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Noè R, Carrer A. Diet predisposes to pancreatic cancer through cellular nutrient sensing pathways. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38886112 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with limited effective treatments. A deeper understanding of its molecular mechanisms is crucial to reduce incidence and mortality. Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between diet and disease risk, though dietary recommendations for at-risk individuals remain debated. Here, we propose that cell-intrinsic nutrient sensing pathways respond to specific diet-derived cues to facilitate oncogenic transformation of pancreatic epithelial cells. This review explores how diet influences pancreatic cancer predisposition through nutrient sensing and downstream consequences for (pre-)cancer cell biology. We also examine experimental evidence connecting specific food intake to pancreatic cancer progression, highlighting nutrient sensing as a promising target for therapeutic development to mitigate disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noè
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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2
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Mayo MJ, Vierling JM, Bowlus CL, Levy C, Hirschfield GM, Neff GW, Galambos MR, Gordon SC, Borg BB, Harrison SA, Thuluvath PJ, Goel A, Shiffman ML, Swain MG, Jones DEJ, Trivedi P, Kremer AE, Aspinall RJ, Sheridan DA, Dörffel Y, Yang K, Choi YJ, McWherter CA. Open-label, clinical trial extension: Two-year safety and efficacy results of seladelpar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:186-200. [PMID: 37904314 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seladelpar is a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist that targets multiple cell types involved in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), leading to anti-cholestatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic effects. AIMS To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of seladelpar in patients with PBC. METHODS In an open-label, international, long-term extension study, patients with PBC completing seladelpar lead-in studies continued treatment. Seladelpar was taken orally once daily at doses of 5 or 10 mg with dose adjustment permitted for safety or tolerability. The primary analysis was for safety and the secondary efficacy analysis examined biochemical markers of cholestasis and liver injury. The study was terminated early due to the unexpected histological findings in a concurrent study for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which were subsequently found to predate treatment. Safety and efficacy data were analysed through 2 years. RESULTS There were no serious treatment-related adverse events observed among 106 patients treated with seladelpar for up to 2 years. There were four discontinuations for safety, one possibly related to seladelpar. Among 53 patients who completed 2 years of seladelpar, response rates increased from years 1 to 2 for the composite endpoint (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] <1.67 × ULN, ≥15% decrease in ALP, and total bilirubin ≤ULN) and ALP normalisation from 66% to 79% and from 26% to 42%, respectively. In those with elevated bilirubin at baseline, 43% achieved normalisation at year 2. CONCLUSIONS Seladelpar was safe, and markedly improved biochemical markers of cholestasis and liver injury in patients with PBC. These effects were maintained or improved throughout the second year. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT03301506; Clinicaltrialsregister.eu: 2017-003910-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn J Mayo
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John M Vierling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Levy
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Guy W Neff
- Covenant Metabolic Specialists LLC, Sarasota and Fort Myers, Florida, USA
| | | | - Stuart C Gordon
- Division of Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian B Borg
- Southern Therapy and Advanced Research LLC, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Paul J Thuluvath
- Institute of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aparna Goel
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mitchell L Shiffman
- Liver Institute of Virginia, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Richmond and Newport News, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Palak Trivedi
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Aspinall
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - David A Sheridan
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth and South West Liver Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Yvonne Dörffel
- Medical Outpatient Department, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ke Yang
- Biometrics, CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc, Newark, California, USA
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Research and Development, CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc, Newark, California, USA
| | - Charles A McWherter
- Research and Development, CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc, Newark, California, USA
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Guo Y, Liu B, Geng Y, Chen K, Li J, Yin X, Zhang S. Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, promotes transintestinal cholesterol excretion through the activation of PPARδ. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113783. [PMID: 38129008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin, a dietary polyphenol abundantly found in strawberries, exhibits a broad spectrum of health-promoting activities, including antihyperlipidemic effects. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of fisetin on cholesterol elimination through novel transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway. A hypercholesterolemic mouse model and human colon epithelial cancer cell line Caco-2 were utilized to conduct the study. In hypercholesterolemic mice, fisetin (25 mg/kg) treatment reduced serum total cholesterol by 46.48% and significantly decreased lipid accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, fisetin administration led to a substantial increase in the fecal neutral sterol contents, including coprostanol, coprostanone, dihydrocholesterol, and cholesterol. Specifically, these sterol contents increased by approximately 224.20%, 151.40%, 70.40% and 50.72% respectively. The fluorescence intensity of 22-NBD-cholesterol in intestinal perfusion increased by 95.94% in fisetin group (25 mg/kg), indicating that fisetin stimulated TICE. In high cholesterol-induced Caco-2 cells, fisetin at a concentration of 30 μM reduced total cholesterol and free cholesterol by 37.21% and 45.30% respectively, stimulated cholesterol excretion, and inhibited cholesterol accumulation. Additionally, fisetin upregulated the gene and protein expression of cholesterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 and ABCB1, while downregulating the cholesterol uptake regulator NPC1L1. Furthermore, fisetin increased LDLR protein expression and decreased PCSK9 expression. Notably, fisetin significantly activated nuclear receptor PPARδ in Caco-2 cells. PPARδ antagonist pretreatment counteracted the regulatory effects of fisetin on TICE regulators, suggesting fisetin lowered cholesterol through enhancing TICE by activation of intestinal PPARδ. Fisetin could be used as functional dietarysupplement for eliminating cholesterol and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, China
| | - Yaping Geng
- Division of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Binzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyan Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangju Yin
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, China; Nutrition and Health Food Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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4
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Tews HC, Schmelter F, Kandulski A, Büchler C, Schmid S, Schlosser S, Elger T, Loibl J, Sommersberger S, Fererberger T, Gunawan S, Kunst C, Gülow K, Bettenworth D, Föh B, Maaß C, Solbach P, Günther UL, Derer S, Marquardt JU, Sina C, Müller M. Unique Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profile in Serum From Patients With Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Compared With Healthy Control Individuals. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023:izad298. [PMID: 38156773 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate biomarkers for disease activity and progression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are a prerequisite for individual disease characterization and personalized therapy. We show that metabolic profiling of serum from IBD patients is a promising approach to establish biomarkers. The aim of this work was to characterize metabolomic and lipidomic serum profiles of IBD patients in order to identify metabolic fingerprints unique to the disease. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 55 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 34 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 40 healthy control (HC) individuals and analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Classification of patients and HC individuals was achieved by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and univariate analysis approaches. Disease activity was assessed using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale. RESULTS Serum metabolome significantly differed between CD patients, UC patients, and HC individuals. The metabolomic differences of UC and CD patients compared with HC individuals were more pronounced than the differences between UC and CD patients. Differences in serum levels of pyruvic acid, histidine, and the branched-chain amino acids leucine and valine were detected. The size of low-density lipoprotein particles shifted from large to small dense particles in patients with CD. Of note, apolipoprotein A1 and A2 serum levels were decreased in CD and UC patients with higher fecal calprotectin levels. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale is negatively associated with the concentration of apolipoprotein A2. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic assessment of serum samples facilitated the differentiation of IBD patients and HC individuals. These differences were constituted by changes in amino acid and lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, disease activity in IBD patients was associated with decreased levels of the atheroprotective apolipoproteins A1 and A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Christian Tews
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmelter
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Büchler
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Schlosser
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Elger
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Loibl
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sommersberger
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fererberger
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gunawan
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kunst
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Gülow
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Practice for Internal Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Bandik Föh
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carlos Maaß
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philipp Solbach
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Xu H, Xin Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Cao Y, Li W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu P. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:653-662. [PMID: 37736845 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a non-biliary pathway that excretes excess cholesterol from the body through feces. This article focuses on the research progress of the TICE pathway in the last few years, including the discovery process of the TICE pathway, its molecular mechanism, and potential clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the cholesterol excretion via hepatobiliary pathway, TICE contributes significantly to reverse cholesterol transport ex vivo and in vivo. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR) activated, respectively, by oxysterols and bile acids promote intestinal cholesterol secretion through ABCG5/G8. Nutrient regulators and intestinal flora also modulate cholesterol secretion through the TICE pathway. TICE allows direct elimination of plasma cholesterol, which may provide an attractive therapeutic targets. TICE pathway may provide a potential target to stimulate cholesterol elimination and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China.
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China.
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Mishra AK, Singh SP. Seladelpar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: Need for a closer look! J Hepatol 2022; 77:1451. [PMID: 35594993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Satender Pal Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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ABD MUID SUHAILA, AWANG JALIL REMEE, HARUN NOORHANISA, MOHD NAWAWI HAPIZAH, RUTH FROEMMING GABRIELEANISAH. HDL AND ITS SUBPOPULATION (HDL2 AND HDL3) PROMOTE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTERS EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATES INFLAMMATION IN 3T3-L1 MATURE ADIPOCYTES INDUCED BY TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA. MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY 2022; 51:153-167. [DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v51i4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity activates inflammation causing dysfunction of adipocytes. Increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in obesity may be beneficial in overcoming this effect. However, not much data is available on the effects of HDL and its subpopulations in inflamed adipocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of total HDL (tHDL) and the comparison between its subpopulations (HDL2 & HDL3) on protein and gene expression of cholesterol transporters, inflammation, and adipokines in TNF-α stimulated 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. TNFα alone had lower adiponectin and higher protein and gene expression of IL-6 and NF-ĸβ (p65) compared to unstimulated adipocytes and these effects were attenuated by HDLs especially HDL3 (in most of the biomarkers). HDL and its subpopulation had higher cholesterol transporters expression in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes induced by TNF-α compared to unstimulated cells. Increment of cholesterol transporters expression by HDL leads to reduce secretion of inflammatory markers [IL-6 & NF-kB (p65)] and visfatin and increases adiponectin secretion in the inflamed mature adipocytes. HDL exhibits beyond its reverse cholesterol transporter property by exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects thru the deactivation of NF-ĸβ (p65). This may contribute to reducing the progression of obesity-related complications.
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Noguchi M, Shimizu M, Lu P, Takahashi Y, Yamauchi Y, Sato S, Kiyono H, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Nagata K, Sato R. Lactic acid bacteria-derived γ-linolenic acid metabolites are PPARδ ligands that reduce lipid accumulation in human intestinal organoids. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102534. [PMID: 36162507 PMCID: PMC9636582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota regulate physiological functions in various hosts, such as energy metabolism and immunity. Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum, have a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation metabolism that generates multiple fatty acid species, such as hydroxy fatty acids, oxo fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and trans-fatty acids. How these bacterial metabolites impact host physiology is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the ligand activity of lactic acid bacteria–produced fatty acids in relation to nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the small intestine. Our reporter assays revealed two bacterial metabolites of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), 13-hydroxy-cis-6,cis-9-octadecadienoic acid (γHYD), and 13-oxo-cis-6,cis-9-octadecadienoic acid (γKetoD) activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) more potently than GLA. We demonstrate that both γHYD and γKetoD bound directly to the ligand-binding domain of human PPARδ. A docking simulation indicated that four polar residues (T289, H323, H449, and Y473) of PPARδ donate hydrogen bonds to these fatty acids. Interestingly, T289 does not donate a hydrogen bond to GLA, suggesting that bacterial modification of GLA introducing hydroxy and oxo group determines ligand selectivity. In human intestinal organoids, we determined γHYD and γKetoD increased the expression of PPARδ target genes, enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation, and reduced intracellular triglyceride accumulation. These findings suggest that γHYD and γKetoD, which gut lactic acid bacteria could generate, are naturally occurring PPARδ ligands in the intestinal tract and may improve lipid metabolism in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Noguchi
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
| | - Peng Lu
- Food Biotechnology and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Koji Nagata
- Food Biotechnology and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
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9
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Bowlus CL, Galambos MR, Aspinall RJ, Hirschfield GM, Jones DEJ, Dörffel Y, Gordon SC, Harrison SA, Kremer AE, Mayo MJ, Thuluvath PJ, Levy C, Swain MG, Neff GW, Sheridan DA, Stanca CM, Berg CP, Goel A, Shiffman ML, Vierling JM, Boudes P, Steinberg A, Choi YJ, McWherter CA. A phase II, randomized, open-label, 52-week study of seladelpar in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 2022; 77:353-364. [PMID: 35367282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We examined the efficacy and safety of seladelpar, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist, in adults with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) at risk of disease progression (alkaline phosphatase [ALP] ≥1.67xupper limit of normal [ULN]) who were receiving or intolerant to ursodeoxycholic acid. METHODS In this 52-week, phase II, dose-ranging, open-label study, patients were randomized (1:1) to seladelpar 5 mg/day (n = 53) or 10 mg/day (n = 55) or assigned to 2 mg/day (n = 11; United Kingdom sites after interim analysis) for 12 weeks. Doses could then be uptitrated to 10 mg/day. The primary efficacy endpoint was ALP change from baseline to Week 8. RESULTS Mean baseline ALP was 300, 345, and 295 U/L in the 2 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg cohorts, respectively. Twenty-one percent of patients had cirrhosis, 71% had pruritus. At Week 8, mean ± standard error ALP reductions from baseline were 26 ± 2.8%, 33 ± 2.6%, and 41 ± 1.8% in the 2 mg (n = 11), 5 mg (n = 49), and 10 mg (n = 52) cohorts (all p ≤0.005), respectively. Responses were maintained or improved at Week 52, after dose escalation in 91% and 80% of the 2 mg and 5 mg cohorts, respectively. At Week 52, composite response (ALP <1.67xULN, ≥15% ALP decrease, and normal total bilirubin) rates were 64%, 53%, and 67%, and ALP normalization rates were 9%, 13%, and 33% in the 2 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg cohorts, respectively. Pruritus visual analog scale score was decreased in the 5 mg and 10 mg cohorts. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events, and 4 patients discontinued due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Seladelpar demonstrated robust, dose-dependent, clinically significant, and durable improvements in biochemical markers of cholestasis and inflammation in patients with PBC at risk of disease progression. Seladelpar appeared safe and well tolerated and was not associated with any increase in pruritus. CLINICALTRIALS GOV NUMBER NCT02955602 CLINICALTRIALSREGISTER. EU NUMBER 2016-002996-91 LAY SUMMARY: Current treatment options for patients living with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are not optimal due to inadequate effectiveness or undesirable side effects. Patients with PBC who took seladelpar, a new treatment being developed for PBC, at increasing doses (2, 5, or 10 mg/day) for 1 year had clinically significant, dose-dependent improvements in key liver tests. Treatment appeared safe and was not associated with any worsening in patient self-reported itch scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Bowlus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Michael R Galambos
- Digestive Healthcare of Georgia P.C., Piedmont Atlanta Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Richard J Aspinall
- Department of Hepatology, Portsmouth Liver Centre, Portsmouth Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Dörffel
- Outpatient Clinic, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stuart C Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Stephen A Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Pinnacle Clinical Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marlyn J Mayo
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Paul J Thuluvath
- Institute of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Cynthia Levy
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guy W Neff
- Covenant Research, LLC, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - David A Sheridan
- Institute of Translational & Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth and University Hospitals Plymouth National Health Service Trust, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen M Stanca
- Transplant Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aparna Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Mitchell L Shiffman
- Liver Institute of Virginia, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - John M Vierling
- Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Pol Boudes
- CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc, Newark, California, United States
| | | | - Yun-Jung Choi
- CymaBay Therapeutics, Inc, Newark, California, United States
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway is the second described route for plasma cholesterol fecal elimination. This article summarizes recent TICE research progresses, involving TICE inducers, molecular determinants of this pathway, and its role in lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS TICE is an active pathway in mice, rats, and humans. Kinetic measurements showed that under basal conditions, the relative contribution of TICE in fecal elimination of plasma cholesterol is quantitatively less important than the hepatobiliary pathway. However, the amplitude of TICE can be induced by numerous nutritional factors and pharmacological drugs. More importantly, by contrast with the stimulation of biliary cholesterol excretion that is associated with an increased risk of gallstone formation, TICE appears as a safer therapeutical target. Finally, several independent studies have demonstrated that TICE is actively contributing to the anti-atherogenic reverse cholesterol pathway reinforcing the interest to better understand its mode of action. The discovery of TICE and the understanding of its mode of action open new therapeutical perspectives for patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Thorne JL, Cioccoloni G. Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:83-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Cao K, Zhang K, Ma M, Ma J, Tian J, Jin Y. Lactobacillus mediates the expression of NPC1L1, CYP7A1, and ABCG5 genes to regulate cholesterol. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6882-6891. [PMID: 34925816 PMCID: PMC8645708 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is the main cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is essential for human health. Lactobacillus is present in large quantities in the human intestine. As the normal flora in the gut, lactobacillus plays an important role in regulating metabolism in the human body. Lactobacillus can regulate the cholesterol content by regulating the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, metabolism, and absorption. This article reviews the biological effects and mechanisms of lactobacillus that mediate the expression of NPC1L1, CYP7A1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and other genes to inhibit cholesterol absorption, and discusses the mechanism of reducing cholesterol by lactobacillus in cells in vitro, to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of lactobacillus resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Cao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Kaiping Zhang
- Department of Cooking & Food ProcessingInner Mongolia Business and Trade Vocational CollegeHohhotChina
| | - Muran Ma
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Junjie Ma
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Jianjun Tian
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Food Science and TechnologyInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
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13
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The Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Bilberry Extract on Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112852. [PMID: 34829135 PMCID: PMC8624570 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the modifiable and primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), the nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, using natural products can be an effective way to reduce CVD. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been reported to have cardioprotective effects by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the role of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism is not well understood. To examine the effects of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the genes for cholesterol flux and de novo synthesis in anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (BE)-treated Caco-2 cells. BE significantly decreased the genes for cholesterol absorption, i.e., Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, BE significantly upregulated ABCG8, the apical transporter for cholesterol. There was a significant induction of low-density lipoprotein receptors, with a concomitant increase in cellular uptake of cholesterol in BE-treated cells. The expression of genes for lipogenesis and sirtuins was altered by BE treatment. In the present study, BE altered the genes for cholesterol flux from basolateral to the apical membrane of enterocytes, potentially stimulating TICE. These results support the potential of BE in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.
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14
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Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Energy Homeostasis of Dairy Animals: Exploiting Their Modulation through Nutrigenomic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212463. [PMID: 34830341 PMCID: PMC8619600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the nuclear receptors that could mediate the nutrient-dependent transcriptional activation and regulate metabolic networks through energy homeostasis. However, these receptors cannot work properly under metabolic stress. PPARs and their subtypes can be modulated by nutrigenomic interventions, particularly under stress conditions to restore cellular homeostasis. Many nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary amino acids and phytochemicals have shown their ability for potential activation or inhibition of PPARs. Thus, through different mechanisms, all these nutrients can modulate PPARs and are ultimately helpful to prevent various metabolic disorders, particularly in transition dairy cows. This review aims to provide insights into the crucial role of PPARs in energy metabolism and their potential modulation through nutrigenomic interventions to improve energy homeostasis in dairy animals.
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15
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Tanigawa K, Luo Y, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Karasawa K, Suzuki K. Essential Roles of PPARs in Lipid Metabolism during Mycobacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147597. [PMID: 34299217 PMCID: PMC8304230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is composed of large amounts of lipids with varying moieties. Some mycobacteria species hijack host cells and promote lipid droplet accumulation to build the cellular environment essential for their intracellular survival. Thus, lipids are thought to be important for mycobacteria survival as well as for the invasion, parasitization, and proliferation within host cells. However, their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mycobacteria modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling and utilize host-derived triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol as both nutrient sources and evasion from the host immune system. In this review, we discuss recent findings that describe the activation of PPARs by mycobacterial infections and their role in determining the fate of bacilli by inducing lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory function, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-1211
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16
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Tanaka Y, Kamisako T. Regulation of the expression of cholesterol transporters by lipid-lowering drugs ezetimibe and pemafibrate in rat liver and intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166215. [PMID: 34265370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ezetimibe and pemafibrate are lipid-lowering drugs and promote reverse cholesterol transport. However, it is unknown whether cholesterol is mainly excreted by hepatobiliary excretion or by non-biliary transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We evaluated the effects of ezetimibe and pemafibrate on hepatic and intestinal cholesterol transporter regulation in Sham-operated rats, and examined the effects of these drugs on TICE in bile duct-ligated rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated as follows for two weeks: 1) Sham, Sham operation; 2) BDL, bile duct ligation; 3) E-Sham, Sham + ezetimibe; 4) E-BDL, BDL + ezetimibe; 5) P-Sham, Sham + pemafibrate; and 6) P-BDL, BDL + pemafibrate. Blood, liver, jejunum, and feces were collected 72 h post-surgery. Hepatic cholesterol levels were decreased in P-Sham and E-Sham, and were lower in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. Fecal cholesterol levels increased in E-Sham and P-Sham compared with Sham, and were higher in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. In liver, Abcg5 mRNA showed induction in E-Sham, Abcg5 and Abca1 mRNA were induced in P-Sham, Abcg5 mRNA was reduced in E-BDL, and Abca1 mRNA was increased in P-BDL. In jejunum, Abcg5 mRNA was induced in E-Sham. Abcg8 mRNA was induced in E-Sham and P-Sham. NPC1L1 mRNA showed reduced expression in P-Sham and P-BDL. SR-B1 mRNA was reduced in P-Sham, and the expression decreased in P-BDL. LDL receptor mRNA was induced in BDL and P-BDL. Ezetimibe and pemafibrate may promote TICE by increasing Abcg5/g8, while pemafibrate may inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing SR-B1 and NPC1L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Kamisako
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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17
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Induction of fecal cholesterol excretion is not effective for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rats. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:510-517. [PMID: 32357361 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, a feature of neonatal jaundice or Crigler-Najjar syndrome, can lead to neurotoxicity and even death. We previously demonstrated that unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) can be eliminated via transintestinal excretion in Gunn rats, a model of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and that this is stimulated by enhancing fecal fatty acid excretion. Since transintestinal excretion also occurs for cholesterol (TICE), we hypothesized that increasing fecal cholesterol excretion and/or TICE could also enhance fecal UCB disposal and subsequently lower plasma UCB concentrations. METHODS To determine whether increasing fecal cholesterol excretion could ameliorate unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, we treated hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats with ezetimibe (EZE), an intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor, and/or a liver X receptor (LXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (T0901317 (T09) and obeticholic acid (OCA), respectively), known to stimulate TICE. RESULTS We found that EZE treatment alone or in combination with T09 or OCA increased fecal cholesterol disposal but did not lower plasma UCB levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings do not support a link between the regulation of transintestinal excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin. Furthermore, induction of fecal cholesterol excretion is not a potential therapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. IMPACT Increasing fecal cholesterol excretion is not effective to treat unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. This is the first time a potential relation between transintestinal excretion of cholesterol and unconjugated bilirubin is investigated. Transintestinal excretion of cholesterol and unconjugated bilirubin do not seem to be quantitatively linked. Unlike intestinal fatty acids, cholesterol cannot "capture" unconjugated bilirubin to increase its excretion. These results add to our understanding of ways to improve and factors regulating unconjugated bilirubin disposal in hyperbilirubinemic conditions.
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18
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Zarei M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Revealing the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2021; 114:154342. [PMID: 32810487 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a form of chronic liver disease that occurs in individuals with no significant alcohol abuse, has become an increasing concern for global health. NAFLD is defined as the presence of lipid deposits in hepatocytes and it ranges from hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) to steatohepatitis. Emerging data from both preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in liver, and its activation might hinder the progression of NAFLD. Here, we review the latest information on the effects of PPARβ/δ on NAFLD, including its capacity to reduce lipogenesis, to alleviate inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to ameliorate insulin resistance, and to attenuate liver injury. Because of these effects, activation of hepatic PPARβ/δ through synthetic or natural ligands provides a promising therapeutic option for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Talamillo A, Ajuria L, Grillo M, Barroso-Gomila O, Mayor U, Barrio R. SUMOylation in the control of cholesterol homeostasis. Open Biol 2020; 10:200054. [PMID: 32370667 PMCID: PMC7276529 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation—protein modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)—affects several cellular processes by modulating the activity, stability, interactions or subcellular localization of a variety of substrates. SUMO modification is involved in most cellular processes required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Cholesterol is one of the main lipids required to preserve the correct cellular function, contributing to the composition of the plasma membrane and participating in transmembrane receptor signalling. Besides these functions, cholesterol is required for the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, oxysterols and vitamin D. Cholesterol levels need to be tightly regulated: in excess, it is toxic to the cell, and the disruption of its homeostasis is associated with various disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in the regulation of proteins involved in the metabolism of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Talamillo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Leiore Ajuria
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Marco Grillo
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Orhi Barroso-Gomila
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
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20
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Regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism: current concepts and relevance to disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:169-183. [PMID: 32015520 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipids entering the gastrointestinal tract include dietary lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids) and endogenous lipids from bile (phospholipids and cholesterol) and from shed intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes). Here, we comprehensively review the digestion, uptake and intracellular re-synthesis of intestinal lipids as well as their packaging into pre-chylomicrons in the endoplasmic reticulum, their modification in the Golgi apparatus and the exocytosis of the chylomicrons into the lamina propria and subsequently to lymph. We also discuss other fates of intestinal lipids, including intestinal HDL and VLDL secretion, cytosolic lipid droplets and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, we highlight the applicability of these findings to human disease and the development of therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism. Finally, we explore the emerging role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal lipid metabolism and outline key questions for future research.
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21
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Gulamhusein AF, Hirschfield GM, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic D, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. Primary biliary cholangitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:93-110. [PMID: 31819247 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis is a chronic, seropositive and female-predominant inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease, which has a variable rate of progression towards biliary cirrhosis. Substantial progress has been made in patient risk stratification with the goal of personalized care, including early adoption of next-generation therapy with licensed use of obeticholic acid or off-label fibrate derivatives for those with insufficient benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid, the current first-line drug. The disease biology spans genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity and altered biliary epithelial cell function, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. A current focus of research on nuclear receptor pathway modulation that specifically and potently improves biliary excretion, reduces inflammation and attenuates fibrosis is redefining therapy. Patients are benefiting from pharmacological agonists of farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Immunotherapy remains a challenge, with a lack of target definition, pleiotropic immune pathways and an interplay between hepatic immune responses and cholestasis, wherein bile acid-induced inflammation and fibrosis are dominant clinically. The management of patient symptoms, particularly pruritus, is a notable goal reflected in the development of rational therapy with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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22
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Tupone MG, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Cimini AM, Benedetti E. Lifestyle and Food Habits Impact on Chronic Diseases: Roles of PPARs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215422. [PMID: 31683535 PMCID: PMC6862628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that exert important functions in mediating the pleiotropic effects of diverse exogenous factors such as physical exercise and food components. Particularly, PPARs act as transcription factors that control the expression of genes implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, and cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advancements reported on the effects of lifestyle and food habits on PPAR transcriptional activity in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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25
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Hong F, Pan S, Guo Y, Xu P, Zhai Y. PPARs as Nuclear Receptors for Nutrient and Energy Metabolism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142545. [PMID: 31336903 PMCID: PMC6680900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been more than 36 years since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were first recognized as enhancers of peroxisome proliferation. Consequently, many studies in different fields have illustrated that PPARs are nuclear receptors that participate in nutrient and energy metabolism and regulate cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis during lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, cancer development, and so on. With increasing challenges to human health, PPARs have attracted much attention for their ability to ameliorate metabolic syndromes. In our previous studies, we found that the complex functions of PPARs may be used as future targets in obesity and atherosclerosis treatments. Here, we review three types of PPARs that play overlapping but distinct roles in nutrient and energy metabolism during different metabolic states and in different organs. Furthermore, research has emerged showing that PPARs also play many other roles in inflammation, central nervous system-related diseases, and cancer. Increasingly, drug development has been based on the use of several selective PPARs as modulators to diminish the adverse effects of the PPAR agonists previously used in clinical practice. In conclusion, the complex roles of PPARs in metabolic networks keep these factors in the forefront of research because it is hoped that they will have potential therapeutic effects in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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26
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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27
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Analysis of the PPARD Gene Expression Level Changes in Football Players in Response to the Training Cycle. Balkan J Med Genet 2018; 21:19-25. [PMID: 30425906 PMCID: PMC6231314 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The PPARD gene codes protein that belongs to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family engaged in a variety of biological processes, including lipid metabolism in muscle cells. In this study, we assess the relationship between PPARD gene expression lipid metabolism parameters and the variation of the PPARD gene expression before (T1) and after 12 hours of training (T2) sessions in a group of football players. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 22 football players (17.5±0.7 years, 178±0.7 cm, 68.05±9.18 kg). The PPARD gene expression, analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), was significantly higher after T2 (p = 0.0006). Moreover, at the end of the training cycle, there was a significant decrease in relative fat tissue (FAT) (%) (p = 0.01) and absolute FAT (kg) (p = 0.01). A negative correlation was observed between absolute FAT (kg) and PPARD gene expression level in T2 (p = 0.03). The levels of cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) fractions were not significantly different (p >0.05) before and after training. No significant relationship between PPARD expression and cholesterol or TG levels was found. We found that physical training affects PPARD expression. Moreover, the negative correlation between PPARD expression and absolute FAT (kg) level may be indicative of the contribution of PPARD in metabolic adaptation to increased lipid uptake that can be used to control the body composition of athletes.
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28
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Lamichane S, Dahal Lamichane B, Kwon SM. Pivotal Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Signal Cascade for Cellular and Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040949. [PMID: 29565812 PMCID: PMC5979443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are important in whole-body energy metabolism. PPARs are classified into three isoforms, namely, PPARα, β/δ, and γ. They are collectively involved in fatty acid oxidation, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism throughout the body. Importantly, the three isoforms of PPARs have complementary and distinct metabolic activities for energy balance at a cellular and whole-body level. PPARs also act with other co-regulators to maintain energy homeostasis. When endogenous ligands bind with these receptors, they regulate the transcription of genes involved in energy homeostasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism of PPARs in energy metabolism remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the importance of PPAR signals in multiple organs and focus on the pivotal roles of PPAR signals in cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreekrishna Lamichane
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Babita Dahal Lamichane
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
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29
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PPARβ/δ: A Key Therapeutic Target in Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030913. [PMID: 29558390 PMCID: PMC5877774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in recent years on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ indicates that it plays a key role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, both at the cellular level and within the organism as a whole. PPARβ/δ activation might help prevent the development of metabolic disorders, including obesity, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review highlights research findings on the PPARβ/δ regulation of energy metabolism and the development of diseases related to altered cellular and body metabolism. It also describes the potential of the pharmacological activation of PPARβ/δ as a treatment for human metabolic disorders.
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30
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Bahar R, Wong KA, Liu CH, Bowlus CL. Update on New Drugs and Those in Development for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2018; 14:154-163. [PMID: 29928160 PMCID: PMC6004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune inflammatory liver disease of the interlobular bile ducts that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Until recently, the only effective treatment was ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). However, up to 40% of PBC patients have an inadequate response to UDCA and may continue to have disease progression. Several models have been developed, including the UK-PBC and GLOBE scores, to assist in identifying patients who may benefit from second-line therapies, such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA). The addition of OCA can significantly improve serum alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, which are strong surrogate markers of clinical outcomes in PBC. Other alternatives, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α agonists fenofibrate and bezafibrate, may also improve liver biochemistries in PBC patients with an inadequate response to UDCA, but further study is needed to demonstrate their safety and long-term efficacy. Other novel agents, including those targeting the FXR pathway and PPAR-δ agonists, have shown promising results and may alter the therapeutic landscape of PBC in the near future. For now, OCA remains the only approved second-line agent for PBC patients with an inadequate response to UDCA while results of long-term studies of its safety and clinical benefit are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runalia Bahar
- Dr Bahar is a hospitalist at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, California. Dr Wong is a chief resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of California Davis School of Medicine in Sacramento, California. Mr Liu is a staff member and Dr Bowlus is the Lena Valente Professor and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of California Davis School of Medicine
| | - Kimberly A Wong
- Dr Bahar is a hospitalist at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, California. Dr Wong is a chief resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of California Davis School of Medicine in Sacramento, California. Mr Liu is a staff member and Dr Bowlus is the Lena Valente Professor and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of California Davis School of Medicine
| | - Chung H Liu
- Dr Bahar is a hospitalist at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, California. Dr Wong is a chief resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of California Davis School of Medicine in Sacramento, California. Mr Liu is a staff member and Dr Bowlus is the Lena Valente Professor and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of California Davis School of Medicine
| | - Christopher L Bowlus
- Dr Bahar is a hospitalist at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento, California. Dr Wong is a chief resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of California Davis School of Medicine in Sacramento, California. Mr Liu is a staff member and Dr Bowlus is the Lena Valente Professor and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of California Davis School of Medicine
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31
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de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Cholesterol Transport Revisited: A New Turbo Mechanism to Drive Cholesterol Excretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:123-133. [PMID: 29276134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fine-tuned balance between cholesterol uptake and excretion by the body is pivotal to maintain health and to remain free from the deleterious consequences of cholesterol accumulation such as cardiovascular disease. The pathways involved in intracellular and extracellular cholesterol transport are a subject of intense investigation and are being unraveled in increasing detail. In addition, insight into the complex interactions between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism has increased considerably in the last couple of years. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake and excretion, with a particular emphasis on the most recent progress in this field. Special attention is given to the transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway, which was recently demonstrated to have a remarkably high transport capacity and to be sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Herbert KE, Erridge C. Regulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by intestinal inflammation and the acute phase response. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 114:226-232. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSystemic inflammation, induced by disease or experimental intervention, is well established to result in elevated levels of circulating triglycerides, and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), in most mammalian species. However, the relationship between inflammation and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations is less clear. Most reports indicate that systemic inflammation, as observed during sepsis or following high dose experimental endotoxaemia, lowers total, and LDL-C in man. However, isolated reports have suggested that certain inflammatory conditions are associated with increased LDL-C. In this review, we summarize the emerging evidence that low-grade inflammation specifically of intestinal origin may be associated with increased serum LDL-C levels. Preliminary insights into potential mechanisms that may mediate these effects, including those connecting inflammation to trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE), are considered. We conclude that this evidence supports the potential downregulation of major mediators of TICE by inflammatory mediators in vitro and during intestinal inflammation in vivo. The TICE-inflammation axis therefore merits further study in terms of its potential to regulate serum LDL-C, and as a readily druggable target for hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Herbert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Groby Road, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Clett Erridge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Groby Road, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE3 9QP, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB1 1PT, UK
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Jones D, Boudes PF, Swain MG, Bowlus CL, Galambos MR, Bacon BR, Doerffel Y, Gitlin N, Gordon SC, Odin JA, Sheridan D, Wörns MA, Clark V, Corless L, Hartmann H, Jonas ME, Kremer AE, Mells GF, Buggisch P, Freilich BL, Levy C, Vierling JM, Bernstein DE, Hartleb M, Janczewska E, Rochling F, Shah H, Shiffman ML, Smith JH, Choi YJ, Steinberg A, Varga M, Chera H, Martin R, McWherter CA, Hirschfield GM. Seladelpar (MBX-8025), a selective PPAR-δ agonist, in patients with primary biliary cholangitis with an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2, proof-of-concept study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:716-726. [PMID: 28818518 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with primary biliary cholangitis have an inadequate response to first-line therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid. Seladelpar is a potent, selective agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-δ), which is implicated in bile acid homoeostasis. This first-in-class study evaluated the anti-cholestatic effects and safety of seladelpar in patients with an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid. METHODS The study was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of patients with alkaline phosphatase of at least 1·67 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) despite treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. Patients, recruited at 29 sites in North America and Europe, were randomly assigned to placebo, seladelpar 50 mg/day, or seladelpar 200 mg/day while ursodeoxycholic acid was continued. Randomisation was done centrally (1:1:1) by a computerised system using an interactive voice-web response system with a block size of three. Randomisation was stratified by region (North America and Europe). The primary outcome was the percentage change from baseline in alkaline phosphatase over 12 weeks, analysed in the modified intention-to-treat (ITT) population (any randomised patient who received at least one dose of medication and had at least one post-baseline alkaline phosphatase evaluation). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02609048) and the EU Clinical Trials Registry (EudraCT2015-002698-39). FINDINGS Between Nov 4, 2015, and May 26, 2016, 70 patients were screened at 29 sites in North America and Europe. During recruitment, three patients treated with seladelpar developed fully reversible, asymptomatic grade 3 alanine aminotransferase increases (one on 50 mg, two on 200 mg), ranging from just over five to 20 times the ULN; as a result, the study was terminated after 41 patients were randomly assigned. The modified ITT population consisted of 12 patients in the placebo group, 13 in the seladelpar 50 mg group, and 10 in the seladelpar 200 mg group. Mean changes from baseline in alkaline phosphatase were -2% (SD 16) in the placebo group, -53% (14) in the seladelpar 50 mg group, and -63% (8) in the seladelpar 200 mg group. Changes in both seladelpar groups versus placebo were significant (p<0·0001 for both groups vs placebo), with no significant difference between the two seladelpar groups (p=0·1729). All five patients who received seladelpar for 12 weeks had normal alkaline phosphatase values at the end of treatment, based on a central laboratory ULN for alkaline phosphatase of 116 U/L. The most frequently reported adverse events were pruritus (16%; one patient on placebo, four on seladelpar 50 mg, and one on seladelpar 200 mg), nausea (13%; one patient on placebo, three on seladelpar 50 mg, and one on seladelpar 200 mg), diarrhoea (10%; two patients on placebo, one on seladelpar 50 mg, and one on seladelpar 200 mg), dyspepsia (8%; two patients on seladelpar 50 mg and one on seladelpar 200 mg), muscle spasms (8%; three patients on seladelpar 200 mg), myalgia (8%; one patient on placebo and two on seladelpar 200 mg), and dizziness (8%; one patient on placebo and two on seladelpar 50 mg). INTERPRETATION Seladelpar normalised alkaline phosphatase levels in patients who completed 12 weeks of treatment. However, treatment was associated with grade 3 increases in aminotransferases and the study was stopped early. The effects of seladelpar should be explored at lower doses. FUNDING CymaBay Therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jones
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark G Swain
- University of Calgary Liver Unit, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - Bruce R Bacon
- Saint Louis University Hospital, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Norman Gitlin
- Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Odin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sheridan
- Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust & Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | - Heinz Hartmann
- Gastroenterologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Herne, Germany
| | - Mark E Jonas
- Ohio Gastroenterology and Liver Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - George F Mells
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Buggisch
- Institut für interdisziplinäre Medizin Studien GmbH an der Asklepiosklinik Saint Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cynthia Levy
- Division of Hepatology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John M Vierling
- Advanced Liver Therapies, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Marek Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Hemant Shah
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - John H Smith
- Digestive and Liver Disease Specialists, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Center for Liver Research, Birmingham NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Doktorova M, Zwarts I, Zutphen TV, Dijk THV, Bloks VW, Harkema L, Bruin AD, Downes M, Evans RM, Verkade HJ, Jonker JW. Intestinal PPARδ protects against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:846. [PMID: 28404991 PMCID: PMC5429805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that has an important role in lipid metabolism. Activation of PPARδ stimulates fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and improves dyslipidemia in mice and humans. PPARδ is highly expressed in the intestinal tract but its physiological function in this organ is not known. Using mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of PPARδ, we show that intestinal PPARδ protects against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, absence of intestinal PPARδ abolished the ability of PPARδ agonist GW501516 to increase plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol. Together, our findings show that intestinal PPARδ is important in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and suggest that intestinal-specific activation of PPARδ could be a therapeutic approach for treatment of the metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia, while avoiding systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Doktorova
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Zwarts
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Harkema
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Downes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dubois V, Eeckhoute J, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Distinct but complementary contributions of PPAR isotypes to energy homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1202-1214. [PMID: 28368286 DOI: 10.1172/jci88894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate energy metabolism and hence are therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While they share anti-inflammatory activities, the PPAR isotypes distinguish themselves by differential actions on lipid and glucose homeostasis. In this Review we discuss the complementary and distinct metabolic effects of the PPAR isotypes together with the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as the synthetic PPAR ligands that are used in the clinic or under development. We highlight the potential of new PPAR ligands with improved efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of complex metabolic disorders.
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Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that predisposes individuals to cardiometabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which are all related to inappropriate ectopic lipid deposition. Identification of the pathogenic molecular mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches are highly needed. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) modulate several biological processes that are perturbed in obesity, including inflammation, lipid and glucose metabolism and overall energy homeostasis. Here, we review how PPARs regulate the functions of adipose tissues, such as adipogenesis, lipid storage and adaptive thermogenesis, under healthy and pathological conditions. We also discuss the clinical use and mechanism of PPAR agonists in the treatment of obesity comorbidities such as dyslipidaemia, T2DM and NAFLD. First generation PPAR agonists, primarily those acting on PPARγ, are associated with adverse effects that outweigh their clinical benefits, which led to the discontinuation of their development. An improved understanding of the physiological roles of PPARs might, therefore, enable the development of safe, new PPAR agonists with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gross
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michal Pawlak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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Jakulj L, van Dijk TH, de Boer JF, Kootte RS, Schonewille M, Paalvast Y, Boer T, Bloks VW, Boverhof R, Nieuwdorp M, Beuers UHW, Stroes ESG, Groen AK. Transintestinal Cholesterol Transport Is Active in Mice and Humans and Controls Ezetimibe-Induced Fecal Neutral Sterol Excretion. Cell Metab 2016; 24:783-794. [PMID: 27818259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Except for conversion to bile salts, there is no major cholesterol degradation pathway in mammals. Efficient excretion from the body is therefore a crucial element in cholesterol homeostasis. Yet, the existence and importance of cholesterol degradation pathways in humans is a matter of debate. We quantified cholesterol fluxes in 15 male volunteers using a cholesterol balance approach. Ten participants repeated the protocol after 4 weeks of treatment with ezetimibe, an inhibitor of intestinal and biliary cholesterol absorption. Under basal conditions, about 65% of daily fecal neutral sterol excretion was bile derived, with the remainder being contributed by direct transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). Surprisingly, ezetimibe induced a 4-fold increase in cholesterol elimination via TICE. Mouse studies revealed that most of ezetimibe-induced TICE flux is mediated by the cholesterol transporter Abcg5/Abcg8. In conclusion, TICE is active in humans and may serve as a novel target to stimulate cholesterol elimination in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Jakulj
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud S Kootte
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Schonewille
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Yared Paalvast
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Boer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich H W Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Diabetes Research Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands; Groningen Center of Systems Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713ZG, the Netherlands.
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Tan NS, Vázquez-Carrera M, Montagner A, Sng MK, Guillou H, Wahli W. Transcriptional control of physiological and pathological processes by the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:98-122. [PMID: 27665713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 138673, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sachdev V, Leopold C, Bauer R, Patankar JV, Iqbal J, Obrowsky S, Boverhof R, Doktorova M, Scheicher B, Goeritzer M, Kolb D, Turnbull AV, Zimmer A, Hoefler G, Hussain MM, Groen AK, Kratky D. Novel role of a triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme: DGAT1 at the crossroad between triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1132-1141. [PMID: 27344248 PMCID: PMC4948681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TG) biosynthesis. Here we show that genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 in mice alters cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol absorption, as assessed by acute cholesterol uptake, was significantly decreased in the small intestine and liver upon DGAT1 deficiency/inhibition. Ablation of DGAT1 in the intestine (I-DGAT1−/−) alone is sufficient to cause these effects. Consequences of I-DGAT1 deficiency phenocopy findings in whole-body DGAT1−/− and DGAT1 inhibitor-treated mice. We show that deficiency/inhibition of DGAT1 affects cholesterol metabolism via reduced chylomicron size and increased trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion. These effects are independent of cholesterol uptake at the apical surface of enterocytes but mediated through altered dietary fatty acid metabolism. Our findings provide insight into a novel role of DGAT1 and identify a pathway by which intestinal DGAT1 deficiency affects whole-body cholesterol homeostasis in mice. Targeting intestinal DGAT1 may represent a novel approach for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Raimund Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 11203 New York, United States
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela Doktorova
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 11203 New York, United States
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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40
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Zhao D. Challenges associated with elucidating the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Takenaka Y, Ono H, Katayama S, Awata T, Murakoshi T. Ezetimibe Promotes Brush Border Membrane-to-Lumen Cholesterol Efflux in the Small Intestine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152207. [PMID: 27023132 PMCID: PMC4811413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezetimibe inhibits Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), an apical membrane cholesterol transporter of enterocytes, thereby reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption. This treatment also increases extrahepatic reverse cholesterol transport via an undefined mechanism. To explore this, we employed a trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) assay, which directly detects circulation-to-intestinal lumen 3H-cholesterol transit in a cannulated jejunal segment, and found an increase of TICE by 45%. To examine whether such increase in efflux occurs at the intestinal brush border membrane(BBM)-level, we performed luminal perfusion assays, similar to TICE but the jejunal wall was labelled with orally-given 3H-cholesterol, and determined elevated BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux by 3.5-fold with ezetimibe. Such increased efflux probably promotes circulation-to-lumen cholesterol transit eventually; thus increases TICE. Next, we wondered how inhibition of NPC1L1, an influx transporter, resulted in increased efflux. When we traced orally-given 3H-cholesterol in mice, we found that lumen-to-BBM 3H-cholesterol transit was rapid and less sensitive to ezetimibe treatment. Comparison of the efflux and fractional cholesterol absorption revealed an inverse correlation, indicating the efflux as an opposite-regulatory factor for cholesterol absorption efficiency and counteracting to the naturally-occurring rapid cholesterol influx to the BBM. These suggest that the ezetimibe-stimulated increased efflux is crucial in reducing cholesterol absorption. Ezetimibe-induced increase in cholesterol efflux was approximately 2.5-fold greater in mice having endogenous ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 heterodimer, the major sterol efflux transporter of enterocytes, than the knockout counterparts, suggesting that the heterodimer confers additional rapid BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux in response to NPC1L1 inhibition. The observed framework for intestinal cholesterol fluxes may provide ways to modulate the flux to dispose of endogenous cholesterol efficiently for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiraku Ono
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Katayama
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Awata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
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Cao P, Pan H, Xiao T, Zhou T, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the Study of the Antiatherogenic Function and Novel Therapies for HDL. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225968 PMCID: PMC4581191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels could improve the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is facing challenges. There is multitudinous clear clinical evidence that the latest failures of HDL-C-raising drugs show no clear association with risks for CVD. At the genetic level, recent research indicates that steady-state HDL-C concentrations may provide limited information regarding the potential antiatherogenic functions of HDL. It is evident that the newer strategies may replace therapeutic approaches to simply raise plasma HDL-C levels. There is an urgent need to identify an efficient biomarker that accurately predicts the increased risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in patients and that may be used for exploring newer therapeutic targets. Studies from recent decades show that the composition, structure and function of circulating HDL are closely associated with high cardiovascular risk. A vast amount of data demonstrates that the most important mechanism through which HDL antagonizes AS involves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Clinical trials of drugs that specifically target HDL have so far proven disappointing, so it is necessary to carry out review on the HDL therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Blanchard C, Moreau F, Cariou B, Le May C. [Trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE): a new route for cholesterol excretion]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:896-901. [PMID: 25311025 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays a crucial role in dietary and biliary cholesterol absorption, as well as its lymphatic secretion as chylomicrons (lipoprotein exogenous way). Recently, a new metabolic pathway called TICE (trans-intestinal excretion of cholesterol) that plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism has emerged. TICE is an inducible way, complementary to the hepatobiliary pathway, allowing the elimination of the plasma cholesterol directly into the intestine lumen through the enterocytes. This pathway is poorly characterized but several molecular actors of TICE have been recently identified. Although it is a matter of debate, two independent studies suggest that TICE is involved in the anti-atherogenic reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Thus, TICE is an innovative drug target to reduce -cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Blanchard
- IRS-UN, institut du thorax, unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - François Moreau
- IRS-UN, institut du thorax, unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- IRS-UN, institut du thorax, unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- IRS-UN, institut du thorax, unité Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, 8, quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France
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Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 prevents atherosclerosis via inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7496-504. [PMID: 25261526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02926-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Eight-week-old ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a Western diet with or without L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 daily for 16 weeks. L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 protected ApoE(-/-) mice from atherosclerosis by reducing their plasma cholesterol levels from 923 ± 44 to 581 ± 18 mg/dl, likely via a marked decrease in cholesterol absorption caused by modulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). In addition, suppression of cholesterol absorption induced reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in macrophages through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/liver X receptor (PPAR/LXR) pathway. Fecal lactobacillus and bifidobacterium counts were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 treatment groups than in the control groups. Furthermore, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was detected in the rat small intestine, colon, and feces during the feeding trial. The bacterial levels remained high even after the administration of lactic acid bacteria had been stopped for 2 weeks. These results suggest that administration of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 can protect against atherosclerosis through the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Therefore, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 may be a potential therapeutic material for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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46
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Ding H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H, Qu J, Shen R. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor Delta in Mouse Impacts Lipid Composition and Placental Development at Early Stage of Gestation1. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:57. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Degirolamo C, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Intestinal nuclear receptors in HDL cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1262-70. [PMID: 25070952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis by functioning as an absorptive and secretory organ in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Enterocytes control cholesterol absorption, apoAI synthesis, HDL biogenesis, and nonbiliary cholesterol fecal disposal. Thus, intestine-based therapeutic interventions may hold promise in the management of diseases driven by cholesterol overload. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and regulate transcriptionally the handling of cholesterol by the enterocytes. Here, we discuss the NR regulation of cholesterol fluxes across the enterocytes with special emphasis on NR exploitation as a bona fide novel HDL-raising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Chen G, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang ST. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in the Management of Hyperlipidemia. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1180-201. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.629354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Marshall SM, Kelley KL, Davis MA, Wilson MD, McDaniel AL, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Rudel LL, Brown JM, Temel RE. Reduction of VLDL secretion decreases cholesterol excretion in niemann-pick C1-like 1 hepatic transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84418. [PMID: 24404162 PMCID: PMC3880293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective way to reduce LDL cholesterol, the primary risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is to increase cholesterol excretion from the body. Our group and others have recently found that cholesterol excretion can be facilitated by both hepatobiliary and transintestinal pathways. However, the lipoprotein that moves cholesterol through the plasma to the small intestine for transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) is unknown. To test the hypothesis that hepatic very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) support TICE, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were used to knockdown hepatic expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which is necessary for VLDL assembly. While maintained on a high cholesterol diet, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 hepatic transgenic (L1Tg) mice, which predominantly excrete cholesterol via TICE, and wild type (WT) littermates were treated with control ASO or MTP ASO. In both WT and L1Tg mice, MTP ASO decreased VLDL triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol secretion. Regardless of treatment, L1Tg mice had reduced biliary cholesterol compared to WT mice. However, only L1Tg mice treated with MTP ASO had reduced fecal cholesterol excretion. Based upon these findings, we conclude that VLDL or a byproduct such as LDL can move cholesterol from the liver to the small intestine for TICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Kelley
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison L. McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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