The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state

Supplementation with aspalathin and sulforaphane protects cultured cardiac cells against dyslipidemia-associated oxidative damage

Dyslipidemia is a prominent pathological feature responsible for oxidative stress-induced cardiac damage. Due to their high antioxidant content, dietary compounds, such as aspalathin and sulforaphane, are increasingly explored for their cardioprotective effects against lipid-induced toxicity. Cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, an in vitro model routinely used to assess the pharmacological effect of drugs, were pretreated with the dietary compounds, aspalathin (1 μM) and sulforaphane (10 μM) before exposure to palmitic acid (0.25 mM) to induce lipidemic-related complications. The results showed that both aspalathin and sulforaphane enhanced cellular metabolic activity and improved mitochondrial respiration correlating with improved mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, including uncoupling protein 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, gamma coactivator 1-alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex assembly factor 1. Beyond attenuating lipid peroxidation, the dietary compounds also suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species and enhanced antioxidant responses, including the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. These envisaged benefits were associated with decreased cellular apoptosis. This preclinical study supports and warrants further investigation into the potential benefits of these dietary compounds or foods rich in aspalathin or sulforaphane in protecting against lipid-induced oxidative damage within the myocardium.

Potential role and therapeutic implications of glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Impact of liposomal hesperetin in broilers: prospects for improving performance, antioxidant potential, immunity, and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes

Liposomal encapsulated phytogenics, such as liposomal hesperetin, are considered novel substitutes for antibiotics in the broiler industry owing to their improved nutritional and therapeutic properties. Therefore, our key goal was to investigate liposomal hesperetin impact on broiler growth performance, health, antioxidant status, tight junction proteins (TJP), and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Four broiler groups were fed 0, 150, 250, or 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin-supplemented diets and experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes strain. Herein, liposomal hesperetin, especially at higher concentrations, augmented broilers FCR with upregulation of genes encoding TJP (occludin, JAM-2, MUC-2), and antioxidant attributes (GPX-1, SOD-1, CAT, HO-1, NQO1, COX2), which reflect enhancing health and welfare of broilers. Muscle antioxidant biomarkers were enhanced; meanwhile, muscle MDA, ROS, and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin. Liposomal hesperetin fortification reduced L. monocytogenes loads and expression levels of its virulence-related genes (flaA, hlyA, and ami). Remarkably, histopathological alterations in intestinal and brain tissues of L. monocytogenes-infected broilers were restored post-inclusion at higher levels of liposomal hesperetin, which reflects increase of the birds' resistance to L. monocytogenes infection. Transcription levels of genes encoding cytokines/chemokines (MyD88, AVBD6, CCL20, IL-1β, IL-18), and autophagy (Bcl-2, LC3, AMPK, AKT, CHOP, Bip, p62, XBP1) were ameliorated following dietary liposomal hesperetin fortification, which suggests enhancement of the birds' immunity and health. Collectively, our research recommends liposomal hesperetin application in broiler diets owing to its promoting impact on growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, health, and welfare besides its antibacterial, and antivirulence characteristics to fight against L. monocytogenes.

Application of Casein Micelles for Targeting Huntington's Disease in Experimental Zebrafish Model

Huntington's disease (HD) is an incorrigible neuropsychiatric disorder with reduced cognition and motor abnormalities. Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities; however, poor therapeutic efficacy limits its further use. The current study focuses on the enhanced therapeutic potential of PIP@CM against an experimental zebrafish model of HD. PIP@CM was fabricated using spray drying technology, followed by solid-state investigations. We performed in vitro release and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) of PIP and PIP@CMs. In addition, in vivo studies were conducted on zebrafish using 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) (60 mg/kg) as a neurotoxin and treated with PIP (5 mg/kg) and PIP@CM (25 mg/kg equivalent to 5 mg/kg PIP). After dosing, various in vivo studies (behavioral, biochemical, and histological) were conducted. The solid-state characterization techniques revealed the loss of crystallinity after micelles formation. In vitro release and antioxidant assays showed higher release and enhanced activity of PIP@CM. In vivo studies revealed that 3-NPA administration causes HD, as evidenced by the results of open field test (OFT) and novel tank diving test (NTD) tests. Moreover, 3-NPA causes an increase in oxidative stress, as confirmed by biochemical and histopathological studies. PIP@CM treatment significantly improved behavioral performance in OFT and NTD tests and reduced oxidative stress markers as compared to pure PIP and untreated HD model.

Stranded heavy fuel oil exposure causes deformities, cardiac dysfunction, and oxidative stress in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma using an oiled-gravel-column system

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) stranded on the coastline poses a potential threat to the health of marine fish after an oil spill. In this study, an oiled-gravel-column (OGC) system was established to investigate the toxic effects of stranded HFO on marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. HFO 380# (sulfur content 2.9%) was chosen as one type of high sulfur fuel oil for acute toxicity tests. The marine medaka larvae were exposed to the OGC system effluents with oil loading rates of 0 (control), 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 µg HFO/g gravel for 144 h, respectively. Results showed that a prevalence of blue sac disease signs presented teratogenic effects, including decreased circulation, ventricular stretch, cardiac hemorrhage, and pericardial edema. Moreover, the treatments (800, 1600, and 3200 µg oil/g gravel) induced severe cardiotoxicity, characterized by significant bradycardia and reduced stroke volume with an overt decrease in cardiac output. Additionally, the antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were significantly upregulated at 800-3200 µg oil/g gravel except for a marked inhibition of CAT activity at 3200 µg oil/g gravel. Furthermore, significantly elevated protein carbonyl (PCO) levels were detected, suggesting that the organisms suffered severe protein oxidative damage subjected to the exposure. Overall, stranded HFO 380# exposure activated the antioxidant defense system (up-regulated POD and GST activities) of marine medaka and disrupted CAT activity, which could result in an oxidative stress state (elevated PCO levels) and might further contribute to cardiac dysfunction, deformities, and mortality.

Quercetin and kaempferol from saffron petals alleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in B16 cells

BACKGROUND

Saffron petals are usually considered as waste after saffron harvest. However, saffron petals contain many important phytochemical components (e.g. quercetin and kaempferol), which may alleviate oxidative damage in human cells.

RESULTS

The contents of flavonoids and crocin in different parts of saffron were analyzed. The protective effects of flavonoids from saffron on oxidative damage of B16 cells were investigated. Saffron stigma contained high contents of crocin and picrocrocin, whereas flavonoid content (quercetin, 4.03 ± 0.33 mg g-1 DW; kaempferol, 47.80 ± 0.60 mg g-1 DW) was higher in saffron petals than in other parts. Incubation of B16 cells with quercetin (10-30 μmol L-1) and kaempferol (20-30 μmol L-1) obtained from saffron extracts could significantly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of NADPH:dehydrogenase quinone-1 (NQO1) to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Quercetin was better than kaempferol in increasing NQO1 activity and T-AOC. Quercetin extracted from saffron petals could induce NQO1 expression through regulating kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 signaling pathway to protect B16 cells from oxidative damage.

CONCLUSION

The content of kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was higher in saffron petals than in other parts of saffron. The kaempferol and quercetin obtained from saffron petals could enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme NQO1 and T-AOC in B16 cells. This indicated that saffron petals, as a potential functional food, may prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Selenium modulates bisphenol A-induced intestinal apoptosis, oxidative stress and autophagy in rats: A biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical study

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a hazardous endocrine disruptor released into the environment during the production of certain plastics used for covering of food and beverage cans. In this work, we examined the protective benefits of selenium (Se) against intestinal damage induced by BPA in male rats. Rats were distributed randomly into four groups. The first group received corn oil and served as the control. The second group was administered Se (1 mg/kg body weight; BW). The third group was given oral BPA (50 mg/kg BW). In the fourth group, Se (1 mg/kg BW) and BPA (50 mg/kg BW) were administered simultaneously. This experiment lasted for eight weeks. Specimens from the large intestine were subjected to biochemical analysis of antioxidants and oxidative stress biomarkers, histological observation under light and transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry to autophagy and apoptosis markers. The BPA-exposed group showed significantly elevated oxidative stress markers associated with significant decline of antioxidants in intestinal tissues. BPA resulted in histological alterations such as severe mucosal necrosis with massive inflammatory cell infiltration. Ultra-structurally, the same group showed severe loss of the cell organelles, shrunken nuclei, and abundant autophagosomes. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated a strong reactivity of caspase-3 and LC3 in the BPA group in contrast to the reaction to p62, which was markedly diminished. These effects were mitigated in the BPA+Se group. We concluded that BPA's harmful effects on the large intestine are caused by apoptosis and autophagy. Se may protect intestinal cells from these effects and could be a useful and trustworthy approach for reducing BPA toxicity.

Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review

Free radicals, characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons, are highly reactive species that play a significant role in human health. These molecules can be generated through various endogenous processes, such as mitochondrial respiration and immune cell activation, as well as exogenous sources, including radiation, pollution, and smoking. While free radicals are essential for certain physiological processes, such as cell signaling and immune defense, their overproduction can disrupt the delicate balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in the damage of critical biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Chronic conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory diseases have been strongly associated with the harmful effects of free radicals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and types of free radicals, their mechanisms of formation, and biological impacts. Additionally, we explore natural compounds and extracts studied for their antioxidant properties, offering potential therapeutic avenues for managing free radical-induced damage. Future research directions are also discussed to advance our understanding and treatment of free radical-associated diseases.

Taxifolin Protects Against 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice Through Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis: Possible Involvement of Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling

Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely utilized in cancer treatment, its side effects, including cardiotoxicity, limit its use. Taxifolin (TAX) is a bioactive anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid. This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of TAX against 5-FU-induced cardiac injury in male mice. Mice were treated with TAX (25 and 50 mg/kg, orally) for 10 days and a single dose of 150 mg/kg 5-FU at day 8. Mice intoxicated with 5-FU showed increased creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities and troponin I levels, with multiple cardiac histopathological changes. They also showed a significant increase in cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreases in myocardial reduced glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (P < 0.001). Pretreatment of 5-FU-injected mice with TAX suppressed cardiac injury, decreased MDA and NO contents (P < 0.001), and boosted antioxidant defenses in the myocardium. Moreover, TAX attenuated cardiac inflammatory response, as evidenced by the decreased expression levels of cardiac NF-κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.001). Largely, TAX ameliorated the decrease in Bcl-2 expression and the increase in BAX and caspase-3 in the heart. It also restored the cardiac Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, TAX showed significant cardioprotective effects on 5-FU-induced cardiac injury and might represent a promising adjuvant in preventing cardiac injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.

Sex Differences in Response to Diet Enriched With Glutathione Precursors in the Aging Heart

Common features of the aging heart are dysregulated metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Elevated oxidative stress is another hallmark of cardiac aging that can exacerbate each of these conditions. We hypothesize that by increasing natural antioxidant levels (glutathione), we will improve cardiac function. Twenty-one-month-old mice were fed glycine and N-acetyl cysteine (GlyNAC; glutathione precursors)-supplemented or control diets for 12 weeks. Heart function was monitored longitudinally, and the exercise performance was determined at the end of the study. We found that the GlyNAC diet was beneficial for old male but not old female mice, leading to an increase of Ndufb8 expression (a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex), and higher enzymatic activity for CPT1b and CrAT, 2 carnitine acyltransferases that are critical to cardiomyocyte metabolism. Although no quantifiable change of collagen turnover was detected, hearts from GlyNAC-fed old males exhibited a slight but significant enrichment in Fmod, a protein that can inhibit collagen fibril formation, possibly reducing extracellular matrix stiffness and thus improving diastolic function. Cardiac diastolic function was modestly improved in males but not females, and surprisingly GlyNAC-fed female mice showed a decline in exercise performance. In summary, our work supports the concept that aged male and female hearts are phenotypically different. These basic differences may affect the response to pharmacological and diet interventions, including antioxidants.

Pentoxifylline protects memory performance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and associated organ damage, is reportedly correlated with adecline in cognitive functions with a potential involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms. Mitochondria-induced oxidative stress reported to cause hyperglycemia is believed to impair hippocampal neural plasticity, affecting long-term potentiation, and isconsidered crucial for maintaining memory functions. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of Pentoxifylline (PTX) for four weeks, an agent known for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was examined in an animal model of diabetes. In a streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic model, rats received intraperitoneal PTX (100 mg/kg), and learning and memory functions were tested using the radial arm water maze. STZ-treated diabetic rats exhibited impaired learning and memory functions (short/long-term, P < 0.05), whereas PTX treatment prevented these deficits. PTX treatment normalized diabetes-induced reduction in the protein expression levels of two enzymes of antioxidant defense superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05) in the hippocampal brain tissues. PTX treatment also mitigated STZ-induced increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS, P < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios were enhanced in PTX-treated diabetic rats (P < 0.05), emphasizing the importance of redox balance restoration. However, PTX treatment did not significantly affect theantioxidant defense enzyme catalase activity. In conclusion, STZ-induced diabetes resulted in learning and memory impairment in rats, while PTX treatment prevented these effects, most likely via enhancement of antioxidant defense in the brain. This study highlights PTX's potential neuroprotective benefits, providing translational insights into the issue of diabetes-related cognitive complications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Brucine Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy: Mechanistic Insights Into Apoptosis and Antioxidant Disruption in MCF-7 Cells

Globally, breast cancer continues to be the leading type of cancer affecting women, with rising mortality rates projected by 2030. This highlights the importance of developing new, affordable treatments, like drug delivery systems that use nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including their exceptional optical and physical attributes, make them an attractive vehicle for targeted treatment, allowing for accurate and focused delivery of medication directly to cancerous cells while reducing harmful side effect. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of brucine-gold nanoparticles (BRU-AuNPs) for targeted breast cancer therapy by evaluating their antioxidant and apoptotic mechanism. BRU-AuNPs were synthesized and characterized (UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared [FTIR], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], x-ray diffraction [XRD], dynamic light scattering [DLS], and zeta potential) to confirm successful synthesis, size, and stability. In vitro studies were assessed using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines to evaluate cell cytotoxicity, antioxidant balance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis induction, cell migration, and pro-apoptotic gene expression. Characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of BRU-AuNPs with an average crystal size of 85.40 nm and stable surface charge. Results demonstrated that BRU-AuNPs reduced MCF-7 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 11.47 µg/mL. Treatment with BRU-AuNPs altered the antioxidant balance, increased ROS generation, depolarized mitochondrial membranes, and induced apoptosis. Additionally, BRU-AuNPs inhibited cell migration and upregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression. The synthesized BRU-AuNPs exhibit potential as a highly effective targeted delivery system for breast cancer treatment. Their ability to directly deliver BRU to tumor cells while reducing side effects and enhancing therapeutic efficacy underscores their promise in advancing breast cancer therapy. Further studies are warranted to explore their clinical potential and optimize therapeutic outcomes.

The Octadecanoids: Synthesis and Bioactivity of 18-Carbon Oxygenated Fatty Acids in Mammals, Bacteria, and Fungi

The octadecanoids are a broad class of lipids consisting of the oxygenated products of 18-carbon fatty acids. Originally referring to production of the phytohormone jasmonic acid, the octadecanoid pathway has been expanded to include products of all 18-carbon fatty acids. Octadecanoids are formed biosynthetically in mammals via cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, as well as nonenzymatically by photo- and autoxidation mechanisms. While octadecanoids are well-known mediators in plants, their role in the regulation of mammalian biological processes has been generally neglected. However, there have been significant advancements in recognizing the importance of these compounds in mammals and their involvement in the mediation of inflammation, nociception, and cell proliferation, as well as in immuno- and tissue modulation, coagulation processes, hormone regulation, and skin barrier formation. More recently, the gut microbiome has been shown to be a significant source of octadecanoid biosynthesis, providing additional biosynthetic routes including hydratase activity (e.g., CLA-HY, FA-HY1, FA-HY2). In this review, we summarize the current field of octadecanoids, propose standardized nomenclature, provide details of octadecanoid preparation and measurement, summarize the phase-I metabolic pathway of octadecanoid formation in mammals, bacteria, and fungi, and describe their biological activity in relation to mammalian pathophysiology as well as their potential use as biomarkers of health and disease.

Anti-oxidants as therapeutic agents for oxidative stress associated pathologies: future challenges and opportunities

Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer along with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, pulmonary and inflammatory disorders. Further, the relationship between oxidative stress and disease is distinctively established. Clinical trials using anti-oxidants for the prevention of disease progression have indicated some beneficial effects. However, these trials failed to establish anti-oxidants as therapeutic agents due to lack of efficacy. This is attributed to the fact that living systems are under dynamic redox control wherein their redox behavior is compartmentalized and simple aggregation of redox couples, distributed throughout the system, is of miniscule importance while determining their overall redox state. Further, free radical metabolism is intriguingly complex as they play plural roles segregated in a spatio-temporal manner. Depending on quality, quantity and site of generation, free radicals exhibit beneficial or harmful effects. Use of nonspecific, non-targeted, general ROS scavengers lead to systemic elimination of all types of ROS and interferes in cellular signaling. Failure of anti-oxidants to act as therapeutic agents lies in this oversimplification of extremely dynamic cellular redox environment as a static and non-compartmentalized redox state. Rather than generalizing the term "oxidative stress" if we can identify the "type of oxidative stress" in different types of diseases, a targeted and more specific anti-oxidant therapy may be developed. In this review, we discuss the concept of redox dynamics, role and type of oxidative stress in disease conditions, and current status of anti-oxidants as therapeutic agents. Further, we probe the possibility of developing novel, targeted and efficacious anti-oxidants with drug-like properties.

Impact of water stress to plant epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation

Water is the basic molecule in living beings, and it has a major impact on vital processes. Plants are sessile organisms with a sophisticated regulatory network that regulates how resources are distributed between developmental and adaptation processes. Drought-stressed plants can change their survival strategies to adapt to this unfavorable situation. Indeed, plants modify, change, and modulate gene expression when grown in a low-water environment. This adaptation occurs through several mechanisms that affect the expression of genes, allowing these plants to resist in dry regions. Epigenetic modulation has emerged as a major factor in the transcription regulation of drought stress-related genes. Moreover, specific molecular and epigenetic modifications in the expression of certain genetic networks lead to adapted responses that aid a plant's acclimatization and survival during repeated stress. Indeed, understanding plant responses to severe environmental stresses, including drought, is critical for biotechnological applications. Here, we first focused on drought stress in plants and their general adaptation mechanisms to this stress. We also discussed plant epigenetic regulation when exposed to water stress and how this adaptation can be passed down through generations.

Molecular insights into the physiological impact of low-frequency noise on sea slug Onchidium reevesii: Activation of p53 signaling and oxidative stress response

To investigate the regulatory role of tumor protein p53 of sea slug (Onchidium reevesii) under oxidative stress conditions, we examined the response mechanisms of O. reevesii to low-frequency noise pollution (1000 Hz) using molecular and cellular biology techniques. We successfully cloned the O. reevesii p53 gene (Orp53) from O. reevesii, obtaining a 3356 bp sequence containing a 2727 bp open reading frame (ORF). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. reevesii shares a close evolutionary relationship with other molluscs, including Bulinus truncatus and Elysia marginata. Expression analysis showed that Orp53 is expressed across various tissues, with the highest expression levels in the hepatopancreas. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the Orp53 gene, we found that the mRNA expressions of Orp53 and its downstream apoptosis-related genes, including cytochrome C (Cyt_C), Caspase 9, and Caspase 3, were significantly suppressed until the third day of interference (P < 0.05). Moreover, sip53 treatment resulted in significant reductions in the mRNA expression and protein levels of all studied genes (P < 0.05) compared to the noise-exposed group. In addition, the low-frequency noise exposure decreased central nervous system (CNS) viability while increasing oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). On the other hand, silencing Orp53 expression via siRNA resulted in significant reductions in CNS cell viability (P < 0.05). Our study establishes a molecular basis for evaluating the consequences of marine noise pollution, confirming that low-frequency noise activates the p53 signaling pathway, oxidative stress, and that p53 can regulate oxidative stress and apoptosis-related genes.

Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Apoptosis, and Redox Signaling: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are significant health concerns that have a profound impact on the quality and duration of life for millions of individuals. These diseases are characterized by pathological changes in various brain regions, specific genetic mutations associated with the disease, deposits of abnormal proteins, and the degeneration of neurological cells. As neurodegenerative disorders vary in their epidemiological characteristics and vulnerability of neurons, treatment of these diseases is usually aimed at slowing disease progression. The heterogeneity of genetic and environmental factors involved in the process of neurodegeneration makes current treatment methods inadequate. However, the existence of common molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these diseases may allow the development of new targeted therapeutic strategies. Oxidative and nitrosative stress damages membrane components by accumulating ROS and RNS and disrupting redox balance. This process results in the induction of apoptosis, which is important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases through oxidative stress. Studies conducted using postmortem human samples, animal models, and cell cultures have demonstrated that oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and apoptosis are crucial factors in the development of diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. The excessive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, elevated levels of free radicals, heightened mitochondrial stress, disturbances in energy metabolism, and the oxidation and nitrosylation of cellular macromolecules are recognized as triggers for neuronal cell death. Challenges in managing and treating neurodegenerative diseases require a better understanding of this field at the molecular level. Therefore, this review elaborates on the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative and nitrosative stress are involved in neuronal apoptosis.

Glutathione alterations in depression: a meta-analysis and systematic review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and serious psychiatric disorder associated with significant morbidity. There is mounting evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of depression.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate alterations in the brain antioxidant glutathione in depression by undertaking a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE and Psych Info databases were searched for case-control studies that reported brain glutathione levels in patients with depression and healthy controls. Means and variances (SDS) were extracted for each measure to calculate effect sizes. Hedges g was used to quantify mean differences. The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.

RESULTS

8 studies that reported measurements for 230 patients with depression and 216 controls were included. Three studies included data for the occipital cortex and five studies for the medial frontal cortex. In the occipital cortex, GSH was lower in the patient group as compared to controls (g = -0.98, 95% [CI, -1.45--0.50], P = < 0.001). In both the medial frontal cortex and in the combined all areas analysis there was no significant difference in GSH levels between cases and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found reduced levels of GSH specifically in the occipital region of patients with MDD. This provides some support for the role of oxidative stress in depression and suggests that targeting this system may provide future therapeutic opportunities. However, the meta-analysis was limited by the small number and quality of the included studies. More studies using high quality MRS methods in a variety of brain regions are needed in the future to test this putative hypothesis.

Curcumin administration mitigates periodontitis-induced tissue damage in hypercholesterolemic rats: a natural preventive approach

This study investigated the preventive effect of curcumin (CUR) on tooth-supporting structures in hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats with periodontitis (P). Wistar rats (8 weeks old) (n = 30) were assigned to six groups based on dietary intake, CUR-piperine combination treatment and P induction. P was induced in four groups using a ligature model. Serum lipid profiles, oxidative stress parameters, radiographic, histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. HC rats showed elevated serum cholesterol levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, topical administration of CUR did not regulate hypercholesterolemia in this model. The HC diet increased oxidative stress in gingival tissue, exacerbated by P, whereas CUR attenuated reactive species generation (p < 0.001) and reduced catalase (CAT) activity, possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Histological analysis revealed extensive erosive surfaces and osteoclast presence in the P groups, with the HC + P group showing the highest rate of bone resorption. The CUR-treated groups showed less bone resorption and more bone formation, indicating a protective effect. Histomorphometric studies showed a significant increase in bone volume in the CUR groups compared to the P groups (p < 0.001). CUR prevented bone resorption induced by P and HC diet, with larger osteoblastic surfaces and fewer osteoclasts, suggesting inhibition of bone resorption. CUR also prevented collagen fiber destruction caused by the HC diet. Overall, the study suggests a potential therapeutic role for CUR in mitigating periodontal tissue damage associated with hypercholesterolemia and P, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further research would be needed to validate its clinical efficacy as an adjunctive treatment for P.

Boswellia serrate Gum Resin Mitigates Renal Toxicity: Role of TNF-α, Interleukins, TGF-β, and Lipid Peroxidation

Background and aim: Being a central organ in homeostasis and maintaining the health of the biological system, kidneys are exposed to variable toxicants. Long-term exposure to nephrotoxic molecules causes chronic renal damage that causes fibrosis and loss of function. Such damage can be initiated by oxidative stress which provokes inflammation. We aim at investigating the potential therapeutic effects of Boswellia serrata (BS) gum resin extract in managing CCl4-induced renal toxicity. Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were assigned to groups: healthy control; CCl4-treated (CCl4, twice/week, for 6 weeks); CCl4 + BS-treated: CCl4 for 6 weeks followed by BS (150 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks; and CCl4 + Silymarin-treated: CCl4 for 6 weeks followed by Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. Blood and kidney tissue were utilized to assess oxidative stress status, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological changes. Results: BS treatment ameliorated signs of renal damage and fibrosis as it improved renal antioxidant status and renal function markers and significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 along with the fibrogenic marker TGF-β. Kidney tissues showed improved histological features after BS treatment. Conclusions: BS gum resin extract has significant therapeutic potential against CCl4-induced renal damage and fibrosis. These effects could be mediated via its previously reported antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Antioxidant Genes Variants and Their Association with Sperm DNA Fragmentation

Semen possesses a variety of antioxidant defense mechanisms which protect sperm DNA from the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Correlation between antioxidant genes variants and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) level is not sufficiently studied. Therefore, we investigated the association between several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): CYP1A1 (rs1048943A > G), CYP4F2 (rs2108622G > A), NRF2 (rs6721961C > A), PON1 (rs662A > G), NOS3 (rs1799983G > T), GSTM1 (null), CAT (rs1001179C > T), SOD2 (rs4880A > G), GSTP1 (rs1695A > G), PON2 (rs7493G > C), EPHX2 (rs1042064T > C), and AHR (rs2066853G > A) and elevated SDF. The study employed a case-control design where, the allele and genotype frequencies of the selected SNPs were compared between 75 semen samples with abnormal SDF (the cases) and 75 samples with normal SDF (the controls). DNA was extracted from the semen samples and allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) was used for genotyping the SNPs. Relevant data were collected from the patients' records et al.-Basma Fertility Center. Suitable statistical tests and multifactorial dimensionality reduction (MDR) test were used to anticipate SNP-SNP interactions. Comparison of semen parameters revealed significant differences between cases and controls in terms of liquefaction time, sperm total motility, and normal form. Genotype frequencies of NOS3 G > T (GT), SOD2 A > G (AA and AG), EPHX2 T > C (CC and CT), and AHR G > A (GA and GG) were significantly different between cases and controls. Allele frequencies of SOD2 (G-allele), and EPHX2 (T-allele) also significantly varied between cases and controls. MDR analysis revealed that the NOS3, SOD2, and EPHX2 SNPs combination has the highest impact on SDF. The study findings suggest that genetic variations in genes involved antioxidant defenses contribute to abnormal SDF.

Developmental, behavioral, and biochemical effects of chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of organic UV-filter compounds on a freshwater model species

The prevalence of organic/chemical UV-filter compounds in aquatic ecosystems represents a growing environmental issue. The long-term toxicity risks of many UV-filters at environmentally relevant concentrations to aquatic biota are still less studied, especially in the case of invertebrates. This study was designed to evaluate the chronic toxicity of avobenzone (AVO), octocrylene (OCTO), and octinoxate (OCTI), three UV-filters which frequently occur in the aquatic environment, to the water flea (Daphnia magna) at an environmentally relevant concentration of 200 ng l-1 in a 21-day exposure. Potential alterations in the growth, reproduction, and heart rate were continuously monitored during the treatments. Filtration rate, swimming, and the state of the antioxidant- and metabolic functions were evaluated at the end of exposures. Avobenzone significantly increased the reproductive output, heart rate, and filtration rate, while evoked a significant decrease of swimming behavior, and inhibited the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. The body size, reproduction, heart rate, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased whereas the activity of GST and CAT was significantly reduced by OCTO. OCTI significantly increased reproduction, heart rate, CAT and SOD activity but significantly decreased the swimming behavior. Our results confirmed that chronic exposure to organic UV-filters even at environmentally relevant concentrations affect basic physiological traits and cellular defense pathways in D. magna. Highlighting, our observations revealed previously unknown physiological changes (e.g., altered heart rate, filtration rate, SOD activity) caused by the investigated UV-filter compounds. Future research is to be aimed at investigating the mixture effects of these compounds and at the understanding of the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the changes induced.

Selenium ameliorates oxidized phospholipid-mediated testicular dysfunction and epididymal sperm abnormalities following Bisphenol A exposure in adult Wistar rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound extensively utilized in the production of polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins that, upon exposure, pose a significant threat to male reproductive health because of its estrogenic properties. Accumulating evidence suggests that BPA exposure disrupts the normal process of spermatogenesis, alters testicular morphology and function, and interferes with testicular steroidogenesis and hormonal signaling. However, the precise mechanism by which BPA affects testicular function remains unclear. In this study, we explored the mechanism underlying BPA-induced testicular abnormalities and evaluated the protective effects of Selenium (Se). Thirty-two adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups, and BPA was administered at 50 mg/kg body weight, with or without Se supplementation, for 30 days. Se supplementation (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was initiated 1 week before BPA administration. BPA administration resulted in alterations in testicular architecture, characterized by basement membrane disintegration in the seminiferous tubules, reduced spermatogenic cell counts, and increased interstitial tubule noncellular space. Furthermore, BPA exposure increased the levels of oxidized phospholipids, lipid peroxides, and hydroxyl radicals and decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. In addition, BPA significantly reduced the activities of 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, interfering with testicular steroidogenesis. In rats, coadministration of Se and BPA reduced the levels of oxidized phospholipids and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to improved testicular function and epididymal sperm parameters, suggesting that Se plays a critical role in alleviating endocrine disruptor-induced testicular dysfunctions in rats.

Role of Microbiota-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Modulating the Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis

Microbiota-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in modulating the gut-brain axis, with significant implications for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. H2S is produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the gut and acts as a critical signaling molecule influencing brain health via various pathways, including regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses. H2S maintains gut barrier integrity at physiological levels and prevents systemic inflammation, which could impact neuroinflammation. However, as H2S has a dual role or a Janus face, excessive H2S production, often resulting from gut dysbiosis, can compromise the intestinal barrier and exacerbate neurodegenerative processes by promoting neuroinflammation and glial cell dysfunction. This imbalance is linked to the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, where the overproduction of H2S exacerbates beta-amyloid deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and alpha-synuclein aggregation, driving neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage. Targeting gut microbiota to restore H2S homeostasis through dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation presents a promising therapeutic approach. By rebalancing the microbiota-derived H2S, these strategies may mitigate neurodegeneration and offer novel treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, underscoring the critical role of the gut-brain axis in maintaining central nervous system health.

The therapeutic effects of curcumin on polycystic ovary syndrome by upregulating PPAR-γ expression and reducing oxidative stress in a rat model

Objective

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that impacts 8-13% of women in their reproductive years. However, the drugs commonly used to treat PCOS are often prescribed off-label and may carry potential side effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin in a PCOS rat model.

Materials and methods

A PCOS rat model was established through daily subcutaneous injection of 60 mg/kg body weight of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 21 days. The PCOS rats received a daily intragastric dose of 50 mg/kg body weight of curcumin for another 21 days. Ovarian morphological changes, estrous cycle changes, and hormone level changes were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of curcumin in PCOS rats. Oxidative stress markers in the ovaries were analyzed to explore the mechanisms of curcumin in PCOS rats.

Results

This study demonstrated that curcumin alleviated insulin resistance and significantly reduced serum levels of estradiol (p = 0.02), luteinizing hormone (p = 0.009), testosterone (p = 0.003), and the LH/FSH ratio (p = 0.008) in PCOS rats. Curcumin also restored normal ovarian morphology and the estrous cycle in these rats. Furthermore, curcumin treatment significantly decreased levels of oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (p = 0.004) and reactive oxygen species (p = 0.005), while increasing antioxidant levels such as superoxide dismutase (p = 0.04), glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.002), and glutathione (p = 0.02) in ovarian tissues. Additionally, curcumin significantly upregulated PPAR-γ in the ovarian tissues of PCOS rats.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that curcumin effectively restores ovarian morphology, hormone levels, and estrous cycles in PCOS rats. These effects may be linked to its ability to reduce oxidative stress in ovaries via the upregulation of PPAR-γ. Curcumin shows promise as a potential drug for the treatment of PCOS.

Nrf2 pathways in neuroprotection: Alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in aging

Mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment are widespread phenomena among the elderly, being crucial factors that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator of cellular defense systems, including that against oxidative stress. As such, increased Nrf2 activity may serve as a strategy to avert mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive decline. Scientific data on Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, specifically addressing mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in older people. Search terms included "Nrf2", "mitochondrial dysfunction," "cognitive impairment," and "neuroprotection." Studies focusing on in vitro and in vivo models and clinical investigations were included to review Nrf2's therapeutic potential comprehensively. The relative studies have demonstrated that increased Nrf2 activity could improve mitochondrial performance, decrease oxidative pressure, and mitigate cognitive impairment. To a large extent, this is achieved through the modulation of critical cellular signalling pathways such as the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neuroinflammatory responses. The present review summarizes the recent progress in comprehending the molecular mechanisms regarding the neuroprotective benefits mediated by Nrf2 through its substantial role against mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment. This review also emphasizes Nrf2-target pathways and their contribution to cognitive function improvement and rescue from mitochondria-related abnormalities as treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases that often affect elderly individuals.

Impact of Reductive Stress on Human Infertility: Underlying Mechanisms and Perspectives

Antioxidants have a well-established effect on general health and are essential in preventing oxidative damage to cells by scavenging free radicals. Free radicals are thought to be neutralized by these substances, which include polyphenols, β-carotene, and vitamins C and E, reducing cellular damage. On the other hand, recent data indicates that consuming excessive amounts of antioxidants may have side effects. Apoptosis and cell signaling are two beneficial physiological processes that are affected by excessive supplementation. Other negative effects include paradoxical enhancement of oxidative stress and unbalanced cellular redox potential. Overdosing on particular antioxidants has been associated with increased medication interactions, cancer progression, and fatality risks. Additionally, the complex impacts they may have on fertility might be both useful and adverse, depending on the quantity and duration of usage. This review delves into the dual role of antioxidants and emphasizes the importance of employing antioxidants in moderation. Antioxidant overconsumption may disrupt the oxidative balance necessary for normal sperm and oocyte function, which is one of the potential negative effects of antioxidants on fertility in both males and females that are also investigated. Although modest usage of antioxidants is generally safe and useful, high levels of antioxidants can upset hormonal balance, impair sperm motility, and negatively impact the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The findings emphasize the need to use antioxidant supplements in a balanced way, the importance of further research to optimize their use in fertility treatments, and the importance of supporting reproductive health to avoid adverse effects.

Antioxidant potential of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: A comprehensive review

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have multifunctional capabilities owing to their diverse structural conformations, monosaccharide compositions, functional groups, and molecular weights. A review paper on EPS production and antioxidant potential of different LAB genera has not been thoroughly reviewed. Therefore, the current review provides comprehensive information on the biosynthesis of EPSs, including the isolation source, type, characterization techniques, and application, with a primary focus on their antioxidant potential. According to this review, 17 species of Lactobacillus, five species of Bifidobacterium, four species of Leuconostoc, three species of Weissella, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus, two species of Pediococcus, and one Streptococcus species have been documented to exhibit antioxidant activity. Of the 111 studies comprehensively reviewed, 98 evaluated the radical scavenging activity of EPSs through chemical-based assays, whereas the remaining studies documented the antioxidant activity using cell and animal models. Studies have shown that different LAB genera have a unique capacity to produce homo- (HoPs) and heteropolysaccharides (HePs), with varied carbohydrate compositions, linkages, and molecular weights. Leuconostoc, Weissella, and Pediococcus were the main HoPs producers, whereas the remaining genera were the main HePs producers. Recent trends in EPSs production and blending to improve their properties have also been discussed.

Innovative mRNA Vaccine Approaches in Targeting Atherosclerosis: A New Era in Cardiovascular Therapy

Atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), involves plaque buildup in arteries driven by inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and lipid metabolism disturbances. Current therapies aim to reduce cholesterol through statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, prevent blood clots with antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, and control inflammation, alongside lifestyle modifications. However, these approaches often fall short due to patient non-compliance and residual risks. This review explores emerging mRNA vaccine strategies targeting the complex mechanisms of atherosclerosis. These vaccines could produce therapeutic proteins to modulate inflammation by encoding sequences that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), stabilizing plaques. Key targets include interleukin-10 (IL-10) for plaque stability, PCSK9 for cholesterol regulation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for endothelial repair. Addressing these unmet needs, mRNA-based approaches offer the potential for more effective and personalized treatments for atherosclerosis. However, challenges remain, including difficulty replicating human atherosclerosis in preclinical models, regulatory concerns about long-term safety, and ensuring accessibility in low-resource settings. In addition, large and diverse clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of these vaccines in reducing cardiovascular events.

Neutralization of TLR2 in combination with either TNF-α or IL-1β antibody reduces the severity of septic arthritis through STAT3/mTOR signalling in lymphocytes

Staphylococcus aureus induced Septic arthritis is considered a medical concern. S.aureus binds TLR2 to induce an array of inflammatory responses. Generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines induces T cell responses and control Th17/Treg cell balance. Regulation of T cell-mediated immunity in response to inflammation is significantly influenced by mTOR. Presence of elevated TNF-α, IL-1β decreases Treg cell activity through STAT3/mTOR, promoting proliferation of T cells towards Th17 cells. Therefore, we postulated, neutralizing TLR2 with either TNF-α or IL-1β in combination could be useful in modifying Th17/Treg cell ratio in order to treat septic arthritis by suppressing expression of mTOR/STAT3. To date, no studies have reported effects of neutralization of TLR2 along with either TNF-α or IL-1β on amelioration of arthritis correlating with mTOR/STAT3 expression. Contribution of T lymphocytes collected from blood, spleen, synovial tissues, their derived cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, IL-10 were noted. Expression of TLR2, TNFR1, TNFR2, NF-κB along with mTOR/STAT3 also recorded. Neutralization of TLR2 along with TNF-α and IL-1β were able to shift Th17 cells into immunosuppressive Treg cells. Furthermore,elevated expression of IL-10, TNFR2 and demoted expression of mTOR/ STAT3 along with NF-κB in lymphocytes confirms its role in resolution of arthritis. It was also effective in reducing oxidative stress via increasing expression of the antioxidant enzymes. As a result, it can be inferred that Treg-derived IL-10, which may mitigate inflammatory effects of septic arthritis by influencing the mTOR/STAT3 interaction in lymphocytes, may be selected as a different therapeutic strategy for reducing the impact of septic arthritis.

N-acetylcysteine amide and di- N-acetylcysteine amide protect retinal cells in culture via an antioxidant action

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in toxicity to the retina in a variety of diseases. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) and the dimeric di-N-acetylcysteine amide (diNACA) were evaluated in terms of protecting retinal cells, in vitro, in a variety of stress models. Three types of rat retinal cell cultures were utilized in the study: macroglial-only cell cultures, neuron-only retinal ganglion cell (RGC) cultures, and mixed cultures containing retinal glia and neurons. Ability of test agents to attenuate oxidative stress in all cultures was ascertained. In addition, capability of agents to protect against a variety of alternate clinically-relevant stressors, including excitotoxins and mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors, was also evaluated. Capacity of test agents to elevate cellular levels of reduced glutathione under normal and compromised conditions was also determined. NAC, NACA and diNACA demonstrated concentration-dependent cytoprotection against oxidative stress in all cultures. These three compounds, however, had differing effects against a variety of alternate insults to retinal cells. The most protective agent was NACA, which was most potent against the most stressors (including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment by antimycin A and azide, and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity). Similar to NAC, NACA increased glutathione levels in non-injured cells, although diNACA did not, suggesting a different, unknown mechanism of antioxidant activity for the latter. In support of this, diNACA was the only agent to attenuate rotenone-induced toxicity in mitochondria. NAC, NACA and diNACA exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant activity, i.e., protected cultured rat retinal cells from a variety of stressors which were designed to mimic aspects of the pathology of different retinal diseases. A general rank order of activity was observed: NACA ≥ diNACA > NAC. These results warrant further exploration of NACA and diNACA as antioxidant therapeutics for the treatment of retinal diseases, particularly those involving oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have defined the battery of tests carried out as the "Wood, Chidlow, Wall and Casson (WCWC) Retinal Antioxidant Indices"; we believe that these are of great value for screening molecules for potential to reduce retinal oxidative stress in a range of retinal diseases.

Characterization, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and growth promoting effects of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees

One of the most important areas of nanotechnology is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) for a variety of environmental and biological applications, with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) gaining a lot attention due to their distinct properties. The current study deals with the synthesis of Ag-NPs from Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees leaf extract and to determine their antioxidant, antimicrobial potential and effects on wheat seed germination and growth. UV-Visible spectrum revealed a prominent absorption peak at 442 nm, elucidating the conformation of the Ag-NPs synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed distinctive triangular, pyramidal, and irregular shape. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated their crystalline nature, with average crystallite size of the Ag-NPs measured at 20.52 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) further confirmed the presence of functional groups such as Phenols (O-H stretch), transition metal carbonyls N-H, ≡C-H, C ≡ N, C ≡ C, C-Cl, C-Br and O-H bonds on the surface Ag-NPs. The antibacterial activity of the Ag-NPs was most pronounced against Bacillus subtilis, with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) measuring 11 mm ± 0.57 at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL (45% inhibition). Likewise, Ag-NPs exhibited highest antioxidant potential (73.2%) at 100 μg/mL compared with standard (ascorbic acid) which showed (76%) at the same concentration. Furthermore, the effect of D. bupleuroides mediated Ag-NPs on wheat seeds growth and germination was recorded maximum at high concentrations (200-300 ppm). In conclusion, D. bupleuroides mediated Ag-NPs showed safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly synthesis which can be used as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent as well as for enhancing the growth and seed germination of crop seeds globally. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Nanotechnology is the study of nanoparticles for biological and environmental applications. Ag-NPs among other NPs have received broad attention because of their unique properties. D. bupleuroides Ag-NPs: 45% antibacterial, 73.2% antioxidant, enhance wheat germination. D. bupleuroides-mediated Ag-NPs are both cost-effective and environmentally beneficial.

Dermatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on sodium valproate-induced skin damage in rats

Valproic acid is an antiepileptic drug associated with skin-related issues like excessive hair growth, hair loss, and skin rashes. In contrast, Moringa oleifera, rich in nutrients and antioxidants, is gaining popularity worldwide for its medicinal properties. The protective properties of M. oleifera extract against skin-related side effects caused by valproic acid were investigated. Female rats were divided into control groups and experimental groups such as moringa, sodium valproate, and sodium valproate + moringa groups. A 70% ethanolic extract of moringa (0.3 g/kg/day) was given to moringa groups, and a single dose of sodium valproate (0.5 g/kg/day) was given to valproate groups for 15 days. In the skin samples, antioxidant parameters (such as glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity), as well as oxidant parameters representing oxidative stress (i.e. lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and total oxidant capacity), were examined. Additionally, boron, hydroxyproline, sodium-potassium ATPase, and tissue factor values were determined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also carried out for protein analysis in the skin samples. The results showed that moringa could increase glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, sodium-potassium ATPase, and boron levels, while decreasing lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, nitric oxide, total oxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, hydroxyproline, and tissue factor levels. These findings imply that moringa possesses the potential to mitigate dermatological side effects.

Mangiferin Represses Inflammation in Macrophages Under a Hyperglycemic Environment Through Nrf2 Signaling

Inflammation in macrophages is exacerbated under hyperglycemic conditions, contributing to chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing in diabetes. This study investigates the potential of mangiferin, a natural polyphenol, to alleviate this inflammatory response by targeting a redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mangiferin, a known Nrf2 activator, was evaluated for its ability to counteract the hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of Nrf2 and enhance antioxidant defenses. The protective effects of mangiferin on macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment were assessed by examining the expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, NLRP3, HO-1, CAT, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-10 through gene and protein expression analyses using qPCR and immunoblotting, respectively. The mangiferin-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was evidenced, leading to a robust antioxidant response in macrophages exposed to a hyperglycemic microenvironment. This activation suppressed NF-κB signaling, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and IL-6. Additionally, mangiferin decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species accumulation in hyperglycemia exposed macrophages. Our findings revealed that mangiferin alleviated hyperglycemia-induced reductions in AKT phosphorylation, highlighting its potential role in modulating key signaling pathways. Furthermore, mangiferin significantly enhanced the invasiveness and migration of macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment, indicating its potential to improve wound healing. In conclusion, this study suggests that mangiferin may offer a promising therapeutic approach for managing inflammation and promoting wound healing in diabetic patients by regulating Nrf2 activity in hyperglycemia-induced macrophages.

Flavonoids against depression: a comprehensive review of literature

Background

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, which affects a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of wellbeing. Pharmacologic therapies are still the best effective treatment of depression. Still, most antidepressant drugs have low efficacy and delayed onset of therapeutic action, have different side effects, and even exacerbate depression. Such conditions make it possible to look for alternatives. Consequently, we decided to summarize the impact of flavonoids on depression in this review.

Methods

We searched scientific databases such as SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar to find relevant studies until July 2022.

Results

A wide variety of natural components have been shown to alleviate depression, one of which is flavonoids. Due to the growing tendency to use natural antidepressant drugs, scientific studies are increasingly being conducted on flavonoids. This study aims to review the latest scientific researches that indicate the antidepressant potential of flavonoids. Various mechanisms include neurotransmitter system modulation and dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic pathways regulation in the central nervous system. Different compounds of flavonoids have antidepressant properties in vivo or in vitro experiments or clinical trials and can be used as alternative and complementary treatments for depression. In general, it was observed that there were no severe side effects.

Conclusion

Our study proves the antidepressant potential of flavonoids, and considering the limited side effects, they can be used as complementary medicine for depressed patients.

Effects of yeast peptides on the growth, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, immune function, and diarrhea status of suckling calves

Yeast peptides, which are small-molecule active peptides extracted from yeast proteins, are known for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of yeast peptide on suckling calves remain unclear. In this study, the effects of yeast peptide supplementation on the growth, diarrhea incidence, and immune function of calves during the suckling period were determined. Thirty newborn calves were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CON) and the treatment group (AP), which received fresh pasteurized milk supplemented with yeast peptides (5 g/day). The experiment lasted for 49 days (7-56 days of age). The dry matter intake, body weight, diarrhea status, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of the calves were analyzed. The AP group had higher dry matter intake, daily weight gain, and feed efficiency than the CON group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the duration and frequency of diarrhea were significantly lower in the AP group than in the CON group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the immune, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capabilities of the AP group were significantly higher than those of the CON group (P < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights for the improvement of early health management during calf rearing.

Oxidative stress: fundamentals and advances in quantification techniques

Oxidative species, generated endogenously via metabolism or from exogenous sources, play crucial roles in the body. At low levels, these species support immune functions by participating in phagocytosis. They also aid in cellular signaling and contribute to vasomodulation. However, when the levels of oxidative species exceed the body's antioxidant capacity to neutralize them, oxidative stress occurs. This stress can damage cellular macromolecules such as lipids, DNA, RNA, and proteins, driving the pathogenesis of diseases and aging through the progressive deterioration of physiological functions and cellular structures. Therefore, the body's ability to manage oxidative stress and maintain it at optimal levels is essential for overall health. Understanding the fundamentals of oxidative stress, along with its reliable quantification, can enable consistency and comparability in clinical practice across various diseases. While direct quantification of oxidant species in the body would be ideal for assessing oxidative stress, it is not feasible due to their high reactivity, short half-life, and the challenges of quantification using conventional techniques. Alternatively, quantifying lipid peroxidation, damage products of nucleic acids and proteins, as well as endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, serves as appropriate markers for indicating the degree of oxidative stress in the body. Along with the conventional oxidative stress markers, this review also discusses the role of novel markers, focusing on their biological samples and detection techniques. Effective quantification of oxidative stress may enhance the understanding of this phenomenon, aiding in the maintenance of cellular integrity, prevention of age-associated diseases, and promotion of longevity.

Hydrogen-Rich Water to Enhance Exercise Performance: A Review of Effects and Mechanisms

Background: Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has garnered significant interest within the sports and exercise science community due to its selective antioxidant properties. Despite its potential benefits, comprehensive reviews specifically addressing its effects on athletic performance are limited. This review aims to assess the impact of HRW on sports performance and explore the underlying molecular biological mechanisms, with the goal of elucidating how HRW might enhance athletic performance. Methods: This review synthesizes research on HRW by examining articles published between 1980 and April 2024 in databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: It highlights HRW's effects on various aspects of athletic performance, including endurance, strength, sprint times, lunge movements, countermovement jump height, and time to exhaustion. While the precise mechanisms by which HRW affects athletic performance remain unclear, this review investigates its general molecular biological mechanisms beyond the specific context of sports. This provides a theoretical foundation for future research aimed at understanding how HRW can enhance athletic performance. HRW targets the harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced during intense exercise, thereby reducing oxidative stress-a critical factor in muscle fatigue, inflammation, and diminished athletic performance. HRW helps to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite, regulate antioxidant enzymes, mitigate lipid peroxidation, reduce inflammation, protect against mitochondrial dysfunction, and modulate cellular signaling pathways. Conclusions: In summary, while a few studies have indicated that HRW may not produce significant beneficial effects, the majority of research supports the conclusion that HRW may enhance athletic performance across various sports. The potential mechanisms underlying these benefits are thought to involve HRW's role as a selective antioxidant, its impact on oxidative stress, and its regulation of redox homeostasis. However, the specific molecular biological mechanisms through which HRW improves athletic performance remain to be fully elucidated.

Effective attenuation of Paraquat induced oxidative stress and Genotoxicity in testicular germ cells by vitamin E in Caprines

Toxicological empirical research suggests that excessive utilization of paraquat, an herbicide, shows detrimental consequences on mammalian reproductive toxicity. The current study aims to study it as a reproductive toxin on the caprine testicular cells at 4- and 6-hour exposure duration. Paraquat treatment decreased the cell viability percentage and induced histological architectural alterations such as disruption of germinal epithelium, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in the testis. The differential EB/AO staining also revealed an increased incidence of apoptosis after paraquat treatment at both dosages, i.e. 10 mM and 100 mM. Paraquat also induces oxidative stress, as evident via increased Malondialdehyde levels (a byproduct of lipid peroxidation) and a decline in the antioxidant capacity (FRAP). However, co-administration of Vitamin E significantly reduced the paraquat-mediated decline in cell viability percentage, histological alterations, and apoptosis incidences and generated oxidative stress, indicating its antioxidative properties against paraquat exposure. This research concludes that Vitamin E co-administration considerably reduced the toxicity of paraquat elicited in testicles, suggesting that Vitamin E may have advantageous potential in preventing the male gonadotoxicity caused by paraquat use in agriculture.

Molecular insights into the antioxidant and anticancer properties: A comprehensive analysis through molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics studies

Plants are rich sources of therapeutic compounds that often lack the side effects commonly found in synthetic chemicals. Researchers have effectively synthesized pharmaceuticals from natural sources, taking inspiration from traditional medicine, in their pursuit of modern drugs. This study aims to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid content of Solanum virginianum seeds using different solvent extracts, enzymatic assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity, reducing power, and superoxide activity. Our phytochemical screening identified active compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The methanol extract notably possesses higher levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content in comparison to the other extracts. The results highlight the superior antioxidant activity of methanol-extracted leaves, demonstrated by their exceptional IC50 values, which surpass the established standard. In this study, molecular docking techniques were used to assess the binding affinity and to predict the binding conformation of the compounds. Quercetin 3-O beta-d-galactopyranoside displayed a binding energy of -8.35 kcal/mol with several important amino acid residues, PHE222, TRP440, ILE184, LEU192, VAL221, LEU218, SER185, and ALA188. Kaempferol 3-O-beta-l-glucopyranoside exhibited a binding energy of -8.33 kcal/mol, interacting with specific amino acid residues including ALA 441, VAL318, VAL322, MET307, ILI409, GLY442, and PHE439. The results indicate that the methanol extract has a distinct composition of biologically active constituents compared to the other extracts. Overall, seeds exhibit promise as natural antioxidants and potential agents for combating cancer. This study highlights the significance of utilizing the therapeutic capabilities of natural compounds and enhancing our comprehension of their pharmacological characteristics.

Comparative analysis of the nutritional, physicochemical, and bioactive characteristics of Artemisia abyssinica and Artemisia arborescens for the evaluation of their potential as ingredients in functional foods

Artemisia abyssinica and Artemisia arborescens are unique plants that show significant bioactive properties and are used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This study assessed the nutritional values, functional properties, chemical composition, and bioactive attributes of these plants as functional nutritional supplements. Compared to A. arborescens, A. abyssinica had higher fat (4.76%), fiber (16.07%), total carbohydrates (55.87%), and energy (302.15 kcal/100 g DW), along with superior functional properties, including higher water and oil absorption capacities (638.81% and 425.85%, respectively) and foaming capacity and stability (25.67% and 58.48%). The investigation of volatile compounds found that A. abyssinica had higher amounts of hotrienol (4.53%), yomogi alcohol (3.92%), caryophyllene (3.67%), and carvotanacetone (3.64%), which possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Artemisia abyssinica contributed over 30% of the recommended dietary intake (RDI) of amino acids. It displayed superior levels of sodium (31.46 mg/100 g DW) and calcium (238.07 mg/100 g DW). It also exhibited higher levels of organic acids, particularly malic acid, butyric acid, and succinic acid, compared to A. arborescens. Fatty acid analysis revealed palmitic and linoleic acids as primary components in both plants, with A. abyssinica having a higher palmitic acid content. Artemisia abyssinica also had higher vitamin C and thiamine levels. Although A. arborescens showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and capacity, A. abyssinica demonstrated acceptable efficiency in TPC and antioxidant content. These findings highlight the potential of both Artemisia species, particularly A. abyssinica, as valuable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds for various applications.

10-Hydroxy Decanoic Acid and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Retrieve Nrf2/HO-1 and Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 Signaling in Lead-Induced Testicular Toxicity

There has been a significant increase in human exposure to heavy metals (HMs) over the course of the previous century, primarily due to the extensive industrial processes. Male infertility is a prominent complication associated with lead exposure, wherein lead has the potential to accumulate within the testes, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDA) is a component found in the secretions of worker bees and possesses the capacity to mitigate oxidative stress and prevent inflammation. Due to their advantageous properties, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) possess a wide range of applications in the field of biomedicine. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs on testicular toxicity in rats induced by lead acetate (PbAc). PbAc was administered orally for a period of 3 months. Following that, 10-HDA and/or ZnO-NPs were administrated for 1 month. PbAc deformed seminal analysis, decreased seminal fructose and sex hormonal levels, and resulted in the development of histopathological complications. Additionally, PbAc increased MDA and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, confirmed by the declined antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, an increase in testicular inflammatory markers and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed subsequent to the administration of PbAc. The administration of 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs demonstrated significant efficacy in the restoration of semen quality, pituitary/gonadal hormones, antioxidants, and  testicular histoarchitecture. Moreover, 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs decreased testicular inflammatory markers and apoptotic proteins (caspase-3 and Bax expression levels). In conclusion, combining 10-HDA and ZnO-NPs demonstrated synergistic potential in treating PbAc-induced testicular toxicity, thereby presenting a promising approach in nanomedicine and natural drugs.

Neuroprotective Properties of Rutin Hydrate against Scopolamine-Induced Deficits in BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB/Bcl2 Pathways

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related degenerative brain disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function and memory. This study aimed to evaluate whether rutin hydrate (RH) has neuroprotective effects in an AD-like learning and memory impairment rat model induced by scopolamine (SCO). Methods: The rats were administered with RH (100 mg/kg) and SCO (1.5 mg/kg) and underwent behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze test, Y-maze test, and passive avoidance test, to evaluate their learning and memory abilities. Additionally, long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced to observe changes in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) activity. Results: RH treatment attenuated the SCO-induced shortening of step-through latency in the passive avoidance (PA) test, increased the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze, and increased the time spent in the target zone in the Morris water maze (MWM). Moreover, RH increased the total activity of fEPSP following theta burst stimulation and attenuated the SCO-induced blockade of fEPSP. RH also ameliorated the SCO-induced decrease in the expression levels of the BDNF, TrkB, ERK, CREB, and Bcl-2 proteins and the increase in the Bax protein level in the rat hippocampus. This demonstrates that RH has beneficial neuroprotective effects in the brain, improving learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity in rats. Conclusions: Our results highlight the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which RH exerts its neuroprotective effects in the prevention and treatment of learning and memory deficit disorders. RH could potentially be used as a therapeutic strategy for the restoration of learning and memory function and the prevention of the progression of AD.

Optimizing Antioxidant Potential: Factorial Design-Based Formulation of Fucoidan and Gallic Acid-Conjugated Dextran Blends

The role of oxidative stress in health and homeostasis has generated interest in the scientific community due to its association with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other diseases. Therefore, extensive research seeks to identify new exogenous antioxidant compounds for supplementation. Polysaccharides are recognized for their antioxidant properties. However, polysaccharide chemical modifications are often necessary to enhance these properties. Therefore, dextran was conjugated with gallic acid (Dex-Gal) and later combined with fucoidan A (FucA) to formulate blends aimed at achieving superior antioxidant activity compared to individual polysaccharides. A factorial design was employed to combine FucA and Dex-Gal in different proportions, resulting in five blends (BLD1, BLD2, BLD3, BLD4, and BLD5). An analysis of surface graphs from in vitro antioxidant tests, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging, guided the selection of BLD4 as the optimal formulation. Tests on 3T3 fibroblasts under various conditions of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide revealed that BLD4 provided enhanced protection compared to its isolated components. The BLD4 formulation, resulting from the combination of Dex-Gal and FucA, showed promise as an antioxidant strategy, outperforming its individual components and suggesting its potential as a supplement to mitigate oxidative stress in adverse health conditions.

Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites, among which phenolics are the most abundant. To date, over 8000 various polyphenolic compounds have been identified in plant species, among which phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, stilbenes and lignans are the most important ones. Acne is one of the most commonly treated dermatological diseases, among which acne vulgaris and rosacea are the most frequently diagnosed. In the scientific literature, there is a lack of a detailed scientific presentation and discussion on the importance of plant phenolics in the treatment of the most common specific skin diseases, e.g., acne. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, present and discuss the current state of knowledge on the activity of various plant phenolics towards the prevention and treatment of acne, including in vitro, in vivo and human studies. It was revealed that because of their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds may be used in the treatment of various types of acne, individually as well as in combination with commonly used drugs like clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. Among the various phenolics that have been tested, EGCG, quercetin and nobiletin seem to be the most promising ones; however, more studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to fully evaluate their efficacy in treating acne.

The impact of PPAR-γ/Nrf-2/HO-1, NF-κB/IL-6/ Keap-1, and Bcl-2/caspase-3/ATG-5 pathways in mitigation of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in an animal model: The potential cardioprotective role of oxyresveratrol and/or dapagliflozin

Antioxidants given concurrently with chemotherapy offer an effective strategy for reducing the negative effects of the drug. One remaining obstacle to the use of doxorubicin (DOX) in chemotherapy is cardiotoxicity. Using vitamin E (Vit. E) as a reference standard, our study focuses on the potential preventive benefits of oxyresveratrol (ORES) and/or dapagliflozin (DAPA) against DOX-induced cardiac injury. Acute cardiotoxicity was noticed after a single intravenous injection of a male rat's tail vein with 10 mg/kg of DOX. Oral doses of ORES (80 mg/kg), DAPA (10 mg/kg), and Vit. E (1 g/kg) were given, respectively. Pretreatment of animals with Vit. E, ORES and/or DAPA revealed a considerable alleviation of heart damage, as evidenced by histopathological change mitigation and a notable drop in serum AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB, and cardiac contents of MDA and NO2-. Also, serum TAC, tissue GSH, and SOD showed substantial increases. Additionally, tissue caspase-3, serum IL-6, and TNF-α were considerably reduced. Moreover, a downregulation in cardiac gene expression of ATG-5, Keap-1, and NF-κB in addition to an upregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression and HO-1, Nrf-2, and PPAR-γ protein expression clearly appeared. Ultimately, ORES and/or DAPA have an optimistic preventive action against severe heart deterioration caused by DOX.

Unveiling the Effects of Interval Resistance Training and Chlorella Vulgaris Supplementation on Meteorin-like Protein and Oxidative Stress in Obese Men

Background

Dysregulation of adipocyte function occurs in obesity. Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a newly discovered modulator of inflammation, metabolism, and differentiation of human adipocytes. The dietary supplement Chlorella Vulgaris (CV) reduces hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress in clinical trials.

Objectives

To explore the impact of 12 wks of interval resistance training (IRT) and CV supplementation on plasma levels of Metrnl and oxidative stress in males with obesity.

Methods

Forty-four obese men (BMI: 32.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2, weight: 101.1 ± 2.2 kg, age: 23-35 years) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 11/group): control (CON), CV supplement (CV), IRT, and CV + IRT (CVIRT). The IRT was performed for 12 wks (3 sessions per week). The treatment consisted of a daily intake of CV (1800 mg capsule) or placebo capsules. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the interventions to analyze biomedical measurements.

Results

The IRT and CVIRT groups had elevations in plasma Metrnl, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity levels (all P < 0.0001), and reductions in malondialdehyde (P < 0.0001). Supplementation with CV significantly reduced malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) and increased total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.0001) but failed to alter superoxide dismutase or Metrnl (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Although IRT and its combination with CV hold promise for improving Metrnl levels and oxidative status in obesity, combining IRT and CV do not yield greater benefits than IRT alone. Although standalone CV supplementation could favorably impact certain markers of oxidative stress, the effectiveness of CV supplementation appears to have a relatively limited effect across assessed biomarkers and requires further investigation.

Therapeutic roles of coenzyme Q10 in peripheral nerve injury-induced neurosensory disturbances: Mechanistic insights from injury to recovery

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are prevalent conditions mainly resulting from systemic causes, including autoimmune diseases and diabetes mellitus, or local causes, for example, chemical injury and perioperative nerve injury, which can cause a varying level of neurosensory disturbances (NSDs). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential regulator of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative metabolism. Here, we review the pathophysiology of NSDs caused by PNIs, the current understanding of CoQ10's bioactivities, and its potential therapeutic roles in nerve regeneration, based on evidence from experimental and clinical studies involving CoQ10 supplementation. In summary, CoQ10 supplementation shows promise as a neuroprotective agent, potentially enhancing treatment efficacy for NSDs by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Future studies should focus on well-designed clinical trials with large sample sizes, using CoQ10 formulations with proven bioavailability and varying treatment duration, to further elucidate its neuroprotective effects and to optimize nerve regeneration in PNIs-induced NSDs.