1
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Chen Q, Lei J, Li X, Zhang J, Liu D, Cui X, Ge F. Heterologous synthesis of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 299:154276. [PMID: 38801806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1 has high medicinal values, which is a kind of rare triterpene saponin isolated from Panax plants. The extremely low content of ginsenoside F1 in herbs has limited its research and application in medical field. In this work, we constructed a pathway in tobacco for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside F1 by metabolic engineering. Four enzyme genes (PnDDS, CYP716A47, CYP716S1 and UGT71A56) isolated from Panax notoginseng were introduced into tobacco. Thus, a biosynthetic pathway for ginsenoside F1 synthesis was artificially constructed in tobacco cells; moreover, the four exogenous genes could be expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of transgenic plants. Consequently, ginsenoside F1 and its precursors were successfully synthesized in the transgenic tobacco, compared with Panax plants, the content of ginsenoside F1 in transgenic tobacco was doubled. In addition, accumulation of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in transgenic tobacco shows organ specificity. Based on these results, a new approach was established to produce rare ginsenoside F1; meanwhile, such strategy could also be employed in plant hosts for the heterologous synthesis of other important or rare natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Analytical & Testing Research Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
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2
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Zhao X, Ge W, Miao Z. Integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveals the accumulation patterns of key metabolites associated with flavonoids and terpenoids of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8644. [PMID: 38622163 PMCID: PMC11018608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (G. pentaphyllum) is a medicinal and edible plant with multiple functions of liver protection, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, balancing blood sugar and blood lipids. The nutritional value of the G. pentaphyllum plant is mainly due to its rich variety of biologically active substances, such as flavonoids, terpenes and polysaccharides. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis combining metabolomics and root, stem and leaf transcriptomic data of G. pentaphyllum. We used transcriptomics and metabolomics data to construct a dynamic regulatory network diagram of G. pentaphyllum flavonoids and terpenoids, and screened the transcription factors involved in flavonoids and terpenoids, including basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), myb-related, WRKY, AP2/ERF. Transcriptome analysis results showed that among the DEGs related to the synthesis of flavonoids and terpenoids, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPS) were core genes. This study presents a dynamic image of gene expression in different tissues of G. pentaphyllum, elucidating the key genes and metabolites of flavonoids and terpenoids. This study is beneficial to a deeper understanding of the medicinal plants of G. pentaphyllum, and also provides a scientific basis for further regulatory mechanisms of plant natural product synthesis pathways and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Ge
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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4
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Li X, Zhao Y, He S, Meng J, Lu Y, Shi H, Liu C, Hao B, Tang Q, Zhang S, Zhang G, Luo Y, Yang S, Yang J, Fan W. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal the molecular mechanism underlying dynamic metabolic processes during taproot development of Panax notoginseng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:170. [PMID: 38443797 PMCID: PMC10913227 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen is one of the most famous Chinese traditional medicinal plants. The taproot is the main organ producing triterpenoid saponins, and its development is directly linked to the quality and yield of the harvested P. notoginseng. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic metabolic changes occurring during taproot development of P. notoginseng are unknown. RESULTS We carried out metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate metabolites and gene expression during the development of P. notoginseng taproots. The differentially accumulated metabolites included amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, and lipids in 1-year-old taproots, flavonoids and terpenoids in 2- and 3-year-old taproots, and phenolic acids in 3-year-old taproots. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, metabolic pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites at all three developmental stages. Integrative analysis revealed that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was involved in not only the development of but also metabolic changes in P. notoginseng taproots. Moreover, significant accumulation of triterpenoid saponins in 2- and 3-year-old taproots was highly correlated with the up-regulated expression of cytochrome P450s and uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases genes. Additionally, a gene encoding RNase-like major storage protein was identified to play a dual role in the development of P. notoginseng taproots and their triterpenoid saponins synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the accumulation of and change relationship between primary and secondary metabolites in P. notoginseng taproots, and provide a basis for the quality control and genetic improvement of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shuilian He
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Meng
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yingchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huineng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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5
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Huang Y, Shi Y, Hu X, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu S, He G, An K, Guan F, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wei S. PnNAC2 promotes the biosynthesis of Panax notoginseng saponins and induces early flowering. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:73. [PMID: 38379012 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PnNAC2 positively regulates saponin biosynthesis by binding the promoters of key biosynthetic genes, including PnSS, PnSE, and PnDS. PnNAC2 accelerates flowering through directly associating with the promoters of FT genes. NAC transcription factors play an important regulatory role in both terpenoid biosynthesis and flowering. Saponins with multiple pharmacological activities are recognized as the major active components of Panax notoginseng. The P. notoginseng flower is crucial for growth and used for medicinal and food purposes. However, the precise function of the P. notoginseng NAC transcription factor in the regulation of saponin biosynthesis and flowering remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of a specific NAC transcription factor, designated as PnNAC2, from P. notoginseng. PnNAC2 was identified as a nuclear-localized protein with transcription activator activity. The expression profile of PnNAC2 across various tissues mirrored the accumulation pattern of total saponins. Knockdown experiments of PnNAC2 in P. notoginseng calli revealed a significant reduction in saponin content and the expression level of pivotal saponin biosynthetic genes, including PnSS, PnSE, and PnDS. Subsequently, Y1H assays, dual-LUC assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that PnNAC2 exhibits binding affinity to the promoters of PnSS, PnSE and PnDS, thereby activating their transcription. Additionally, an overexpression assay of PnNAC2 in Arabidopsis thaliana witnessed the acceleration of flowering and the induction of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene expression. Furthermore, PnNAC2 demonstrated the ability to bind to the promoters of AtFT and PnFT genes, further activating their transcription. In summary, these results revealed that PnNAC2 acts as a multifunctional regulator, intricately involved in the modulation of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and flowering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Life and Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Hu
- School of Life and Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhu Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojie He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelu An
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanyuan Guan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China.
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengli Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Ye Q, Zhang H, Bao Z, Li Y, Mo LJ. Diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Dioscorea cirrhosa L. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16702. [PMID: 38282859 PMCID: PMC10812585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea cirrhosa L. (D. cirrhosa) tuber is a traditional medicinal plant that is abundant in various pharmacological substances. Although diosgenin is commonly found in many Dioscoreaceae plants, its presence in D. cirrhosa remained uncertain. To address this, HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted and 13 diosgenin metabolites were identified in D. cirrhosa tuber. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to identify 21 key enzymes and 43 unigenes that are involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, leading to a proposed pathway for diosgenin biosynthesis in D. cirrhosa. A total of 3,365 unigenes belonging to 82 transcription factor (TF) families were annotated, including MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, C2H2, C3H, SNF2 and Aux/IAA. Correlation analysis revealed that 22 TFs are strongly associated with diosgenin biosynthesis genes (-r2- > 0.9, P < 0.05). Moreover, our analysis of the CYP450 gene family identified 206 CYP450 genes (CYP450s), with 40 being potential CYP450s. Gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that these CYP450s were associated with sterol C-22 hydroxylase, sterol-14-demethylase and amyrin oxidase in diosgenin biosynthesis. Our findings lay a foundation for future genetic engineering studies aimed at improving the biosynthesis of diosgenin compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Hu
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohua Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Bao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Luo Jian Mo
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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7
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Chen L, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sun H, Wang S, Wang D, Duan Y, Niu J, Wang Z. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes biosynthesis regulation in Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127044. [PMID: 37742891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) is a perennial medicinal herb, with its dry rhizomes are rich in various sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes components (including atractylodin, atractylon and β-eudesmol). However, the contents of these compounds are various and germplasms specific, and the mechanisms of biosynthesis in A. lancea are still unknown. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed candidate genes and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes, and speculated the anabolic pathways of these pharmaceutical components by transcriptome and metabolomic analysis. In the sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis, a total of 28 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 6 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified. The beta-Selinene is likely to play a role in the synthesis of atractylon and β-eudesmol. Additionally, the polyacetylenes biosynthesis showed the presence of 3 DEGs and 4 DEMs. Notably, some fatty acid desaturase (FAB2 and FAD2) significantly down-regulated in polyacetylenes biosynthesis. The gamma-Linolenic acid is likely involved in the biosynthesis of polyacetylenes and thus further synthesis of atractylodin. Overall, these studies have investigated the biosynthetic pathways of atractylodin, atractylon and β-eudesmol in A. lancea for the first time, and present potential new anchor points for further exploration of sesquiterpenoids and polyacetylenes compound biosynthesis pathways in A. lancea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shenfei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhong Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
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8
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Lu Z, Mao T, Chen K, Chai L, Dai Y, Liu K. Ginsenoside Rc: A potential intervention agent for metabolic syndrome. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1375-1387. [PMID: 38223453 PMCID: PMC10785250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc, a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin primarily derived from Panax ginseng, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review outlined the sources, putative biosynthetic pathways, extraction, and quantification techniques, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenoside Rc. Furthermore, this study explored the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rc against metabolic syndrome (MetS) across various phenotypes including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. It also highlighted the impact of ginsenoside Rc on multiple associated signaling molecules. In conclusion, the anti-MetS effect of ginsenoside Rc is characterized by its influence on multiple organs, multiple targets, and multiple ways. Although clinical investigations regarding the effects of ginsenoside Rc on MetS are limited, its proven safety and tolerability suggest its potential as an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longxin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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9
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Wang Y, Wang W, Chi X, Cheng M, Wang T, Zhan X, Bai Y, Shen C, Li X. Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with the Desiccation Sensitivity of Panax notoginseng Seeds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3881. [PMID: 38005778 PMCID: PMC10674602 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, a species of the genus Panax, radix has been traditionally used to deal with various hematological diseases and cardiovascular diseases since ancient times in East Asia. P. notoginseng produces recalcitrant seeds which are sensitive to desiccation and difficult to store for a long time. However, few data are available on the mechanism of the desiccation sensitivity of P. notoginseng seeds. To gain a comprehensive perspective of the genes associated with desiccation sensitivity, cDNA libraries from seeds under control and desiccation processes were prepared independently for Illumina sequencing. The data generated a total of 70,189,896 reads that were integrated and assembled into 55,097 unigenes with a mean length of 783 bp. In total, 12,025 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified during the desiccation process. Among these DEGs, a number of central metabolism, hormonal network-, fatty acid-, and ascorbate-glutathione-related genes were included. Our data provide a comprehensive resource for identifying the genes associated with the desiccation sensitivity of P. notoginseng seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Xiulian Chi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
| | - Meng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
| | - Tielin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
| | - Xiaori Zhan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yunjun Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
| | - Chenjia Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (T.W.); (Y.B.)
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10
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Liu J, Wu Y, Ma W, Zhang H, Meng X, Zhang H, Guo M, Ling X, Li L. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Panax notoginseng Flower Saponins Quantified Using LC/MS/MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052416. [PMID: 36903661 PMCID: PMC10005202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant. However, Panax notoginseng flower (PNF) is rarely used. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the main saponins and the anti-inflammatory bioactivity of PNF saponins (PNFS). We explored the regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a key mediator of inflammatory pathways, in human keratinocyte cells treated with PNFS. A cell model of UVB-irradiation-induced inflammation was established to determine the influence of PNFS on inflammatory factors and their relationship with LL-37 expression. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis were used to detect the production of inflammatory factors and LL37. Finally, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to quantify the main active components (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1) in PNF. The results show that PNFS substantially inhibited COX-2 activity and downregulated the production of inflammatory factors, indicating that they can be used to reduce skin inflammation. PNFS also increased the expression of LL-37. The contents of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd in PNF were much higher than those of Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1. This paper provides data in support of the application of PNF in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuehang Wu
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenrui Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianyao Meng
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huirong Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiao Ling
- Beijing Lan Divine Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100048, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Koo H, Lee YS, Nguyen VB, Giang VNL, Koo HJ, Park HS, Mohanan P, Song YH, Ryu B, Kang KB, Sung SH, Yang TJ. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of four Panax species explore the dynamics of metabolite biosynthesis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:44-53. [PMID: 36644396 PMCID: PMC9834023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Panax in the Araliaceae family has been used as traditional medicinal plants worldwide and is known to biosynthesize ginsenosides and phytosterols. However, genetic variation between Panax species has influenced their biosynthetic pathways is not fully understood. Methods Simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes obtained from adventitious roots of two tetraploid species (Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius) and two diploid species (P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis) revealed the diversity of their metabolites and related gene expression profiles. Results The transcriptome analysis showed that 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASEs (OSCs) involved in phytosterol biosynthesis are upregulated in the diploid species, while the expression of OSCs contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis is higher in the tetraploid species. In agreement with these results, the contents of dammarenediol-type ginsenosides were higher in the tetraploid species relative to the diploid species. Conclusion These results suggest that a whole-genome duplication event has influenced the triterpene biosynthesis pathway in tetraploid Panax species during their evolution or ecological adaptation. This study provides a basis for further efforts to explore the genetic variation of the Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Binh Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Ngoc Linh Giang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Tyagi P, Singh D, Mathur S, Singh A, Ranjan R. Upcoming progress of transcriptomics studies on plants: An overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1030890. [PMID: 36589087 PMCID: PMC9798009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1030890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome sequencing or RNA-Sequencing is a high-resolution, sensitive and high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach used to study non-model plants and other organisms. In other words, it is an assembly of RNA transcripts from individual or whole samples of functional and developmental stages. RNA-Seq is a significant technique for identifying gene predictions and mining functional analysis that improves gene ontology understanding mechanisms of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components, but there is limited information available on this topic. Transcriptomics research on different types of plants can assist researchers to understand functional genes in better ways and regulatory processes to improve breeding selection and cultivation practices. In recent years, several advancements in RNA-Seq technology have been made for the characterization of the transcriptomes of distinct cell types in biological tissues in an efficient manner. RNA-Seq technologies are briefly introduced and examined in terms of their scientific applications. In a nutshell, it introduces all transcriptome sequencing and analysis techniques, as well as their applications in plant biology research. This review will focus on numerous existing and forthcoming strategies for improving transcriptome sequencing technologies for functional gene mining in various plants using RNA- Seq technology, based on the principles, development, and applications.
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13
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Wu T, Xiang L, Gao R, Wu L, Deng G, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang B, Shen L, Chen S, Liu X, Yin Q. Integrated multi-omics analysis and microbial recombinant protein system reveal hydroxylation and glycosylation involving nevadensin biosynthesis in Lysionotus pauciflorus. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:195. [PMID: 36123741 PMCID: PMC9484059 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Karst-adapted plant, Lysionotus pauciflours accumulates special secondary metabolites with a wide range of pharmacological effects for surviving in drought and high salty areas, while researchers focused more on their environmental adaptations and evolutions. Nevadensin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone), the main active component in L. pauciflours, has unique bioactivity of such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, and anti-tumor or cancer. Complex decoration of nevadensin, such as hydroxylation and glycosylation of the flavone skeleton determines its diversity and biological activities. The lack of omics data limits the exploration of accumulation mode and biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics, and microbial recombinant protein system to reveal hydroxylation and glycosylation involving nevadensin biosynthesis in L. pauciflours. Results Up to 275 flavonoids were found to exist in L. pauciflorus by UPLC-MS/MS based on widely targeted metabolome analysis. The special flavone nevadensin (5,7-dihydroxy-6,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone) is enriched in different tissues, as are its related glycosides. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was drawn based on differential transcripts analysis, including 9 PAL, 5 C4H, 8 4CL, 6 CHS, 3 CHI, 1 FNSII, and over 20 OMTs. Total 310 LpCYP450s were classified into 9 clans, 36 families, and 35 subfamilies, with 56% being A-type CYP450s by phylogenetic evolutionary analysis. According to the phylogenetic tree with AtUGTs, 187 LpUGTs clustered into 14 evolutionary groups (A-N), with 74% being E, A, D, G, and K groups. Two LpCYP82D members and LpUGT95 were functionally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, respectively. CYP82D-8 and CYP82D-1 specially hydroxylate the 6- or 8-position of A ring in vivo and in vitro, dislike the function of F6H or F8H discovered in basil which functioned depending on A-ring substituted methoxy. These results refreshed the starting mode that apigenin can be firstly hydroxylated on A ring in nevadensin biosynthesis. Furthermore, LpUGT95 clustered into the 7-OGT family was verified to catalyze 7-O glucosylation of nevadensin accompanied with weak nevadensin 5-O glucosylation function, firstly revealed glycosylation modification of flavones with completely substituted A-ring. Conclusions Metabolomic and full-length transcriptomic association analysis unveiled the accumulation mode and biosynthetic pathway of the secondary metabolites in the karst-adapted plant L. pauciflorus. Moreover, functional identification of two LpCYP82D members and one LpUGT in microbe reconstructed the pathway of nevadensin biosynthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01921-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Wu
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Lo Lion Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Gang Deng
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Lo Lion Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Lo Lion Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Lo Lion Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China. .,Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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14
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Jiang Z, Gao H, Liu R, Xia M, Lu Y, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li D, Tong Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Luo Y, Gao J, Yin Y, Huang L, Gao W. Key Glycosyltransferase Genes of Panax notoginseng: Identification and Engineering Yeast Construction of Rare Ginsenosides. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2394-2404. [PMID: 35687875 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most famous valuable medical plants in China, and its broad application in clinical treatment has an inseparable relationship with the active molecules, ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are glycoside compounds that have varied structures for the diverse sugar chain. Although extensive work has been done, there are still unknown steps in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. Here, we screened candidate glycosyltransferase genes based on the previous genome and transcriptome data of P. notoginseng and cloned the full length of 27 UGT genes successfully. Among them, we found that PnUGT33 could catalyze different ginsenoside substrates to produce higher polarity rare ginsenosides by extending the sugar chain. We further analyzed the enzymatic kinetics and predicted the catalytic mechanism of PnUGT33 by simulating molecular docking. After that, we reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of rare ginsenoside Rg3 and gypenoside LXXV in yeast. By combining the Golden Gate method and overexpressing the UDPG biosynthetic genes, we further improved the yield of engineering yeast strain. Finally, the shake-flask culture yield of Rg3 reached 51 mg/L and the fed-batch fermentation yield of gypenoside LXXV reached 94.5 mg/L, which was the first and highest record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Panting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhang Y, Chen Q, Huang Y, Zhao R, Sun J, Yuan X, Xu H, Liu H, Wu Y. Gene excavation and expression analysis of CYP and UGT related to the post modifying stage of gypenoside biosynthesis in Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino by comprehensive analysis of RNA and proteome sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260027. [PMID: 34874937 PMCID: PMC8651138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that gypenosides produced from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino are mainly dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins with diverse structures and important biological activities, but the mechanism of diversity for gypenoside biosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, a combination of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteome analysis and RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the proteins and genes related to gypenoside biosynthesis. A total of 3925 proteins were identified by proteomic sequencing, of which 2537 were quantified. Seventeen cytochrome P450 (CYP) and 11 uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) candidate genes involved in the side chain synthesis and modification of gypenosides were found. Seven putative CYPs (CYP71B19, CYP77A3, CYP86A7, CYP86A8, CYP89A2, CYP90A1, CYP94A1) and five putative UGTs (UGT73B4, UGT76B1, UGT74F2, UGT91C1 and UGT91A1) were selected as candidate structural modifiers of triterpenoid saponins, which were cloned for gene expression analysis. Comprehensive analysis of RNA sequencing and proteome sequencing showed that some CYPs and UGTs were found at both the transcription and translation levels. In this study, an expression analysis of 7 CYPs and 5 UGTs that contributed to gypenoside biosynthesis and distribution in G. pentaphyllum was performed, providing consistent results that will inspire more future research on vital genes/proteins involved in gypenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
- Department of Nursing, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Sichuan province, China
| | - Qicong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
- School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Yuanheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Xidong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Huiming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
| | - Yaosheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Guangxi Higher Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi province, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Bai Y, Liu H, Pan J, Zhang S, Guo Y, Xian Y, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Changes Triggered by Inflorescence Removal in Panax notoginseng (Burk.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761821. [PMID: 34868157 PMCID: PMC8636121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.), in which saponins are the major active components, is a famous traditional Chinese medicine used to stop bleeding and to decrease inflammation and heart disease. Inflorescence removal increases the yield and quality of P. notoginseng, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, the differences between inflorescence-removal treatment and control groups of P. notoginseng were compared using transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. Illumina sequencing of cDNA libraries prepared from the rhizomes, leaves and roots of the two groups independently identified 6,464, 4,584, and 7,220 differentially expressed genes (DEG), respectively. In total, 345 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs), including MYB and WRKY family members, were induced by the inflorescence-removal treatment. Additionally, 215 DEGs involved in saponin terpenoid backbone biosynthetic pathways were identified. Most genes involved in the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways were activated by inflorescence removal. The co-expression analysis showed that the low expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes (e.g., C4H and F3H) decreased the biosynthesis and accumulation of some flavonoids after inflorescence removal. The results not only provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms underlying the poorly studied inflorescence-removal process in P. notoginseng and other rhizome crops, but they also represent an important resource for future research on gene functions during inflorescence-removal treatments and the reproductive stage.
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Tien NQD, Ma X, Man LQ, Chi DTK, Huy NX, Nhut DT, Rombauts S, Ut T, Loc NH. De novo whole-genome assembly and discovery of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis of Vietnamese ginseng ( Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2215-2229. [PMID: 34744362 PMCID: PMC8526660 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), also known as Ngoc Linh ginseng, is a high-value herb in Vietnam. Vietnamese ginseng has been proven to be effective in enhancing the immune system, human memory, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and prevent aging. The present study reports the first draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng and the identification of potential genes involved in the triterpenoid metabolic pathway. De novo whole-genome assembly was performed successfully from a data of approximately 139 Gbps of 394,802,120 high quality reads to generate 9815 scaffolds with an N50 value of 572,722 bp from the leaf of Vietnamese ginseng. The assembled genome of Vietnamese ginseng is 3,001,967,204 bp long containing 79,374 gene models. Among them, there are 55,012 genes (69.30%) were annotated by various public molecular biology databases. The potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in Vietnamese ginseng and their metabolic pathway were also predicted." Three genes encoding squalene monooxygenase isozymes in Vietnamese ginseng were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Moreover, expression levels of several key genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in different parts of Vietnamese ginseng were also analyzed. The SSR markers were detected by various programs from both of assembly full dataset of Vietnamese ginseng genome and predicted genes. The present work provided important data of the draft whole-genome of Vietnamese ginseng for further studies to understand the role of genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and their metabolic pathway at the molecular level of this rare medicinal species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01076-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Duc Tien
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Xiao Ma
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Le Quang Man
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Kim Chi
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | | | - Duong-Tan Nhut
- Tay Nguyen Institute of Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Dalat, 670000 Vietnam
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tran Ut
- Ngoc Linh Ginseng and Medicinal Materials Development Center, Quang Nam Quang Ngai, 51000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Loc
- Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Bioactive Compound Institute, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
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Guo J, Huang Z, Sun J, Cui X, Liu Y. Research Progress and Future Development Trends in Medicinal Plant Transcriptomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691838. [PMID: 34394145 PMCID: PMC8355584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics is one of the most popular topics in biology in recent times. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution technique that can be used to study model and non-model organisms. Transcriptome sequencing is also an important method for studying the genomes of medicinal plants, a topic on which limited information is available. The study of medicinal plants through transcriptomics can help researchers analyze functional genes and regulatory mechanisms of medicinal plants and improve breeding selection and cultivation techniques. This article analyzes and compares the applications of transcriptome sequencing in medicinal plants over the past decade and briefly introduces the methods of transcriptome sequencing and analysis, their applications in medicinal plant research, and potential development trends. We will focus on the research and application progress of transcriptome sequencing in the following four areas: the mining of functional genes in medicinal plants, development of molecular markers, biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites, and developmental mechanisms of medicinal plants. Our review will provide ideas for the mining of functional genes of medicinal plants and breeding new varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Yuxi Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Jialing Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, China
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Zhao J, Sun C, Shi F, Ma S, Zheng J, Du X, Zhang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis among 1-, 2- and 3-year old Atractylodes chinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:354. [PMID: 34315414 PMCID: PMC8314494 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz is a well-known medicinal plant containing the major bioactive compound, atractylodin, a sesquiterpenoid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that atractylodin was most abundant in 3-year old A. chinensis rhizome, compared with those from 1- and 2-year old rhizomes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying accumulation of atractylodin in rhizomes are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the transcriptomes from rhizomes of 1-, 2- and 3-year old (Y1, Y2 and Y3, respectively) A. chinensis, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We identified 240, 169 and 131 unigenes encoding the enzyme genes in the mevalonate (MVA), methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. To confirm the reliability of the RNA sequencing analysis, eleven key gene encoding factors involved in the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as in pigment, amino acid, hormone and transcription factor functions, were selected for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results demonstrated similar expression patterns to those determined by RNA sequencing, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.9 between qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data. Differential gene expression analysis of rhizomes from different ages revealed 52 genes related to sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Among these, seven DEGs were identified in Y1 vs Y2, Y1 vs Y3 and Y2 vs Y3, of which five encoded four key enzymes, squalene/phytoene synthase (SS), squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), squalene epoxidase (SE) and dammarenediol II synthase (DS). These four enzymes directly related to squalene biosynthesis and subsequent catalytic action. To validate the result of these seven DEGs, qRT-PCR was performed and indicated most of them displayed lower relative expression in 3-year old rhizome, similar to transcriptomic analysis. CONCLUSION The enzymes SS, SHC, SE and DS down-regulated expression in 3-year old rhizome. This data corresponded to the higher content of sesquiterpenoid in 3-year old rhizome, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. The results of comparative transcriptome analysis and identified key enzyme genes laid a solid foundation for investigation of production sesquiterpenoid in A. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Fengyu Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Jinshuang Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Xin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
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Xie W, Wang X, Xiao T, Cao Y, Wu Y, Yang D, Zhang S. Protective Effects and Network Analysis of Ginsenoside Rb1 Against Cerebral Ischemia Injury: A Pharmacological Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:604811. [PMID: 34276353 PMCID: PMC8283782 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.604811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Currently, only a limited number of drugs are available for treating ischemic stroke. Hence, studies aiming to explore and develop other potential strategies and agents for preventing and treating ischemic stroke are urgently needed. Ginseng Rb1 (GRb1), a saponin from natural active ingredients derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), exerts neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system (CNS). We conducted this review to explore and summarize the protective effects and mechanisms of GRb1 on cerebral ischemic injury, providing a valuable reference and insights for developing new agents to treat ischemic stroke. Our summarized results indicate that GRb1 exerts significant neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemic injury both in vivo and in vitro, and these network actions and underlying mechanisms are mediated by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities and involve the inhibition of excitotoxicity and Ca2+ influx, preservation of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and maintenance of energy metabolism. These findings indicate the potential of GRb1 as a candidate drug for treating ischemic stroke. Further studies, in particular clinical trials, will be important to confirm its therapeutic value in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xie
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianbao Xiao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhao JN, Wang RF, Zhao SJ, Wang ZT. Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:643-658. [PMID: 32928508 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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22
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Quantitative Comparison of the Marker Compounds in Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector with Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235592. [PMID: 33261214 PMCID: PMC7730820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba L. is determined by its biological compounds. We investigated the chemical differences in the medicinal parts of M. alba by analyzing a total of 57 samples (15 root barks, 11 twigs, 12 fruits, and 19 leaves). Twelve marker compounds, including seven flavonoids, two stilbenoids, two phenolic acids, and a coumarin, were quantitatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and chemometric analyses (principal component and heatmap analysis). The results demonstrated that the levels and compositions of the marker compounds varied in each medicinal part. The leaves contained higher levels of six compounds, the root barks contained higher levels of four compounds, and the twigs contained higher levels of two compounds. The results of chemometric analysis showed clustering of the samples according to the medicinal part, with the marker compounds strongly associated with each part: mulberroside A, taxifolin, kuwanon G, and morusin for the root barks; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and oxyresveratrol for the twigs and skimmin; chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and quercitrin for the leaves. Our approach plays a fundamental role in the quality evaluation and further understanding of biological actions of herbal medicines derived from various medicinal plant parts.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides reveals potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:639. [PMID: 32933468 PMCID: PMC7493163 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal plant. The stem of Entada phaseoloides is popularly used as traditional medicine because of its significance in dispelling wind and dampness and remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive compounds of Entada phaseoloides. However, genomic or transcriptomic technologies have not been used to study the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in this plant. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides with three independent biological replicates and obtained a total of 53.26 Gb clean data and 116,910 unigenes, with an average N50 length of 1218 bp. Putative functions could be annotated to 42,191 unigenes (36.1%) based on BLASTx searches against the Non-redundant, Uniprot, KEGG, Pfam, GO, KEGG and COG databases. Most of the unigenes related to triterpenoid saponin backbone biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the stem. A total of 26 cytochrome P450 and 17 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase candidate genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified. The differential expressions of selected genes were further verified by qPT-PCR. Conclusions The dataset reported here will facilitate the research about the functional genomics of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and genetic engineering of Entada phaseoloides.
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Lin T, Du J, Zheng X, Zhou P, Li P, Lu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of MeJA-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factors involved in notoginsenosides biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:290. [PMID: 32550109 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential transcriptome analysis is an effective method for gene selection of triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathways. MeJA-induced differential transcriptome of Panax notoginseng has not been analyzed yet. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of P. notoginseng roots and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced roots revealed 83,532 assembled unigenes and 21,947 differentially expressed unigenes. Sixteen AP2/ERF transcription factors, which were significantly induced by MeJA treatment in the root of P. notoginseng, were selected for further analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and co-expression network analysis of the 16 AP2/ERF transcription factors showed that PnERF2 and PnERF3 had significant correlation with dammarenediol II synthase gene (DS) and squalene epoxidase gene (SE), which are key genes in notoginsenoside biosynthesis, in different tissues and MeJA-induced roots. A phylogenetic tree was conducted to analyze the 16 candidate AP2/ERF transcription factors and other 38 transcription factors. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed PnERF2, AtERF3, AtERF7, TcERF12 and other seven transcriptional factors are in same branch, while PnERF3 had close evolutionary relationships with AtDREB1A, GhERF38 and TcAP2. The results of comparative transcriptomes and AP2/ERF transcriptional factors analysis laid a solid foundation for further investigations of disease resistance and notoginsenoside biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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25
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Li A, Li A, Deng Z, Guo J, Wu H. Cross-Species Annotation of Expressed Genes and Detection of Different Functional Gene Modules Between 10 Cold- and 10 Hot-Propertied Chinese Herbal Medicines. Front Genet 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32625232 PMCID: PMC7314971 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system, Chinese herbal medicines (HMs) can be divided into four categories: hot, warm, cold, and cool. A cool nature usually is categorized as a cold nature, and a warm nature is classified as a hot nature. However, the detectable characteristics of the gene expression profile associated with the cold and hot properties have not been studied. To address this question, a strategy for the cross-species annotation of conserved genes was established in the present study by using transcriptome data of 20 HMs with cold and hot properties. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on group-specific expressed genes inferred from the functional genome of the reference species (i.e., Arabidopsis). Results showed that metabolic pathways relevant to chrysoeriol, luteolin, paniculatin, and wogonin were enriched for cold-specific genes, and pathways of inositol, heptadecane, lauric acid, octanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and pentadecanoic acid were enriched for hot-specific genes. Six functional modules were identified in the HMs with the cold property: nucleotide biosynthetic process, peptidy-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation, lipid modification, base-excision repair, dipeptide transport, and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. For the hot HMs, another six functional modules were identified: embryonic meristem development, embryonic pattern specification, axis specification, regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly, mitochondrial RNA modification, and cell redox homeostasis. The research provided a new insight into HMs’ cold and hot properties from the perspective of the gene expression profile of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arong Li
- Guangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Guo
- Guangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu J, Liu Y, Wu K, Pan L, Tang ZH. Comparative analysis of metabolite profiles from Panax herbs in specific tissues and cultivation conditions reveals the strategy of accumulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113368. [PMID: 32544758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the world, and wild-forest (WG) and artificial-forest (AG) ginseng are very popular in the ginseng market, with ginsenosides constituting a majority of the bioactives. Research on the biochemical and physiological patterns of metabolic accumulation in different tissues of ginseng cultivated under various conditions is relatively scarce. We profiled metabolites using GC/MS and LC/MS to explore the bioactive component changes and interrelationships that occur in 7 tissues of WG and AG. In total, 149 primary metabolites and 46 secondary compounds were found in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolite changes associated with primary and secondary biochemistry were observed, and the levels of ginsenoside F2 and other compounds showed a significant correlation by statistical analysis in ginseng under both cultivation methods, as observed for secondary compounds and C and N metabolites. In addition, the number of secondary components was higher in the aboveground parts than in the belowground parts, showing a different pattern, and the same accumulation pattern of compounds involved in C and N metabolism was observed in individual plant tissues, but the high rate of photosynthesis and energy metabolism in WG provided energy for the biosynthesis of secondary compounds. Furthermore, artificial neural network models explained the variation in the secondary compounds very well via the combination of several different metabolites from WG and AG. Finally, C and N metabolism plays a key role in secondary compound biosynthesis in specific tissues and cultivation conditions and highlights large-scale metabolite patterns in WG and AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kexin Wu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liben Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineer and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Cheng Y, Liu H, Tong X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li D, Jiang X, Yu X. Identification and analysis of CYP450 and UGT supergene family members from the transcriptome of Aralia elata (Miq.) seem reveal candidate genes for triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32404131 PMCID: PMC7218531 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene superfamily have been shown to play essential roles in regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, the systematic identification of CYP450s and UGTs has not been reported in Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem, a highly valued medicinal plant. RESULTS In the present study, we conducted the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the leaves, stems, and roots of A. elata, yielding 66,713 total unigenes. Following annotation and KEGG pathway analysis, we were able to identify 64 unigenes related to triterpenoid skeleton biosynthesis, 254 CYP450s and 122 UGTs, respectively. A total of 150 CYP450s and 92 UGTs encoding > 300 amino acid proteins were utilized for phylogenetic and tissue-specific expression analyses. This allowed us to cluster 150 CYP450s into 9 clans and 40 families, and then these CYP450 proteins were further grouped into two primary branches: A-type (53%) and non-A-type (47%). A phylogenetic analysis of 92 UGTs and other plant UGTs led to clustering into 16 groups (A-P). We further assessed the expression patterns of these CYP450 and UGT genes across A. elata tissues, with 23 CYP450 and 16 UGT members being selected for qRT-PCR validation, respectively. From these data, we identified CYP716A295 and CYP716A296 as the candidate genes most likely to be associated with oleanolic acid synthesis, while CYP72A763 and CYP72A776 were identified as being the most likely to play roles in hederagenin biosynthesis. We also selected five unigenes as the best candidates for oleanolic acid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Finally, we assessed the subcellular localization of three CYP450 proteins within Arabidopsis protoplasts, highlighting the fact that they localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a systematic analysis of the CYP450 and UGT gene family in A. elata and provides a foundation for further functional characterization of these two multigene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hanbing Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejiao Tong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zaimin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dalong Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinmei Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xihong Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Till 2018: a survey of biomolecular sequences in genus Panax. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:33-43. [PMID: 32095095 PMCID: PMC7033366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is popularly known to be the king of ancient medicines and is used widely in most of the traditional medicinal compositions due to its various pharmaceutical properties. Numerous studies are being focused on this plant's curative effects to discover their potential health benefits in most human diseases, including cancer- the most life-threatening disease worldwide. Modern pharmacological research has focused mainly on ginsenosides, the major bioactive compounds of ginseng, because of their multiple therapeutic applications. Various issues on ginseng plant development, physiological processes, and agricultural issues have also been studied widely through state-of-the-art, high-throughput sequencing technologies. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the number of publications on ginseng has rapidly increased, with a recent count of more than 6,000 articles and reviews focusing notably on ginseng. Owing to the implementation of various technologies and continuous efforts, the ginseng plant genomes have been decoded effectively in recent years. Therefore, this review focuses mainly on the cellular biomolecular sequences in ginseng plants from the perspective of the central molecular dogma, with an emphasis on genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes, together with a few other related studies.
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Munir N, Cheng C, Xia C, Xu X, Nawaz MA, Iftikhar J, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lai Z. RNA-Seq analysis reveals an essential role of tyrosine metabolism pathway in response to root-rot infection in Gerbera hybrida. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223519. [PMID: 31644543 PMCID: PMC6808435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerbera hybrida is one of the top five cut flowers across the world, it is host for the root rot causing parasite called Phytophthora cryptogea. In this study, plantlets of healthy and root-rot pathogen-infected G. hybrida were used as plant materials for transcriptome analyis using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technique. A total 108,135 unigenes were generated with an average length of 727 nt and N50 equal to 1274 nt out of which 611 genes were identified as DEGs by DESeq analyses. Among DEGs, 228 genes were up-regulated and 383 were down-regulated. Through this annotated data and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), molecular interaction network, transcripts accompanying with tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were thoroughly observed considering expression pattern. The involvement of DEGs in tyrosine metabolism pathway was validated by real-time qPCR. We found that genes related with tyrosine metabolism were activated and up-regulated against stress response. The expression of GhTAT, GhAAT, GhHPD, GhHGD and GhFAH genes was significantly increased in the leaves and petioles at four and six dpi (days post inoculation) as compared with control. The study predicts the gene sequences responsible for the tyrosine metabolism pathway and its responses against root-rot resistance in gerbera plant. In future, identification of such genes is necessary for the better understanding of rot resistance mechanism and to develop a root rot resistance strategy for ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarish Munir
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaoshui Xia
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- Fujian Provincial Key Labortary of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Zheng X, Li P, Lu X. Research advances in cytochrome P450-catalysed pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4619-4630. [PMID: 31037306 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, the biggest class of plant secondary metabolites, have a wide range of significant physiological roles, while many of them are important natural drugs. Biosynthesis of pharmaceutical terpenoids in plants is a fairly complex process, most of which involves cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases. CYP450 enzymes are versatile biocatalysts that play critical roles in terpenoid skeleton modification and structural diversity. Therefore, the discovery and identification of CYP450 genes is significant for elucidating the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes the progress and cloning strategies relating to CYP450s in pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu D, Zhao Q, Cui X, Chen R, Li X, Qiu B, Ge F. A transcriptome analysis uncovers Panax notoginseng resistance to Fusarium solani induced by methyl jasmonate. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1383-1396. [PMID: 31493262 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng is a famous Chinese herbal medicine, but the root rot disease mainly caused by Fusarium solani severely reduces the yield and quality of its medicinal materials. OBJECTIVE The defense priming in P. notoginseng through exogenous application of signaling molecule will supply theoretical support for the exogenous regulation of disease resistance in P. notoginseng. METHODS In this study, the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased P. notoginseng's resistance to F. solani. Furthermore, the P. notoginseng transcriptome during F. solani infection was investigated through next-generation sequencing to uncover the resistance mechanism of P. notogingseng induced by MeJA. RESULTS The de novo assembly of transcriptome sequences produced 80,551 unigenes, and 36,771 of these unigenes were annotated by at least one database. A differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and plant-pathogen interactions were predominantly up-regulated by MeJA. Moreover, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis-related genes and the JA signaling pathway genes, such as linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase, allene oxide cyclase, allene oxide synthase, TIFY, defensin, and pathogenesis-related proteins, showed increased transcriptional levels after inoculation with F. solani. Notably, according to the gene expression analysis, JA and ethylene signaling pathways may act synergistically to positively regulate the defense responses of P. notoginseng to F. solani. CONCLUSION JA signaling appears to play a vital role in P. notoginseng responses to F. solani infection, which will be helpful in improving the disease resistance of P. notoginseng cultivars as well as in developing an environmentally friendly biological control method for root rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bingling Qiu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
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Wang K, Sun H, Huang C, Li S, Wang Y. Phylogenetic relationship and characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Panax notoginseng, the endemic medicinal herbs to China. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 4:2111-2113. [PMID: 33365431 PMCID: PMC7687618 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1623109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is the most important valued and endemic medicinal herb to China. It belongs to the Araliaceae family, which has a longer medical history in China. The complete chloroplast genome of Panax notoginseng is 156,387 bp in size and displays a typical quadripartite structure of the large single-copy region (LSC, 86,112 bp), small single-copy region (SSC, 18,005 bp) that separate by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, each for 26,135 bp). The base nucleotide composition of the cpDNA is 30.8% of A, 31.1% of T, 19.9% of C, and 18.2% of G, with a total G + C content of 38.1%. The whole chloroplast genome of P. notoginseng contains 134 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 transfer RNA (tRNAs) genes, and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNAs) genes species. Phylogenetic relationship analysis based on 37 medicinal herbs species confirmed the position of P. notoginseng closely related to Panax japonicus and Panax vietnamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Honghua Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Chenxi Huang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Shaokun Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Changchun, China
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Xu C, Wang W, Wang B, Zhang T, Cui X, Pu Y, Li N. Analytical methods and biological activities of Panax notoginseng saponins: Recent trends. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:443-465. [PMID: 30802611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, also called Sanqi, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, which has long history used as herbal medicines. It is currently an important medicinal material in China, holding the first place in the sale volume of the whole patent medicines market in China, and the market size of the single species has exceeded 10 billion yuan. In addition, P. notoginseng is an important constituent part of many famous Chinese patent medicines, such as Compound Danshen Dripping Pills and Yunnan Baiyao. P. notoginseng saponins (PNSs), which are the major active components of P. notoginseng, are a kind of chemical mixture containing different dammarane-type saponins. Many studies show that PNSs have been extensively used in medical research or applications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, various PNS preparations, such as injections and capsules, have been made commercially available and are widely applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW Since the safety and efficacy of compounds are related to their qualitative and quantitative analyses, this review briefly summarizes the analytic approaches for PNSs and their biological effects developed in the last decade. METHODOLOGY This review conducted a systematic search in electronic databases, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, since 2009. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers and patents in either English or Chinese. RESULTS At present, the chromatographic technique remains the most extensively used approach for the identification or quantitation of PNSs, coupled with different detectors, among which the difference mainly lies in their sensitivity and specificity for analyzing various compounds. It is well-known that PNSs have traditionally strong activity on cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, or brain injury. The recent studies showed that PNSs also responded to osteoporosis, cancers, diabetes, and drug toxicity. However, some other studies also showed that some PNSs injections and special PNS components might lead to some biological toxicity under certain dosages. CONCLUSION This review may be used as a basis for further research in the field of quantitative and qualitative analyses, and is expected to provide updated and valuable insights into the potential medicinal applications of PNSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ning Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650100, China.
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Xue L, He Z, Bi X, Xu W, Wei T, Wu S, Hu S. Transcriptomic profiling reveals MEP pathway contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:383. [PMID: 31101014 PMCID: PMC6524269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng C. A. Mey is one of famous medicinal herb plant species. Its major bioactive compounds are various ginsenosides in roots and rhizomes. It is commonly accepted that ginsenosides are synthesized from terpene precursors, IPP and DMAPP, through the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Another plastic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was proved also contributing to ginsenoside generation in the roots of P. ginseng by using specific chemical inhibitors recently. But their gene expression characteristics are still under reveal in P. ginseng. With the development of the high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we have opportunities to discover more about the complex ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways in P. ginseng. Results We carried out deep RNA sequencing and comprehensive analyses on the ginseng root samples of 1–5 years old and five different tissues of 5 years old ginseng plants. The de novo assembly totally generated 48,165 unigenes, including 380 genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis and all the genes encoding the enzymes of the MEP pathway and the MVA pathway. We further illustrated the gene expression profiles related to ginsenoside biosynthesis among 1–5 year-old roots and different tissues of 5 year-old ginseng plants. Particularly for the first time, we revealed that the gene transcript abundances of the MEP pathway were similar to those of the MVA pathway in ginseng roots but higher in ginseng leaves. The IspD was predicated to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway through both co-expression network and gene expression profile analyses. Conclusions At the transcriptional level, the MEP pathway has similar contribution to ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng roots, but much higher in ginseng leaves, compared with the MVA pathway. The IspD might be the key enzyme for ginsenoside generation through the MEP pathway. These results provide new information for further synthetic biology study on ginsenoside metabolic regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zilong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Li J, Ma L, Zhang S, Zuo C, Song N, Zhu S, Wu J. Transcriptome analysis of 1- and 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes DS and CYP716A47-like. PLANTA 2019; 249:1229-1237. [PMID: 30607503 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Transcriptome analysis revealed high expression of saponin biosynthetic genes may account for highly accumulated saponins in 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and DS and CYP716A47 - like were functionally verified by transgenic tobacco. Panax notoginseng is a well-known traditional medical herb that contains bioactive compounds known as saponins. Three major dammarene-type triterpene saponins including R1, Rb1, and Rg1 were found to be highly accumulated in the roots of 3-year-old plants when compared to those of 1-year-old plants. However, the underlying cellular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that most genes involved in saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng roots augmented during their growth periods. The analysis of the KEGG pathway indicated that the primary metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation were less active in the roots of 3-year-old plant; however, secondary metabolisms were enhanced, thus providing molecular evidence for the harvesting of P. notoginseng roots in the 3rd year of growth. Furthermore, the functional role of DS and CYP716A47-like, two of the candidate genes involved in saponin biosynthesis isolated from P. notoginseng, were verified via overexpression in cultivated tobacco. Approximately, 0.325 µg g-1 of dammarenediol-II and 0.320 µg g-1 of protopanaxadiol were recorded in the dry leaves of transgenic tobacco overexpressed with DS and both DS and CYP716A47-like, respectively. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms for saponin accumulation in P. notoginseng roots during its growth period and paves a promising way to produce dammarenediol-II and protopanaxadiol via transgenic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Cailian Zuo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Jiang S, Yu H, Xiang Y, Liu D, Qu Y, Cui X, Ge F. Oleanane-Type Saponins Biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng via Transformation of β-Amyrin Synthase Gene from Panax japonicus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1982-1989. [PMID: 30742432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oleanane-type saponins considered as the main medicinal ingredients in Panax japonicus are not found in Panax notoginseng. β-Amyrin synthase (βAS) was recognized as the first key enzyme in the biosynthetic branch of oleanane-type saponins. In this study, βAS gene from P. japonicus ( PjβAS) was transferred into P. notoginseng cells. Along with PjβAS expression in the transgenic cells, the expression levels of several key enzyme genes related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis and the content of P. notoginseng saponins were also increased. Two oleanane-type saponins, chikusetsusaponin IV and chikusetsusaponin IVa, contained in P. japonicus were first discovered in transgenic P. notoginseng cells. This study successfully constructed a biosynthetic pathway of oleanane-type saponins in P. notoginseng by introducing just one gene into the species. On the basis of this discovery and previous studies, the common biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins in Panax genus may be unified to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yilin Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Sen Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Life Science , Yunnan University , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology , Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650031 , China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , China
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Belchí-Navarro S, Almagro L, Bru-Martínez R, Pedreño MA. Changes in the secretome of Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell cell cultures treated with cyclodextrins and methyl jasmonate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:520-527. [PMID: 30448023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elicitors induce defense responses that resemble those triggered by pathogen attack, including the synthesis of phytoalexins and pathogen-related proteins, which are accumulated in the extracellular space. In this work we analyze the changes in the secretome of Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell cell cultures. This refers to the secreted proteome obtained from cell suspension cultures, in response to treatment with cyclodextrins and methyl jasmonate, separately or in combination using label-free quantitative approaches. Of the proteins found, thirty-three did not show significant differences in response to the different treatments carried out, indicating that these proteins were expressed in a constitutive way in both control and elicited grapevine cell cultures. These proteins included pathogenesis-related proteins 4 and 5, class III peroxidases, NtPRp-27, chitinases and class IV endochitinases, among others. Moreover, eleven proteins were differentially expressed in the presence of cyclodextrins and/or methyl jasmonate: three different peroxidases, two pathogenesis related protein 1, LysM domain-containing GPI-anchored protein 1, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, reticulin oxidase, heparanase, β-1,3-glucanase and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. Treatments with cyclodextrins reinforced the defensive arsenal and induced the accumulation of peroxidase V and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. However, elicitation with methyl jasmonate decreased the levels of several proteins such as pathogenesis related protein 1, LysM domain-containing GPI-anchored protein 1, cationic peroxidase, and glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, but increased the levels of new gene products such as heparanase, β-1,3 glucanase, reticulin oxidase, and peroxidase IV, all of which could be used as potential biomarkers in the grapevine defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Belchí-Navarro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - R Bru-Martínez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
| | - M A Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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Tang QY, Chen G, Song WL, Fan W, Wei KH, He SM, Zhang GH, Tang JR, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang SC. Transcriptome analysis of Panax zingiberensis identifies genes encoding oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of oleanane-type ginsenosides. PLANTA 2019; 249:393-406. [PMID: 30219960 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT) genes synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides were discovered. The four recombinant proteins of OAGT were able to transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid that yields oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide. Ginsenosides are the primary active components in the genus Panax, and great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms underlying dammarane-type ginsenoside biosynthesis. However, there is limited information on oleanane-type ginsenosides. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that oleanane-type ginsenosides (particularly ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin IV and IVa) are the abundant ginsenosides in Panax zingiberensis, an extremely endangered Panax species in southwest China. These ginsenosides are derived from oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide, which may be formed from oleanolic acid catalyzed by an unknown oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase (OAGT). Transcriptomic analysis of leaves, stems, main roots, and fibrous roots of P. zingiberensis was performed, and a total of 46,098 unigenes were obtained, including all the identified homologous genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. The most upstream genes were highly expressed in the leaves, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase genes were highly expressed in the roots. This finding indicated that the precursors of ginsenosides are mainly synthesized in the leaves and transported to different parts for the formation of particular ginsenosides. For the first time, enzyme activity assay characterized four genes (three from P. zingiberensis and one from P. japonicus var. major, another Panax species with oleanane-type ginsenosides) encoding OAGT, which particularly transfer glucuronic acid at C-3 of oleanolic acid to form oleanolic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide. Taken together, our study provides valuable genetic information for P. zingiberensis and the genes responsible for synthesizing the direct precursor of oleanane-type ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wan-Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kun-Hua Wei
- Guangxi Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement Laboratory, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Si-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Li W, Xu R, Yan X, Liang D, Zhang L, Qin X, Caiyin Q, Zhao G, Xiao W, Hu Z, Qiao J. De novo leaf and root transcriptome analysis to explore biosynthetic pathway of Celangulin V in Celastrus angulatus maxim. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30611193 PMCID: PMC6321707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrus angulatus Maxim is a kind of crucial and traditional insecticidal plant widely distributed in the mountains of southwest China. Celangulin V is the efficient insecticidal sesquiterpenoid of C. angulatus and widely used in pest control in China, but the low yield and discontinuous supply impeded its further popularization and application. Fortunately, the development of synthetic biology provided an opportunity for sustainable supply of Celangulin V, for which understanding its biosynthetic pathway is indispensable. Results In this study, six cDNA libraries were prepared from leaf and root of C. angulatus before global transcriptome analyses using the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 104,950 unigenes were finally obtained with an average length of 1200 bp in six transcriptome databases of C. angulatus, in which 51,817 unigenes classified into 25 KOG classifications, 39,866 unigenes categorized into 55 GO functional groups, and 48,810 unigenes assigned to 135 KEGG pathways, 145 of which were putative biosynthetic genes of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid. 16 unigenes were speculated to be related to Celangulin V biosynthesis. De novo assembled sequences were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions This study is the first report on transcriptome analysis of C. angulatus, and 16 unigenes probably involved in the biosynthesis of Celangulin V were finally collected. The transcriptome data will make great contributions to research for this specific insecticidal plant and the further gene mining for biosynthesis of Celangulin V and other sesquiterpene polyol esters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Institute of Pesticide Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Yu L, Chen Y, Shi J, Wang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. Biosynthesis of rare 20( R)-protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides through Escherichia coli engineered with uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase genes. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:116-124. [PMID: 30662300 PMCID: PMC6323243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are known as the principal pharmacological active constituents in Panax medicinal plants such as Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and Notoginseng. Some ginsenosides, especially the 20(R) isomers, are found in trace amounts in natural sources and are difficult to chemically synthesize. The present study provides an approach to produce such trace ginsenosides applying biotransformation through Escherichia coli modified with relevant genes. METHODS Seven uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes originating from Panax notoginseng, Medicago sativa, and Bacillus subtilis were synthesized or cloned and constructed into pETM6, an ePathBrick vector, which were then introduced into E. coli BL21star (DE3) separately. 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), and 20(R)-type ginsenosides were used as substrates for biotransformation with recombinant E. coli modified with those UGT genes. RESULTS E. coli engineered with GT95 syn selectively transfers a glucose moiety to the C20 hydroxyl of 20(R)-PPD and 20(R)-PPT to produce 20(R)-CK and 20(R)-F1, respectively. GTK1- and GTC1-modified E. coli glycosylated the C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD to form 20(R)-Rh2. Moreover, E. coli containing p2GT95synK1, a recreated two-step glycosylation pathway via the ePathBrich, implemented the successive glycosylation at C20-OH and C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD and yielded 20(R)-F2 in the biotransformation broth. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that rare 20(R)-ginsenosides can be produced through E. coli engineered with UTG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Roy NS, Kim JA, Choi AY, Ban YW, Park NI, Park KC, Yang HS, Choi IY, Kim S. RNA-Seq De Novo Assembly and Differential Transcriptome Analysis of Korean Medicinal Herb Cirsium japonicum var. spinossimum. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:e34. [PMID: 30602095 PMCID: PMC6440657 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.4.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirsium japonicum belongs to the Asteraceae or Compositae family and is a medicinal plant in Asia that has a variety of effects, including tumour inhibition, improved immunity with flavones, and antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects. Silymarin is synthesized by 4-coumaroyl-CoA via both the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathways to produce the immediate precursors taxifolin and coniferyl alcohol. Then, the oxidative radicalization of taxifolin and coniferyl alcohol produces silymarin. We identified the expression of genes related to the synthesis of silymarin in C. japonicum in three different tissues, namely, flowers, leaves, and roots, through RNA sequencing. We obtained 51,133 unigenes from transcriptome sequencing by de novo assembly using Trinity v2.1.1, TransDecoder v2.0.1, and CD-HIT v4.6 software. The differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to the flavonoid pathway was higher in the flowers, whereas the phenylpropanoid pathway was more highly expressed in the roots. In this study, we established a global transcriptome dataset for C. japonicum. The data shall not only be useful to focus more deeply on the genes related to product medicinal metabolite including flavolignan but also to study the functional genomics for genetic engineering of C. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Samir Roy
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jung-A Kim
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Wook Ban
- Department of Forest Environmental System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Nam-Il Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Kyong-Cheul Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
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Trends in herbgenomics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:288-308. [PMID: 30128965 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
From Shen Nong's Herbal Classic (Shennong Bencao Jing) to the Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu) and the first scientific Nobel Prize for the mainland of China, each milestone in the historical process of the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) involves screening, testing and integrating. After thousands of years of inheritance and development, herbgenomics (bencaogenomics) has bridged the gap between TCM and international advanced omics studies, promoting the application of frontier technologies in TCM. It is a discipline that uncovers the genetic information and regulatory networks of herbs to clarify their molecular mechanism in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. The main theoretical system includes genomics, functional genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, metagenomics, synthetic biology, pharmacogenomics of TCM, and bioinformatics, among other fields. Herbgenomics is mainly applicable to the study of medicinal model plants, genomic-assisted breeding, herbal synthetic biology, protection and utilization of gene resources, TCM quality evaluation and control, and TCM drug development. Such studies will accelerate the application of cutting-edge technologies, revitalize herbal research, and strongly promote the development and modernization of TCM.
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Wei G, Wei F, Yuan C, Chen Z, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, Dong L, Chen S. Integrated Chemical and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Distribution of Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins in Panax notoginseng. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071773. [PMID: 30029488 PMCID: PMC6099965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is famous for its important therapeutic effects and commonly used worldwide. The active ingredients saponins have distinct contents in different tissues of P. notoginseng, and they may be related to the expression of key genes in the synthesis pathway. In our study, high-performance liquid chromatography results indicated that the contents of protopanaxadiol-(Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and protopanaxatriol-type (R1, Rg1, and Re) saponins in below ground tissues were higher than those in above ground tissues. Clustering dendrogram and PCA analysis suggested that the below and above ground tissues were clustered into two separate groups. A total of 482 and 882 unigenes were shared in the below and above ground tissues, respectively. A total of 75 distinct expressions of CYPs transcripts (RPKM ≥ 10) were detected. Of these transcripts, 38 and 37 were highly expressed in the below ground and above ground tissues, respectively. RT-qPCR analysis showed that CYP716A47 gene was abundantly expressed in the above ground tissues, especially in the flower, whose expression was 31.5-fold higher than that in the root. CYP716A53v2 gene was predominantly expressed in the below ground tissues, especially in the rhizome, whose expression was 20.1-fold higher than that in the flower. Pearson's analysis revealed that the CYP716A47 expression was significantly correlated with the contents of ginsenoside Rc and Rb2. The CYP716A53v2 expression was associated with the saponin contents of protopanaxadiol-type (Rb1 and Rd) and protopanaxatriol-type (R1, Rg1, and Re). Results indicated that the expression patterns of CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2 were correlated with the distribution of protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type saponins in P. notoginseng. This study identified the pivotal genes regulating saponin distribution and provided valuable information for further research on the mechanisms of saponin synthesis, transportation, and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Fugang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology Co., Ltd., Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Can Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China.
| | - Jiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Wang DW, Xu CL, Ding SW, Huang X, Cheng X, Zhang C, Chen C, Xie H. Identification and function of FAR protein family genes from a transcriptome analysis of Aphelenchoides besseyi. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2936-2943. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Wen Ding
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Department of biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Lu J, Li J, Wang S, Yao L, Liang W, Wang J, Gao W. Advances in ginsenoside biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:514-522. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
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Zheng Y, Chen K, Xu Z, Liao P, Zhang X, Liu L, Wei K, Liu D, Li YF, Sunkar R, Cui X. Small RNA profiles from Panax notoginseng roots differing in sizes reveal correlation between miR156 abundances and root biomass levels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9418. [PMID: 28842680 PMCID: PMC5573331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode several classes of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) that play critical roles in both development and stress responses. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (P. notoginseng) is an important traditional Chinese herbal medicinal plant species for its haemostatic effects. Therefore, the root yield of P. notoginseng is a major economically important trait since the roots of P. notoginseng are the parts used to produce medicine. To identify sRNAs that are critical for the root biomass of P. notoginseng, we performed a comprehensive study of miRNA transcriptomes from P. notoginseng roots of different biomasses. We identified 675 conserved miRNAs, of which 180 pre-miRNAs are also identified, and three TAS3 loci in P. notoginseng. By using degradome sequencing, we identified 79 conserved miRNA:target or tasiRNA:target interactions, of which eight were further confirmed with the RLM 5'-RACE experiments. More importantly, our results revealed that a member of miR156 family and one of its SPL target genes have inverse expression levels, which is tightly correlated with greater root biomass contents. These results not only contributes to overall understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation in roots of P. notoginseng but also could serve as markers for breeding P. notoginseng with greater root yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Zhenning Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Peiran Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Xiaotuo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Li Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Kangning Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
- Key laboratory of Panax notoginseng resources sustainable development and utilization of state administration of traditional Chinese medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yong-Fang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
- Key laboratory of Panax notoginseng resources sustainable development and utilization of state administration of traditional Chinese medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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Li J, Liu S, Wang J, Li J, Li J, Gao W. Gene expression of glycyrrhizin acid and accumulation of endogenous signaling molecule inGlycyrrhiza uralensisFisch adventitious roots afterSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandMeyerozyma guilliermondiiapplications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:700-711. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
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Sun H, Li F, Xu Z, Sun M, Cong H, Qiao F, Zhong X. De novo leaf and root transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in Hedera helix L. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182243. [PMID: 28771546 PMCID: PMC5542655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedera helix L. is an important traditional medicinal plant in Europe. The main active components are triterpenoid saponins, but none of the potential enzymes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis have been discovered and annotated. Here is reported the first study of global transcriptome analyses using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 platform for H. helix. In total, over 24 million clean reads were produced and 96,333 unigenes were assembled, with an average length of 1385 nt; more than 79,085 unigenes had at least one significant match to an existing gene model. Differentially Expressed Gene analysis identified 6,222 and 7,012 unigenes which were expressed either higher or lower in leaf samples when compared with roots. After functional annotation and classification, two pathways and 410 unigenes related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis were discovered. The accuracy of these de novo sequences was validated by RT-qPCR analysis and a RACE clone. These data will enrich our knowledge of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and provide a theoretical foundation for molecular research on H. helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture / Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hanqing Cong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture / Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture / Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FQ); (X-hZ)
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (FQ); (X-hZ)
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Jeena GS, Fatima S, Tripathi P, Upadhyay S, Shukla RK. Comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri identifies potential genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:490. [PMID: 28659188 PMCID: PMC5490213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacopa monnieri commonly known as Brahmi is utilized in Ayurveda to improve memory and many other human health benefits. Bacosides enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri is being marketed as a memory enhancing agent. In spite of its well known pharmacological properties it is not much studied in terms of transcripts involved in biosynthetic pathway and its regulation that controls the secondary metabolic pathway in this plant. The aim of this study was to identify the potential transcripts and provide a framework of identified transcripts involved in bacosides production through transcriptome assembly. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri in two independent biological replicate and obtained 22.48 million and 22.0 million high quality processed reads in shoot and root respectively. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment total 26,412 genes got annotated in root and 18,500 genes annotated in shoot sample. Quality of raw reads was determined by using SeqQC-V2.2. Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public database such as NR or UniProt. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 37,918 unigenes from root and 35,130 unigenes from shoot were mapped to 133 KEGG pathways. Based on the DGE data we found that most of the transcript related to CYP450s and UDP-glucosyltransferases were specifically upregulated in shoot tissue as compared to root tissue. Finally, we have selected 43 transcripts related to secondary metabolism including transcription factor families which are differentially expressed in shoot and root tissues were validated by qRT-PCR and their expression level were monitored after MeJA treatment and wounding for 1, 3 and 5 h. Conclusions This study not only represents the first de novo transcriptome analysis of Bacopa monnieri but also provides information about the identification, expression and differential tissues specific distribution of transcripts related to triterpenoid sapogenin which is one of the most important pharmacologically active secondary metabolite present in Bacopa monnieri. The identified transcripts in this study will establish a foundation for future studies related to carrying out the metabolic engineering for increasing the bacosides biosynthesis and its regulation for human health benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shahnoor Fatima
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Pragya Tripathi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Lee YS, Park HS, Lee DK, Jayakodi M, Kim NH, Koo HJ, Lee SC, Kim YJ, Kwon SW, Yang TJ. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Five Panax ginseng Cultivars Reveals the Dynamics of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1048. [PMID: 28674547 PMCID: PMC5474932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a traditional medicinal herb that produces bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides. Here, we investigated the diversity of ginsenosides and related genes among five genetically fixed inbred ginseng cultivars (Chunpoong [CP], Cheongsun [CS], Gopoong [GO], Sunhyang [SH], and Sunun [SU]). To focus on the genetic diversity related to ginsenoside biosynthesis, we utilized in vitro cultured adventitious roots from the five cultivars grown under controlled environmental conditions. PCA loading plots based on secondary metabolite composition classified the five cultivars into three groups. We selected three cultivars (CS, SH, and SU) to represent the three groups and conducted further transcriptome and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to identify genes and intermediates corresponding to the variation in ginsenosides among cultivars. We quantified ginsenoside contents from the three cultivars. SH had more than 12 times the total ginsenoside content of CS, with especially large differences in the levels of panaxadiol-type ginsenosides. The expression levels of genes encoding squalene epoxidase (SQE) and dammarenediol synthase (DDS) were also significantly lower in CS than SH and SU, which is consistent with the low levels of ginsenoside produced in this cultivar. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased the levels of panaxadiol-type ginsenosides up to 4-, 13-, and 31-fold in SH, SU, and CS, respectively. MeJA treatment also greatly increased the quantity of major intermediates and the expression of the underlying genes in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway; these intermediates included squalene, 2,3-oxidosqualene, and dammarenediol II, especially in CS, which had the lowest ginsenoside content under normal culture conditions. We conclude that SQE and DDS are the most important genetic factors for ginsenoside biosynthesis with diversity among ginseng cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Park
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Murukarthick Jayakodi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National UniversityPyeongchang, South Korea
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