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Zhang FX, Chen X, Niu DC, Cheng L, Huang CS, Liao M, Xue Y, Shi XL, Mo ZN. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome induces metabolomic changes in expressed prostatic secretions and plasma. Asian J Androl 2024:00129336-990000000-00219. [PMID: 39119639 DOI: 10.4103/aja202434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex disease that is often accompanied by mental health disorders. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous clinical presentation of CP/CPPS remain uncertain. This study analyzed widely targeted metabolomic data of expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and plasma to reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS. A total of 24 CP/CPPS patients from The Second Nanning People's Hospital (Nanning, China), and 35 asymptomatic control individuals from First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China) were enrolled. The indicators related to CP/CPPS and psychiatric symptoms were recorded. Differential analysis, coexpression network analysis, and correlation analysis were performed to identify metabolites that were specifically altered in patients and associated with various phenotypes of CP/CPPS. The crucial links between EPS and plasma were further investigated. The metabolomic data of EPS from CP/CPPS patients were significantly different from those from control individuals. Pathway analysis revealed dysregulation of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the citrate cycle in EPS. The tryptophan metabolic pathway was found to be the most significantly altered pathway associated with distinct CP/CPPS phenotypes. Moreover, the dysregulation of tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism and elevation of oxidative stress-related metabolites in plasma were found to effectively elucidate the development of depression in CP/CPPS. Overall, metabolomic alterations in the EPS and plasma of patients were primarily associated with oxidative damage, energy metabolism abnormalities, neurological impairment, and immune dysregulation. These alterations may be associated with chronic pain, voiding symptoms, reduced fertility, and depression in CP/CPPS. This study provides a local-global perspective for understanding the pathological mechanisms of CP/CPPS and offers potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xing Zhang
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - De-Cao Niu
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lang Cheng
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Cai-Sheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Nanning People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng-Nan Mo
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Qu Y, Nie D, Song Y, Cai X, Gong Y, Chen S, Ye J, Li J. Bibliometric analysis of research on digestive system tumors and depression. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1414528. [PMID: 39156806 PMCID: PMC11327056 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1414528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant tumors of the digestive system pose a serious threat to human health due to their highly malignant nature. Depression, as the most common psychiatric symptom of digestive system tumors, has attracted much attention regarding its potential relationship with these tumors. A thorough investigation into the connection between digestive system tumors and depression is extremely important for strengthening patients' quality of life and treatment outcomes. Methods From 2014 to 2023, we conducted a literature search using specific keywords in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and performed visual analysis of the selected literature using Microsoft Excel, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software. In this study, we analyzed countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords. Results A total of 384 research articles on the relationship between digestive system tumors and depression were identified. The number of publications showed a gradual increase over time. In terms of disciplinary distribution, Oncology, Health Care Sciences Services, and Medicine General Internal ranked top in terms of publication volume. In terms of geographical distribution, China and the United States were the countries contributing the most publications. Additionally, Maastricht University contributed the most publications. Regarding authors, Beekman, Aartjan T.F. and Dekker, Joost had the highest number of publications, while Zigmond, A.S. had the most citations. It is worth mentioning that Supportive Care in Cancer was the journal with the most publications in this field. In terms of keyword analysis, research mainly focused on mechanisms and treatment strategies related to the relationship between digestive system tumors and depression. Conclusion The relationship between digestive system tumors and depression has become a new research hotspot in recent years, offering new directions for future research. This research reveals novel perspectives on comprehending the connection between the two, which can guide future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Duorui Nie
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yilin Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Chen Y, Cai M, Shen B, Fan C, Zhou X. Electroacupuncture at Zusanli regulates the pathological phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1366. [PMID: 39119947 PMCID: PMC11310853 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to explore the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention at Zusanli (ST36) acupoint on modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administrated with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to construct the IBD model. DSS mice were then administrated with EA (10 Hz, 1.5 mA) at ST36 for 7 days or intragastric administration of sulfasalazine (SASP) each day during the entire course. The control group animals were administered with distilled water. Then, partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed differences in the relative content of metabolites. The pathological changes of colon and spleen tissues were observed by H&E and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. qPCR determined the mRNA expression levels, while ELISA and western blot analysis determined the protein expression. RESULTS Compared with the control groups, DSS-induced decreases of body weight were reversed after EA stimulation at ST36 or SASP treatment. The DAI of DSS mice was significantly higher relative to the control groups, whereas the DAI of DSS mice were decreased after EA stimulation at ST36 or SASP treatment. The intestinal weight/length ratio increased significantly in DSS groups; however, EA at ST36 significantly improved the macroscopic/microscopic characteristics and the weight and length of the colon. EA reversed inflammation and leukocyte infiltration and normalized the elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-18, and NLRP3. Furthermore, EA improved the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin 1, exhibiting normalization of the colon's tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS EA at Zusanli acupoint of colon tissue significantly improved the pathological phenotype, showing a therapeutic effect on IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Chen
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Boyuan Shen
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Changchang Fan
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Science and HealthWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
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Mor A, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Ciwun M, Lewkowicz J, Pawlak D. Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:1259. [PMID: 39120289 PMCID: PMC11311768 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the potential of targeting the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The KP, responsible for the catabolism of the amino acid tryptophan (TRP), produces metabolites that regulate various physiological processes, including inflammation, cell cycle, and neurotransmission. These metabolites, although necessary to maintain immune balance, may accumulate excessively during inflammation, leading to systemic disorders. Key KP enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) have been considered promising therapeutic targets. It was highlighted that both inhibition and activation of these enzymes may be beneficial, depending on the specific inflammatory disorder. Several inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases, for which modulation of KP activity holds therapeutic promise, have been described in detail. Preclinical studies suggest that this modulation may be an effective treatment strategy for diseases for which treatment options are currently limited. Taken together, this review highlights the importance of further research on the clinical application of KP enzyme modulation in the development of new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mor
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Anna Tankiewicz-Kwedlo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Marianna Ciwun
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Janina Lewkowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (M.C.); (D.P.)
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Liu J, Si J, Zhao W. Investigation of the Effect of Tai Chi Training on Depressive Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women on the Basis of Serum Kynurenine Metabolites. Exp Aging Res 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39023066 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2024.2377427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Tai Chi training on depression symptoms and serum kynurenine metabolites in perimenopausal women and explore the mechanism of Tai Chi training in anti-depression. METHODS A total of 72 perimenopausal women with depression were randomly selected from Lishi District and divided into a Tai Chi training group (36 cases) and a control group (36 cases). At the same time, 36 perimenopausal healthy women were randomly selected as the normal group. The Tai Chi training group was intervened with 24 simplified Tai Chi exercises, and the depression self-rating scale was used to evaluate the depression status. The levels of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (KYN) metabolites in serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. RESULTS Before the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores, serum KYN and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels, and KYN/Trp ratio of the control group and Tai Chi group were significantly increased (p < .01), and the serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) level was significantly decreased (p < .01). After the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores of the Tai Chi group were significantly decreased (p < .01), the serum KYNA content was increased (p < .01), the serum KYN and QUIN contents were significantly decreased (p < .01), and the KYN/Trp ratio was significantly decreased (p < .01). CONCLUSION Tai Chi training can significantly improve depression symptoms in perimenopausal women. The mechanism of Tai Chi training in improving depression symptoms in perimenopausal women may be achieved by regulating abnormal kynurenine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Lyuliang University, Lv Liang, Shan, China
| | - Jingmei Si
- Department of Physical Education, Lyuliang University, Lv Liang, Shan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Luliang People's Hospital, Lv Liang, Shan, China
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Devereaux J, Robinson AM, Stavely R, Davidson M, Dargahi N, Ephraim R, Kiatos D, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism and de novo NAD + biosynthesis within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in chronic intestinal inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1379335. [PMID: 39015786 PMCID: PMC11250461 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1379335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease is an incurable and idiopathic disease characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Tryptophan metabolism in mammalian cells and some gut microbes comprise intricate chemical networks facilitated by catalytic enzymes that affect the downstream metabolic pathways of de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis. It is hypothesized that a correlation exists between tryptophan de novo NAD+ synthesis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Methods Transcriptome analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing of mRNA extracted from the distal colon and brain tissue of Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis and C57BL/6 littermates. Metabolites were assessed using ultra-fast liquid chromatography to determine differences in concentrations of tryptophan metabolites. To evaluate the relative abundance of gut microbial genera involved in tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism, we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples from C57BL/6 and Winnie mice. Results Tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism-associated gene expression was altered in distal colons and brains of Winnie mice with chronic intestinal inflammation. Changes in these metabolic pathways were reflected by increases in colon tryptophan metabolites and decreases in brain tryptophan metabolites in Winnie mice. Furthermore, dysbiosis of gut microbiota involved in tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism was evident in fecal samples from Winnie mice. Our findings shed light on the physiological alterations in tryptophan metabolism, specifically, its diversion from the serotonergic pathway toward the kynurenine pathway and consequential effects on de novo NAD+ synthesis in chronic intestinal inflammation. Conclusion The results of this study reveal differential expression of tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism-associated genes in the distal colon and brain in Winnie mice with chronic intestinal inflammation. These data provide evidence supporting the role of tryptophan metabolism and de novo NAD+ synthesis in IBD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Devereaux
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Rural Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dimitros Kiatos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fan Q, Wen S, Zhang Y, Feng X, Zheng W, Liang X, Lin Y, Zhao S, Xie K, Jiang H, Tang H, Zeng X, Guo Y, Wang F, Yang X. Assessment of circulating proteins in thyroid cancer: Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis. iScience 2024; 27:109961. [PMID: 38947504 PMCID: PMC11214373 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The causality between circulating proteins and thyroid cancer (TC) remains unclear. We employed five large-scale circulating proteomic genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with up to 100,000 participants and a TC meta-GWAS (nCase = 3,418, nControl = 292,703) to conduct proteome-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization analysis. Protein and gene expressions were validated in thyroid tissue. Through MR analysis, we identified 26 circulating proteins with a putative causal relationship with TCs, among which NANS protein passed multiple corrections (P BH = 3.28e-5, 0.05/1,525). These proteins were involved in amino acids and organic acid synthesis pathways. Colocalization analysis further identified six proteins associated with TCs (VCAM1, LGMN, NPTX1, PLEKHA7, TNFAIP3, and BMP1). Tissue validation confirmed BMP1, LGMN, and PLEKHA7's differential expression between normal and TC tissues. We found limited evidence for linking circulating proteins and the risk of TCs. Our study highlighted the contribution of proteins, particularly those involved in amino acid metabolism, to TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Fan
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xiuming Feng
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Wanting Zheng
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yutong Lin
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shimei Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Kaisheng Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Hancheng Jiang
- Liuzhou Workers' Hospital, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- The Second People’s Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangtai Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - You Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory on Precise Prevention and Treatment for Thyroid Tumor, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
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Zhao X, Pang J, Zhang W, Peng X, Yang Z, Bai G, Xia Y. Tryptophan metabolism and piglet diarrhea: Where we stand and the challenges ahead. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:123-133. [PMID: 38766516 PMCID: PMC11101943 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal architecture of piglets is vulnerable to disruption during weaning transition and leads to diarrhea, frequently accompanied by inflammation and metabolic disturbances (including amino acid metabolism). Tryptophan (Trp) plays an essential role in orchestrating intestinal immune tolerance through its metabolism via the kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or indole pathways, which could be dictated by the gut microbiota either directly or indirectly. Emerging evidence suggests a strong association between piglet diarrhea and Trp metabolism. Here we aim to summarize the intricate balance of microbiota-host crosstalk by analyzing alterations in both the host and microbial pathways of Trp and discuss how Trp metabolism may affect piglet diarrhea. Overall, this review could provide valuable insights to explore effective strategies for managing piglet diarrhea and the related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wanghong Zhang
- Yunnan Vocational College of Agriculture, Kunming 650211, China
| | - Xie Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenguo Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangdong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Kondo T, Okada Y, Shizuya S, Yamaguchi N, Hatakeyama S, Maruyama K. Neuroimmune modulation by tryptophan derivatives in neurological and inflammatory disorders. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151418. [PMID: 38729083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems are highly developed, and each performs specialized physiological functions. However, they work together, and their dysfunction is associated with various diseases. Specialized molecules, such as neurotransmitters, cytokines, and more general metabolites, are essential for the appropriate regulation of both systems. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is converted into functional molecules such as serotonin and kynurenine, both of which play important roles in the nervous and immune systems. The role of kynurenine metabolites in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases has recently received particular attention. Recently, we found that hyperactivity of the kynurenine pathway is a critical risk factor for septic shock. In this review, we first outline neuroimmune interactions and tryptophan derivatives and then summarized the changes in tryptophan metabolism in neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the potential of tryptophan derivatives as therapeutic targets for neuroimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8636, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Saika Shizuya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8636, Japan
| | - Kenta Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Rueda GH, Causada-Calo N, Borojevic R, Nardelli A, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Constante M, Libertucci J, Mohan V, Langella P, Loonen LMP, Wells JM, Collins SM, Sokol H, Verdu EF, Bercik P. Oral tryptophan activates duodenal aryl hydrocarbon receptor in healthy subjects: a crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G687-G696. [PMID: 38591144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00306.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid transformed by host and gut microbial enzymes into metabolites that regulate mucosal homeostasis through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. Alteration of tryptophan metabolism has been associated with chronic inflammation; however, whether tryptophan supplementation affects the metabolite repertoire and AhR activation under physiological conditions in humans is unknown. We performed a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 20 healthy volunteers. Subjects on a low tryptophan background diet were randomly assigned to a 3-wk l-tryptophan supplementation (3 g/day) or placebo, and after a 2-wk washout switched to opposite interventions. We assessed gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms by validated questionnaires, AhR activation by cell reporter assay, tryptophan metabolites by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, cytokine production in isolated monocytes by ELISA, and microbiota profile by 16S rRNA Illumina technique. Oral tryptophan supplementation was well tolerated, with no changes in gastrointestinal or psychological scores. Compared with placebo, tryptophan increased AhR activation capacity by duodenal contents, but not by feces. This was paralleled by higher urinary and plasma kynurenine metabolites and indoles. Tryptophan had a modest impact on fecal microbiome profiles and no significant effect on cytokine production. At the doses used in this study, oral tryptophan supplementation in humans induces microbial indole and host kynurenine metabolic pathways in the small intestine, known to be immunomodulatory. The results should prompt tryptophan intervention strategies in inflammatory conditions of the small intestine where the AhR pathway is impaired.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that in healthy subjects, orally administered tryptophan activates microbial indole and host kynurenine pathways in the small intestine, the primary metabolic site for dietary components, and the richest source of immune cells along the gut. This study provides novel insights in how to optimally activate immunomodulatory AhR pathways and indole metabolism in the small intestine, serving as basis for future therapeutic trials using l-tryptophan supplementation in chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston H Rueda
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia Causada-Calo
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajka Borojevic
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Nardelli
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Constante
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josie Libertucci
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vidhyalakshmi Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Linda M P Loonen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Collins
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harry Sokol
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, INSERM UMRS-938, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Mohammadgholi-Beiki A, Sheibani M, Jafari-Sabet M, Motevalian M, Rahimi-Moghaddam P. Anti-inflammatory and protective effects of Aripiprazole on TNBS-Induced colitis and associated depression in rats: Role of kynurenine pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112158. [PMID: 38691917 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression is higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population. Inflammatory cytokines and the kynurenine pathway (KP) play important roles in IBD and associated depression. Aripiprazole (ARP), an atypical antipsychotic, shows various anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in treating major depressive disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ARP on TNBS-induced colitis and subsequent depression in rats, highlighting the role of the KP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-six male Wistar rats were used, and all groups except for the normal and sham groups received a single dose of intra-rectal TNBS. Three different doses of ARP and dexamethasone were injected intraperitoneally for two weeks in treatment groups. On the 15th day, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Colon ulcer index and histological changes were assessed. The tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines, KP markers, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), and zonula occludens (ZO-1) were evaluated in the colon and hippocampus. RESULTS TNBS effectively induced intestinal damages and subsequent depressive-like symptoms in rats. TNBS treatment significantly elevated the intestinal content of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB expression, dysregulated the KP markers balance in both colon and hippocampus tissues, and increased the serum levels of LPS. However, treatment with ARP for 14 days successfully reversed these alterations, particularly at higher doses. CONCLUSION ARP could alleviate IBD-induced colon damage and associated depressive-like behaviors mainly via suppressing inflammatory cytokines activity, serum LPS concentration, and affecting the NF-κB/kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Deng Q, Parker E, Wu C, Zhu L, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Repurposing Ketamine in the Therapy of Depression and Depression-Related Disorders: Recent Advances and Future Potential. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0239. [PMID: 38916735 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression represents a prevalent and enduring mental disorder of significant concern within the clinical domain. Extensive research indicates that depression is very complex, with many interconnected pathways involved. Most research related to depression focuses on monoamines, neurotrophic factors, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, tryptophan metabolism, energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, the gut-brain axis, glial cell-mediated inflammation, myelination, homeostasis, and brain neural networks. However, recently, Ketamine, an ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been discovered to have rapid antidepressant effects in patients, leading to novel and successful treatment approaches for mood disorders. This review aims to summarize the latest findings and insights into various signaling pathways and systems observed in depression patients and animal models, providing a more comprehensive view of the neurobiology of anxious-depressive-like behavior. Specifically, it highlights the key mechanisms of ketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant, aiming to enhance the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, we discuss the potential of ketamine as a prophylactic or therapeutic intervention for stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Duan
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Chen C, Hu H, Li Z, Qi M, Qiu Y, Hu Z, Feng F, Tang W, Diao H, Sun W, Tang Z. Dietary tryptophan improves growth and intestinal health by promoting the secretion of intestinal β-defensins against enterotoxigenic E. coli F4 in weaned piglets. J Nutr Biochem 2024:109637. [PMID: 38574828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Adequate dietary L-tryptophan (Trp) governs intestinal homeostasis in piglets. However, the defensive role of Trp in the diet against enterotoxigenic E. coli F4 (K88) in pigs is still poorly understood. Here, sixty (6.15 ± 1.52 kg, 24-day-old, Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) weaned piglets were used for an E. coli F4 attack test in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The growth (ADG, ADFI, GH), immune factors (IL-10, IgA, IgG, IgM), Trp metabolite 5-HT, intestinal morphology (jejunal and colonic VH), mRNA expression of β-defensins (jejunal BD-127, BD-119, ileal BD-1, BD-127), and abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the colon (Prevotella 9, Lactobacillus, Phascolarctobacterium, Faecalibacterium) were higher in the piglets in the HT (High Trp) and HTK (High Trp, K88) groups than in the LT (Low Trp) and LTK (Low Trp, K88) groups (P < 0.05), while FCR, diarrhea rate, diarrhea index, serum Trp, Kyn, IDO, D-LA, ET, and abundance of harmful microorganisms in the colon (Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria, Prevotella, Christensenellaceae R7) were lower in the HT and HTK groups than in the LT and LTK groups (P < 0.05). High Trp reduced the expression of virulence genes (K88 and LT) after E. coli F4 attack (P < 0.05). The IL-6, TNF-α was lower in the HTK group than in the LT, LTK group (P < 0.05). In short, a diet containing 0.35% Trp protected piglets from enterotoxigenic E. coli F4 (K88) via Trp metabolism promoting BD expression in the intestinal mucosa, which improved growth and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Qi
- Yunnan Animal Husbandry Station, Kunming 650225, China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhijin Hu
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fu Feng
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtche Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtche Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Animal Nutrition and Bio-feed, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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14
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Wan L, Qian C, Yang C, Peng S, Dong G, Cheng P, Zong G, Han H, Shao M, Gong G, Deng Z, Pan H, Wang H, Liu X, Wang G, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang Z. Ginseng polysaccharides ameliorate ulcerative colitis via regulating gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130822. [PMID: 38521337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is regarded as a recurring inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, for which treatment approaches remain notably limited. In this study, we demonstrated that ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) could alleviate the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC as reflected by the ameliorated pathological lesions in the colon. GPs strikingly suppressed the expression levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines, as well as significantly inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Microbiota-dependent investigations by virtue of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation illustrated that GPs treatment prominently restored intestinal microbial balance predominantly through modulating the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Additionally, GPs remarkably influenced the levels of microbial tryptophan metabolites, diminished the intestinal permeability and strengthened intestinal barrier integrity via inhibiting the 5-HT/HTR3A signaling pathway. Taken together, the promising therapeutic potential of GPs on the development of UC predominantly hinges on the capacity to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as to influence Lactobacillus and microbial tryptophan metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sainan Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanglu Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gangfan Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongkuan Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingyue Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guanwen Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhengming Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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15
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Pinheiro FI, Araújo-Filho I, do Rego ACM, de Azevedo EP, Cobucci RN, Guzen FP. Hepatopancreatic metabolic disorders and their implications in the development of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102250. [PMID: 38417711 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dementia has been faced with significant public health challenges and economic burdens that urges the need to develop safe and effective interventions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the relationship between dementia and liver and pancreatic metabolic disorders that result in diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Previous reports have shown that there is a plausible correlation between pathologies caused by hepatopancreatic dysfunctions and dementia. Glucose, insulin and IGF-1 metabolized in the liver and pancreas probably have an important influence on the pathophysiology of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. This current review highlights recent studies aimed at identifying convergent mechanisms, such as insulin resistance and other diseases, linked to altered hepatic and pancreatic metabolism, which are capable of causing brain changes that ultimately lead to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Irami Araújo-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amália C M do Rego
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Eduardo P de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Cobucci
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Women`s Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil.
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16
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Li G, Zhao C, Xu J, Huang Y, Qiao Y, Li F, Peng G, Zheng S, Zhu L, Yang L, Wang Z, Wu H. Moxibustion alleviates intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis rats by modulating long non-coding RNA LOC108352929 and inhibiting Phf11 expression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26898. [PMID: 38439851 PMCID: PMC10909710 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medicine, can improve symptoms in patients with UC and reduce intestinal inflammation in rats with UC. However, it remains unclear whether the ameliorative effect of moxibustion on intestinal mucosal inflammation in UC is related to lncRNAs. Thirty-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, UC, moxibustion (MOX), and sulfasalazine (SASP). The UC rat model was induced by administering 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Rats in the moxibustion group underwent bilateral Tianshu (ST25) moxibustion using the herbs-partition moxibustion method. Rats in the sulfasalazine group received SASP solution via gavage twice daily for seven consecutive days. Our results revealed that, compared with the UC group [2.00 (1.00, 2.50)], the DAI score [0.25 (0.00, 0.50)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Compared with the UC group [13.00 (11.25, 14.00)], the histopathological score [5.50 (4.00, 7.75)] was significantly lower in the MOX group (P < 0.05). In addition, the CMDI and macroscopic scores were decreased in the MOX group (P < 0.05). Moxibustion significantly decreased the protein expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β in the colonic tissues of UC rats (P <0.05), thereby suppressing the inflammatory response. Moreover, moxibustion exerted a regulatory influence on colon lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles, upregulating LOC108352929 and downregulating Phf11 in rats with UC (P <0.05). Moxibustion also led to a reduction in the expression and colocalization of Phf11 and NF-κB in the colons of UC rats. Moreover, knockdown of LOC108352929 in rat enteric glial cells demonstrated a significant upregulation of TNF-α mRNA expression (P <0.05). In summary, these data illustrate that moxibustion effectively ameliorates DSS-induced colonic injury and inflammation while exerting regulatory control over the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network in UC rats. Collectively, the in vivo and in vitro studies suggested that LOC108352929-Phf11 may serve as a potential biological marker for moxibustion in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guona Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guangbin Peng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Shiyu Zheng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaoqin Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huangan Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
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17
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Kapur N, Alam MA, Hassan SA, Patel PH, Wempe LA, Bhogoju S, Goretsky T, Kim JH, Herzog J, Ge Y, Awuah SG, Byndloss M, Baumler AJ, Zadeh MM, Sartor RB, Barrett T. Enhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.584471. [PMID: 38559035 PMCID: PMC10979996 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.584471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial (Mito) dysfunction in IBD reduces mucosal O2 consumption and increases O2 delivery to the microbiome. Increased enteric O2 promotes blooms of facultative anaerobes (eg. Proteobacteria ) and restricts obligate anaerobes (eg. Firmicutes ). Dysbiotic metabolites negatively affect host metabolism and immunity. Our novel compound (AuPhos) upregulates intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) mito function, attenuates colitis and corrects dysbiosis in humanized Il10-/- mice. We posit that AuPhos corrects IBD-associated dysbiotic metabolism. Methods Primary effect of AuPhos on mucosal Mito respiration and healing process was studied in ex vivo treated human colonic biopsies and piroxicam-accelerated (Px) Il10-/- mice. Secondary effect on microbiome was tested in DSS-colitis WT B6 and germ-free 129.SvEv WT or Il10-/- mice reconstituted with human IBD stool (Hu- Il10-/- ). Mice were treated orally with AuPhos (10- or 25- mg/kg; q3d) or vehicle, stool samples collected for fecal lipocalin-2 (f-LCN2) assay and microbiome analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing. AuPhos effect on microbial metabolites was determined using untargeted global metabolomics. AuPhos-induced hypoxia in IECs was assessed by Hypoxyprobe-1 staining in sections from pimonidazole HCl-infused DSS-mice. Effect of AuPhos on enteric oxygenation was assessed by E. coli Nissle 1917 WT (aerobic respiration-proficient) and cytochrome oxidase (cydA) mutant (aerobic respiration-deficient). Results Metagenomic (16S) analysis revealed AuPhos reduced relative abundances of Proteobacteria and increased blooms of Firmicutes in uninflamed B6 WT, DSS-colitis, Hu-WT and Hu- Il10-/- mice. AuPhos also increased hypoxyprobe-1 staining in surface IECs suggesting enhanced O2 utilization. AuPhos-induced anaerobiosis was confirmed by a significant increase in cydA mutant compared to WT (O2-utlizing) E.coli . Ex vivo treatment of human biopsies with AuPhos showed significant increase in Mito mass, and complexes I and IV. Further, gene expression analysis of AuPhos-treated biopsies showed increase in stem cell markers (Lgr4, Lgr5, Lrig1), with concomitant decreases in pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β,MCP1, RankL). Histological investigation of AuPhos-fed Px- Il10-/- mice showed significantly decreased colitis score in AuPhos-treated Px- Il10-/- mice, with decrease in mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase in Mito complexes ( ND5 , ATP6 ). AuPhos significantly altered microbial metabolites associated with SCFA synthesis, FAO, TCA cycle, tryptophan and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. AuPhos increased pyruvate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate, suggesting an upregulation of pyruvate and glutarate pathways of butyrate production. AuPhos reduced IBD-associated primary bile acids (BA) with concomitant increase in secondary BA (SBA). AuPhos treatment significantly decreased acylcarnitines and increased L-carnitine reflective of enhanced FAO. AuPhos increases TCA cycle intermediates and creatine, energy reservoir substrates indicating enhanced OxPHOS. Besides, AuPhos also upregulates tryptophan metabolism, decreases Kynurenine and its derivatives, and increases polyamine biosynthesis pathway (Putresceine and Spermine). Conclusion These findings indicate that AuPhos-enhanced IEC mitochondrial function reduces enteric O2 delivery, which corrects disease-associated metabolomics by restoring short-chain fatty acids, SBA, AA and IEC energy metabolism. Graphical abstract
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18
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Wang X, Luo Y, He S, Lu Y, Gong Y, Gao L, Mao S, Liu X, Jiang N, Pu Q, Du D, Shu Y, Hai S, Li S, Chen HN, Zhao Y, Xie D, Qi S, Lei P, Hu H, Xu H, Zhou ZG, Dong B, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Dai L. Age-, sex- and proximal-distal-resolved multi-omics identifies regulators of intestinal aging in non-human primates. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:414-433. [PMID: 38321225 PMCID: PMC10950786 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of intestinal diseases increases with age, yet the mechanisms governing gut aging and its link to diseases, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), remain elusive. In this study, while considering age, sex and proximal-distal variations, we used a multi-omics approach in non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis) to shed light on the heterogeneity of intestinal aging and identify potential regulators of gut aging. We explored the roles of several regulators, including those from tryptophan metabolism, in intestinal function and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Suggesting conservation of region specificity, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine and serotonin (5-HT) pathways varied between the proximal and distal colon, and, using a mouse colitis model, we observed that distal colitis was more sensitive to 5-HT treatment. Additionally, using proteomics analysis of human CRC samples, we identified links between gut aging and CRC, with high HPX levels predicting poor prognosis in older patients with CRC. Together, this work provides potential targets for preventing gut aging and associated diseases.
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Grants
- P40 OD010440 NIH HHS
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- National Key R&D Program of China,2022YFA1303200, 2018YFC2000305; The 135 Project of West China Hospital, ZYJC21005, ZYGD20010 and ZYYC23013.
- Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,2023NSFSC1196
- Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,2021YFS0134
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics of West China Hospital, Z2021JC005
- The 135 Project of West China Hospital, ZYYC23025.
- National Key R&D Program of China, 2019YFA0110203;
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics of West China Hospital, Z2021JC006;
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengqiang Mao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianlun Pu
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Du
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Shu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Hai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zong-Guang Zhou
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Center for Immunology and Hematology and General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Kouba BR, de Araujo Borba L, Borges de Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets. Cells 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38474387 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Borges de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Kavita, Om H, Chand U, Kushawaha PK. Postbiotics: An alternative and innovative intervention for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127550. [PMID: 38016379 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a persistent gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammatory disease characterized by downregulated mucosal immune activities and a disrupted microbiota environment in the intestinal lumen. The involvement of bacterium postbiotics as mediators between the immune system and gut microbiome could be critical in determining why host-microbial relationships are disrupted in IBD. Postbiotics including Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), Organic acids, Proteins, Vitamins, Bacteriocins, and Tryptophan (Trp) are beneficial bioactive compounds formed via commensal microbiota in the gut environment during the fermentation process that can be used to improve consumer health. The use of metabolites or fragments from microorganisms can be a very attractive treatment and prevention technique in modern medicine. Postbiotics are essential in the immune system's development since they alter the barrier tightness, and the gut ecology and indirectly shape the microbiota's structure. As a result, postbiotics may be beneficial in treating or preventing various diseases, even some for which there is no effective causative medication. Postbiotics may be a promising tool for the treatment of IBD in individuals of all ages, genders, and even geographical locations. Direct distribution of postbiotics may provide a new frontier in microbiome-based therapy for IBD since it allows both the management of host homeostasis and the correction of the negative implications of dysbiosis. Further studies of the biological effects of these metabolites are expected to reveal innovative applications in medicine and beyond. This review attempts to explore the possible postbiotic-based interventions for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Hari Om
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Umesh Chand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Kushawaha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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21
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Fakhfouri G, Mijailović NR, Rahimian R. Psychiatric Comorbidities of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: It Is a Matter of Microglia's Gut Feeling. Cells 2024; 13:177. [PMID: 38247868 PMCID: PMC10814793 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a common term for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic, relapse-remitting condition of the gastrointestinal tract that is increasing worldwide. Psychiatric comorbidities, including depression and anxiety, are more prevalent in IBD patients than in healthy individuals. Evidence suggests that varying levels of neuroinflammation might underlie these states in IBD patients. Within this context, microglia are the crucial non-neural cells in the brain responsible for innate immune responses following inflammatory insults. Alterations in microglia's functions, such as secretory profile, phagocytic activity, and synaptic pruning, might play significant roles in mediating psychiatric manifestations of IBD. In this review, we discuss the role played by microglia in IBD-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada;
| | - Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
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22
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Popovic A, Cao EY, Han J, Nursimulu N, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Burrows K, Kennard A, Alsmadi N, Grigg ME, Mortha A, Parkinson J. Commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae023. [PMID: 38366179 PMCID: PMC10944700 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Commensal protists and gut bacterial communities exhibit complex relationships, mediated at least in part through host immunity. To improve our understanding of this tripartite interplay, we investigated community and functional dynamics between the murine protist Tritrichomonas musculus and intestinal bacteria in healthy and B-cell-deficient mice. We identified dramatic, protist-driven remodeling of resident microbiome growth and activities, in parallel with Tritrichomonas musculus functional changes, which were accelerated in the absence of B cells. Metatranscriptomic data revealed nutrient-based competition between bacteria and the protist. Single-cell transcriptomics identified distinct Tritrichomonas musculus life stages, providing new evidence for trichomonad sexual replication and the formation of pseudocysts. Unique cell states were validated in situ through microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results reveal complex microbial dynamics during the establishment of a commensal protist in the gut, and provide valuable data sets to drive future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joanna Han
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nirvana Nursimulu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Eliza V C Alves-Ferreira
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrea Kennard
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Noor Alsmadi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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23
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Lachmansingh DA, Lavelle A, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Antidepressant Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024; 66:175-216. [PMID: 37962812 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of depressive disorders, conventional antidepressant therapy has been the mainstay of clinical management, along with well-established nonpharmacological interventions such as various kinds of psychotherapy. Over the last 2 decades, there has been considerable interest in the role of the gastrointestinal system and its microbiota on brain function, behavior, and mental health. Components of what is referred to as the microbiota-gut-brain axis have been uncovered, and further research has elicited functional capabilities such as "gut-brain modules." Some studies have found associations with compositional alterations of gut microbiota in patients with depressive disorders and individuals experiencing symptoms of depression. Regarding the pathogenesis and neurobiology of depression itself, there appears to be a multifactorial contribution, in addition to the theories involving deficits in catecholaminergic and monoamine neurotransmission. Interestingly, there is evidence to suggest that antidepressants may play a role in modulating the gut microbiota, thereby possibly having an impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in this manner. The development of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics has led to studies investigating not only their impact on the microbiota but also their therapeutic value in mental health. These psychobiotics have the potential to be used as therapeutic adjuncts in the treatment of depression. Regarding future directions, and in an attempt to further understand the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression, more studies such as those involving fecal microbiota transplantation will be required. In addition to recent findings, it is also suggested that more research will have to be undertaken to elicit whether specific strains of gut organisms are linked to depression. In terms of further investigation of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics as adjuncts to antidepressant treatment, we also expect there to be more research targeting specific microorganisms, as well as a strong focus on the effects of specific prebiotic fibers from an individualized (personalized) point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Antoine Lachmansingh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Hazrati E, Eftekhar SP, Mosaed R, Shiralizadeh Dini S, Namazi M. Understanding the kynurenine pathway: A narrative review on its impact across chronic pain conditions. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241275097. [PMID: 39093627 PMCID: PMC11331475 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241275097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating symptom with a significant negative impact on the quality of life and socioeconomic status, particularly among adults and the elderly. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) stands out as one of the most important comorbid disorders accompanying chronic pain. The kynurenine pathway serves as the primary route for tryptophan degradation and holds critical significance in various biological processes, including the regulation of neurotransmitters, immune responses, cancer development, metabolism, and inflammation. This review encompasses key research studies related to the kynurenine pathway in the context of headache, neuropathic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and MDD. Various metabolites produced in the kynurenine pathway, such as kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, exhibit neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects, respectively. Recent studies have highlighted the significant involvement of kynurenine and its metabolites in the pathophysiology of pain. Moreover, pharmacological interventions targeting the regulation of the kynurenine pathway have shown therapeutic promise in pain management. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this pathway presents an opportunity for developing personalized, innovative, and non-opioid approaches to pain treatment. Therefore, this narrative review explores the role of the kynurenine pathway in various chronic pain disorders and its association with depression and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hazrati
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mosaed
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrshad Namazi
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Biomechanics and Ergonomics Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Eryavuz Onmaz D, Tezcan D, Yilmaz S, Onmaz M, Unlu A. Altered kynurenine pathway metabolism and association with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1937-1947. [PMID: 37925676 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease accompanied by increased release of proinflammatory cytokines that are known to activate the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) enzyme, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway (KP). This study aimed to measure KP metabolite levels in patients with SLE and investigate the relationship between disease activity, clinical findings, and KP. The study included 100 patients with SLE and 100 healthy controls. Serum tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), quinolinic acid (QA) concentrations were measured with tandem mass spectrometry. Serum KYN, KYNA, 3HAA, 3HK, and QA levels of the patients with SLE were significantly higher than the control group. Serum QA levels were elevated in patients with neurological involvement (four patients with peripheral neuropathy and two patients with mononeuropathy), serum KYN levels and KYN/TRP ratio increased in patients with joint involvement, and serum KYN, 3HK, and 3HAA levels and the KYN/TRP ratio were increased in patients with renal involvement. Moreover, KYN and KYN/TRP ratios were positively correlated with the disease activity score. These findings indicated that imbalances in KP metabolites may be associated with the pathogenesis, activation, and clinical manifestations of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Eryavuz Onmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat Campus, Selcuklu, 42075, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Tezcan
- Division of Rheumatology, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Yilmaz
- Division of Rheumatology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Onmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat Campus, Selcuklu, 42075, Konya, Turkey
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26
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Soltani ZE, Jafari-Sabet M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Kynurenine pathway and its role in neurologic, psychiatric, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10409-10425. [PMID: 37848760 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is of central importance for the immune function. It prevents hyperinflammation and induces long-term immune tolerance. Accumulating evidence also demonstrates cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of kynurenine pathway in conditions affecting either central or peripheral nervous system as well as other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although multilevel association exists between the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and various neurologic (e.g., neurodegenerative) disorders, it is believed that the kynurenine pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of both IBD and neurodegenerative disorders. In this setting, there is strong evidence linking the gut-brain axis with intestinal dysfunctions including IBD which is consistent with the fact that the risk of neurodegenerative diseases is higher in IBD patients. This review aims to highlight the role of kynurenine metabolic pathway in various neurologic and psychiatric diseases as well as relationship between IBD and neurodegenerative disorders in the light of the kynurenine metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, MS, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Zeng JW, Zhao JL, Han ZJ, Duan YJ, Lin L. Narrative Review: Pathogenesis of the Inflammatory Response and Intestinal Flora in Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:2469-2483. [PMID: 38029049 PMCID: PMC10658945 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s430444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, as a common mental illness that is often accompanied by suicidal and homicidal behaviors, is one of the most important diseases in the medical field that requires urgent attention. The pathogenesis of depression is complex, and the current therapeutic drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and secondary serotonin reuptake inhibitors have certain shortcomings. The inflammatory factor hypothesis, one of the pathogenesis of depression, suggests that inflammatory response is a key factor leading to the occurrence and development of depression, and that overactivation of inflammatory factors such as NLRP3, Toll-like receptor 4, and IDO leads to immune-system dysfunction and depression. The other pathogenic hypothesis, the gut flora hypothesis, has also been the focus of recent research. The gut flora may work together with inflammatory factors to cause depression. The approach to treating depression has been by altering the gut flora through drugs or probiotics. However, effective and clear treatment methods are lacking. In this study, by exploring the involvement of intestinal flora and inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of depression, we found that improving the intestinal flora can affect inflammatory factors and, therefore, provide research ideas for the development of novel drugs to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Zeng
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy Teaching and Research, College of Basic Medical sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan-Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jie Han
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Duan
- Department of Anatomy Teaching and Research, College of Basic Medical sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Li ML, Sun SP, Sun K, Lv B, Fan YH. Role of tryptophan metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:896-903. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i21.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the pathogenesis of which is closely related to intestinal flora disorders. Abnormalities in the intestinal microenvironment caused by intestinal flora disorders affect amino acid metabolism. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, and its metabolites are involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function, intestinal homeostasis, etc. The development of IBD disease is accompanied by tryptophan deficiency or metabolic abnormalities. This review focuses on the relationship between the intestinal flora metabolite tryptophan and its metabolites and the occurrence and development of IBD disease, and provides new ideas for future diagnostic methods for predicting IBD disease activity and protocols for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shao-Peng Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Hong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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29
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Sin R, Sotogaku N, Ohnishi YN, Shuto T, Kuroiwa M, Kawahara Y, Sugiyama K, Murakami Y, Kanai M, Funakoshi H, Chakraborti A, Bibb JA, Nishi A. Inhibition of STAT-mediated cytokine responses to chemically-induced colitis prevents inflammation-associated neurobehavioral impairments. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:173-186. [PMID: 37625556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression can be associated with chronic systemic inflammation, and production of peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway have been implicated in pathogenesis of depression. However, the mechanistic bases for these comorbidities are not yet well understood. As tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which convert tryptophan to kynurenine, are rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway, we screened TDO or IDO inhibitors for effects on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse macrophage cell line. The TDO inhibitor 680C91 attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6. Surprisingly, this effect was TDO-independent, as it occurred even in peritoneal macrophages from TDO knockout mice. Instead, the anti-inflammatory effects of 680C91 were mediated through the suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT) signaling. Furthermore, 680C91 suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and STAT signaling in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. Specifically, 680C91 effectively attenuated acute phase colon cytokine responses in male mice subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Interestingly, this treatment also prevented the development of anxiodepressive-like neurobehaviors in DSS-treated mice during the recovery phase. The ability of 680C91 to prevent anxiodepressive-like behavior in response to chemically-induced colitis appeared to be due to rescue of attenuated dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, inhibition of STAT-mediated, but TDO-independent proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages can prevent inflammation-associated anxiety and depression. Identification of molecular mechanisms involved may facilitate the development of new treatments for gastrointestinal-neuropsychiatric comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Sin
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naoki Sotogaku
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori N Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahide Shuto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mahomi Kuroiwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yukie Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keita Sugiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kanai
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakoshi
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ayanabha Chakraborti
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Arizona College of Medicine in Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004-2230, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Arizona College of Medicine in Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004-2230, USA
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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30
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Mangoni AA, Zinellu A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257159. [PMID: 37936702 PMCID: PMC10626995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the pathophysiological role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the regulation of immune function and inflammation. We sought to address the link between this pathway and the presence rheumatic diseases (RD) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the plasma or serum concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, and other relevant metabolites in RD patients and healthy controls. We searched electronic databases for relevant articles published between inception and the 30th of June 2023. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group system. In 24 studies selected for analysis, compared to controls, RD patients had significantly lower tryptophan (standard mean difference, SMD= -0.71, 95% CI -1.03 to -0.39, p<0.001; I2 = 93.6%, p<0.001; low certainty of evidence), and higher kynurenine (SMD=0.69, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.02, p<0.001; I2 = 93.2%, p<0.001; low certainty), kynurenine to tryptophan ratios (SMD=0.88, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.21, p<0.001; I2 = 92.9%, p<0.001; moderate certainty), 3-hydroxykynurenine (SMD=0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.18, p=0.001; I2 = 87.7%, p<0.001; extremely low certainty), and quinolinic acid concentrations (SMD=0.71, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.11, p<0.001; I2 = 88.1%, p<0.001; extremely low certainty). By contrast, there were non-significant between-group differences in kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenic acid to kynurenine ratio, or quinolinic acid to kynurenine acid ratio. In meta-regression, the SMD of tryptophan, kynurenine, and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio were not associated with age, publication year, sample size, RD duration, C-reactive protein, or use of anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. In subgroup analysis, the SMD of tryptophan, kynurenine, and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio was significant across different types of RD, barring rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, we have observed significant alterations in tryptophan, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid concentrations in RD patients. Further research is warranted to determine whether these biomarkers can be useful for diagnosis and management in this patient group. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD CRD42023443718). Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD CRD42023443718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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31
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Popovic A, Cao EY, Han J, Nursimulu N, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Burrows K, Kennard A, Alsmadi N, Grigg ME, Mortha A, Parkinson J. The commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.528774. [PMID: 37090671 PMCID: PMC10120700 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.528774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Commensal protists and gut bacterial communities exhibit complex relationships, mediated at least in part through host immunity. To improve our understanding of this tripartite interplay, we investigated community and functional dynamics between the murine protist Tritrichomonas musculus ( T. mu ) and intestinal bacteria in healthy and B cell-deficient mice. We identified dramatic, protist-driven remodeling of resident microbiome growth and activities, in parallel with T. mu functional changes, accelerated in the absence of B cells. Metatranscriptomic data revealed nutrient-based competition between bacteria and the protist. Single cell transcriptomics identified distinct T. mu life stages, providing new evidence for trichomonad sexual replication and the formation of pseudocysts. Unique cell states were validated in situ through microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results reveal complex microbial dynamics during the establishment of a commensal protist in the gut, and provide valuable datasets to drive future mechanistic studies.
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32
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Sochal M, Witkowska A, Binienda A, Gabryelska A, Białasiewicz P, Fichna J, Talar-Wojnarowska R, Małecka-Wojciesko E. The Effect of Serotonin Transmission on Depressive and Insomnia Symptoms in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6353. [PMID: 37834999 PMCID: PMC10573210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic pathway may impact the pathogenesis and the course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 5-HT, the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the clinical course of the disease with the occurrence of sleep and mood disorders. Participants completed sleep questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Serum 5-HT, SERT protein expression, and mRNA levels were quantified. Additionally, patients treated with anti-TNF therapy were examined before and after treatment. In this study, 77 patients with IBD and 41 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled and 24 of them were treated with anti-TNF therapy. Patients with IBD had higher 5-HT levels and SERT protein expression than the HCs, but not mRNA SERT levels (p = 0.015, p = 0.001, p = 0.069, respectively). Similar results were obtained for patients in the active state of the disease compared to the non-active state. There was a positive relationship between insomnia severity and SERT protein expression. BDI did not correlate with serotonin or SERT. After anti-TNF therapy, only 5-HT levels were decreased. 5-HT and SERT protein are overexpressed in active IBD and may represent a candidate for novel disease activity biomarkers. The correlation between the SERT protein level and the severity of insomnia symptoms might be among the underlying biochemical factors of sleep disturbances. Anti-TNF treatment might contribute to the reduction in 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Alicja Witkowska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (J.F.)
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.B.); (J.F.)
| | - Renata Talar-Wojnarowska
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (R.T.-W.); (E.M.-W.)
| | - Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (R.T.-W.); (E.M.-W.)
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33
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Aleti G, Troyer EA, Hong S. G protein-coupled receptors: A target for microbial metabolites and a mechanistic link to microbiome-immune-brain interactions. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 32:100671. [PMID: 37560037 PMCID: PMC10407893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-microorganism interactions play a key role in human health. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Small-molecules that offer a functional readout of microbe-microbe-human relationship are of great interest for deeper understanding of the inter-kingdom crosstalk at the molecular level. Recent studies have demonstrated that small-molecules from gut microbiota act as ligands for specific human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and modulate a range of human physiological functions, offering a mechanistic insight into the microbe-human interaction. To this end, we focused on analysis of bacterial metabolites that are currently recognized to bind to GPCRs and are found to activate the known downstream signaling pathways. We further mapped the distribution of these molecules across the public mass spectrometry-based metabolomics data, to identify the presence of these molecules across body sites and their association with health status. By combining this with RNA-Seq expression and spatial localization of GPCRs from a public human protein atlas database, we inferred the most predominant GPCR-mediated microbial metabolite-human cell interactions regulating gut-immune-brain axis. Furthermore, by evaluating the intestinal absorption properties and blood-brain barrier permeability of the small-molecules we elucidated their molecular interactions with specific human cell receptors, particularly expressed on human intestinal epithelial cells, immune cells and the nervous system that are shown to hold much promise for clinical translational potential. Furthermore, we provide an overview of an open-source resource for simultaneous interrogation of bioactive molecules across the druggable human GPCRome, a useful framework for integration of microbiome and metabolite cataloging with mechanistic studies for an improved understanding of gut microbiota-immune-brain molecular interactions and their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajender Aleti
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Emily A. Troyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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34
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Gao J, Yang T, Song B, Ma X, Ma Y, Lin X, Wang H. Abnormal tryptophan catabolism in diabetes mellitus and its complications: Opportunities and challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115395. [PMID: 37657259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (DM), including type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), has increased year by year and has become a major global health problem. DM can lead to serious complications of macrovascular and microvascular. Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid for the human body. Trp is metabolized in the body through the indole pathway, kynurenine (Kyn) pathway and serotonin (5-HT) pathway, and is regulated by intestinal microorganisms to varying degrees. These three metabolic pathways have extensive regulatory effects on the immune, endocrine, neural, and energy metabolism systems of the body, and are related to the physiological and pathological processes of various diseases. The key enzymes and metabolites in the Trp metabolic pathway are also deeply involved in the pathogenesis of DM, playing an important role in pancreatic function, insulin resistance (IR), intestinal barrier, and angiogenesis. In DM and its complications, there is a disruption of Trp metabolic balance. Several therapy approaches for DM and complications have been proven to modify tryptophan metabolism. The metabolism of Trp is becoming a new area of focus for DM prevention and care. This paper reviews the impact of the three metabolic pathways of Trp on the pathogenesis of DM and the alterations in Trp metabolism in these diseases, expecting to provide entry points for the treatment of DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bohan Song
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yichen Ma
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Hongwu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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35
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Abstract
The multifaceted microbiota characterizing our gut plays a crucial role in maintaining immune, metabolic and tissue homeostasis of the intestine as well as of distal organs, including the central nervous system. Microbial dysbiosis is reported in several inflammatory intestinal diseases characterized by the impairment of the gut epithelial and vascular barriers, defined as leaky gut, and it is reported as a potential danger condition associated with the development of metabolic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we pointed out the strict connection between the gut and the brain via a novel vascular axis. Here we want to deepen our knowledge on the gut-brain axis, with particular emphasis on the connection between microbial dysbiosis, leaky gut, cerebral and gut vascular barriers, and neurodegenerative diseases. The firm association between microbial dysbiosis and impairment of the vascular gut-brain axis will be summarized in the context of protection, amelioration or boosting of Alzheimer, Parkinson, Major depressive and Anxiety disorders. Understanding the relationship between disease pathophysiology, mucosal barrier function and host-microbe interaction will foster the use of the microbiome as biomarker for health and disease as well as a target for therapeutic and nutritional advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy.
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36
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Chen Y, Zheng D, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Ke X, Chen G. Lipocalin 2 in the Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus Contributes to DSS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1263-1277. [PMID: 36920644 PMCID: PMC10387009 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of anxiety and depression is significantly higher in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) than in the general population. The mechanisms underlying dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced depressive-like behaviors are still unclear. We clarified that IBD mice induced by repeated administration of DSS presented depressive-like behaviors. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) was regarded as the activated brain region by the number of c-fos-labeled neurons. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) was upregulated in the PVT of mice with DSS-induced depressive behaviors. Upregulating Lcn2 from neuronal activity induced dendritic spine loss and the secreted protein induced chemokine expression and subsequently contributed to microglial activation leading to blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, Lcn2 silencing in the PVT alleviated the DSS-induced depressive-like behaviors. The present study demonstrated that elevated Lcn2 in the PVT is a critical factor for DSS-induced depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Du Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Youfa Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xinlong Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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37
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Masse KE, Lu VB. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and indoles: gut microbial metabolites with effects on enteroendocrine cell function and their potential as therapies for metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1169624. [PMID: 37560311 PMCID: PMC10407565 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1169624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract hosts the largest ecosystem of microorganisms in the body. The metabolism of ingested nutrients by gut bacteria produces novel chemical mediators that can influence chemosensory cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, hormone-releasing enteroendocrine cells which express a host of receptors activated by these bacterial metabolites. This review will focus on the activation mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1 releasing enteroendocrine cells by the three main bacterial metabolites produced in the gut: short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and indoles. Given the importance of enteroendocrine cells in regulating glucose homeostasis and food intake, we will also discuss therapies based on these bacterial metabolites used in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Elucidating the mechanisms gut bacteria can influence cellular function in the host will advance our understanding of this fundamental symbiotic relationship and unlock the potential of harnessing these pathways to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van B. Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Calzadilla N, Qazi A, Sharma A, Mongan K, Comiskey S, Manne J, Youkhana AG, Khanna S, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Alrefai WA, Gill RK. Mucosal Metabolomic Signatures in Chronic Colitis: Novel Insights into the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:873. [PMID: 37512580 PMCID: PMC10386370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involve complex interactions among genetic factors, aberrant immune activation, and gut microbial dysbiosis. While metabolomic studies have focused on feces and serum, fewer investigations have examined the intestinal mucosa despite its crucial role in metabolite absorption and transport. The goals of this study were twofold: to test the hypothesis that gut microbial dysbiosis from chronic intestinal inflammation leads to mucosal metabolic alterations suitable for therapeutic targeting, and to address gaps in metabolomic studies of intestinal inflammation that have overlooked the mucosal metabolome. The chronic DSS colitis was induced for five weeks in 7-9-week-old wild-type C57BL/6J male mice followed by microbial profiling with targeted 16srRNA sequencing service. Mucosal metabolite measurements were performed by Metabolon (Morrisville, NC). The data were analyzed using the bioinformatic tools Pathview, MetOrigin, and Metaboanalyst. The novel findings demonstrated increases in several host- and microbe-derived purine, pyrimidine, endocannabinoid, and ceramide metabolites in colitis. Origin analysis revealed that microbial-related tryptophan metabolites kynurenine, anthranilate, 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, and C-glycosyltryptophan were significantly increased in colon mucosa during chronic inflammation and strongly correlated with disease activity. These findings offer new insights into the pathophysiology of IBD and provide novel potential targets for microbial-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Aisha Qazi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kai Mongan
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shane Comiskey
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jahnavi Manne
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alvin G Youkhana
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sonam Khanna
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Shaw C, Hess M, Weimer BC. Microbial-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites and Their Role in Neurological Disease: Anthranilic Acid and Anthranilic Acid Derivatives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1825. [PMID: 37512997 PMCID: PMC10384668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome provides the host access to otherwise indigestible nutrients, which are often further metabolized by the microbiome into bioactive components. The gut microbiome can also shift the balance of host-produced compounds, which may alter host health. One precursor to bioactive metabolites is the essential aromatic amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is mostly shunted into the kynurenine pathway but is also the primary metabolite for serotonin production and the bacterial indole pathway. Balance between tryptophan-derived bioactive metabolites is crucial for neurological homeostasis and metabolic imbalance can trigger or exacerbate neurological diseases. Alzheimer's, depression, and schizophrenia have been linked to diverging levels of tryptophan-derived anthranilic, kynurenic, and quinolinic acid. Anthranilic acid from collective microbiome metabolism plays a complex but important role in systemic host health. Although anthranilic acid and its metabolic products are of great importance for host-microbe interaction in neurological health, literature examining the mechanistic relationships between microbial production, host regulation, and neurological diseases is scarce and at times conflicting. This narrative review provides an overview of the current understanding of anthranilic acid's role in neurological health and disease, with particular focus on the contribution of the gut microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and the involvement of the three major tryptophan pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shaw
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthias Hess
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Effinger D, Hirschberger S, Yoncheva P, Schmid A, Heine T, Newels P, Schütz B, Meng C, Gigl M, Kleigrewe K, Holdt LM, Teupser D, Kreth S. A ketogenic diet substantially reshapes the human metabolome. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1202-1212. [PMID: 37270344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western dietary habits (WD) have been shown to promote chronic inflammation, which favors the development of many of today's non-communicable diseases. Recently, ketogenic diets (KD) have emerged as an immune-regulating countermeasure for WD-induced metaflammation. To date, beneficial effects of KD have been solely attributed to the production and metabolism of ketone bodies. Given the drastic change in nutrient composition during KD, it is reasonable to assume that there are widespread changes in the human metabolome also contributing to the impact of KD on human immunity. The current study was conducted to gain insight into the changes of the human metabolic fingerprint associated with KD. This could allow to identify metabolites that may contribute to the overall positive effects on human immunity, but also help to recognize potential health risks of KD. METHODS We conducted a prospective nutritional intervention study enrolling 40 healthy volunteers to perform a three-week ad-libitum KD. Prior to the start and at the end of the nutritional intervention serum metabolites were quantified, untargeted mass spectrometric metabolome analyses and urine analyses of the tryptophan pathway were performed. RESULTS KD led to a marked reduction of insulin (-21.45% ± 6.44%, p = 0.0038) and c-peptide levels (-19.29% ± 5.45%, p = 0.0002) without compromising fasting blood glucose. Serum triglyceride concentration decreased accordingly (-13.67% ± 5.77%, p = 0.0247), whereas cholesterol parameters remained unchanged. LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed a profound shift of the human metabolism towards mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, comprising highly elevated levels of free fatty acids and acylcarnitines. The serum amino acid (AA) composition was rearranged with lower abundance of glucogenic AA and an increase of BCAA. Furthermore, an increase of anti-inflammatory fatty acids eicosatetraenoic acid (p < 0.0001) and docosahexaenoic acid (p = 0.0002) was detected. Urine analyses confirmed higher utilization of carnitines, indicated by lower carnitine excretion (-62.61% ± 18.11%, p = 0.0047) and revealed changes to the tryptophan pathway depicting reduced quinolinic acid (-13.46% ± 6.12%, p = 0.0478) and elevated kynurenic acid concentrations (+10.70% ± 4.25%, p = 0.0269). CONCLUSIONS A KD fundamentally changes the human metabolome even after a short period of only three weeks. Besides a rapid metabolic switch to ketone body production and utilization, improved insulin and triglyceride levels and an increase in metabolites that mediate anti-inflammation and mitochondrial protection occurred. Importantly, no metabolic risk factors were identified. Thus, a ketogenic diet could be considered as a safe preventive and therapeutic immunometabolic tool in modern medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register; DRKS-ID: DRKS00027992 (www.drks.de).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Effinger
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Unit Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon Hirschberger
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Unit Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Polina Yoncheva
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Unit Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Annika Schmid
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Unit Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Till Heine
- Biovis Diagnostik MVZ GmbH, Limburg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Gigl
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Lesca-Miriam Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Simone Kreth
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Unit Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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41
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Li S. Modulation of immunity by tryptophan microbial metabolites. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1209613. [PMID: 37521424 PMCID: PMC10382180 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1209613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, the 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway (also the Serotonin pathway), and the Microbial pathway. Of these, the Microbial Trp metabolic pathways in the gut have recently been extensively studied for their production of bioactive molecules. The gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism and immunity, and microbial Trp metabolites can influence the development and progression of various diseases, including inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer, by mediating the body's immunity. This review briefly outlines the crosstalk between gut microorganisms and Trp metabolism in the body, starting from the three metabolic pathways of Trp. The mechanisms by which microbial Trp metabolites act on organism immunity are summarized, and the potential implications for disease prevention and treatment are highlighted.
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Stepaniuk A, Baran A, Flisiak I. Kynurenine Pathway in Psoriasis-a Promising Link? Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2023:10.1007/s13555-023-00958-4. [PMID: 37326759 PMCID: PMC10366053 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common dermatosis which affects the patient's skin and general well-being because of its link to diseases such as depression, kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. Pathogenesis remains unknown; however, genetic, environmental and immunological factors seem to play a role in the development of the disease. Due to a lack of complete understanding of the psoriasis pathology, effective treatment is yet to be developed. The kynurenine pathway is one of the ways amino acid tryptophan is metabolised. In comorbidities typical for psoriasis such as chronic kidney disease, depression and atherosclerotic alterations in the activation of the kynurenine pathway were observed, which were mainly characterised by higher activity compared to that in healthy individuals. However, the kynurenine pathway has not been thoroughly studied among patients with psoriasis even though increased levels of L-kynurenine, one of the enzymes in the kynurenine pathway, were found in psoriatic skin lesions. Given the unknown pathogenesis of the disease, this finding seems to be a potential new field of study and shows a possible link between psoriasis and its comorbidities that could also lead to novel effective treatment for this chronic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stepaniuk
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - A Baran
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - I Flisiak
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
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Ahuja N, Hwaun E, Pungor JR, Rafiq R, Nemes S, Sakmar T, Vogt MA, Grasse B, Diaz Quiroz J, Montague TG, Null RW, Dallis DN, Gavriouchkina D, Marletaz F, Abbo L, Rokhsar DS, Niell CM, Soltesz I, Albertin CB, Rosenthal JJC. Creation of an albino squid line by CRISPR-Cas9 and its application for in vivo functional imaging of neural activity. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00739-X. [PMID: 37343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are remarkable among invertebrates for their cognitive abilities, adaptive camouflage, novel structures, and propensity for recoding proteins through RNA editing. Due to the lack of genetically tractable cephalopod models, however, the mechanisms underlying these innovations are poorly understood. Genome editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 allow targeted mutations in diverse species to better link genes and function. One emerging cephalopod model, Euprymna berryi, produces large numbers of embryos that can be easily cultured throughout their life cycle and has a sequenced genome. As proof of principle, we used CRISPR-Cas9 in E. berryi to target the gene for tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO), an enzyme required for the formation of ommochromes, the pigments present in the eyes and chromatophores of cephalopods. CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins targeting tdo were injected into early embryos and then cultured to adulthood. Unexpectedly, the injected specimens were pigmented, despite verification of indels at the targeted sites by sequencing in injected animals (G0s). A homozygote knockout line for TDO, bred through multiple generations, was also pigmented. Surprisingly, a gene encoding indoleamine 2,3, dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction as TDO in vertebrates, was also present in E. berryi. Double knockouts of both tdo and ido with CRISPR-Cas9 produced an albino phenotype. We demonstrate the utility of these albinos for in vivo imaging of Ca2+ signaling in the brain using two-photon microscopy. These data show the feasibility of making gene knockout cephalopod lines that can be used for live imaging of neural activity in these behaviorally sophisticated organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Ahuja
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judit R Pungor
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ruhina Rafiq
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sal Nemes
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Taylor Sakmar
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Miranda A Vogt
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Bret Grasse
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juan Diaz Quiroz
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Tessa G Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ryan W Null
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Danielle N Dallis
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Daria Gavriouchkina
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Ferdinand Marletaz
- Centre for Life's Origin & Evolution, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Marine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caroline B Albertin
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Sun R, Jin D, Fei F, Xu Z, Cao B, Li J. Mushroom polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray and Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by global modulation of systemic metabolism and the gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1172963. [PMID: 37351508 PMCID: PMC10282762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1172963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray (HSH) and Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat (BHR) showed noticeable effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, but their systemic modulation effects have not been fully revealed. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of the gut microbiota and systemic metabolism by HSH and BHR in DSS-induced colitis. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were given DSS (2.5%) in water and were treated with HSH and BHR (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Body weight and colon length were recorded, and H&E and AB-PAS staining of the colon were conducted to evaluate the model and the protective effect of the polysaccharides. Additionally, an LC-QTOF/MS-based untargeted metabolomic platform was used to identify the metabolites in the serum, colon tissue, gut contents, and faeces and investigate differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. 16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to measure the composition of bacterial communities. Results: The results showed that the mouse colitis model was established successfully, as evidenced by an increased disease activity index score [2.83 ± 0.62 vs. 0.06 ± 0.14 (p < 0.001)] and shortened colon length [5.43 ± 0.64 cm vs. 7.04 ± 0.29 cm (p < 0.001)], and HSH and BHR ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by improving the disease activity index (2.17 ± 0.28 and 1.83 ± 0.29, respectively) and restoring the colon length (6.12 ± 0.30 cm and 6.62 ± 0.35 cm, respectively). HSH and BHR significantly modulated metabolites involved in aromatic amino acid metabolism, the citrate cycle, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, etc. HSH and BHR increased the Chao1 index by 64.25% and 60.25%, respectively, and they increased the Shannon index by 13.02% and 10.23%, respectively. They both reversed the increase in the abundances of g_Odoribacter, g_Clostridium, g_AF12, g_Parabacteroides and g_Turicibacter and reversed the decrease in the abundance of g_unclassified_Bacteria induced by DSS. Specifically, HSH reversed the reductions in g_unclassified_Lactobacillales and g_Ruminococcus, and BHR reversed the decreases in g_unidentified_Coriobacteriaceae and g_unclassified_Firmicutes. Discussion: These results suggested that HSH and BHR may ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by global modulation of systemic metabolism and the gut microbiota. Targeting the gut microbiota may be a potentially effective strategy to modulate systemic metabolism and treat colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbin Sun
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Jin
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Wu K, Liu YY, Shao S, Song W, Chen XH, Dong YT, Zhang YM. The microglial innate immune receptors TREM-1 and TREM-2 in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) drive visceral hypersensitivity and depressive-like behaviors following DSS-induced colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2023:S0889-1591(23)00141-1. [PMID: 37286175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition with a high recurrence rate. To date, the clinical treatment of IBD mainly focuses on inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms while ignoring the accompanying visceral pain, anxiety, depression, and other emotional symptoms. Evidence is accumulating that bi-directional communication between the gut and the brain is indispensable in the pathophysiology of IBD and its comorbidities. Increasing efforts have been focused on elucidating the central immune mechanisms in visceral hypersensitivity and depression following colitis. The triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1/2 (TREM-1/2) are newly identified receptors that can be expressed on microglia. In particular, TREM-1 acts as an immune and inflammatory response amplifier, while TREM-2 may function as a molecule with a putative antagonist role to TREM-1. In the present study, using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, we found that peripheral inflammation induced microglial and glutamatergic neuronal activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Microglial ablation mitigated visceral hypersensitivity in the inflammation phase rather than in the remission phase, subsequently preventing the emergence of depressive-like behaviors in the remission phase. Moreover, a further mechanistic study revealed that overexpression of TREM-1 and TREM-2 remarkably aggravated DSS-induced neuropathology. The improved outcome was achieved by modifying the balance of TREM-1 and TREM-2 via genetic and pharmacological means. Specifically, a deficiency of TREM-1 attenuated visceral hyperpathia in the inflammatory phase, and a TREM-2 deficiency improved depression-like symptoms in the remission phase. Taken together, our findings provide insights into mechanism-based therapy for inflammatory disorders and establish that microglial innate immune receptors TREM-1 and TREM-2 may represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and psychological comorbidities associated with chronic inflammatory diseases by modulating neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xing-Han Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Cremone IM, Nardi B, Amatori G, Palego L, Baroni D, Casagrande D, Massimetti E, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Dell'Osso L, Carpita B. Unlocking the Secrets: Exploring the Biochemical Correlates of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1600. [PMID: 37371695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Involving 1 million people a year, suicide represents one of the major topics of psychiatric research. Despite the focus in recent years on neurobiological underpinnings, understanding and predicting suicide remains a challenge. Many sociodemographical risk factors and prognostic markers have been proposed but they have poor predictive accuracy. Biomarkers can provide essential information acting as predictive indicators, providing proof of treatment response and proposing potential targets while offering more assurance than psychological measures. In this framework, the aim of this study is to open the way in this field and evaluate the correlation between blood levels of serotonin, brain derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan and its metabolites, IL-6 and homocysteine levels and suicidality. Blood samples were taken from 24 adults with autism, their first-degree relatives, and 24 controls. Biochemical parameters were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Suicidality was measured through selected items of the MOODS-SR. Here we confirm the link between suicidality and autism and provide more evidence regarding the association of suicidality with increased homocysteine (0.278) and IL-6 (0.487) levels and decreased tryptophan (-0.132) and kynurenic acid (-0.253) ones. Our results suggest a possible transnosographic association between these biochemical parameters and increased suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Amatori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Baroni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danila Casagrande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Massimetti
- ASST Bergamo Ovest, SSD Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service, 24047 Treviglio, Italy
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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He H, Qin Q, Xu F, Chen Y, Rao S, Wang C, Jiang X, Lu X, Xie C. Oral polyphenol-armored nanomedicine for targeted modulation of gut microbiota-brain interactions in colitis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3887. [PMID: 37235662 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Developing oral nanomedicines that suppress intestinal inflammation while modulating gut microbiota and brain interactions is essential for effectively treating inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we report an oral polyphenol-armored nanomedicine based on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-small interfering RNA and gallic acid-mediated graphene quantum dot (GAGQD)-encapsulated bovine serum albumin nanoparticle, with a chitosan and tannin acid (CHI/TA) multilayer. Referred to "armor," the CHI/TA multilayer resists the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and adheres to inflamed colon sites in a targeted manner. TA provides antioxidative stress and prebiotic activities that modulate the diverse gut microbiota. Moreover, GAGQD protected TNF-α-siRNA delivery. Unexpectedly, the armored nanomedicine suppressed hyperactive immune responses and modulated bacterial gut microbiota homeostasis in a mouse model of acute colitis. Notably, the armored nanomedicine alleviated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in mice with colitis. This armor strategy sheds light on the effect of oral nanomedicines on bacterial gut microbiome-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qiaozhen Qin
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shuquan Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Chaoming Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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48
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Blom JM, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. Novel taste, sickness, and memory: Lipopolysaccharide to induce a Garcia-like effect in inbred and wild strains of Lymnaea stagnalis. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114137. [PMID: 36841323 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Food is not only necessary for our survival but also elicits pleasure. However, when a novel food is followed sometime later by nausea or sickness animals form a long-lasting association to avoid that food. This phenomenon is called the 'Garcia effect'. We hypothesized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be used as the sickness-inducing stimulus to produce a Garcia-like effect in inbred and wild populations of Lymnaea stagnalis. We first demonstrated that the injection of 25 μg (6.25 µg/mL) of Escherichia coli-derived LPS serotype O127:B8 did not by itself alter snails' feeding behavior. Then we showed that the presentation of a novel appetitive stimulus (i.e., carrot slurry) and LPS resulted in a taste-specific and long-lasting feeding suppression (i.e., the Garcia-like effect). We also found strain-specific variations in the duration of the long-term memory (LTM). That is, while the LTM for the Garcia-like effect in W-strain snails persisted for 24h, LTM persisted for 48h in freshly collected Margo snails and their F1 offspring. Finally, we demonstrated that the exposure to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) before the LPS injection prevented both the LPS-induced sickness state and the Garcia-like effect from occurring. The results of this study may pave the way for new research that aims at (1) uncovering the conserved molecular mechanisms underlying the Garcia-like effect, (2) understanding how cognitive traits vary within and between species, and (3) creating a holistic picture of the complex dialogue between the immune and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, India
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Mc Blom
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Gao J, Zhao L, Cheng Y, Lei W, Wang Y, Liu X, Zheng N, Shao L, Chen X, Sun Y, Ling Z, Xu W. Probiotics for the treatment of depression and its comorbidities: A systemic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1167116. [PMID: 37139495 PMCID: PMC10149938 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1167116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions, characterized by significant and persistent depressed mood and diminished interest, and often coexists with various comorbidities. The underlying mechanism of depression remain elusive, evidenced by the lack of an appreciate therapy. Recent abundant clinical trials and animal studies support the new notion that the gut microbiota has emerged as a novel actor in the pathophysiology of depression, which partakes in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain through the neuroendocrine, nervous, and immune signaling pathways, collectively known as the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Alterations in the gut microbiota can trigger the changes in neurotransmitters, neuroinflammation, and behaviors. With the transition of human microbiome research from studying associations to investigating mechanistic causality, the MGB axis has emerged as a novel therapeutic target in depression and its comorbidities. These novel insights have fueled idea that targeting on the gut microbiota may open new windows for efficient treatment of depression and its comorbidities. Probiotics, live beneficial microorganisms, can be used to modulate gut dysbiosis into a new eubiosis and modify the occurrence and development of depression and its comorbidities. In present review, we summarize recent findings regarding the MGB axis in depression and discuss the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics on depression and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyou Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhui Lei
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nengneng Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Shao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xulei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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50
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Johnston JN, Greenwald MS, Henter ID, Kraus C, Mkrtchian A, Clark NG, Park LT, Gold P, Zarate CA, Kadriu B. Inflammation, stress and depression: An exploration of ketamine's therapeutic profile. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103518. [PMID: 36758932 PMCID: PMC10050119 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Well-established animal models of depression have described a proximal relationship between stress and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation - a relationship mirrored in the peripheral inflammatory biomarkers of individuals with depression. Evidence also suggests that stress-induced proinflammatory states can contribute to the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression. Interestingly, ketamine, a rapid-acting antidepressant, can partially exert its therapeutic effects via anti-inflammatory actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, the kynurenine pathway or by cytokine suppression. Further investigations into the relationship between ketamine, inflammation and stress could provide insight into ketamine's unique therapeutic mechanisms and stimulate efforts to develop rapid-acting, anti-inflammatory-based antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Maximillian S Greenwald
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anahit Mkrtchian
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil G Clark
- US School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip Gold
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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