting. We also assessed how exposure is correlated with indicators of health disparities (e.g., household income, proportion of nonwhite residents). Our work uses population-level rates of active travel (i.e., traffic flows) rather than the probability of walking or biking (i.e., "walkability" or "bikeability") to assess exposure. RESULTS Active travel often occurs on high-traffic streets or near activity centers where particulate concentrations are highest (i.e., 20-42% of active travel occurs on blocks with high population-level exposure). Only 2-3% of blocks (3-8% of total active travel) are "sweet spots" (i.e., high active travel, low particulate concentrations); sweet spots are located a) near but slightly removed from the city-center or b) on off-street trails. We identified 1,721 blocks (~ 20% of local roads) where shifting active travel from high-traffic roads to adjacent low-traffic roads would reduce exposure by ~ 15%. Active travel is correlated with population density, land use mix, open space, and retail area; particulate concentrations were mostly unchanged with land use. CONCLUSIONS Public health officials and urban planners may use our findings to promote healthy transportation choices. When designing health-promoting cities, benefits (physical activity) as well as hazards (air pollution) should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Hankey
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Greg Lindsey
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julian D. Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Okokon EO, Yli-Tuomi T, Turunen AW, Taimisto P, Pennanen A, Vouitsis I, Samaras Z, Voogt M, Keuken M, Lanki T. Particulates and noise exposure during bicycle, bus and car commuting: A study in three European cities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:181-189. [PMID: 28088011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to curb traffic-related air pollution and its impact on the physical environment, contemporary city commuters are encouraged to shift from private car use to active or public transport modes. However, personal exposures to particulate matter (PM), black carbon and noise during commuting may be substantial. Therefore, studies comparing exposures during recommended modes of transport versus car trips are needed. METHODS We measured personal exposure to various-sized particulates, soot, and noise during commuting by bicycle, bus and car in three European cities: Helsinki in Finland, Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Thessaloniki in Greece using portable monitoring devices. We monitored commonly travelled routes in these cities. RESULTS The total number of one-way trips yielding data on any of the measured parameters were 84, 72, 94 and 69 for bicycle, bus, closed-window car and open-window car modes, respectively. The highest mean PM2.5 (85µg/m3), PM10 (131µg/m3), black carbon (10.9µg/m3) and noise (75dBA) levels were recorded on the bus, bus (again), open-window car and bicycle modes, respectively, all in Thessaloniki, PM and soot concentrations were generally higher during biking and taking a bus than during a drive in a a car with closed windows. Ratios of bike:car PM10 ranged from 1.1 in Thessaloniki to 2.6 in Helsinki, while bus:car ratios ranged from in 1.0 in Rotterdam to 5.6 in Thessaloniki. Higher noise levels were mostly recorded during bicycle rides. CONCLUSION Based on our study, active- and public-transport commuters are often at risk of higher air pollution and noise exposure than private car users. This should be taken into account in urban transportation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enembe O Okokon
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarja Yli-Tuomi
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu W Turunen
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pekka Taimisto
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Arto Pennanen
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ilias Vouitsis
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Zissis Samaras
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Marita Voogt
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno Keuken
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Timo Lanki
- Department of Health Protection, THL - National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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Variability of Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Concentration on Urban Bike Routes in a Mid-Sized City in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Park HY, Gilbreath S, Barakatt E. Respiratory outcomes of ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) as a surrogate measure of near-roadway exposures among bicyclists. Environ Health 2017; 16:6. [PMID: 28179003 PMCID: PMC5299642 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown a consistent association between exposure to traffic-related air pollution and adverse health effects. In particular, exposure can be high for cyclists who travel near roadways. The objective of the current study was to examine the relationship between short-term exposure of near-road traffic emissions and acute changes in lung function among individuals who frequently bike in the Sacramento and Davis areas in California. Ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) was used as a surrogate for near-roadway exposure in this study since the main source of this pollutant is from motor vehicle exhaust. METHODS Thirty-two bicyclists were recruited and completed two rides on separate days during the study period of March-June, 2008. One ride was on a high traffic route paralleling a section of Interstate 80 (I-80)/Interstate Business 80 (I-80B), and a second one was on a low traffic route, such as bike paths away from major highways. The participant's lung function was measured before and after each ride, and UFPM exposure was measured during the rides using a condensation particle counter (CPC). RESULTS In the final linear mixed-effect model using median UFPM concentrations as the main exposure, we observed that lung function change (post-ride minus baseline measurements) shifted in the negative direction. Lung function changed by 216 mL for FVC and 168 mL for FEV1, respectively, for an interquartile range (IQR: 12,225 to 36,833 number of particles/cm3) increase of UFPM concentration after adjusting for other covariates of age, sex, wind direction, and day of the week. CONCLUSIONS This study found significant associations between increased levels of UFPM concentrations as a proxy for near road traffic pollution, and decrements in lung function measurements. Our results are related to short-term exposures, and the long-term health effects of cycling near heavy traffic require further research. Our study suggests the need to reduce traffic pollution, particularly near roads. Cyclists should plan their route to reduce their exposure where possible and further research on built environment designs may help urban planners to reduce the potential health concerns of cyclists' exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Park
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, 1001 “I” street, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA
| | - Susan Gilbreath
- Research Division, California Air Resources Board, 1001 “I” street, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA
| | - Edward Barakatt
- Program in Physical Therapy, College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA
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Ott WR, Wallace LA, McAteer JM, Hildemann LM. Fine and ultrafine particle exposures on 73 trips by car to 65 non-smoking restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:205-217. [PMID: 26895613 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies indicate cooking is a major source of exposure to particulate matter, but few studies have measured indoor air pollution in restaurants, where cooking predominates. We made 73 visits by car to 65 different non-smoking restaurants in 10 Northern California towns while carrying portable continuous monitors that unobtrusively measured ultrafine (down to 10 nm) and fine (PM2.5 ) particles to characterize indoor restaurant exposures, comparing them with exposures in the car. The mean ultrafine number concentrations in the restaurants on dinner visits averaging 1.4 h was 71 600 particles/cm3 , or 4.3 times the mean concentration on car trips, and 12.3 times the mean background concentration in the residence. Restaurants that cooked dinner in the same room as the patrons had higher ultrafine concentrations than restaurants with separate kitchens. Restaurant PM2.5 mass concentrations averaged 36.3 μg/m3 , ranging from 1.5 to 454 μg/m3 , but were relatively low on most visits: 43% of the indoor means were below 10 μg/m3 and 66% were below 20 μg/m3 , with 5.5% above 100 μg/m3 . Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles when visiting a restaurant exceeded the exposure a person received while traveling by car to and from the restaurant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Ott
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - J M McAteer
- Department of Nursing, College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - L M Hildemann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Li HC, Chiueh PT, Liu SP, Huang YY. Assessment of different route choice on commuters' exposure to air pollution in Taipei, Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3163-3171. [PMID: 27864736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study are to develop a healthy commute map indicating cleanest route in Taipei metropolitan area for any given journey and to evaluate the pollutant doses exposed in different commuting modes. In Taiwan, there are more than 13.6 million motorcycles and 7.7 million vehicles among the 23 million people. Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants can thus cause adverse health effects. Moreover, increasing the level of physical activity during commuting and longer distances will result in inhalation of more polluted air. In this study, we utilized air pollution monitoring data (CO, SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5) from Taiwan EPA's air quality monitoring stations in Taipei metropolitan area to estimate each pollutant exposure while commuting by different modes (motorcycling, bicycling, and walking). Spatial interpolation methods such as inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used to estimate each pollutant's distribution in Taipei metropolitan area. Three routes were selected to represent the variety of different daily commuting pathways. The cleanest route choice was based upon Dijkstra's algorithm to find the lowest cumulative pollutant exposure. The IDW interpolated values of CO, SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 ranged from 0.42-2.2 (ppm), 2.6-4.8 (ppb), 17.8-42.9 (ppb), 32.4-65.6 (μg/m3), and 14.2-38.9 (μg/m3), respectively. To compare with the IDW results, concentration of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) along the motorcycle route was measured in real time. In conclusion, the results showed that the shortest commuting route for motorcyclists resulted in a much higher cumulative dose (PM2.5 3340.8 μg/m3) than the cleanest route (PM2.5 912.5 μg/m3). The mobile personal monitoring indicated that the motorcyclists inhaled significant high pollutants during commuting as a result of high-concentration exposure and short-duration peaks. The study could effectively present less polluted commuting routes for citizen health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chih Li
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Te Chiueh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shi-Ping Liu
- Department of Public Health, Fu Jen University, 510 Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Brown BB, Tharp D, Tribby CP, Smith KR, Miller HJ, Werner CM. Changes in bicycling over time associated with a new bike lane: relations with kilocalories energy expenditure and body mass index. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2016; 3:357-365. [PMID: 27672561 PMCID: PMC5034937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although bicycling has been related to positive health indicators, few studies examine health-related measures associated with non-competitive community cycling before and after cycling infrastructure improvements. This study examined cycling changes in a neighborhood receiving a bike lane, light rail, and other "complete street" improvements. Participants wore accelerometers and global positioning system (GPS) data loggers for one week in both 2012 and 2013, pre- and post- construction completion. Participants sampled within 2 km of the complete street improvements had the following patterns of cycling: never cyclists (n=434), continuing cyclists (n= 29), former cyclists (n=33, who bicycled in 2012 but not 2013), and new cyclists (n=40, who bicycled in 2013 but not 2012). Results show that all three cycling groups, as identified by GPS/accelerometry data, expended more estimated kilocalories (kcal) of energy per minute during the monitoring week than those who were never detected cycling, net of control variables. Similar but attenuated results emerged when cycling self-report measures were used. BMI was not related to cycling group but those who cycled longer on the new path had lower BMI. Although cyclists burn more calories than non-cyclists across the week, among cyclists, their cycling days involved more calories expended than their non-cycling days. The new cyclists account for 39% of the cyclists identified in this study and former cyclists account for 32% of cyclists. These results suggest that cycling is healthy, but that sustaining rates of cycling will be an important goal for future policy and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B. Brown
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas Tharp
- Department of Family & Consumer Studies, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Calvin P. Tribby
- Department of Geography; Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken R. Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Harvey J. Miller
- Department of Geography; Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carol M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, 380 S. 1530 E., RM 502 BSB, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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A Complete Street Intervention for Walking to Transit, Nontransit Walking, and Bicycling: A Quasi-Experimental Demonstration of Increased Use. J Phys Act Health 2016; 13:1210-1219. [PMID: 27334024 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete streets require evaluation to determine if they encourage active transportation. METHODS Data were collected before and after a street intervention provided new light rail, bike lanes, and better sidewalks in Salt Lake City, Utah. Residents living near (<800 m) and far (≥801 to 2000 m) from the street were compared, with sensitivity tests for alternative definitions of near (<600 and <1000 m). Dependent variables were accelerometer/global positioning system (GPS) measures of transit trips, nontransit walking trips, and biking trips that included the complete street corridor. RESULTS Active travel trips for Near-Time 2 residents, the group hypothesized to be the most active, were compared with the other 3 groups (Near-Time 1, Far-Time 1, and Far-Time 2), net of control variables. Near-Time 2 residents were more likely to engage in complete street transit walking trips (35%, adjusted) and nontransit walking trips (50%) than the other 3 groups (24% to 25% and 13% to 36%, respectively). Bicycling was less prevalent, with only 1 of 3 contrasts significant (10% of Near-Time 2 residents had complete street bicycle trips compared with 5% of Far-Time 1 residents). CONCLUSIONS Living near the complete street intervention supported more pedestrian use and possibly bicycling, suggesting complete streets are also public health interventions.
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Brown BB, Werner CM, Smith KR, Tribby CP, Miller HJ, Jensen WA, Tharp D. Environmental, behavioral, and psychological predictors of transit ridership: Evidence from a community intervention. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 46:188-196. [PMID: 27672237 PMCID: PMC5034941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding who takes advantage of new transit (public transportation) interventions is important for personal and environmental health. We examine transit ridership for residents living near a new light rail construction as part of "complete street," pedestrian-friendly improvements. Adult residents (n=536) completed surveys and wore accelerometer and GPS units that tracked ridership before and after new transit service started. Transit riders were more physically active. Those from environments rated as more walkable were likely to be continuing transit riders. Place attachment, but not perceived physical incivilities on the path to transit, was associated with those who continued to ride or became new riders of transit. This effect was mediated through pro-city attitudes, which emphasize how the new service makes residents eager to explore areas around transit. Thus, place attachment, along with physical and health conditions, may be important predictors and promoters of transit use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B. Brown
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Carol M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, 380 S. 1530 E., RM 502 BSB, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ken R. Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Calvin P. Tribby
- Department of Geography; Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harvey J. Miller
- Department of Geography; Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wyatt A. Jensen
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Doug Tharp
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies; 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Good N, Mölter A, Ackerson C, Bachand A, Carpenter T, Clark ML, Fedak KM, Kayne A, Koehler K, Moore B, L'Orange C, Quinn C, Ugave V, Stuart AL, Peel JL, Volckens J. The Fort Collins Commuter Study: Impact of route type and transport mode on personal exposure to multiple air pollutants. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:397-404. [PMID: 26507004 PMCID: PMC4848179 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, yet few studies have examined strategies to reduce individual exposure while commuting. The present study aimed to quantify how choice of mode and route type affects personal exposure to air pollutants during commuting. We analyzed within-person difference in exposures to multiple air pollutants (black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ultrafine particle number concentration (PNC), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)) during commutes between the home and workplace for 45 participants. Participants completed 8 days of commuting by car and bicycle on direct and alternative (reduced traffic) routes. Mean within-person exposures to BC, PM2.5, and PNC were higher when commuting by cycling than when driving, but mean CO exposure was lower when cycling. Exposures to CO and BC were reduced when commuting along alternative routes. When cumulative exposure was considered, the benefits from cycling were attenuated, in the case of CO, or exacerbated, in the case of particulate exposures, owing to the increased duration of the commute. Although choice of route can reduce mean exposure, the effect of route length and duration often offsets these reductions when cumulative exposure is considered. Furthermore, increased ventilation rate when cycling may result in a more harmful dose than inhalation at a lower ventilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Good
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna Mölter
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Charis Ackerson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Annette Bachand
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Taylor Carpenter
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen M Fedak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashleigh Kayne
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brianna Moore
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Viney Ugave
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy L Stuart
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Acute effects on pulmonary function in young healthy adults exposed to traffic-related air pollution in semi-closed transport hub in Beijing. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:312-320. [PMID: 27106573 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transport hub is an important part of urban comprehensive transportation system. Traffic-related air pollution can reach high level because of difficulty of diffusion and increase of emission in transport hub. However, whether exposure in this semi-closed traffic micro-environment causes acute changes in pulmonary function of commuters still needs to be explored. METHODS Forty young healthy adults participated in this randomized, crossover study. Each participant underwent 2 h exposure in a designated transport hub and, on a separate occasion, in an appointed park. Personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were assessed pre-, during and post-exposure. Mixed linear models were used to analyze the pulmonary effects of traffic-related air pollutants. RESULTS Participants had significantly higher exposures to PM2.5, BC and CO in the transport hub than in the park. Exposure in transport hub induced significant reductions in FEV1 and PEF compared with the park during exposure 1 and 2 h. The reductions were significant associated with traffic-related air pollutants. For instance, per 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 was associated with -0.15 % (95 % CI -0.28, -0.02 %) reduction in FEV1 during exposure 2 h. However, effects became attenuate after 2 h exposure. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure in transport hub had acute reduction effects on pulmonary function. More attention should be paid to the health effects of exposure in the semi-closed traffic micro-environment.
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Dons E, Götschi T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, de Nazelle A, Anaya E, Avila-Palencia I, Brand C, Cole-Hunter T, Gaupp-Berghausen M, Kahlmeier S, Laeremans M, Mueller N, Orjuela JP, Raser E, Rojas-Rueda D, Standaert A, Stigell E, Uhlmann T, Gerike R, Int Panis L. Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA): protocol for a multi-centre, longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1126. [PMID: 26577129 PMCID: PMC4650276 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, yet many are not sufficiently active. The Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) study aims to better understand active mobility (walking and cycling for transport solely or in combination with public transport) as an innovative approach to integrate physical activity into individuals’ everyday lives. The PASTA study will collect data of multiple cities in a longitudinal cohort design to study correlates of active mobility, its effect on overall physical activity, crash risk and exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Methods/Design A set of online questionnaires incorporating gold standard approaches from the physical activity and transport fields have been developed, piloted and are now being deployed in a longitudinal study in seven European cities (Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Oerebro, Rome, Vienna, Zurich). In total, 14000 adults are being recruited (2000 in each city). A first questionnaire collects baseline information; follow-up questionnaires sent every 13 days collect prospective data on travel behaviour, levels of physical activity and traffic safety incidents. Self-reported data will be validated with objective data in subsamples using conventional and novel methods. Accelerometers, GPS and tracking apps record routes and activity. Air pollution and physical activity are measured to study their combined effects on health biomarkers. Exposure-adjusted crash risks will be calculated for active modes, and crash location audits are performed to study the role of the built environment. Ethics committees in all seven cities have given independent approval for the study. Discussion The PASTA study collects a wealth of subjective and objective data on active mobility and physical activity. This will allow the investigation of numerous correlates of active mobility and physical activity using a data set that advances previous efforts in its richness, geographical coverage and comprehensiveness. Results will inform new health impact assessment models and support efforts to promote and facilitate active mobility in cities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2453-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Dons
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium. .,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Götschi
- Physical Activity and Health Unit, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Seilergraben 49, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Audrey de Nazelle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | - Esther Anaya
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | - Ione Avila-Palencia
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christian Brand
- University of Oxford (UOXF) - Transport Studies Unit, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Kahlmeier
- Physical Activity and Health Unit, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Seilergraben 49, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michelle Laeremans
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium. .,Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 5/6, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Natalie Mueller
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Pablo Orjuela
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | - Elisabeth Raser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arnout Standaert
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | | | - Tina Uhlmann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Regine Gerike
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria. .,Dresden University of Technology, Chair of Integrated Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Luc Int Panis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium. .,Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 5/6, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Mirowsky J, Gordon T. Noninvasive effects measurements for air pollution human studies: methods, analysis, and implications. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:354-80. [PMID: 25605444 PMCID: PMC6659729 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure studies, compared with cell and animal models, are heavily relied upon to study the associations between health effects in humans and air pollutant inhalation. Human studies vary in exposure methodology, with some work conducted in controlled settings, whereas other studies are conducted in ambient environments. Human studies can also vary in the health metrics explored, as there exists a myriad of health effect end points commonly measured. In this review, we compiled mini reviews of the most commonly used noninvasive health effect end points that are suitable for panel studies of air pollution, broken into cardiovascular end points, respiratory end points, and biomarkers of effect from biological specimens. Pertinent information regarding each health end point and the suggested methods for mobile collection in the field are assessed. In addition, the clinical implications for each health end point are summarized, along with the factors identified that can modify each measurement. Finally, the important research findings regarding each health end point and air pollutant exposures were reviewed. It appeared that most of the adverse health effects end points explored were found to positively correlate with pollutant levels, although differences in study design, pollutants measured, and study population were found to influence the magnitude of these effects. Thus, this review is intended to act as a guide for researchers interested in conducting human exposure studies of air pollutants while in the field, although there can be a wider application for using these end points in many epidemiological study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mirowsky
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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Brugge D, Patton AP, Bob A, Reisner E, Lowe L, Bright OJM, Durant JL, Newman J, Zamore W. Developing Community-Level Policy and Practice to Reduce Traffic-Related Air Pollution Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE (PRINT) 2015; 8:95-104. [PMID: 27413416 PMCID: PMC4939908 DOI: 10.1089/env.2015.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The literature consistently shows associations of adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary outcomes with residential proximity to highways and major roadways. Air monitoring shows that traffic-related pollutants (TRAP) are elevated within 200-400 m of these roads. Community-level tactics for reducing exposure include the following: 1) HEPA filtration; 2) Appropriate air-intake locations; 3) Sound proofing, insulation and other features; 4) Land-use buffers; 5) Vegetation or wall barriers; 6) Street-side trees, hedges and vegetation; 7) Decking over highways; 8) Urban design including placement of buildings; 9) Garden and park locations; and 10) Active travel locations, including bicycling and walking paths. A multidisciplinary design charrette was held to test the feasibility of incorporating these tactics into near-highway housing and school developments that were in the planning stages. The resulting designs successfully utilized many of the protective tactics and also led to engagement with the designers and developers of the sites. There is a need to increase awareness of TRAP in terms of building design and urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Brugge
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
| | | | - Alex Bob
- City of Somerville, Office of Strategic Planning and Community Development
| | | | | | - Oliver-John M. Bright
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
| | - John L. Durant
- Tufts University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | | | - Wig Zamore
- Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership
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Cozma I, Kukaswadia A, Janssen I, Craig W, Pickett W. Active transportation and bullying in Canadian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:99. [PMID: 25885322 PMCID: PMC4333257 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bullying is a recognized social problem within child populations. Engagement in childhood bullying often occurs in settings that are away from adult supervision, such as en route to and from school. Bullying episodes may also have a negative impact on school childrens’ decisions to engage in active transportation. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed reports from the 2009/10 cycle of the Canadian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study. Records from this general health survey were obtained for 3,997 urban students in grades 6–10 who lived in close proximity of their school and were hence ineligible for school bussing. Students who indicated walking or bicycling to school were classified as engaged in active transportation. Victims and perpetrators of bullying were defined using standard measures and a frequency cut-off of at least 2–3 times per month. Analyses focused on relations between bullying and active transportation, as well as barriers to active transportation as perceived by young people. Results 27% of young people indicated being victimized, and 12% indicated that they engaged in bullying. Girls were more likely to be victimized than boys, and younger students were more likely to be victimized than older students. Engagement in active transportation was reported by 63% of respondents, of these, 68% indicated that worrying about bullying on the way to school was an impediment to such transportation methods. Victimization by bullying (adjusted OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00 – 1.59) was reported more frequently by children who used active transportation. Conclusions Health promotion efforts to promote engagement in active transportation of students to school have obvious value. The potential for modest increases in exposure to bullying should be considered in the planning of such initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cozma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Atif Kukaswadia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Ian Janssen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - William Pickett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,Clinical Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Kubesch NJ, de Nazelle A, Westerdahl D, Martinez D, Carrasco-Turigas G, Bouso L, Guerra S, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Respiratory and inflammatory responses to short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:284-93. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kubesch N, De Nazelle A, Guerra S, Westerdahl D, Martinez D, Bouso L, Carrasco-Turigas G, Hoffmann B, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Arterial blood pressure responses to short-term exposure to low and high traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:548-57. [PMID: 25326542 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314555602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Physical activity (PA) in polluted air may increase pollutant uptake and increase these effects. METHODS Crossover real-world exposure study in 28 healthy participants comparing systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses to four different exposure scenarios: 2 h exposure in high or low-TRAP environment, each at rest and combined with intermittent moderate PA consisting of 15 min intervals alternating rest and cycling on a stationary bicycle. Data was analyzed using mixed effect models for repeated measures. RESULTS Exposure to high TRAP was associated with higher DBP (1.1 mm/Hg, p = 0.002) post-exposure, irrespective of exercise status. Ultrafine particles (UFP) increased DBP post-exposure (0.9 mm/Hg, p = 0.004). Interquartile increases in black carbon (BC), fine particulate matter (PM10 and PMcoarse), UFP, and nitric oxides (NOx) were associated with statistically significantly higher SBP post-exposure (1.2, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.1 mm/Hg, respectively). Intermittent PA compared with rest was associated with lower SBP post-exposure (-2.4 mm/Hg, p < 0.001). PA lowered SBP more after exposure to the low-TRAP site (-2.3 mm/Hg) compared with the high-TRAP site (-1.6 mm/Hg). We only found evidence of an interaction between PA and both PM10 and PMcoarse, increasing SBP. CONCLUSION Both SBP and DBP increase after exposure to TRAP. Intermittent PA attenuates the TRAP-related increases in SBP, with the exception of PM10 and PMcoarse, which potentiate these increases. We showed that in low-TRAP environments intermittent PA has stronger beneficial effects on SBP than in high-TRAP environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kubesch
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A De Nazelle
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Guerra
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D Westerdahl
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D Martinez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Bouso
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Carrasco-Turigas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Hoffmann
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf and IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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