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Larrosa M, Gil-Izquierdo A, González-Rodríguez LG, Alférez MJM, San Juan AF, Sánchez-Gómez Á, Calvo-Ayuso N, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Fernández-Lázaro D, Lopez-Grueso R, López-León I, Moreno-Lara J, Domínguez-Balmaseda D, Illescas-Quiroga R, Cuenca E, López T, Montoya JJ, Rodrigues-de-Souza DP, Carrillo-Alvarez E, Casado A, Rodriguez-Doñate B, Porta-Oliva M, Santiago C, Iturriaga T, De Lucas B, Solaesa ÁG, Montero-López MDP, Benítez De Gracia E, Veiga-Herreros P, Muñoz-López A, Orantes-Gonzalez E, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Cabeza-Ruiz R, Carnero-Diaz Á, Sospedra I, Fernández-Galván LM, Martínez-Sanz JM, Martín-Almena FJ, Pérez M, Guerra-Hernández EJ, López-Samanes Á, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Domínguez R. Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Health, Sports Performance, and Recovery for Female Athletes and Other Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae082. [PMID: 38994896 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?" DATA SOURCES The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers. CONCLUSION Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5-6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, β-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Liliana Guadalupe González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Muñoz Alférez
- Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja University Campus), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro F San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Calvo-Ayuso
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Lopez-Grueso
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-León
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Lara
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Román Illescas-Quiroga
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, University of Alcala, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Teba López
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Juan José Montoya
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daiana Priscila Rodrigues-de-Souza
- Departamento de Enfermería, Farmacología y Fisioterapia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Carrillo-Alvarez
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Porta-Oliva
- Faculty of Food Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, INEFC, 0838 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Santiago
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Támara Iturriaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Beatriz De Lucas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | | | | | - Elvira Benítez De Gracia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Orantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Faculty of Sports, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Cabeza-Ruiz
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Carnero-Diaz
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Pérez
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Guerra-Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
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Lee SJL, Van Rens FECA, Peiffer JJ. Effects of In-Exercise Carbohydrate Supplementation on Prolonged High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Oral Contraceptive Users. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:356-364. [PMID: 38237580 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of oral contraceptive (OC) phases on performance, physiological, and subjective responses to prolonged, intensive exercise when carbohydrate (CHO) stores are reduced. METHODS Ten well-trained female cyclists using monophasic OC completed 4 identical trials (>150 min) under conditions of in-trial 60-g·h-1 CHO supplementation (CHO+) or placebo (CHO-) during the sugar- (SUG) and active-pill (ACT) phases of their OC cycle. Each trial comprised two 400-kcal time trials (TT) separated by 1 hour of submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold. RESULTS Change in completion time from TT1 to TT2 was minimized in CHO+ compared with CHO- (4.06 [2.55] vs 6.08 [5.33] min; P = .019, effect size = -0.36). An interaction effect of OC and CHO was observed for time to complete TT (P = .006), mean TT power (P = .002), mean TT heart rate (P = .002), and posttrial emotional balance (P = .020) and negative emotional state (P = .033). In ACT, mean TT power and heart rate were higher in CHO+ when compared with CHO-, resulting in faster TTs in CHO+ and improved posttrial emotional well-being. When CHO was not supplemented, TT power and heart rate were higher in SUG when compared with ACT, resulting in faster TTs in SUG and improved posttrial emotional balance. CONCLUSION CHO depletion during ACT negatively influenced TT performance and emotional well-being when compared with SUG. Irrespective of OC pill phase, CHO supplementation should be prioritized to sustain performance and improve postexercise recovery-stress balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene J L Lee
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Tan J, Krasilshchikov O, Kuan G, Hashim HA, Aldhahi MI, Al-Mhanna SB, Badicu G. The Effects of Combining Aerobic and Heavy Resistance Training on Body Composition, Muscle Hypertrophy, and Exercise Satisfaction in Physically Active Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2443. [PMID: 37685476 PMCID: PMC10487730 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11172443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of combined aerobic and heavy resistance training on the variables of body composition, muscle hypertrophy, and exercise satisfaction in physically active adults in comparison with heavy resistance training only (predominantly designed for hypertrophy). Twenty-two healthy male adults between the ages of 18 and 35, who had limited previous experience with muscle resistance training, participated in the intervention program while maintaining their physical activity level. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups: the resistance training group (control group) and the combined training group (experimental group), which involved both resistance training and aerobic training. Aerobic training consisted of 30 min aerobic interval training sessions three times a week with a total of 8 min work bouts in each at 60-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). The intervention training program lasted for eight weeks. Resistance training consisted of a 3-day muscle group split (2-3 exercises per muscle group, 8 sets per muscle group, 6-12 repetition maximum (RM). Upon completion, body composition, muscle hypertrophy, and exercise satisfaction were analyzed using the mixed-design ANOVA. Variables selected for this study as markers of body composition responded differently to the different interventions and time; however, some trends were not statistically significant. Overall, it is not possible to state unequivocally that one training modality was superior to another in the body composition cluster, for significant improvements were observed within the groups from pre- to post-interventions, but no significant differences were observed between the resistance training and combined training groups, while, both interventions showed improvement with time in some variables of muscle hypertrophy. Compared to baseline, the exercise satisfaction post-intervention improved within the groups. From pre- to post-testing, both resistance and combined training groups improved exercise satisfaction (p < 0.05 in both groups). However, there was no significant difference in exercise satisfaction observed between the resistance training and combined training groups after the training intervention (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrican Tan
- Fitness Innovations Malaysia Sendirian Berhad, Petaling Jaya 47820, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Oleksandr Krasilshchikov
- Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Garry Kuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hairul Anuar Hashim
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Monira I Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
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Onuma N, Shindo D, Matsuo E, Sakazaki M, Nagai Y, Yamanaka K. Pre-exercise isomaltulose intake affects carbohydrate oxidation reduction during endurance exercise and maximal power output in the subsequent Wingate test. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:89. [PMID: 37488656 PMCID: PMC10364385 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of low-glycemic index (GI) isomaltulose (ISO) not only suppresses subsequent carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation but also inversely retains more CHO after prolonged endurance exercise. Therefore, ISO intake may affect anaerobic power output after prolonged endurance exercise. This study aimed to clarify the time course of CHO utilization during endurance exercise after a single intake of ISO or sucrose (SUC) and the anaerobic power output at the end of endurance exercise. METHODS After an intake of either ISO or SUC, 13 athletes were kept at rest for 60 min. Thereafter, they performed a 90-min of treadmill running at their individual target level of % [Formula: see text]max. During the experimental session, the expired gas was recorded, and the energy expenditure (EE) and CHO oxidation rate were estimated. Immediately after 90 min of running, a 30-s Wingate test was performed, and the maximal anaerobic power output was compared between the ISO and SUC conditions. RESULTS The percentage of CHO-derived EE increased rapidly after CHO intake and then decreased gradually throughout the experiment. The slopes of the regression lines calculated from the time course in the CHO-derived EE were significantly (negatively) larger in the SUC condition (-19.4 ± 9.6 [%/h]) than in the ISO condition (-13.3 ± 7.5 [%/h]). Furthermore, the maximal power output in the Wingate test immediately after the endurance exercise was significantly higher in the ISO condition than in the SUC condition (peak power: 12.0 ± 0.6 vs. 11.5 ± 0.9 [W/kg]). CONCLUSION Compared with SUC intake, ISO intake does not produce an abrupt decline in the percentage of CHO-derived EE during prolonged endurance exercise; it remains relatively high until the final exercise phase. Additionally, anaerobic power output at the end of the exercise, largely contributed by anaerobic glycolysis, was greater after ISO intake than after SUC intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Onuma
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shindo
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuo
- College of Sports Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kentaro Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
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van der Weyden MS, Martin J, Rodriguez J, Boolani A. An Intense Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise, but Not a Carbohydrate Supplement, Improves Cognitive Task Performance in a Sample of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) Student Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11040088. [PMID: 37104162 PMCID: PMC10146807 DOI: 10.3390/sports11040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are contradictory findings in the literature on whether an acute bout of aerobic exercise leads to a post-exercise improvement in cognitive function (CF). Moreover, participants used in the published literature are not representative of the racial make-up of sport or tactical populations. METHODS A randomized crossover design was incorporated, with participants randomly consuming water or a carbohydrate sports drink within the first 3 min of a graded maximal exercise test (GMET) conducted in a laboratory. Twelve self-identified African American participants, (seven males, five females, age = 21.42 ± 2.38 years, height = 174.94 ± 12.55 cm, mass = 82.45 ± 33.09 kg) completed both testing days. Participants completed the CF tests immediately pre- and post-GMET. CF was assessed with the Stroop color and word task (SCWT) and concentration task grid (CTG). Participants completed the GMET when they reported a score of 20 on the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale. RESULTS Time to complete the SCWT incongruent task (p < 0.001) and CTG performance (p < 0.001) significantly improved post-GMET in both conditions. VO2max was positively correlated with pre- and post-GMET SCWT performance. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that an acute bout of maximal exercise significantly improves CF. Additionally, cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with CF in our sample of student athletes from a historically Black college and university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sax van der Weyden
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Department of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ali Boolani
- Honors Program, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Valenzuela PL, Mateo-March M, Muriel X, Zabala M, Lucia A, Pallares JG, Barranco-Gil D. Road gradient and cycling power: An observational study in male professional cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:1017-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Realtime Monitoring of Local Sweat Rate Kinetics during Constant-Load Exercise Using Perspiration-Meter with Airflow Compensation System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5473. [PMID: 35897977 PMCID: PMC9331097 DOI: 10.3390/s22155473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal wearable sweat biomarker sensing technologies are likely affected by sweat rate because of the dilution effect and limited measurement methods. However, there is a dearth of reports on the local sweat rate (LSR) monitored in real-time during exercise. This explorative study investigated the feasibility of real-time LSR monitoring and clarified LSR kinetics on the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise using a perspiration meter with an airflow compensation system. This observational cross-sectional study included 18 recreationally trained males (mean age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years). LSR on the forehead and upper arm (mg/cm2/min) were measured during a constant-load exercise test at 25% of their pre-evaluated peak power until exhaustion. The LSR kinetics had two inflection points, with a gradual decrease in the incremental slope for each section. After the second flexion point, the LSR slope slightly decreased and was maintained until exhaustion. However, the degree of change varied among the participants. Although the ratio of forehead LSR to upper arm LSR tended to decrease gradually over time, there was little change in this ratio after a second flexion point of LSR in both. These findings suggest possible differences in LSR control between the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise to prolonged exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Hartley C, Carr A, Bowe SJ, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1833-1862. [PMID: 35239154 PMCID: PMC9325805 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Carbohydrates are an important fuel for optimal exercise performance during moderate- and high-intensity exercise; however, carbohydrate ingestion during high-intensity exercise may cause gastrointestinal upset. A carbohydrate oral rinse is an alternative method to improve exercise performance in moderate- to high-intensity exercise with a duration of 30–75 min. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively examine the isolated effect of maltodextrin-based rinsing on exercise performance. Objective The objective of this review was to establish the effect of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse on exercise performance across various modes of exercise. Furthermore, a secondary objective was to determine the effects of moderators [(1) participant characteristics; (2) oral rinse protocols; (3) exercise protocol (i.e. cycling, running etc.) and (4) fasting] on exercise performance while using a maltodextrin-based, carbohydrate oral rinse. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles up to March 2021 and screened using Covidence (a systematic review management tool). A random effects robust meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. Results Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review; 34 of these articles were included in the meta-analysis. When using a conventional meta-analytic approach, overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse improved exercise performance in comparison with a placebo (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.04, 0.27; p = 0.01). Furthermore, when implementing an adjusted, conservative, random effects meta-regression model using robust variance estimation, overall, compared with placebo, a carbohydrate oral rinse demonstrated evidence of improving exercise performance with a small effect size (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI − 0.01, 0.34; p = 0.051). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse can improve exercise performance. When comparing the two meta-analytic approaches, although non-significant, the more robust, adjusted, random effects meta-regression model demonstrated some evidence of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse improving exercise performance overall. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Russell S J Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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9
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Kinetic changes in sweat lactate following fatigue during constant workload exercise. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15169. [PMID: 35043587 PMCID: PMC8767313 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is useful to investigate various physiological responses induced by fatigue in athletes. Moreover, wearable noninvasive sensors, including sweat sensors, are compatible with fatigue evaluation because of their ease of use, and ability to measure repeatedly and continual data. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify how sweat lactate elimination curves obtained during constant workload exercise changed following fatigue. Seventeen recreationally trained males (average age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years) completed two consecutive constant workload exercise tests (at 25% peak power) with rest intervals; the participants were encouraged to perform Test 1 until exhaustion and Test 2 only for 10 min. Subjective fatigue (numerical rating scale with face rating scale), sweat lactate, and sweat rate were measured for 10 min in each test. Subjective fatigue was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and time to each constant value between Tests 1 and 2 was compared using paired t-test. Subjective fatigue significantly increased during Test 2 compared with that during Test 1. After Test 1, the sweat lactate elimination curve demonstrated a leftward shift, as proved by the significantly sooner observation of the peak and constant values of sweat lactate (2, 3, and 4 μA) (p < 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that the sweat lactate elimination curve is different in the fatigue state. Further research may provide insight in the application of this curve to the evaluation for fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of CardiologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of Clinical BiomechanicsKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
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10
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The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2691-2712. [PMID: 35809162 PMCID: PMC9584980 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has an ergogenic effect on endurance training performance. Less is known about the effect of acute CHO ingestion on resistance training (RT) performance and equivocal results are reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine if and to what degree CHO ingestion influences RT performance. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles written in English that used a cross-over design to assess the acute effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, power, and endurance) in healthy human participants compared to a placebo or water-only conditions. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and GRADE approaches were used to assess risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for total training session volume and post-exercise blood lactate and glucose. Sub-group meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed for categorical (session and fast durations) and continuous (total number of maximal effort sets, load used, and CHO dose) covariates, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 226 participants). Pooled results revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion in comparison to a placebo or control for total session training volume (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.61). Sub-group analysis revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion during sessions longer than 45 min (SMD = 1.02) and after a fast duration of 8 h or longer (SMD = 0.39). Pooled results revealed elevated post-exercise blood lactate (SMD = 0.58) and blood glucose (SMD = 2.36) with CHO ingestion. Meta-regression indicated that the number of maximal effort sets, but not CHO dose or load used, moderates the effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance (beta co-efficient [b] = 0.11). Carbohydrate dose does not moderate post-exercise lactate accumulation nor do maximal effort sets completed, load used, and CHO dose moderate the effect of CHO ingestion on post-exercise blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate ingestion has an ergogenic effect on RT performance by enhancing volume performance, which is more likely to occur when sessions exceed 45 min and where the fast duration is ≥ 8 h. Further, the effect is moderated by the number of maximal effort sets completed, but not the load used or CHO dose. Post-exercise blood lactate is elevated following CHO ingestion but may come at the expense of an extended time-course of recovery due to the additional training volume performed. Post-exercise blood glucose is elevated when CHO is ingested during RT, but it is presently unclear if it has an impact on RT performance. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (Project identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW ).
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11
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Bourdas DI, Souglis A, Zacharakis ED, Geladas ND, Travlos AK. Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:4223. [PMID: 34959776 PMCID: PMC8704222 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during prolonged exercise postpones fatigue. However, the optimum administration timing, dosage, type of CHO intake, and possible interaction of the ergogenic effect with athletes' cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are not clear. Ninety-six studies (from relevant databases based on predefined eligibility criteria) were selected for meta-analysis to investigate the acute effect of ≤20% CHO solutions on prolonged exercise performance. The between-subject standardized mean difference [SMD = ([mean post-value treatment group-mean post-value control group]/pooled variance)] was assessed. Overall, SMD [95% CI] of 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] was significant (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SMD was reduced as the subjects' CRF level increased, with a 6-8% CHO solution composed of GL:FRU improving performance (exercise: 1-4 h); administration during the event led to a superior performance compared to administration before the exercise, with a 6-8% single-source CHO solution increasing performance in intermittent and 'stop and start' sports and an ~6% CHO solution appearing beneficial for 45-60 min exercises, but there were no significant differences between subjects' gender and age groups, varied CHO concentrations, doses, or types in the effect measurement. The evidence found was sound enough to support the hypothesis that CHO solutions, when ingested during endurance exercise, have ergogenic action and a possible crossover interaction with the subject's CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Nickos D. Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Antonios K. Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Tripoli, Greece;
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12
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Burke LM. Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high-level sports competition. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2304-2323. [PMID: 34762329 PMCID: PMC9299184 DOI: 10.1113/ep088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The nutritional strategies that athletes use during competition events to optimize performance and the reasons they use them. What advances does it highlight? A range of nutritional strategies can be used by competitive athletes, alone or in combination, to address various event‐specific factors that constrain event performance. Evidence for such practices is constantly evolving but must be combined with understanding of the complexities of real‐life sport for optimal implementation.
Abstract High‐performance athletes share a common goal despite the unique nature of their sport: to pace or manage their performance to achieve the highest sustainable outputs over the duration of the event. Periodic or sustained decline in the optimal performance of event tasks, involves an interplay between central and peripheral phenomena that can often be reduced or delayed in onset by nutritional strategies. Contemporary nutrition practices undertaken before, during or between events include strategies to ensure the availability of limited muscle fuel stores. This includes creatine supplementation to increase muscle phosphocreatine content and consideration of the type, amount and timing of dietary carbohydrate intake to optimize muscle and liver glycogen stores or to provide additional exogenous substrate. Although there is interest in ketogenic low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets and exogenous ketone supplements to provide alternative fuels to spare muscle carbohydrate use, present evidence suggests a limited utility of these strategies. Mouth sensing of a range of food tastants (e.g., carbohydrate, quinine, menthol, caffeine, fluid, acetic acid) may provide a central nervous system derived boost to sports performance. Finally, despite decades of research on hypohydration and exercise capacity, there is still contention around their effect on sports performance and the best guidance around hydration for sporting events. A unifying model proposes that some scenarios require personalized fluid plans while others might be managed by an ad hoc approach (ad libitum or thirst‐driven drinking) to fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Reis CEG, Saunders B, da Costa THM. Absence of dietary control precludes solid conclusions for sport nutrition trials. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:518-519. [PMID: 33380379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio E G Reis
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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14
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Li C, Chow DHK. Acute Effects of Brief Mindfulness Intervention Coupled with Carbohydrate Ingestion to Re-Energize Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9037. [PMID: 33291535 PMCID: PMC7731386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This field experiment investigated the acute effects of brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) coupled with carbohydrate (CHO) intake on players' recovery from half-time break in a simulated soccer competition. Methods: In a single-blinded randomized crossover experiment, 14 male players received 3 treatments (Control: non-carbohydrate solution + travelling introduction audio; CHO: CHO-electrolyte solution + travelling introduction audio; and CHO_M: CHO-electrolyte solution + MBI) during simulated half-time breaks. Vertical jump, sprint performance, mindfulness level, rate of perceived exertion, muscle pain, mental fatigue, blood glucose, and lactate were measured immediately before, during, and after the exercise. Results: (1) MBI significantly increased participants' mindfulness level (Control vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01; CHO vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01) and decreased mental fatigue for CHO_M condition (pre vs. post, p < 0.01); (2) participants in the CHO_M condition performed better in the repeated sprint tests than in the Control and CHO condition (Control vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02; CHO vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Findings of this study provide preliminary evidence of the positive effect of MBI coupled with CHO ingestion on athletes' recovery from fatigue in the early stage of the second half of a game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
| | - Chunxiao Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Daniel Hung Kay Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
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15
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The Performance Effect of Scheduled Carbohydrate and Caffeine Intake during Simulated Team Sport Match-Play. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071926. [PMID: 32610573 PMCID: PMC7400375 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current investigation was to identify the effects of scheduled carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) supplementation on simulated team sport match-play performance. Ten male hurling players completed three hurling match-play simulation protocols (HSP) performed 7 days apart in a double-blind, randomized design. Supplementation included CHO, CHO + CAF, and placebo (PLA). In a randomized order, participants ingested either a 6% CHO solution, a PLA solution of similar taste, or a combined intake of 6% CHO solution + 200 mg CAF capsule. At specific time points (Pre-0 min; half time (HT)-30 min; full time (FT)-60 min), participants completed a repeated sprint protocol (RAST; 12 × 20 m). Physiological [% maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), % mean oxygen uptake (%VO2mean), % maximal heart rate (%HRmax), % mean heart rate (%HRmean), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BLa)] and performance [(best sprint time (RSAbest), mean sprint time (RSAmean), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)] variables were monitored throughout each simulation. Non-significant differences were observed between supplement trials (CHO, CHO + CAF, and PLA) for BLa (η2 = 0.001, small), %VO2max (η2 = 0.001, small), %VO2mean (η2 = 0.004, small), %HRmax (η2 = 0.007, small), %HRmean (η2 = 0.018, small), RER (η2 = 0.007, small), RPE (η2 = 0.007, small), and RSAbest (η2 = 0.050, small). RSAmean performance significantly improved in CHO + CAF trials compared to PLA, with sprint times significantly improved from Pre to FT also (η2 = 0.135, medium). A significant difference was observed in BLa between time points (Pre, HT, and FT) (η2 = 0.884, large) in % HRmax (η2 = 0.202, medium), %HRmean (η2 = 0.477, large), and RER (η2 = 0.554, large) across halves and in RPE across time points (η2 = 0.670, large). Our data provide novel data regarding the effects of CHO and CAF supplementation on team sport performance, with co-ingestion of CHO + CAF reducing the decrement in repeated sprint performance compared to PLA.
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16
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Pugh JN, Wagenmakers AJM, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Fielding BA, Morton JP, Close GL. Probiotic supplementation increases carbohydrate metabolism in trained male cyclists: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E504-E513. [PMID: 32069071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00452.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that probiotic supplementation (PRO) increases the absorption and oxidation of orally ingested maltodextrin during 2 h endurance cycling, thereby sparing muscle glycogen for a subsequent time trial (simulating a road race). Measurements were made of lipid and carbohydrate oxidation, plasma metabolites and insulin, gastrointestinal (GI) permeability, and subjective symptoms of discomfort. Seven male cyclists were randomized to PRO (bacterial composition given in methods) or placebo for 4 wk, separated by a 14-day washout period. After each period, cyclists consumed a 10% maltodextrin solution (initial 8 mL/kg bolus and 2 mL/kg every 15 min) while exercising for 2 h at 55% maximal aerobic power output, followed by a 100-kJ time trial. PRO resulted in small increases in peak oxidation rates of the ingested maltodextrin (0.84 ± 0.10 vs. 0.77 ± 0.09 g/min; P = 0.016) and mean total carbohydrate oxidation (2.20 ± 0.25 vs. 1.87 ± 0.39 g/min; P = 0.038), whereas fat oxidation was reduced (0.40 ± 0.11 vs. 0.55 ± 0.10 g/min; P = 0.021). During PRO, small but significant increases were seen in glucose absorption, plasma glucose, and insulin concentration and decreases in nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol. Differences between markers of GI damage and permeability and time-trial performance were not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast to the hypothesis, PRO led to minimal increases in absorption and oxidation of the ingested maltodextrin and small reductions in fat oxidation, whereas having no effect on subsequent time-trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A Doran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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17
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Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Silveira R, Asano RY, Pires FO. Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 49:57-66. [PMID: 30488186 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing number of studies reporting carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on endurance performance, no systematic and meta-analysis review has been conducted to elucidate the level of evidence of carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on cycling trial performance such as time-, work-, and distance-based trials. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study were to establish the effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance outcomes such as mean power output and time to complete a trial, together with the risk of bias in the cycling-carbohydrate mouth rinse literature. METHODS We systematically reviewed randomized placebo-controlled trials that assessed carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on mean power output and time to complete the trial. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed the standardized mean difference between carbohydrate and placebo mouth rinses. RESULTS Thirteen studies (16 trials) were qualitatively (systematic review) and quantitatively (meta-analysis) analyzed with regard to mean power output (n = 175) and time to complete the trial (n = 151). Overall, the reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias and homogeneous results for mean power output (I2 = 0%) and time to complete the trial (I2 = 0%). When compared with placebo, the carbohydrate mouth rinse improved mean power output (standardized mean difference = 0.25; 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.46; p = 0.02), but not the time to complete the trial (standardized mean difference = - 0.13; 95% confidence interval - 0.36 to 0.10; p = 0.25). CONCLUSION The present systematic and meta-analytic review supports the notion that a carbohydrate mouth rinse has the potential to increase mean power output in cycling trials, despite showing no superiority over placebo in improving time to complete the trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, University of Campinas, 701 Érico Veríssimo Avenue, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13.083-851, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Silveira
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 1000 Arlindo Béttio Avenue, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.
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18
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Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, Delves SK, Westwood CS, Layden JD. The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E537. [PMID: 32093001 PMCID: PMC7071449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening medical condition involving thermoregulatory failure and is the most severe condition along a continuum of heat-related illnesses. Current EHS policy guidance principally advocates a thermoregulatory management approach, despite growing recognition that gastrointestinal (GI) microbial translocation contributes to disease pathophysiology. Contemporary research has focused to understand the relevance of GI barrier integrity and strategies to maintain it during periods of exertional-heat stress. GI barrier integrity can be assessed non-invasively using a variety of in vivo techniques, including active inert mixed-weight molecular probe recovery tests and passive biomarkers indicative of GI structural integrity loss or microbial translocation. Strenuous exercise is strongly characterised to disrupt GI barrier integrity, and aspects of this response correlate with the corresponding magnitude of thermal strain. The aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress is poorly understood, though may directly relate to localised hyperthermia, splanchnic hypoperfusion-mediated ischemic injury, and neuroendocrine-immune alterations. Nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity following exertional-heat stress provide a promising approach to mitigate EHS. The focus of this review is to evaluate: (1) the GI paradigm of exertional heat stroke; (2) techniques to assess GI barrier integrity; (3) typical GI barrier integrity responses to exertional-heat stress; (4) the aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress; and (5) nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity in response to exertional-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ogden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Robert B. Child
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2QU, UK;
| | | | - Simon K. Delves
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke PO12 2DW, UK; (J.L.F.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Caroline S. Westwood
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Joseph D. Layden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
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19
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Kozlowski KF, Ferrentino-DePriest A, Cerny F. Effects of Energy Gel Ingestion on Blood Glucose, Lactate, and Performance Measures During Prolonged Cycling. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:3111-3119. [PMID: 31977833 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kozlowski, KF, Ferrentino-DePriest, A, and Cerny, F. Effects of energy gel ingestion on blood glucose, lactate, and performance measures during prolonged cycling. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Endurance athletes have long used carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise (most recently with energy gels) to enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate energy gel ingestion schedules (e.g., manufacturer's recommendations vs. a more frequent ingestion schedule) during 2 hours of steady-state cycling exercise on (a) blood glucose, (b) blood lactate, and (c) performance of a subsequent 15-minute time trial (TT). Ten trained cyclists (5 men and 5 women, mean age = 28.4 ± 3.66 years; body mass = 68.9 ± 10.63 kg; and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max = 54.57 ± 9.45 mlO2·kg·min) performed 3 exercise trials in a randomized order. One gel was ingested 15 minutes before exercise during all trials. The 3 experimental trials included gel ingestion every 30 minutes (T1), every 45 minutes (T2) during exercise, and no gel ingested during exercise (T3). Subjects cycled at 70% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for 2 hours, followed by a 15-minute fixed gear TT. The blood glucose level at 60 minutes of exercise was higher during T1 (125.5 ± 30.96 mg·dl) and T2 (127.6 ± 14.82 mg·dl) compared with T3 (102.8 ± 15.85 mg·dl). Time trial distance was significantly greater for T1 (7.56 ± 0.77 km) and T2 (7.16 ± 0.92 km) than T3 (6.69 ± 0.74 km) (p = 0.003) with moderate to strong effect sizes between trials. There were no differences in blood lactate concentrations across trials. Ingestion of energy gels during prolonged cycling elevates blood glucose levels and enhances subsequent performance, whereas a more frequent ingestion elicits additional performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April Ferrentino-DePriest
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Frank Cerny
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Parsons IT, Stacey MJ, Woods DR. Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1485. [PMID: 31920694 PMCID: PMC6928107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of heat adaptation in military personnel offers generalizable insights into a variety of sporting, recreational and occupational populations. Conversely, certain characteristics of military employment have few parallels in civilian life, such as the imperative to achieve mission objectives during deployed operations, the opportunity to undergo training and selection for elite units or the requirement to fulfill essential duties under prolonged thermal stress. In such settings, achieving peak individual performance can be critical to organizational success. Short-notice deployment to a hot operational or training environment, exposure to high intensity exercise and undertaking ceremonial duties during extreme weather may challenge the ability to protect personnel from excessive thermal strain, especially where heat adaptation is incomplete. Graded and progressive acclimatization can reduce morbidity substantially and impact on mortality rates, yet individual variation in adaptation has the potential to undermine empirical approaches. Incapacity under heat stress can present the military with medical, occupational and logistic challenges requiring dynamic risk stratification during initial and subsequent heat stress. Using data from large studies of military personnel observing traditional and more contemporary acclimatization practices, this review article (1) characterizes the physical challenges that military training and deployed operations present (2) considers how heat adaptation has been used to augment military performance under thermal stress and (3) identifies potential solutions to optimize the risk-performance paradigm, including those with broader relevance to other populations exposed to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain T. Parsons
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Stacey
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Woods
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Exercise Endocrinology, Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Mor A, Kayacan Y, Ipekoglu G, Arslanoglu E. Effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose after high-intensity exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:344-350. [PMID: 29681197 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1465098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of CHO-E consumption after high-intensity exercise on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose responses, which is important for performance and recovery in athletes. Methods: Sixteen volunteers, male athletes, participated into this study. Athletes were divided into two groups as experiment (CHO-E) and placebo (PLA). Blood was taken from the athletes three times as basal, post-exercise (PE) and 2 h after ingestion of supplement (PS). Results: When inter-group comparisons, insulin was significantly higher in the CHO-E group than the PLA group at the PS phase (p < .05). Cortisol significantly decreased in the CHO-E group at the PS compared to the PE (p < .05). Conclusions: Carbohydrate-electrolyte consumption after high-intensity exercise, accelerates the recovery process by providing optimal recovery, and enable the metabolism to remain in the anabolic state by preventing it from entering in the catabolic process as well as provides hormonal balance in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mor
- a Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sinop University , Sinop , Turkey
| | - Yildirim Kayacan
- b Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Gokhan Ipekoglu
- a Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sinop University , Sinop , Turkey
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22
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthopaedic surgery can be a physically demanding occupation with high rates of fatigue and burnout. Fatigue has been shown to affect surgeon performance with higher rates of errors in fatigued surgeons. The metabolic cost of performing surgery has yet to be quantified. A better understanding of these costs may provide insights into surgeon fatigue and its effect on patient safety. METHODS Eight subjects performed a one-level lumbar laminectomy and fusion on cadavers. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured via indirect calorimetry and used to calculate energy expenditure (EE). Substrate utilization was estimated from measurements of inspired and expired gases (ie, O2 and CO2, respectively). EE was also measured with the use of triaxial accelerometers. RESULTS The peak VO2 was 11.3 ± 0.4 mL/kg/min. The EEtotal was 132 ± 6 kcal corresponding to the EEtotal/hr of 142 ± 7 kcal/hr. Upper arm accelerometers (154.8 ± 9.8 kcal; r = 0.54) accurately estimated total EE. Subjects used, on average, 53% ± 4% CHO versus 47% ± 7% fat, with peak utilization of 65% ± 5% CHO versus 35% ± 15% fat. DISCUSSION Simulated orthopaedic spine surgery elicited modest but significant increases in EE over resting. Surgeons used a higher percentage of carbohydrate than would be expected for the intensity of the activity.
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23
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. Post-exercise Ingestion of Carbohydrate, Protein and Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Effects on Subsequent Athletic Performance. Sports Med 2018; 48:379-408. [PMID: 29098657 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes may complete consecutive exercise sessions with limited recovery time between bouts (e.g. ≤ 4 h). Nutritional strategies that optimise post-exercise recovery in these situations are therefore important. OBJECTIVE This two-part review investigated the effect of consuming carbohydrate (CHO) and protein with water (W) following exercise on subsequent athletic (endurance/anaerobic exercise) performance. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified by searching the online databases SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND INTERVENTIONS Investigations that measured endurance performance (≥ 5 min duration) ≤ 4 h after a standardised exercise bout (any type) under the following control vs. intervention conditions were included: Part 1: W vs. CHO ingested with an equal volume of W (CHO + W); and, Part 2: CHO + W vs. protein (PRO) ingested with CHO and an equal volume of W (PRO + CHO + W), where CHO or energy intake was matched. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Publications were examined for bias using the Rosendal scale. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate intervention efficacy. RESULTS The quality assessment yielded a Rosendal score of 63 ± 9% (mean ± standard deviation). Part 1: 45 trials (n = 486) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO + W (102 ± 50 g CHO; 0.8 ± 0.6 g CHO kg-1 h-1) improved exercise performance compared with W (1.6 ± 0.7 L); %Δ mean power output = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 3.2-4.7 (I 2 = 43.9). Improvement was attenuated when participants were 'Fed' (a meal 2-4 h prior to the initial bout) as opposed to 'Fasted' (p = 0.012). Part 2: 13 trials (n = 125) were reviewed. Ingesting PRO + CHO + W (35 ± 26 g PRO; 0.5 ± 0.4 g PRO kg-1) did not affect exercise performance compared with CHO + W (115 ± 61 g CHO; 0.6 ± 0.3 g CHO·kg body mass-1 h-1; 1.2 ± 0.6 L); %Δ mean power output = 0.5, 95% confidence interval - 0.5 to 1.6 (I 2 = 72.9). CONCLUSIONS Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise CHO and fluid ingestion to enhance subsequent athletic performance. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016046807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Earnest CP, Rothschild J, Harnish CR, Naderi A. Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:134-146. [PMID: 30411978 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1544134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endurance performance is the result of optimal training targeting cardiovascular, metabolic, and peripheral muscular adaptations and is coupled to effective nutrition strategies via the use of macronutrient manipulations surrounding training and potential supplementation with ergogenic aids. It is important to note that training and nutrition may differ according to the individual needs of the athlete and can markedly impact the physiological response to training. Herein, we discuss various aspects of endurance training adaptations, nutritional strategies and their contributions to towards performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Earnest
- a Health and Kinesiology, College Station , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | | | | | - Alireza Naderi
- d Department of Sport Physiology , Islamic Azad University , Boroujerd , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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26
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Deli CK, Poulios A, Georgakouli K, Papanikolaou K, Papoutsis A, Selemekou M, Karathanos VT, Draganidis D, Tsiokanos A, Koutedakis Y, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. The effect of pre-exercise ingestion of corinthian currant on endurance performance and blood redox status. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2172-2180. [PMID: 29469654 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1442781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of Corinthian currant pre-exercise supplementation on metabolism, performance and blood redox status during, and after prolonged exercise. Eleven healthy participants (21-45y) performed a 90-min constant-intensity (60-70% VO2max) submaximal-trial, plus a time-trial (TT) to exhaustion (95% VO2max) after consuming an isocaloric (1.5g CHO/kg BM) amount of randomly assigned Corinthian currant or glucose-drink, or water (control). Blood was drawn at baseline, pre-exercise, 30min, 60min, 90min of submaximal-trial, post-TT, and 1h post-TT. Post-ingestion blood glucose (GLU) under Corinthian currant was higher compared with water, and similar compared with glucose-drink throughout the study. Respiratory quotient under Corinthian currant was similar with glucose-drink and higher than water throughout the submaximal trial. Accordingly, higher CHO and lower fat oxidation were observed under Corinthian currant compared with water. The TT performance was similar between Corinthian currant, glucose-drink and water. Redox status were similar under all three conditions. Reduced glutathione (GSH) declined while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and uric acid increased during exercise. GSH and TAC returned to baseline, while uric acid remained increased the following 1h. Corinthian currant, although did not alter exercise-mediated redox status changes and performance, was equally effective to a glucose-drink in maintaining GLU levels during prolonged cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariklia K Deli
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Kalliopi Georgakouli
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Alexandros Papoutsis
- b Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition , Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Selemekou
- c Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , University of Thessaly , Larisa , Greece
| | - Vaios T Karathanos
- b Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition , Harokopio University , Athens , Greece.,d Agricultural Cooperatives' Union of Aeghion , Aeghion 25100 , Greece
| | - Dimitris Draganidis
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsiokanos
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece.,e School of Sports, Performing Arts and Leisure , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton , UK
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Athletic Biochemistry, and Sports Nutrition, School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
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27
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Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Kalman D, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Willoughby D, Arciero PJ, VanDusseldorp TA, Ormsbee MJ, Wildman R, Greenwood M, Ziegenfuss TN, Aragon AA, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28919842 PMCID: PMC5596471 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review regarding the timing of macronutrients in reference to healthy, exercising adults and in particular highly trained individuals on exercise performance and body composition. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN:Nutrient timing incorporates the use of methodical planning and eating of whole foods, fortified foods and dietary supplements. The timing of energy intake and the ratio of certain ingested macronutrients may enhance recovery and tissue repair, augment muscle protein synthesis (MPS), and improve mood states following high-volume or intense exercise. Endogenous glycogen stores are maximized by following a high-carbohydrate diet (8–12 g of carbohydrate/kg/day [g/kg/day]); moreover, these stores are depleted most by high volume exercise. If rapid restoration of glycogen is required (< 4 h of recovery time) then the following strategies should be considered:aggressive carbohydrate refeeding (1.2 g/kg/h) with a preference towards carbohydrate sources that have a high (> 70) glycemic index the addition of caffeine (3–8 mg/kg) combining carbohydrates (0.8 g/kg/h) with protein (0.2–0.4 g/kg/h)
Extended (> 60 min) bouts of high intensity (> 70% VO2max) exercise challenge fuel supply and fluid regulation, thus carbohydrate should be consumed at a rate of ~30–60 g of carbohydrate/h in a 6–8% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (6–12 fluid ounces) every 10–15 min throughout the entire exercise bout, particularly in those exercise bouts that span beyond 70 min. When carbohydrate delivery is inadequate, adding protein may help increase performance, ameliorate muscle damage, promote euglycemia and facilitate glycogen re-synthesis. Carbohydrate ingestion throughout resistance exercise (e.g., 3–6 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum [RM] using multiple exercises targeting all major muscle groups) has been shown to promote euglycemia and higher glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrate solely or in combination with protein during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen stores, ameliorates muscle damage, and facilitates greater acute and chronic training adaptations. Meeting the total daily intake of protein, preferably with evenly spaced protein feedings (approximately every 3 h during the day), should be viewed as a primary area of emphasis for exercising individuals. Ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA; approximately 10 g)either in free form or as part of a protein bolus of approximately 20–40 g has been shown to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Pre- and/or post-exercise nutritional interventions (carbohydrate + protein or protein alone) may operate as an effective strategy to support increases in strength and improvements in body composition. However, the size and timing of a pre-exercise meal may impact the extent to which post-exercise protein feeding is required. Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 2-h post) of high-quality protein sources stimulates robust increases in MPS. In non-exercising scenarios, changing the frequency of meals has shown limited impact on weight loss and body composition, with stronger evidence to indicate meal frequency can favorably improve appetite and satiety. More research is needed to determine the influence of combining an exercise program with altered meal frequencies on weight loss and body composition with preliminary research indicating a potential benefit. Ingesting a 20–40 g protein dose (0.25–0.40 g/kg body mass/dose) of a high-quality source every three to 4 h appears to most favorably affect MPS rates when compared to other dietary patterns and is associated with improved body composition and performance outcomes. Consuming casein protein (~ 30–40 g) prior to sleep can acutely increase MPS and metabolic rate throughout the night without influencing lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | - Shawn Arent
- IFNH Center for Health & Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Science Department, Program of Exercise Science, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Exercise Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Doug Kalman
- Department of Athletics, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Studies, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | | | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family Environmental Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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