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Smith ME, Chen CT, Gohel CA, Cisbani G, Chen DK, Rezaei K, McCutcheon A, Bazinet RP. Upregulated hepatic lipogenesis from dietary sugars in response to low palmitate feeding supplies brain palmitate. Nat Commun 2024; 15:490. [PMID: 38233416 PMCID: PMC10794264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PAM) can be provided in the diet or synthesized via de novo lipogenesis (DNL), primarily, from glucose. Preclinical work on the origin of brain PAM during development is scarce and contrasts results in adults. In this work, we use naturally occurring carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C; δ13C) to uncover the origin of brain PAM at postnatal days 0, 10, 21 and 35, and RNA sequencing to identify the pathways involved in maintaining brain PAM, at day 35, in mice fed diets with low, medium, and high PAM from birth. Here we show that DNL from dietary sugars maintains the majority of brain PAM during development and is augmented in mice fed low PAM. Importantly, the upregulation of hepatic DNL genes, in response to low PAM at day 35, demonstrates the presence of a compensatory mechanism to maintain total brain PAM pools compared to the liver; suggesting the importance of brain PAM regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Chiraag A Gohel
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel K Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Kimia Rezaei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew McCutcheon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada.
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2
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Zhang X, Yuan T, Chen X, Liu X, Hu J, Liu Z. Effects of DHA on cognitive dysfunction in aging and Alzheimer's disease: The mediating roles of ApoE. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101256. [PMID: 37890592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to rise due to the increasing aging population. Among the various genetic factors associated with AD, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid transporter, stands out as the primary genetic risk factor. Specifically, individuals carrying the ApoE4 allele exhibit a significantly higher risk. However, emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a prominent role in modifying the risk of AD. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent ω-3 fatty acid, has garnered considerable attention for its potential to ameliorate cognitive function. The intricate interplay between DHA and the ApoE genotype within the brain, which may influence DHA's utilization and functionality, warrants further investigation. This review meticulously examines experimental and clinical studies exploring the effects of DHA on cognitive decline. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of ApoE gene polymorphism and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. These studies suggest that early DHA supplementation may confer benefits to cognitively normal older adults carrying the ApoE4 gene. However, once AD develops, ApoE4 non-carriers may experience greater benefits compared to ApoE4 carriers, although the overall effectiveness of DHA supplementation at this stage is limited. Potential mechanisms underlying these differential effects may include accelerated DHA catabolism in ApoE4 carriers, impaired transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and compromised lipidation and circulatory function in ApoE4 carriers. Thus, the supplementation of DHA may represent a potential intervention strategy aimed at compensating for these deficiencies in ApoE4 carriers prior to the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China; Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523170, China; Shaanxi Precision Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710300, China.
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3
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Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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4
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Semba RD. Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:760-772. [PMID: 32190891 PMCID: PMC7360459 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive disorder involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration affecting wide areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AD is characterized by altered lipid metabolism in the brain. Lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs have been described in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus in the brain in AD. The brain can synthesize only a few fatty acids; thus, most fatty acids must enter the brain from the blood. Recent studies show that PUFAs such as DHA (22:6) are transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a specific LPC receptor at the BBB known as the sodium-dependent LPC symporter 1 (MFSD2A). Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia in observational studies; however, PUFA supplementation, with fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols did not prevent cognitive decline in clinical trials. Recent studies show that LPC is the preferred carrier of PUFAs across the BBB into the brain. An insufficient pool of circulating LPC containing long-chain fatty acids could potentially limit the supply of long-chain fatty acids to the brain, including PUFAs such as DHA, and play a role in the pathobiology of AD. Whether adults with low serum LPC concentrations are at greater risk of developing cognitive decline and AD remains a major gap in knowledge. Preventing and treating cognitive decline and the development of AD remain a major challenge. The LPC pathway is a promising area for future investigators to identify modifiable risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Oppedisano F, Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Scarano F, Bosco F, Macrì R, Ruga S, Zito MC, Palma E, Muscoli C, Mollace V. The Potential for Natural Antioxidant Supplementation in the Early Stages of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072618. [PMID: 32283806 PMCID: PMC7177481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative process is characterized by the progressive ultrastructural alterations of selected classes of neurons accompanied by imbalanced cellular homeostasis, a process which culminates, in the later stages, in cell death and the loss of specific neurological functions. Apart from the neuronal cell impairment in selected areas of the central nervous system which characterizes many neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, etc.), some alterations may be found in the early stages including gliosis and the misfolding or unfolding accumulation of proteins. On the other hand, several common pathophysiological mechanisms can be found early in the course of the disease including altered oxidative metabolism, the loss of cross-talk among the cellular organelles and increased neuroinflammation. Thus, antioxidant compounds have been suggested, in recent years, as a potential strategy for preventing or counteracting neuronal cell death and nutraceutical supplementation has been studied in approaching the early phases of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review will deal with the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the early stages of the neurodegenerative process. In addition, the potential of nutraceutical supplementation in counteracting these diseases will be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oppedisano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Via di Valcannuta 247, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario di Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (S.N.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (R.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.Z.); (E.P.); (C.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Via di Valcannuta 247, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-327-475-8007
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6
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Bazinet RP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Shaikh SR, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Layé S. Brain eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism as a lead for novel therapeutics in major depression. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:21-28. [PMID: 31278982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of several meta-analyses suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation is therapeutic in managing the symptoms of major depression. It was previously assumed that because EPA is extremely low in the brain it did not cross the blood-brain barrier and any therapeutic effects it exerted would be via the periphery. However, more recent studies have established that EPA does enter the brain, but is rapidly metabolised following entry. While EPA does not accumulate within the brain, it is present in microglia and homeostatic mechanisms may regulate its esterification to phospholipids that serve important roles in cell signaling. Furthermore, a variety of signaling molecules from EPA have been described in the periphery and they have the potential to exert effects within the brain. If EPA is confirmed to be therapeutic in major depression as a result of adequately powered randomized clinical trials, future research on brain EPA metabolism could lead to the discovery of novel targets for treating or preventing major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health & School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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7
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Hachem M, Belkouch M, Lo Van A, Picq M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. Brain targeting with docosahexaenoic acid as a prospective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and its passage across blood brain barrier. Biochimie 2020; 170:203-211. [PMID: 32014503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the main omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain tissues necessary for common brain growth and function. DHA can be provided to the body through two origins: an exogenous origin, from direct dietary intakes and an endogenous one, from the bioconversion of the essential α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in the liver. In humans, the biosynthesis of DHA from its precursor ALA is very low. A reduction in the cerebral amount of DHA is detected in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Considering the vital functions of DHA for the brain, new methodologies to target the brain with DHA offers encouraging perceptions in the improvement of precautionary and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review was to provide better understanding of the cerebral uptake of DHA in different form including free fatty acids, Lysophosphatidylcholines LysoPC-DHA as well as structured phospholipids. First, we explored the special structure of the blood-brain barrier BBB, BBB being a physical and metabolic barrier with restrictive properties. Then, we discussed the incorporation of DHA into the membrane phospholipids of the brain, the neuroprotective and therapeutic effect of DHA for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Hachem
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Xia F, Feng R, Xu FG, Su H, He C, Hu YJ, Wan JB. Quantification of phospholipid fatty acids by chemical isotope labeling coupled with atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole- time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APGC/Q-TOF MS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Matsuo N, Nagao K, Suito T, Juni N, Kato U, Hara Y, Umeda M. Different mechanisms for selective transport of fatty acids using a single class of lipoprotein in Drosophila. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1199-1211. [PMID: 31085629 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, lipids are selectively transported to specific sites using multiple classes of lipoproteins. However, in Drosophila, a single class of lipoproteins, lipophorin, carries more than 95% of the lipids in the hemolymph. Although a unique ability of the insect lipoprotein system for cargo transport has been demonstrated, it remains unclear how this single class of lipoproteins selectively transports lipids. In this study, we carried out a comparative analysis of the fatty-acid composition among lipophorin, the CNS, and CNS-derived cell lines and investigated the transport mechanism of fatty acids, particularly focusing on the transport of PUFAs in Drosophila We showed that PUFAs are selectively incorporated into the acyl chains of lipophorin phospholipids and effectively transported to CNS through lipophorin receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipophorin. In addition, we demonstrated that C14 fatty acids are selectively incorporated into the diacylglycerols (DAGs) of lipophorin and that C14 fatty-acid-containing DAGs are spontaneously transferred from lipophorin to the phospholipid bilayer. These results suggest that PUFA-containing phospholipids and C14 fatty-acid-containing DAGs in lipophorin could be transferred to different sites by different mechanisms to selectively transport fatty acids using a single class of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Matsuo
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoto Juni
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Utako Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Hara
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,AMED-PRIME Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Bazinet RP, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. How the plasma lysophospholipid and unesterified fatty acid pools supply the brain with docosahexaenoic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 142:1-3. [PMID: 30773208 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain requires a constant supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from blood to maintain DHA levels within the brain. Several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, including plasma lipoproteins, lysophosphatidylcholine and unesterified fatty acids. Here we briefly review the evidence for each plasma pool supplying the brain highlighting controversies and remaining questions. We conclude that circulating lysophosphatidylcholine has a higher brain/body partition coefficient than unesterified DHA while unesterified DHA entry into the brain is more rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Chouinard‐Watkins R, Lacombe RJS, Metherel AH, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. DHA Esterified to Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylcholine is More Efficient at Targeting the Brain than DHA Esterified to Triacylglycerol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801224. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chouinard‐Watkins
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - R. J. Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Lipid BiologyNestlé Research EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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12
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Taha AY, Trepanier MO, Coibanu FA, Saxena A, Jeffrey MA, Taha NMY, Burnham WM, Bazinet RP. Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deprivation Does Not Alter Seizure Thresholds but May Prevent the Anti-seizure Effects of Injected Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1188. [PMID: 30804888 PMCID: PMC6370649 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain concentrations of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been reported to positively correlate with seizure thresholds in rodent seizure models. It is not known whether brain DHA depletion, achieved by chronic dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency, lowers seizure thresholds in rats. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that lowering brain DHA concentration with chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation in rats will reduce seizure thresholds, and that compared to injected oleic acid (OA), injected DHA will raise seizure thresholds in rats maintained on n-3 PUFA adequate and deficient diets. Methods: Rats (60 days old) were surgically implanted with electrodes in the amygdala, and subsequently randomized to the AIN-93G diet containing adequate levels of n-3 PUFA derived from soybean oil or an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet derived from coconut and safflower oil. The rats were maintained on the diets for 37 weeks. Afterdischarge seizure thresholds (ADTs) were measured every 4–6 weeks by electrically stimulating the amygdala. Between weeks 35 and 37, ADTs were assessed within 1 h of subcutaneous OA or DHA injection (600 mg/kg). Seizure thresholds were also measured in a parallel group of non-implanted rats subjected to the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 110 mg/kg) seizure test. PUFA composition was measured in the pyriform-amygdala complex of another group of non-implanted rats sacrificed at 16 and 32 weeks. Results: Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation did not significantly alter amygdaloid seizure thresholds or latency to PTZ-induced seizures. Acute injection of OA did not alter amygdaloid ADTs of rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate or deficient diets, whereas acute injection of DHA significantly increased amygdaloid ADTs in rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate control diet as compared to rats on the n-3 PUFA deficient diet (P < 0.05). Pyriform-amygdala DHA percent composition did not significantly differ between the groups, while n-6 docosapentaenoic acid, a marker of n-3 PUFA deficiency, was significantly increased by 2.9-fold at 32 weeks. Conclusion: Chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency does not alter seizure thresholds in rats, but may prevent the anti-seizure effects of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Trepanier
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flaviu A Coibanu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie A Jeffrey
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeen M Y Taha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W McIntyre Burnham
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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The effect of APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk is influenced by sex and docosahexaenoic acid status. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:209-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Brain docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:109-134. [PMID: 29305120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain where it serves to regulate several important processes and, in addition, serves as a precursor to bioactive mediators. Given that the capacity of the brain to synthesize DHA locally is appreciably low, the uptake of DHA from circulating lipid pools is essential to maintaining homeostatic levels. Although, several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, recent evidence suggests non-esterified-DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA are the primary sources. The uptake of DHA into the brain appears to be regulated by a number of complementary pathways associated with the activation and metabolism of DHA, and may provide mechanisms for enrichment of DHA within the brain. Following entry into the brain, DHA is esterified into and recycled amongst membrane phospholipids contributing the distribution of DHA in brain phospholipids. During neurotransmission and following brain injury, DHA is released from membrane phospholipids and converted to bioactive mediators which regulate signaling pathways important to synaptogenesis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation, and may be relevant to treating neurological diseases. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain DHA metabolism, encompassing many of the pathways and key enzymatic regulators governing brain DHA uptake and metabolism. In addition, we focus on the release of non-esterified DHA and subsequent production of bioactive mediators and the evidence of their proposed activity within the brain. We also provide a brief review of the evidence from post-mortem brain analyses investigating DHA levels in the context of neurological disease and mood disorder, highlighting the current disparities within the field.
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15
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Wang DD, Wu F, Wen M, Ding L, Du L, Xue CH, Xu J, Wang YM. Replenishment of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Dietary n-3-Deficient Mice Fed DHA in Triglycerides or Phosphatidylcholines After Weaning. J Food Sci 2018; 83:481-488. [PMID: 29337366 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DHA in triglyceride (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) forms are different in their bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of DHA-TG and DHA-PC on tissue DHA accretion in dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient (n-3 Def) mice. The mice were fed with n-3 Def diet containing DHA-TG or DHA-PC (5 g/kg diet) for 2, 4, 7, or 14 d after weaning, respectively. The DHA levels in the cortex, liver, testis, and erythrocytes were analyzed by gas chromatography. For liver, DHA mainly existed in hepatic phospholipids relative to triglycerides. Both DHA-TG and DHA-PC could recover the hepatic DHA to a normal level. Interestingly, DHA-TG was more effective in increasing the DHA level in hepatic triglycerides, and DHA-PC was more effective in increasing the DHA level in hepatic phospholipids. For erythrocytes, during the first 7 d, no difference was observed after dietary DHA-TG and DHA-PC but a significantly higher DHA percentage was detected in the DHA-PC group after 14 d. For cortex, the DHA-TG group showed a higher cortical DHA level at the 4th day, but the DHA-PC group showed a higher cortical DHA level with a greater slope from Day 7 to Day 14, and the same trend was observed in testis. But unexpectedly, the DHA level in testis showed a downtrend from Day 7 to Day 14. This study suggests that, under dietary n-3-deficient condition, both DHA-TG and DHA-PC could recover the DHA level in tissues after weaning, and DHA-PC showed a better supplemental effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Dietary DHA is essential for neurodevelopment which is usually accompanied by large amounts of DHA accretion in the brain. Our present study showed that DHA-PC had a better efficiency for DHA accretion in the brain and other tissues compared with DHA-TG. The findings are supposed to pave the way for the DHA in phospholipids as a novel nutrient added into the infant formula and assisted food for neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Min Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Lei Du
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido Univ., 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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16
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Layé S, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Bazinet RP. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:12-38. [PMID: 29217656 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
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17
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Alashmali SM, Kitson AP, Lin L, Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Maternal dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation does not exacerbate post-weaning reductions in arachidonic acid and its mediators in the mouse hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:223-234. [PMID: 28903622 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1372160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examines how lowering maternal dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (starting from pregnancy) compared to offspring (starting from post-weaning) affect the levels of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in phospholipids (PL) and lipid mediators in the hippocampus of mice. METHODS Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to consume either a deprived or an adequate n-6 PUFA diet during pregnancy and lactation (maternal exposure). On postnatal day (PND) 21, half of the male pups were weaned onto the same diet as their dams, and the other half were switched to the other diet for 9 weeks (offspring exposure). At PND 84, upon head-focused high-energy microwave irradiation, hippocampi were collected for PL fatty acid and lipid mediator analyses. RESULTS Arachidonic acid (ARA) concentrations were significantly decreased in both total PL and PL fractions, while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations were increased only in PL fractions upon n-6 PUFA deprivation of offspring, regardless of maternal exposure. Several ARA-derived eicosanoids were reduced, while some of the EPA-derived eicosanoids were elevated by n-6 PUFA deprivation in offspring. There was no effect of diet on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or DHA-derived docosanoids concentrations under either maternal or offspring exposure. DISCUSSION These results indicate that the maternal exposure to dietary n-6 PUFA may not be as important as the offspring exposure in regulating hippocampal ARA and some lipid mediators. Results from this study will be helpful in the design of experiments aimed at testing the significance of altering brain ARA levels over different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoug M Alashmali
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Alex P Kitson
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Lin Lin
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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18
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Murphy EJ. The blood-brain barrier and protein-mediated fatty acid uptake: role of the blood-brain barrier as a metabolic barrier. J Neurochem 2017; 141:324-329. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of North Dakota; Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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19
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Lo Van A, Sakayori N, Hachem M, Belkouch M, Picq M, Lagarde M, Osumi N, Bernoud-Hubac N. Mechanisms of DHA transport to the brain and potential therapy to neurodegenerative diseases. Biochimie 2016; 130:163-167. [PMID: 27496085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) is highly enriched in the brain and is required for proper brain development and function. Its deficiency has been shown to be linked with the emergence of neurological diseases. Dietary ω-3 fatty acid supplements including DHA have been suggested to improve neuronal development and enhance cognitive functions. However, mechanisms of DHA incorporation in the brain remain to be fully understood. Findings suggested that DHA is better incorporated when esterified within lysophospholipid rather than under its non-esterified form. Furthermore, DHA has the potential to be converted into diverse oxylipins with potential neuroprotective effects. Since DHA is poorly synthesized de novo, targeting the brain with specific carriers of DHA might provide novel therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France; Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakayori
- Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France.
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20
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Subbaiah PV, Dammanahalli KJ, Yang P, Bi J, O'Donnell JM. Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:723-9. [PMID: 27178174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies indicated that for optimal uptake by the brain, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should be present as phospholipid in the plasma. However most of dietary DHA is absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG) because it is released as free fatty acid during digestion of either TAG-DHA (fish oil) or sn-2-DHA phospholipid (krill oil), and subsequently incorporated into TAG of chylomicrons. We tested the hypothesis that the absorption of DHA as phospholipid can be increased if it is present in the sn-1 position of dietary phospholipid or in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), because it would escape the hydrolysis by pancreatic phospholipase A2. We infused micelle containing the DHA either as LPC or as free acid, into the duodenum of lymph cannulated rats, and analyzed the chylomicrons and HDL of the lymph for the DHA-containing lipids. The results show that while the total amount of DHA absorbed was comparable from the two types of micelle, the percentage of DHA recovered in lymph phospholipids was 5 times greater with LPC-DHA, compared to free DHA. Furthermore, the amount of DHA recovered in lymph HDL was increased by 2-fold when LPC-DHA micelle was infused. These results could potentially lead to a novel strategy to increase brain DHA levels through the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papasani V Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | | | - Peng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jian Bi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - J Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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21
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Kitson AP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Domenichiello AF, Trépanier MO, Berger A, Bazinet RP. Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phospholipids or triglycerides on brain DHA uptake and accretion. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:91-102. [PMID: 27135386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracer studies suggest that phospholipid DHA (PL-DHA) more effectively targets the brain than triglyceride DHA (TAG-DHA), although the mechanism and whether this translates into higher brain DHA concentrations are not clear. Rats were gavaged with [U-(3)H]PL-DHA and [U-(3)H]TAG-DHA and blood sampled over 6h prior to collection of brain regions and other tissues. In another experiment, rats were supplemented for 4weeks with TAG-DHA (fish oil), PL-DHA (roe PL) or a mixture of both for comparison to a low-omega-3 diet. Brain regions and other tissues were collected, and blood was sampled weekly. DHA accretion rates were estimated using the balance method. [U-(3)H]PL-DHA rats had higher radioactivity in cerebellum, hippocampus and remainder of brain, with no differences in other tissues despite higher serum lipid radioactivity in [U-(3)H]TAG-DHA rats. TAG-DHA, PL-DHA or a mixture were equally effective at increasing brain DHA. There were no differences between DHA-supplemented groups in brain region, whole-body, or tissue DHA accretion rates except heart and serum TAG where the PL-DHA/TAG-DHA blend was higher than TAG-DHA. Apparent DHA β-oxidation was not different between DHA-supplemented groups. This indicates that more labeled DHA enters the brain when consumed as PL; however, this may not translate into higher brain DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | | | - Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada
| | - Alvin Berger
- Arctic Nutrition AS, NO-6155, Ørsta, Norway; Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108-1038, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3E2, Canada.
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22
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Trépanier MO, Kwong KM, Domenichiello AF, Chen CT, Bazinet RP, Burnham WM. Intravenous infusion of docosahexaenoic acid increases serum concentrations in a dose-dependent manner and increases seizure latency in the maximal PTZ model. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 50:71-6. [PMID: 26141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) that has been shown to raise seizure thresholds in the maximal pentylenetetrazole model following acute subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in rats. Following s.c. administration, however, the dose-response relationship for DHA has shown an inverted U-pattern. The purposes of the present experiment were as follows: (1) to determine the pattern of serum unesterified concentrations resulting from the intravenous (i.v.) infusions of various doses of DHA, (2) to determine the time course of these concentrations following the discontinuation of the infusions, and (3) to determine whether seizure protection in the maximal PTZ model would correlate with serum unesterified DHA levels. Animals received 5-minute i.v. infusions of saline or 25, 50, 100, or 200mg/kg of DHA via a cannula inserted into one of the tail veins. Blood was collected during and after the infusions by means of a second cannula inserted into the other tail vein (Experiment 1). A separate group of animals received saline or 12.5-, 25-, 50-, 100-, or 200 mg/kg DHA i.v. via a cannula inserted into one of the tail veins and were then seizure-tested in the maximal PTZ model either during infusion or after the discontinuation of the infusions. Slow infusions of DHA increased serum unesterified DHA concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, with the 200-mg/kg dose increasing the concentration approximately 260-fold compared with saline-infused animals. Following discontinuation of the infusions, serum concentrations rapidly dropped toward baseline, with half-lives of approximately 40 and 11s for the 25-mg/kg dose and 100-mg/kg dose, respectively. In the seizure-tested animals, DHA significantly increased latency to seizure onset in a dose-dependent manner. Following the discontinuation of infusion, seizure latency rapidly decreased toward baseline. Overall, our study suggests that i.v. infusion of unesterified DHA results in transient anticonvulsant effects which parallel unesterified DHA serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kei-Man Kwong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - W M Burnham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Naberhuis JK, Lai CS. Enhanced delivery of lipophilic nutrients to the infant brain via high density lipoprotein. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:680-5. [PMID: 26323246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are the primary carriers of lipophilic cognitive nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid, lutein, and α-tocopherol within circulation. The critical roles these nutrients play in growth and development are well established, and as such, their efficient delivery to the infant brain is crucial. Given the selectivity of the blood brain barrier, the lipoprotein fraction primarily responsible for brain delivery of these nutrients must be determined so that efforts aimed at increasing brain nutrient uptake, via lipoprotein profile manipulation, can be appropriately focused. Based on the preclinical and clinical data reviewed here, we hypothesize that high density lipoprotein is the fraction chiefly responsible for delivery of docosahexaenoic acid, lutein, and α-tocopherol to the infant brain. As high density lipoprotein levels tend to be lower in preterm, formula-fed infants as compared to their full-term, breast-fed counterparts, efforts aimed at increasing circulating high density lipoprotein levels, and subsequent delivery of cognitive lipophilic nutrients to the brain via manipulation of formula composition, may be most effective if targeted to this group. These efforts include (1) limiting the polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio; (2) increasing the casein: whey ratio; (3) altering the proportion of saturated fatty acids found in the sn-2 position of the parent triglyceride; (4) cholesterol supplementation; and (5) nucleotide supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Naberhuis
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Research Park at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - C-S Lai
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH, United States.
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24
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Domenichiello AF, Kitson AP, Bazinet RP. Is docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from α-linolenic acid sufficient to supply the adult brain? Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu JJ, Green P, John Mann J, Rapoport SI, Sublette ME. Pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acid utilization: implications for brain function in neuropsychiatric health and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1597:220-46. [PMID: 25498862 PMCID: PMC4339314 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have profound effects on brain development and function. Abnormalities of PUFA status have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pathophysiologic mechanisms could involve not only suboptimal PUFA intake, but also metabolic and genetic abnormalities, defective hepatic metabolism, and problems with diffusion and transport. This article provides an overview of physiologic factors regulating PUFA utilization, highlighting their relevance to neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Pnina Green
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Chen CT, Bazinet RP. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:33-40. [PMID: 24986271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, with high levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are several orders of magnitude lower. As evidence accumulated that fatty acid entry into the brain was not selective and, in fact, that DHA and EPA enter the brain at similar rates, new mechanisms were required to explain their large concentration differences in the brain. Here we summarize recent research demonstrating that EPA is rapidly and extensively β-oxidized upon entry into the brain. Although the ATP generated from the β-oxidation of EPA is low compared to the use of glucose, fatty acid β-oxidation may serve to regulate brain fatty acid levels in the absence of selective transportation. Furthermore, when β-oxidation of EPA is blocked, desaturation of EPA increases and Land׳s recycling decreases to maintain low EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada.
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27
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Lin LE, Chen CT, Hildebrand KD, Liu Z, Hopperton KE, Bazinet RP. Chronic dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation leads to conservation of arachidonic acid and more rapid loss of DHA in rat brain phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:390-402. [PMID: 25477531 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine how the level of dietary n-6 PUFA affects the rate of loss of arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA in brain phospholipids, male rats were fed either a deprived or adequate n-6 PUFA diet for 15 weeks postweaning, and then subjected to an intracerebroventricular infusion of (3)H-ARA or (3)H-DHA. Brains were collected at fixed times over 128 days to determine half-lives and the rates of loss from brain phospholipids (J out). Compared with the adequate n-6 PUFA rats, the deprived n-6-PUFA rats had a 15% lower concentration of ARA and an 18% higher concentration of DHA in their brain total phospholipids. Loss half-lives of ARA in brain total phospholipids and fractions (except phosphatidylserine) were longer in the deprived n-6 PUFA rats, whereas the J out was decreased. In the deprived versus adequate n-6 PUFA rats, the J out of DHA was higher. In conclusion, chronic n-6 PUFA deprivation decreases the rate of loss of ARA and increases the rate of loss of DHA in brain phospholipids. Thus, a low n-6 PUFA diet can be used to target brain ARA and DHA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kayla D Hildebrand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pélerin H, Jouin M, Lallemand MS, Alessandri JM, Cunnane SC, Langelier B, Guesnet P. Gene expression of fatty acid transport and binding proteins in the blood-brain barrier and the cerebral cortex of the rat: differences across development and with different DHA brain status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:213-20. [PMID: 25123062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Specific mechanisms for maintaining docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in brain cells but also transporting DHA from the blood across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are not agreed upon. Our main objective was therefore to evaluate the level of gene expression of fatty acid transport and fatty acid binding proteins in the cerebral cortex and at the BBB level during the perinatal period of active brain DHA accretion, at weaning, and until the adult age. We measured by real time RT-PCR the mRNA expression of different isoforms of fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs), fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and the fatty acid transporter (FAT)/CD36 in cerebral cortex and isolated microvessels at embryonic day 18 (E18) and postnatal days 14, 21 and 60 (P14, P21 and P60, respectively) in rats receiving different n-3 PUFA dietary supplies (control, totally deficient or DHA-supplemented). In control rats, all the genes were expressed at the BBB level (P14 to P60), the mRNA levels of FABP5 and ACSL3 having the highest values. Age-dependent differences included a systematic decrease in the mRNA expressions between P14-P21 and P60 (2 to 3-fold), with FABP7 mRNA abundance being the most affected (10-fold). In the cerebral cortex, mRNA levels varied differently since FATP4, ACSL3 and ACSL6 and the three FABPs genes were highly expressed. There were no significant differences in the expression of the 10 genes studied in n-3 deficient or DHA-supplemented rats despite significant differences in their brain DHA content, suggesting that brain DHA uptake from the blood does not necessarily require specific transporters within cerebral endothelial cells and could, under these experimental conditions, be a simple passive diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pélerin
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Mélanie Jouin
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Sylvie Lallemand
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alessandri
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, and Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 4C4C
| | - Bénédicte Langelier
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Taha AY, Cheon Y, Faurot KF, Macintosh B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Mann JD, Hibbeln JR, Ringel A, Ramsden CE. Dietary omega-6 fatty acid lowering increases bioavailability of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human plasma lipid pools. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:151-7. [PMID: 24675168 PMCID: PMC4035030 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) lowering in rats reduces n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) plasma concentrations and increases n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) concentrations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the extent to which 12 weeks of dietary n-6 PUFA lowering, with or without increased dietary n-3 PUFAs, alters unesterified and esterified plasma n-6 and n-3 PUFA concentrations in subjects with chronic headache. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Subjects with chronic headache were randomized for 12 weeks to (1) average n-3, low n-6 (L6) diet; or (2) high n-3, low n-6 LA (H3-L6) diet. Esterified and unesterified plasma fatty acids were quantified at baseline (0 weeks) and after 12 weeks on a diet. RESULTS Compared to baseline, the L6 diet reduced esterified plasma LA and increased esterified n-3 PUFA concentrations (nmol/ml), but did not significantly change plasma arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) concentration. In addition, unesterified EPA concentration was increased significantly among unesterified fatty acids. The H3-L6 diet decreased esterified LA and AA concentrations, and produced more marked increases in esterified and unesterified n-3 PUFA concentrations. CONCLUSION Dietary n-6 PUFA lowering for 12 weeks significantly reduces LA and increases n-3 PUFA concentrations in plasma, without altering plasma AA concentration. A concurrent increase in dietary n-3 PUFAs for 12 weeks further increases n-3 PUFA plasma concentrations and reduces AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yewon Cheon
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keturah F Faurot
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth Macintosh
- Nutrition Research and Metabolism Core, North Carolina Translational Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Sharon F Majchrzak-Hong
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Douglas Mann
- Department of Neurology, Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amit Ringel
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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30
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Trépanier MO, Lim J, Lai TKY, Cho HJ, Domenichiello AF, Chen CT, Taha AY, Bazinet RP, Burnham WM. Intraperitoneal administration of docosahexaenoic acid for 14days increases serum unesterified DHA and seizure latency in the maximal pentylenetetrazol model. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 33:138-43. [PMID: 24662925 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) which has been shown to raise seizure thresholds following acute administration in rats. The aims of the present experiment were the following: 1) to test whether subchronic DHA administration raises seizure threshold in the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model 24h following the last injection and 2) to determine whether the increase in seizure threshold is correlated with an increase in serum and/or brain DHA. Animals received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 50mg/kg of DHA, DHA ethyl ester (DHA EE), or volume-matched vehicle (albumin/saline) for 14days. On day 15, one subset of animals was seizure tested in the maximal PTZ model (Experiment 1). In a separate (non-seizure tested) subset of animals, blood was collected, and brains were excised following high-energy, head-focused microwave fixation. Lipid analysis was performed on serum and brain (Experiment 2). For data analysis, the DHA and DHA EE groups were combined since they did not differ significantly from each other. In the maximal PTZ model, DHA significantly increased seizure latency by approximately 3-fold as compared to vehicle-injected animals. This increase in seizure latency was associated with an increase in serum unesterified DHA. Total brain DHA and brain unesterified DHA concentrations, however, did not differ significantly in the treatment and control groups. An increase in serum unesterified DHA concentration reflecting increased flux of DHA to the brain appears to explain changes in seizure threshold, independent of changes in brain DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joonbum Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Terence K Y Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hye Jin Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - W M Burnham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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31
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Igarashi M, Chang L, Ma K, Rapoport SI. Kinetics of eicosapentaenoic acid in brain, heart and liver of conscious rats fed a high n-3 PUFA containing diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:403-12. [PMID: 24209500 PMCID: PMC5861380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), a precursor of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may benefit cardiovascular and brain health. Quantifying EPA's in vivo kinetics might elucidate these effects. [1-(14)C]EPA was infused i.v. for 5min in unanesthetized male rats fed a standard EPA-DHA diet. Plasma and microwaved tissue were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated using our compartmental model. At 5min, 31-48% of labeled EPA in brain and heart was oxidized, 7% in liver. EPA incorporation rates from brain and liver precursor EPA-CoA pools into lipids, mainly phospholipids, were 36 and 2529nmol/s/g×10(-4), insignificant for heart. Deacylation-reacylation half-lives were 22h and 38-128min. Conversion rates to DHA equaled 0.65 and 25.1nmol/s/g×10(-4), respectively. The low brain concentration and incorporation rate and high oxidation of EPA suggest that, if EPA has a beneficial effect in brain, it might result from its suppression of peripheral inflammation and hepatic conversion to bioactive DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 9, Room 1S126, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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Chen CT, Domenichiello AF, Trépanier MO, Liu Z, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. The low levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in rat brain phospholipids are maintained via multiple redundant mechanisms. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2410-22. [PMID: 23836105 PMCID: PMC3735939 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels are 250- to 300-fold lower than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), at least partly, because EPA is rapidly β-oxidized and lost from brain phospholipids. Therefore, we examined if β-oxidation was necessary for maintaining low EPA levels by inhibiting β-oxidation with methyl palmoxirate (MEP). Furthermore, because other metabolic differences between DHA and EPA may also contribute to their vastly different levels, this study aimed to quantify the incorporation and turnover of DHA and EPA into brain phospholipids. Fifteen-week-old rats were subjected to vehicle or MEP prior to a 5 min intravenous infusion of (14)C-palmitate, (14)C-DHA, or (14)C-EPA. MEP reduced the radioactivity of brain aqueous fractions for (14)C-palmitate-, (14)C-EPA-, and (14)C-DHA-infused rats by 74, 54, and 23%, respectively; while it increased the net rate of incorporation of plasma unesterified palmitate into choline glycerophospholipids and phosphatidylinositol and EPA into ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and phosphatidylserine. MEP also increased the synthesis of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) from EPA. Moreover, the recycling of EPA into brain phospholipids was 154-fold lower than DHA. Therefore, the low levels of EPA in the brain are maintained by multiple redundant pathways including β-oxidation, decreased incorporation from plasma unesterified FA pool, elongation/desaturation to n-3 DPA, and lower recycling within brain phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T. Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; and
| | - Anthony F. Domenichiello
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; and
| | - Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; and
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; and
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Campus EPFL, Quartier de l'innovation, bâtiment G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; and
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Elsherbiny ME, Emara M, Godbout R. Interaction of brain fatty acid-binding protein with the polyunsaturated fatty acid environment as a potential determinant of poor prognosis in malignant glioma. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:562-70. [PMID: 23981365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common adult brain cancers. In spite of aggressive treatment, recurrence occurs in the great majority of patients and is invariably fatal. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are abundant in brain, particularly ω-6 arachidonic acid (AA) and ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although the levels of ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are tightly regulated in brain, the ω-6:ω-3 ratio is dramatically increased in malignant glioma, suggesting deregulation of fundamental lipid homeostasis in brain tumor tissue. The migratory properties of malignant glioma cells can be modified by altering the ratio of AA:DHA in growth medium, with increased migration observed in AA-rich medium. This fatty acid-dependent effect on cell migration is dependent on expression of the brain fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) previously shown to bind DHA and AA. Increased levels of enzymes involved in eicosanoid production in FABP7-positive malignant glioma cells suggest that FABP7 is an important modulator of AA metabolism. We provide evidence that increased production of eicosanoids in FABP7-positive malignant glioma growing in an AA-rich environment contributes to tumor infiltration in the brain. We discuss pathways and molecules that may underlie FABP7/AA-mediated promotion of cell migration and FABP7/DHA-mediated inhibition of cell migration in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
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Sato Y, Bernier F, Suzuki I, Kotani S, Nakagawa M, Oda Y. Comparative lipidomics of mouse brain exposed to enriched environment. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2687-96. [PMID: 23833247 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that housing conditions and environmental exposure to a series of stimuli lead to behavior improvement in several species. While more works have been focused on illustrating changes of the proteome and transcriptome following enriched environment exposure in mice, little has been done to understand changes in the brain metabolome in this paradigm due to the complexity of this type of analysis. In this paper, lipidomics focused on phospholipids and gangliosides were conducted for brain tissues of mice exposed to enriched or impoverished conditions. We optimized previously reported method and established a reliable relative comparison method for phospholipids and gangliosides in brain tissue using prefractionation with weak anion exchange cartridge. We used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to explore metabolic signatures of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus after confirming the animals had significant memory differences using the fear conditioning paradigm and brain immunohistochemistry. Although both cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions did not show major alterations in ganglioside composition, we found significant differences in a series of phospholipids containing 22:6 fatty acid in the prefrontal cortex, indicating that environmental enrichment and impoverished housing conditions might be a relevant paradigm to study aberrant lipid metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid consumption. Our study highlights the hypothesis-generating potential of lipidomics and identifies novel region-specific lipid changes possibly linked not only to change of memory function in these models, but also to help us better understand how lipid changes may contribute to memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sato
- Eisai Company, Limited, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan; and
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Gao F, Taha AY, Ma K, Chang L, Kiesewetter D, Rapoport SI. Aging decreases rate of docosahexaenoic acid synthesis-secretion from circulating unesterified α-linolenic acid by rat liver. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:597-608. [PMID: 22388930 PMCID: PMC3636395 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found at high concentrations in brain and retina and critical to their function, can be obtained from fish products or be synthesized from circulating α-linolenic acid (α-LNA, 18:3n-3) mainly in the liver. With aging, liver synthetic enzymes are reported reduced or unchanged in the rat. To test whether liver synthesis-secretion of DHA from α-LNA changes with age, we measured whole-body DHA conversion coefficients and rates in unanesthetized adult male Fischer-344 rats aged 10, 20, or 30 months, fed an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3)- and DHA-containing diet. Unesterified [U- (13) C]α-LNA bound to albumin was infused intravenously for 2 h, while [(13) C]-esterified n-3 PUFAs were measured in arterial plasma, as were unlabeled unesterified and esterified PUFA concentrations. Plasma unesterified n-3 PUFA concentrations declined with age, but esterified n-3 PUFA concentrations did not change significantly. Calculated conversion coefficients were not changed significantly with age, whereas synthesis-secretion rates (product of conversion coefficient and unesterified plasma α-LNA concentration) of esterified DHA and n-3 DPA were reduced. Turnovers of esterified n-3 PUFAs in plasma decreased with age, whereas half-lives increased. The results suggest that hepatic capacity to synthesize DHA and other n-3 PUFAs from circulating α-LNA is maintained with age in the rat, but that reduced plasma α-LNA availability reduces net synthesis-secretion. As unesterified plasma DHA is the form that is incorporated preferentially into brain phospholipid, its reduced synthesis may be deleterious to brain function in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chen S, Subbaiah PV. Regioisomers of Phosphatidylcholine Containing DHA and Their Potential to Deliver DHA to the Brain: Role of Phospholipase Specificities. Lipids 2013; 48:675-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Taha AY, Trepanier MO, Ciobanu FA, Taha NM, Ahmed M, Zeng Q, Cheuk WI, Ip B, Filo E, Scott BW, Burnham WM, Bazinet RP. A minimum of 3 months of dietary fish oil supplementation is required to raise amygdaloid afterdischarge seizure thresholds in rats--implications for treating complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 27:49-58. [PMID: 23376336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complex partial seizures, which typically originate in limbic structures such as the amygdala, are often resistant to antiseizure medications. Our goal was to investigate the effects of chronic dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from fish oil on seizure thresholds in the amygdala, as well as on blood and brain PUFA levels. The acute effects of injected n-3 PUFAs--eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--were also tested in the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure model. In amygdala-implanted subjects, fish oil supplementation significantly increased amygdaloid afterdischarge thresholds, as compared with controls at 3, 5, and 7 months after the start of supplementation. Fish oil supplementation also increased serum EPA and DHA concentrations. DHA concentration in the pyriform-amygdala area increased in the fish-oil treated group by 17-34%, but this effect did not reach statistical significance (P=0.065). DHA significantly increased the latency to seizure onset in the PTZ seizure model, whereas EPA had no significant effect. These observations suggest that chronic dietary fish oil supplementation can raise focal amygdaloid seizure thresholds and that this effect is likely mediated by DHA rather than by EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Rapoport SI. Translational studies on regulation of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) metabolism in vivo. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:79-85. [PMID: 22766388 PMCID: PMC3467358 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One goal in the field of brain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism is to translate the many studies that have been conducted in vitro and in animal models to the clinical setting. Doing so should elucidate the role of PUFAs in the human brain, and effects of diet, drugs, disease and genetics on this role. This review discusses new in vivo radiotracer kinetic and neuroimaging techniques that allow us to do this, with a focus on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We illustrate how brain PUFA metabolism is influenced by graded reductions in dietary n-3 PUFA content in unanesthetized rats. We also show how kinetic tracer techniques in rodents have helped to identify mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder, how DHA participates in neurotransmission, and how brain DHA metabolism is regulated by calcium-independent iPLA₂β. In humans, regional rates of brain DHA metabolism can be quantitatively imaged with positron emission tomography following intravenous injection of [1-¹¹C]DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 9, Room 1S128, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Stenger C, Pinçon A, Hanse M, Royer L, Comte A, Koziel V, Olivier JL, Pillot T, Yen FT. Brain region-specific immunolocalization of the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) and altered cholesterol distribution in aged LSR+/- mice. J Neurochem 2012; 123:467-76. [PMID: 22909011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain lipid homeostasis is important for maintenance of brain cell function and synaptic communications, and is intimately linked to age-related cognitive decline. Because of the blood-brain barrier's limiting nature, this tissue relies on a complex system for the synthesis and receptor-mediated uptake of lipids between the different networks of neurons and glial cells. Using immunofluorescence, we describe the region-specific expression of the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR), in the mouse hippocampus, cerebellum Purkinje cells, the ependymal cell interface between brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid, and the choroid plexus. Colocalization with cell-specific markers revealed that LSR was expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes. Latency in arms of the Y-maze exhibited by young heterozygote LSR(+/-) mice was significantly different as compared to control LSR(+/+), and increased in older LSR(+/-) mice. Filipin and Nile red staining revealed membrane cholesterol content accumulation accompanied by significantly altered distribution of LSR in the membrane, and decreased intracellular lipid droplets in the cerebellum and hippocampus of old LSR(+/-) mice, as compared to control littermates as well as young LSR(+/-) animals. These data therefore suggest a potential role of LSR in brain cholesterol distribution, which is particularly important in preserving neuronal integrity and thereby cognitive functions during aging.
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40
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Kitson AP, Stark KD, Duncan RE. Enzymes in brain phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid accretion: a PL-ethora of potential PL-ayers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 87:1-10. [PMID: 22749739 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural tissue is highly enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that is primarily found in the sn-2 position of ethanolamine-containing phospholipids and plasmalogens. Current knowledge on the activity of enzymes in brain phospholipid synthesis does not fully explain this composition and stereospecificity. It is likely that a host of enzyme-mediated processes play roles in brain DHA accumulation to develop this unique enrichment and phospholipid profile. This review examines current knowledge on the spectrum of enzymes that may be involved in brain DHA uptake and utilization in the synthesis and remodeling of phospholipids. It also highlights gaps in that knowledge, including missing information on the activity of known brain enzymes towards DHA as a substrate, and missing identities of brain enzymes that catalyze orphan reactions utilizing DHA for phospholipid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Kitson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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41
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Trépanier MO, Taha AY, Mantha RL, Ciobanu FA, Zeng QH, Tchkhartichvili GM, Domenichiello AF, Bazinet RP, Burnham W. Increases in seizure latencies induced by subcutaneous docosahexaenoic acid are lost at higher doses. Epilepsy Res 2012; 99:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Janfelt C, Wellner N, Leger P, Kokesch‐Himmelreich J, Hansen SH, Charriaut‐Marlangue C, Hansen HS. Visualization by mass spectrometry of 2‐dimensional changes in rat brain lipids, including
N
‐acylphosphatidylethanolamines, during neonatal brain ischemia. FASEB J 2012; 26:2667-73. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Wellner
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pierre‐Louis Leger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | | | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christiane Charriaut‐Marlangue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U676Hôpital Robert DebréUniversite‐Denis Diderot‐Paris 7ParisFrance
| | - Harald Severin Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
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43
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Shi SY, Martin RG, Duncan RE, Choi D, Lu SY, Schroer SA, Cai EP, Luk CT, Hopperton KE, Domenichiello AF, Tang C, Naples M, Dekker MJ, Giacca A, Adeli K, Wagner KU, Bazinet RP, Woo M. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) protects against diet-induced steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10277-10288. [PMID: 22275361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.317453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the leading cause of chronic liver disease and is now considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. However, the role of steatosis per se and the precise factors required in the progression to steatohepatitis or insulin resistance remain elusive. The JAK-STAT pathway is critical in mediating signaling of a wide variety of cytokines and growth factors. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Janus kinase 2 (L-JAK2 KO mice) develop spontaneous steatosis as early as 2 weeks of age. In this study, we investigated the metabolic consequences of jak2 deletion in response to diet-induced metabolic stress. To our surprise, despite the profound hepatosteatosis, deletion of hepatic jak2 did not sensitize the liver to accelerated inflammatory injury on a prolonged high fat diet (HFD). This was accompanied by complete protection against HFD-induced whole-body insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and an increase in β-cell mass were also present in these mice. Moreover, L-JAK2 KO mice had progressively reduced adiposity in association with blunted hepatic growth hormone signaling. These mice also exhibited increased resting energy expenditure on both chow and high fat diet. In conclusion, our findings indicate a key role of hepatic JAK2 in metabolism such that its absence completely arrests steatohepatitis development and confers protection against diet-induced systemic insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Yu Shi
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Diana Choi
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Shun-Yan Lu
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | | | - Erica P Cai
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | | | - Christine Tang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark Naples
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark J Dekker
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, and
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada,; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.,; Department of Medicine and Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M3B 1W5, Canada.
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Rapoport SI, Ramadan E, Basselin M. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) incorporation into the brain from plasma, as an in vivo biomarker of brain DHA metabolism and neurotransmission. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:109-13. [PMID: 21704722 PMCID: PMC3202024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for maintaining normal brain structure and function, and is considered neuroprotective. Its brain concentration depends on dietary DHA content and hepatic conversion from its dietary derived n-3 precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LNA). We have developed an in vivo method in rats using quantitative autoradiography and intravenously injected radiolabeled DHA to image net incorporation into the brain of unesterified plasma DHA, and showed with this method that the incorporation rate of DHA equals the rate of brain metabolic DHA consumption. The method has been extended for use in humans with positron emission tomography (PET). Furthermore, imaging in unanesthetized rats using DHA incorporation as a biomarker in response to acute N-methyl-D-aspartate administration confirms that regional DHA signaling is independent of extracellular calcium, and likely mediated by a calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)). Studies in mice in which iPLA(2)-VIA (β) was knocked out confirmed that this enzyme is critical for baseline and muscarinic cholinergic signaling involving DHA. Thus, quantitative imaging of DHA incorporation from plasma into brain can be used as an in vivo biomarker of brain DHA metabolism and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley I. Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Epolia Ramadan
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Frisardi V, Panza F, Seripa D, Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Glycerophospholipids and glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators: A complex meshwork in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:313-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Bousquet M, Calon F, Cicchetti F. Impact of ω-3 fatty acids in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:453-63. [PMID: 21414422 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Current epidemiological, preclinical and clinical data suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may constitute therapeutic strategy for several disorders of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor symptoms but which also includes several other pathological features such as autonomic system failures, mood disorders, and cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological options for the disease are limited to symptom management and their long-term use leads to important side effects. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the effects of n-3 PUFAs in PD both from an epidemiological perspective as well as in light of data gathered on various pathological features of the disease. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on the dopaminergic system, α-synucleinopathy, their possible mechanisms of action as well as their therapeutic potential for PD patients are also reviewed. n-3 PUFAs are inexpensive, readily transferable to the clinical setting and their use could represent a neuroprotective strategy or a disease-modifying option to delay the appearance of symptoms. It could also be beneficial as a symptomatologic treatment or serve as an add-on therapy to current pharmacological approaches. Review of the current literature as well as the undertaking of future clinical trials will shed light on these possibilities.
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48
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Chen CT, Liu Z, Bazinet RP. Rapid de-esterification and loss of eicosapentaenoic acid from rat brain phospholipids: an intracerebroventricular study. J Neurochem 2010; 116:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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49
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Basselin M, Rosa AO, Ramadan E, Cheon Y, Chang L, Chen M, Greenstein D, Wohltmann M, Turk J, Rapoport SI. Imaging decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid metabolism and signaling in iPLA(2)β (VIA)-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3166-73. [PMID: 20686114 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m008334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2)β (iPLA(2)β) selectively hydrolyzes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in vitro from phospholipid. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene encoding this enzyme occur in patients with idiopathic neurodegeneration plus brain iron accumulation and dystonia-parkinsonism without iron accumulation, whereas mice lacking PLA2G6 show neurological dysfunction and neuropathology after 13 months. We hypothesized that brain DHA metabolism and signaling would be reduced in 4-month-old iPLA(2)β-deficient mice without overt neuropathology. Saline or the cholinergic muscarinic M(1,3,5) receptor agonist arecoline (30 mg/kg) was administered to unanesthetized iPLA(2)β(-/-), iPLA(2)β(+/-), and iPLA(2)β(+/+) mice, and [1-(14)C]DHA was infused intravenously. DHA incorporation coefficients k* and rates J(in), representing DHA metabolism, were determined using quantitative autoradiography in 81 brain regions. iPLA(2)β(-/-) or iPLA(2)β(+/-) compared with iPLA(2)β(+/+) mice showed widespread and significant baseline reductions in k* and J(in) for DHA. Arecoline increased both parameters in brain regions of iPLA(2)β(+/+) mice but quantitatively less so in iPLA(2)β(-/-) and iPLA(2)β(+/-) mice. Consistent with iPLA(2)β's reported ability to selectively hydrolyze DHA from phospholipid in vitro, iPLA(2)β deficiency reduces brain DHA metabolism and signaling in vivo at baseline and following M(1,3,5) receptor activation. Positron emission tomography might be used to image disturbed brain DHA metabolism in patients with PLA2G6 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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50
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Graf BA, Duchateau GSMJE, Patterson AB, Mitchell ES, van Bruggen P, Koek JH, Melville S, Verkade HJ. Age dependent incorporation of 14C-DHA into rat brain and body tissues after dosing various 14C-DHA-esters. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 83:89-96. [PMID: 20580213 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounts for 10% of fatty acids in human brain and is critical for neuronal function and brain development. Mechanisms of transport, accumulation and conservation of DHA in the brain are unclear. The objective of the study was to quantify the age dependent DHA incorporation into the brain of 2-, 4- or 10-week-old rats after a bolus dose of different DHA-esters. METHODS Rats were gavaged with (14)C-DHA-TAG, (14)C-DHA-PL or (14)C-DHA-TAG+PL at 2 mg DHA/kg BW. After 24h the distribution of radioactivity in body and brain regions was determined using quantitative whole body autoradiography (QWBA). Radiolabeled compounds were extracted from the brains to determine the identity of the radiolabeled compounds. RESULTS Accumulation of orally ingested (14)C-DHA in rat brain was less than 1% of the dose and decreased with age. Ester specific differences were seen only in 10-week-old rats, where oral (14)C-DHA-PL delivered a 2-fold higher accretion of radioactivity in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Less than 1% of a dietary achievable DHA dose reached the rat brain within 24h. Optimal efficacy of DHA-PL may occur in older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Graf
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, PO Box 114, 3130AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
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