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Parente IA, Chiara L, Bertoni S. Exploring the potential of human intestinal organoids: Applications, challenges, and future directions. Life Sci 2024; 352:122875. [PMID: 38942359 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The complex and dynamic environment of the gastrointestinal tract shapes one of the fastest renewing tissues in the human body, the intestinal epithelium. Considering the lack of human preclinical studies, reliable models that mimic the intestinal environment are increasingly explored. Patient-derived intestinal organoids are powerful tools that recapitulate in vitro many pathophysiological features of the human intestine. In this review, the possible applications of human intestinal organoids in different research fields are highlighted. From physiologically relevant to intestinal disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and toxicology studies, the potential of intestinal organoids will be here presented and discussed. Despite the remarkable opportunities offered, limitations related to ethical concerns, tissue collection, reproducibility, and methodologies may hinder the full exploitation of this cell-based model into high throughput studies and clinical practice. Currently, distinct approaches can be used to overcome the numerous challenges found along the way and to allow the full implementation of this ground-breaking technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês A Parente
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Linda Chiara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Jeong YJ, Lee HR, Park SA, Lee JW, Kim LK, Kim HJ, Seo JH, Heo TH. A derivative of 3-(1,3-diarylallylidene)oxindoles inhibits dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00616-2. [PMID: 38916850 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IA-0130 is a derivative of 3-(1,3-diarylallylidene)oxindoles, which is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). A previous study demonstrated that SERM exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on colitis by promoting the anti-inflammatory phenotype of monocytes in murine colitis. However, the therapeutic effects of oxindole on colitis remain unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of IA-0130 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. METHODS The DSS-induced colitis mouse model was established by administration of 2.5% DSS for 5 days. Mice were orally administered with IA-0130 (0.01 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg) or cyclosporin A (CsA; 30 mg/kg). Body weight, disease activity index score and colon length of mice were calculated and histological features of mouse colonic tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and tight junction (TJ) proteins were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling molecules in colonic tissues were investigated using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS IA-0130 (0.1 mg/kg) and CsA (30 mg/kg) prevented colitis symptom, including weight loss, bleeding, colon shortening, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. IA-0130 treatment regulated the mouse intestinal barrier permeability and inhibited abnormal TJ protein expression. IA-0130 down-regulated IL-6 expression and prevented the phosphorylation of signaling molecules in colonic tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that IA-0130 suppressed colitis progression by inhibiting the gp130 signaling pathway and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and maintaining TJ integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Jeong
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ae Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Woon Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Kyung Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Chemistry, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon‑si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR Team for Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, 43 Jibong-Ro, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Cicchinelli S, Gemma S, Pignataro G, Piccioni A, Ojetti V, Gasbarrini A, Franceschi F, Candelli M. Intestinal Fibrogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Exploring the Potential Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites as Modulators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:490. [PMID: 38675450 PMCID: PMC11053610 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, sustained by the transformation of intestinal epithelial cells into fibroblasts (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EMT), has been extensively studied in recent decades, with the molecular basis well-documented in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, the factors influencing these pathways remain unclear. In recent years, the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease has garnered significant attention. Evidence suggests that an imbalanced or dysregulated microbiota, along with environmental and genetic factors, may contribute to the development of IBDs. Notably, microbes produce various metabolites that interact with host receptors and associated signaling pathways, influencing physiological and pathological changes. This review aims to present recent evidence highlighting the emerging role of the most studied metabolites as potential modulators of molecular pathways implicated in intestinal fibrosis and EMT in IBDs. These studies provide a deeper understanding of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, elucidating the molecular basis of the microbiota role in IBDs, paving the way for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cicchinelli
- Department of Emergency, S.S. Filippo e Nicola Hospital, 67051 Avezzano, Italy;
| | - Stefania Gemma
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pignataro
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Xu J, Xu H, Guo X, Zhao H, Wang J, Li J, He J, Huang H, Huang C, Zhao C, Li Y, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Nie Y. Pretreatment with an antibiotics cocktail enhances the protective effect of probiotics by regulating SCFA metabolism and Th1/Th2/Th17 cell immune responses. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:91. [PMID: 38500062 PMCID: PMC10946100 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are a potentially effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); IBD is linked to impaired gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. However, the utilization of an antibiotic cocktail (Abx) prior to the probiotic intervention remains controversial. This study aims to identify the effect of Abx pretreatment from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to evaluate whether Abx pretreatment has an enhanced effect on the protection of Clostridium butyricum Miyairi588 (CBM) from colitis. RESULTS The inflammation, dysbiosis, and dysfunction of gut microbiota as well as T cell response were both enhanced by Abx pretreatment. Additionally, CBM significantly alleviated the DSS-induced colitis and impaired gut epithelial barrier, and Abx pretreatment could enhance these protective effects. Furthermore, CBM increased the benefit bacteria abundance and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level with Abx pretreatment. CBM intervention after Abx pretreatment regulated the imbalance of cytokines and transcription factors, which corresponded to lower infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells, and increased Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Abx pretreatment reinforced the function of CBM in ameliorating inflammation and barrier damage by increasing beneficial taxa, eliminating pathogens, and inducing a protective Th2 cell response. This study reveals a link between Abx pretreatment, microbiota, and immune response changes in colitis, which provides a reference for the further application of Abx pretreatment before microbiota-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Hahn S, Kim G, Jin SM, Kim JH. Protective effects of metformin in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induced intestinal organoids injury model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 690:149291. [PMID: 38006803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) accompanies disrupted intestinal tight junctions. However, many approaches of therapeutics for IBD are focused only on anti-inflammatory effects and most cellular experiments are based on two-dimensional cell lines which have insufficient circumstances of intestine. Thus, here, we used three-dimensional structure intestinal organoids to investigate effects of metformin in the in vitro IBD condition. In this study, we focused on both tight junctions and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Metformin enhances the intestinal barrier in injured intestine via upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, dysfunction of which contributes to the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. We aim to investigate the effects of metformin on cytokine-induced injured intestinal organoids. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was used to induce intestinal injury in an organoid model, and the effects of metformin were assessed. Cell viability and levels of inflammatory cytokines were quantified in addition to tight junction markers. Furthermore, 4 kDa FITC-dextran was used to assess intestinal permeability. The upregulation of inflammatory cytokine levels was alleviated by metformin, which also restored the intestinal epithelium permeability in TNF-α-treated injury organoids. We confirmed that claudin-2 and claudin-7, representative tight junction markers, were also protected by metformin treatment. This study confirms the protective effects of metformin, which could be used as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Hahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, South Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, South Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
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Huang Q, Zhang Y, Chu Q, Song H. The Influence of Polysaccharides on Lipid Metabolism: Insights from Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300522. [PMID: 37933720 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Polysaccharides are complex molecules of more than ten monosaccharide residues interconnected through glycosidic linkages formed via condensation reactions. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in various food resources and have gained considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. This review presented a critical analysis of the existing research literature on anti-obesity polysaccharides and investigates the complex interplay between their lipid-lowering activity and the gut microbiota, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the lipid-lowering properties of polysaccharides and the underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS In this review, the study summarized the roles of polysaccharides in improving lipid metabolism via gut microbiota, including the remodeling of the intestinal barrier, reduction of inflammation, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production, and regulation of the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). CONCLUSION These mechanisms collectively contributed to the beneficial effects of polysaccharides on lipid metabolism and overall metabolic health. Furthermore, polysaccharide-based nanocarriers combined with gut microbiota have broad prospects for developing targeted and personalized therapies for hyperlipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Li L, Xin J, Wang H, Wang Y, Peng W, Sun N, Huang H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Lin Y, Fang J, Jing B, Pan K, Zeng Y, Zeng D, Qin X, Bai Y, Ni X. Fluoride disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity through intracellular calcium-mediated RhoA/ROCK signaling and myosin light chain kinase. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114940. [PMID: 37099960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is a common contaminant of groundwater and agricultural commodity, which poses challenges to animal and human health. A wealth of research has demonstrated its detrimental effects on intestinal mucosal integrity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate the role of the cytoskeleton in fluoride-induced barrier dysfunction. After sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment of the cultured Caco-2 cells, both cytotoxicity and cytomorphological changes (internal vacuoles or massive ablation) were observed. NaF lowered transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and enhanced paracellular permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 (FD-4), indicating Caco-2 monolayers hyperpermeability. In the meantime, NaF treatment altered both the expression and distribution of the tight junction protein ZO-1. Fluoride exposure increased myosin light chain II (MLC2) phosphorylation and triggered actin filament (F-actin) remodeling. While inhibition of myosin II by Blebbistatin blocked NaF-induced barrier failure and ZO-1 discontinuity, the corresponding agonist Ionomycin had effects comparable to those of fluoride, suggesting that MLC2 serves as an effector. Given the mechanisms upstream of p-MLC2 regulation, further studies demonstrated that NaF activated RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), strikingly increasing the expression of both. Pharmacological inhibitors (Rhosin, Y-27632 and ML-7) reversed NaF-induced barrier breakdown and stress fiber formation. The role of intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) in NaF effects on Rho/ROCK pathway and MLCK was investigated. We found that NaF elevated [Ca2+]i, whereas chelator BAPTA-AM attenuated increased RhoA and MLCK expression as well as ZO-1 rupture, thus, restoring barrier function. Collectively, abovementioned results suggest that NaF induces barrier impairment via Ca2+-dependent RhoA/ROCK pathway and MLCK, which in turn triggers MLC2 phosphorylation and rearrangement of ZO-1 and F-actin. These results provide potential therapeutic targets for fluoride-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Li
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Peng
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanxi Zhou
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yang Bai
- Baiyun Branch, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Kirundi J, Moghadamrad S, Urbaniak C. Microbiome-liver crosstalk: A multihit therapeutic target for liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1651-1668. [PMID: 37077519 PMCID: PMC10107210 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i11.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease has become a leading cause of death, particularly in the West, where it is attributed to more than two million deaths annually. The correlation between gut microbiota and liver disease is still not fully understood. However, it is well known that gut dysbiosis accompanied by a leaky gut causes an increase in lipopolysaccharides in circulation, which in turn evoke massive hepatic inflammation promoting liver cirrhosis. Microbial dysbiosis also leads to poor bile acid metabolism and low short-chain fatty acids, all of which exacerbate the inflammatory response of liver cells. Gut microbial homeostasis is maintained through intricate processes that ensure that commensal microbes adapt to the low oxygen potential of the gut and that they rapidly occupy all the intestinal niches, thus outcompeting any potential pathogens for available nutrients. The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and its metabolites also guarantee an intact gut barrier. These processes that protect against destabilization of gut microbes by potential entry of pathogenic bacteria are collectively called colonization resistance and are equally essential for liver health. In this review, we shall investigate how the mechanisms of colonization resistance influence the liver in health and disease and the microbial-liver crosstalk potential as therapeutic target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorum Kirundi
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3014, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
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Shutova MS, Borowczyk J, Russo B, Sellami S, Drukala J, Wolnicki M, Brembilla NC, Kaya G, Ivanov AI, Boehncke WH. Inflammation modulates intercellular adhesion and mechanotransduction in human epidermis via ROCK2. iScience 2023; 26:106195. [PMID: 36890793 PMCID: PMC9986521 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant mechanotransduction and compromised epithelial barrier function are associated with numerous human pathologies including inflammatory skin disorders. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms regulating inflammatory responses in the epidermis are not well understood. Here we addressed this question by inducing a psoriatic phenotype in human keratinocytes and reconstructed human epidermis using a cytokine stimulation model. We show that the inflammation upregulates the Rho-myosin II pathway and destabilizes adherens junctions (AJs) promoting YAP nuclear entry. The integrity of cell-cell adhesion but not the myosin II contractility per se is the determinative factor for the YAP regulation in epidermal keratinocytes. The inflammation-induced disruption of AJs, increased paracellular permeability, and YAP nuclear translocation are regulated by ROCK2, independently from myosin II activation. Using a specific inhibitor KD025, we show that ROCK2 executes its effects via cytoskeletal and transcription-dependent mechanisms to shape the inflammatory response in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Shutova
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Borowczyk
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Russo
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sihem Sellami
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Drukala
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Michal Wolnicki
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Nicolo C. Brembilla
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gurkan Kaya
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Mo X, Tang K, Deng L, Zhou X, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Prevention of ulcerative colitis by Huangqin decoction: reducing the intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis rate through the IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1116-1125. [PMID: 35654745 PMCID: PMC9176677 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2070220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that is closely related to inflammation and apoptosis. The traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation Huangqin decoction (HQD) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of UC, but the specific mechanism of its function is still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To explore the pathogenesis of UC based on the IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway, and to clarify the biological mechanism of HQD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal control, model, model + salazosulfapyridine group (500 mg/kg, p.o., pd) and model + HQD (9.1 g/kg, p.o., pd). Using Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) salt (2.5%, p.o.)+high-fat diet + hot and humid environment to build a mouse model of UC. One month later, the changes of colon morphology, serum inflammatory factors, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway related protein changes in mice were observed. RESULTS Compared with the model group, HQD significantly reduced the pathological score of the model mice's colon (2.60 ± 0.25 vs. 4.80 ± 0.37), and reduced the serum IFN-γ (200.30 ± 8.45 vs. 413.80 ± 6.97) and other inflammatory factors, and reduced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis (24.85 ± 4.87 vs. 214.90 ± 39.21). In terms of mechanism, HQD down-regulated IFN-γ/JAK/ETS signalling pathway related proteins in colon tissue of UC model mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that HQD can improve UC by reducing intestinal inflammation and apoptosis, providing experimental evidence for the wide application of HQD in clinical practice of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Mo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kairui Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yupei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Yupei Zhang
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Jing Wang School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Association between Serum Vitamin D and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms in a Sample of Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194157. [PMID: 36235809 PMCID: PMC9573646 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D may be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathways. This cross-sectional study evaluated the associations between serum Vitamin D and IBS symptoms in a sample of Lebanese adults. Participants (n = 230; mean (SD) age: 43.36 (16.05) years, 62.9% females) were adults, free of diseases affecting Vitamin D metabolism, and recruited from a large university and the surrounding community. Serum Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) was assessed using an automated chemiluminescence micro-particle immunoassay kit. The Birmingham IBS Symptom Questionnaire total scale, and pain, constipation, and diarrhea subscales were used to study IBS symptoms. Four linear regression analyses were performed, taking respectively the total scale and each of the subscales as the dependent variable. Vitamin D was forced into each model. Covariates included sociodemographic and medical variables, fluid intake, physical activity, sleep quality, stress, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Mean (SD) serum Vitamin D was 17.53 (12.40) ng/mL and mean (SD) Birmingham IBS Symptom Questionnaire was 16.98 (15.16) (pain: 20.75 (23.63), constipation: 25.06 (29.99), diarrhea: 9.88 (13.37)). Serum Vitamin D was not associated with the total score, nor with any of the subscales (p > 0.05 for the four regression analyses). Serum Vitamin D was not associated with IBS symptoms in a sample of Lebanese adults, adding to the controversy in this field. Further understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Vitamin D and IBS is warranted.
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13
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Wang MY, Zhang Y, Tong YX, Guo PT, Zhang J, Wang CK, Gao YY. Effects of lutein on jejunal mucosal barrier function and inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-challenged yellow-feather broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Lee YH, Kim H, Nam S, Chu JR, Kim JH, Lim JS, Kim SE, Sung MK. Protective Effects of High-Fat Diet against Murine Colitis in Association with Leptin Signaling and Gut Microbiome. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12070972. [PMID: 35888062 PMCID: PMC9323536 DOI: 10.3390/life12070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal-tract inflammation with dysregulated immune responses, which are partly attributable to dysbiosis. Given that diet plays a critical role in IBD pathogenesis and progression, we elucidated the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding on IBD development in relation to immune dysfunction and the gut microbiota. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 14 weeks. The animals were further divided into ND, ND+ dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), HFD, and HFD+DSS treatment groups. The HFD+DSS mice exhibited lower body weight loss, lower disease activity index, longer colon length, and increased tight-junction protein expression and goblet-cell proportions compared with the ND+DSS mice. The T helper (h)1 and Th17 cell populations and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in colitis pathogenesis were significantly more reduced in the HFD+DSS mice than in the ND+DSS mice. The HFD+DSS mice showed significantly increased serum leptin concentrations, colonic leptin receptor expression, enhanced anti-apoptotic AKT expression, and reduced pro-apoptotic MAPK and Bax expression compared with the ND+DSS mice, suggesting the involvement of the leptin-mediated pathway in intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. The alterations in the gut-microbiota composition in the HFD+DSS group were the opposite of those in the ND+DSS group and rather similar to those of the ND group, indicating that the protective effects of HFD feeding against DSS-induced colitis are associated with changes in gut-microbiota composition. Overall, HFD feeding ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and colonic mucosal damage by reinforcing colonic barrier function and regulating immune responses in association with changes in gut-microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ha Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (H.K.); (J.-R.C.)
| | - Hyeyoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (H.K.); (J.-R.C.)
| | - Sorim Nam
- Division of Biological Sciences and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (S.N.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jae-Ryang Chu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (H.K.); (J.-R.C.)
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Division of Biological Sciences and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (S.N.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (H.K.); (J.-R.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea; (Y.-H.L.); (H.K.); (J.-R.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
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15
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Shutova MS, Boehncke WH. Mechanotransduction in Skin Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132026. [PMID: 35805110 PMCID: PMC9265324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of mechanotransduction, the cells in the body perceive and interpret mechanical stimuli to maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to the environmental changes. Increasing evidence points towards dysregulated mechanotransduction as a pathologically relevant factor in human diseases, including inflammatory conditions. Skin is the organ that constantly undergoes considerable mechanical stresses, and the ability of mechanical factors to provoke inflammatory processes in the skin has long been known, with the Koebner phenomenon being an example. However, the molecular mechanisms and key factors linking mechanotransduction and cutaneous inflammation remain understudied. In this review, we outline the key players in the tissue’s mechanical homeostasis, the available data, and the gaps in our current understanding of their aberrant regulation in chronic cutaneous inflammation. We mainly focus on psoriasis as one of the most studied skin inflammatory diseases; we also discuss mechanotransduction in the context of skin fibrosis as a result of chronic inflammation. Even though the role of mechanotransduction in inflammation of the simple epithelia of internal organs is being actively studied, we conclude that the mechanoregulation in the stratified epidermis of the skin requires more attention in future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Shutova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Srivastava RK, Lutz B, Ruiz de Azua I. The Microbiome and Gut Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Stress Responses and Metabolism. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:867267. [PMID: 35634468 PMCID: PMC9130962 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.867267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, with its receptors and ligands, is present in the gut epithelium and enteroendocrine cells, and is able to modulate brain functions, both indirectly through circulating gut-derived factors and directly through the vagus nerve, finally acting on the brain’s mechanisms regarding metabolism and behavior. The gut endocannabinoid system also regulates gut motility, permeability, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, microbiota composition has been shown to influence the activity of the endocannabinoid system. This review examines the interaction between microbiota, intestinal endocannabinoid system, metabolism, and stress responses. We hypothesize that the crosstalk between microbiota and intestinal endocannabinoid system has a prominent role in stress-induced changes in the gut-brain axis affecting metabolic and mental health. Inter-individual differences are commonly observed in stress responses, but mechanisms underlying resilience and vulnerability to stress are far from understood. Both gut microbiota and the endocannabinoid system have been implicated in stress resilience. We also discuss interventions targeting the microbiota and the endocannabinoid system to mitigate metabolic and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Anuppur, India
- *Correspondence: Raj Kamal Srivastava,
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua,
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17
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Huang R, Wu F, Zhou Q, Wei W, Yue J, Xiao B, Luo Z. Lactobacillus and intestinal diseases: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062995. [PMID: 35328419 PMCID: PMC8951934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
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19
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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20
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Sharma S, Singh A, Sharma S, Kant A, Sevda S, Taherzadeh MJ, Garlapati VK. Functional Foods as a formulation ingredients in beverages: Technological Advancements and Constraints. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11055-11075. [PMID: 34783642 PMCID: PMC8810194 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2005992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of expanded science and technical research, the market perception of consumers has shifted from standard traditional to valuable foods, which are furthermore nutritional as well as healthier in today’s world. This food concept, precisely referred to as functional, focuses on including probiotics, which enhance immune system activity, cognitive response, and overall health. This review primarily focuses on functional foods as functional additives in beverages and other food items that can regulate the human immune system and avert any possibility of contracting the infection. Many safety concerns must be resolved during their administration. Functional foods must have an adequate amount of specific probiotic strain(s) during their use and storage, as good viability is needed for optimum functionality of the probiotic. Thus, when developing novel functional food-based formulations, choosing a strain with strong technological properties is crucial. The present review focused on probiotics as an active ingredient in different beverage formulations and the exerting mechanism of action and fate of probiotics in the human body. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the regulative and safety issues of probiotics-based foods and beverages formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Astha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Anil Kant
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Surajbhan Sevda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal506004, India
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Garlapati
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173234, India
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21
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Sun P, Su L, Zhu H, Li X, Guo Y, Du X, Zhang L, Qin C. Gut Microbiota Regulation and Their Implication in the Development of Neurodegenerative Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112281. [PMID: 34835406 PMCID: PMC8621510 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, human gut microbiota have become one of the most promising areas of microorganism research; meanwhile, the inter-relation between the gut microbiota and various human diseases is a primary focus. As is demonstrated by the accumulating evidence, the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system interact through the gut–brain axis, which includes neuronal, immune-mediated and metabolite-mediated pathways. Additionally, recent progress from both preclinical and clinical studies indicated that gut microbiota play a pivotal role in gut–brain interactions, whereas the imbalance of the gut microbiota composition may be associated with the pathogenesis of neurological diseases (particularly neurodegenerative diseases), the underlying mechanism of which is insufficiently studied. This review aims to highlight the relationship between gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases, and to contribute to our understanding of the function of gut microbiota in neurodegeneration, as well as their relevant mechanisms. Furthermore, we also discuss the current application and future prospects of microbiota-associated therapy, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), potentially shedding new light on the research of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xue Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yaxi Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaopeng Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8777-8141
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22
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Xiao L, Liu Q, Luo M, Xiong L. Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:729346. [PMID: 34631603 PMCID: PMC8495119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.729346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishou Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Bandyopadhyay C, Schecterson L, Gumbiner BM. E-cadherin activating antibodies limit barrier dysfunction and inflammation in mouse inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1940741. [PMID: 34402758 PMCID: PMC8794503 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1940741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in gastrointestinal (GI) paracellular permeability has been implicated in etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and E-cadherin, a key component of the epithelial junctional complex, has been implicated in both barrier function and IBD. We have previously described antibodies against E-cadherin that activate cell adhesion, and in this study, we show that they increase transepithelial electrical resistance in epithelial cell monolayers in vitro. We therefore tested the hypothesis that adhesion activating E-cadherin mAbs will enhance epithelial barrier function in vivo and limit progression of inflammation in IBD. Activating mAbs to mouse E-cadherin were tested in different mouse models of IBD including the IL10-/- and adoptive T cell transfer models of colitis. Previously established histological and biomarker measures of inflammation were evaluated to monitor disease progression. Mouse E-cadherin activating mAb treatment reduced total colitis score, individual histological measures of inflammation, and other hallmarks of inflammation compared to control treatment. Activating mAbs also reduced the fecal accumulation lipocalin2 and albumin content, consistent with enhanced barrier function. Therefore, E-cadherin activation could be a potential strategy for limiting inflammation in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirosree Bandyopadhyay
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Leslayann Schecterson
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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24
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Li Y, Zhu L, Chen P, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhou G, Li L, Feng R, Qiu Y, Han J, Chen B, He Y, Zeng Z, Chen M, Zhang S. MALAT1 Maintains the Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis in Crohn's Disease via the miR-146b-5p-CLDN11/NUMB Pathway. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1542-1557. [PMID: 33677577 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal homeostasis disorder is critical for developing Crohn's disease [CD]. Maintaining mucosal barrier integrity is essential for intestinal homeostasis, preventing intestinal injury and complications. Among the remarkably altered long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs] in CD, we aimed to investigate whether metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 [MALAT1] modulated CD and consequent disruption of intestinal homeostasis. METHODS Microarray analyses on intestinal mucosa of CD patients and controls were performed to identify dysregulated lncRNAs. MALAT1 expression was investigated via qRT-PCR and its distribution in intestinal tissues was detected using BaseScope. Intestines from MALAT1 knockout mice with colitis were investigated using histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches. Effects of intestinal epithelial cells, transfected with MALAT1 lentiviruses and Smart Silencer, on monolayer permeability and apical junction complex [AJC] proteins were analysed. MiR-146b-5p was confirmed as a critical MALAT1 mediator in cells transfected with miR-146b-5p mimic/inhibitor and in colitis mice administered agomir-146b-5p/antagomir-146b-5p. Interaction between MALAT1 and miR-146b-5p was predicted via bioinformatics and validated using Dual-luciferase reporter assay and Ago2-RIP. RESULTS MALAT1 was aberrantly downregulated in the intestine mucosa of CD patients and mice with experimental colitis. MALAT1 knockout mice were hypersensitive to DSS-induced experimental colitis. MALAT1 regulated the intestinal mucosal barrier and regained intestinal homeostasis by sequestering miR-146b-5p and maintaining the expression of the AJC proteins NUMB and CLDN11. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of MALAT1 contributed to the pathogenesis of CD by disrupting AJC. Thus, a specific MALAT1-miR-146b-5p-NUMB/CLDN11 pathway that plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis may serve as a novel target for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baili Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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25
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Zheng Y, Liu G, Wang W, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Li S. Lactobacillus casei Zhang Counteracts Blood-Milk Barrier Disruption and Moderates the Inflammatory Response in Escherichia coli-Induced Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675492. [PMID: 34248887 PMCID: PMC8264260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common mastitis-causing pathogen that can disrupt the blood-milk barrier of mammals. Although Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LCZ) can alleviate mice mastitis, whether it has a prophylactic effect on E. coli-induced mastitis through intramammary infusion, as well as its underlying mechanism, remains unclear. In this study, E. coli-induced injury models of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and mice in lactation were used to fill this research gap. In vitro tests of BMECs revealed that LCZ significantly inhibited the E. coli adhesion (p < 0.01); reduced the cell desmosome damage; increased the expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1; p < 0.01); and decreased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.01), thereby increasing trans-epithelial electric resistance (p < 0.01) and attenuating the lactate dehydrogenase release induced by E. coli (p < 0.01). In vivo tests indicated that LCZ significantly reduced the injury and histological score of mice mammary tissues in E. coli-induced mastitis (p < 0.01) by significantly promoting the expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1 (p < 0.01), which ameliorated blood-milk barrier disruption, and decreasing the expression of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in mice mammary tissue (p < 0.01). Our study suggested that LCZ counteracted the disrupted blood-milk barrier and moderated the inflammatory response in E. coli-induced injury models, indicating that LCZ can ameliorate the injury of mammary tissue in mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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26
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Limbach JR, Espinosa CD, Perez-Calvo E, Stein HH. Effect of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood characteristics, and indicators of intestinal health in weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6279783. [PMID: 34019637 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that reducing crude protein (CP) in starter diets for pigs reduces post-weaning diarrhea and improves intestinal health. In total, 180 weanling pigs were allotted to 3 diets containing 22, 19, or 16% CP. Fecal scores were visually assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen on days 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27, and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on day 12. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP reduced (P < 0.01) overall average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, final body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Pigs fed the 16% CP diet had reduced (P < 0.01) serum albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen, haptoglobin, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 concentrations in serum were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 13, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) on day 6. Villus height in the jejunum increased (P < 0.05) and crypt depth in the ileum was reduced (P < 0.01) if the 19% CP diet was fed to pigs compared with the 22% CP diet. A reduction (P < 0.05) in mRNA abundance of interferon-γ, chemokine ligand 10, occludin, trefoil factor-2, trefoil factor-3, and mucin 2 was observed when pigs were fed diets with 16% CP. In conclusion, reducing CP in diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score and expression of genes associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Limbach
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Estefania Perez-Calvo
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Village-Neuf, F-68128, France
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Onozato D, Akagawa T, Kida Y, Ogawa I, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Application of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids as a Model of Epithelial Damage and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1088-1095. [PMID: 32612071 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease, which typically manifests as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is caused by the abnormal production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. These cytokines damage intestinal epithelial cells and trigger fibrosis, respectively, for which the current in vitro models have many limitations. Therefore, we tested whether human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HiOs) can mimic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and whether such a model is suitable for drug screening. HiOs were treated with TNF-α and TGF-β to construct mucosal damage and fibrosis models. TNF-α diminished the mRNA expression of intestinal epithelial cell and goblet cell markers in HiOs. TNF-α also induced epithelial cell damage and degradation of tight junctions but not in the presence of infliximab, an antibody used in the clinic to deplete TNF-α. Furthermore, permeation of the non-absorbable marker FD-4 was observed in HiOs treated with TNF-α or ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), but not in the presence of infliximab. In contrast, TNF-α and TGF-β induced mRNA expression of mesenchymal and fibrosis markers, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. SB431542, a TGF-β inhibitor, significantly reversed these events. The data indicate that HiOs mimic mucosal damage and fibrosis due to IBD and are thus suitable models for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takumi Akagawa
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Yuriko Kida
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Isamu Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University.,Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University.,Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University.,Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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28
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Mucin-2 knockout is a model of intercellular junction defects, mitochondrial damage and ATP depletion in the intestinal epithelium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21135. [PMID: 33273633 PMCID: PMC7713437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of the protective intestinal barrier—the ‘leaky gut’—is a common complication of the inflammatory bowel disease. There is limited data on the mechanisms of the intestinal barrier disruption upon low-grade inflammation characteristic of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission. Thus, animal models that recapitulate the complexity of chronic intestinal inflammation in vivo are of particular interest. In this study, we used Mucin-2 (Muc2) knockout mice predisposed to colitis to study intestinal barrier upon chronic inflammation. We used 4-kDa FITC-Dextran assay and transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate the increased intestinal permeability and morphological defects in intercellular junctions in Muc2 knockout mice. Confocal microscopy revealed the disruption of the apical F-actin cytoskeleton and delocalization of tight junction protein Claudin-3 from the membrane. We further demonstrate mitochondrial damage, impaired oxygen consumption and the reduction of the intestinal ATP content in Muc2 knockout mice. Finally, we show that chemically induced mitochondrial uncoupling in the wild type mice mimics the intestinal barrier disruption in vivo and causes partial loss of F-actin and membrane localization of Claudin-3. We propose that mitochondrial damage and metabolic shifts during chronic inflammation contribute to the leaky gut syndrome in Muc2 knockout animal model of colitis.
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29
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Mishima Y, Ishihara S. Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228664. [PMID: 33212919 PMCID: PMC7698457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, and accumulating evidence gained in both preclinical and clinical studies indicate the involvement of enteric microbiota in its pathogenesis. Gut resident microbiota appear to influence brain activity through the enteric nervous system, while their composition and function are affected by the central nervous system. Based on these results, the term “brain–gut–microbiome axis” has been proposed and enteric microbiota have become a potential therapeutic target in IBS cases. However, details regarding the microbe-related pathophysiology of IBS remain elusive. This review summarizes the existing knowledge of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IBS as well as recent progress related to microbiome-derived neurotransmitters, compounds, metabolites, neuroendocrine factors, and enzymes.
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30
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Cytoskeletal Organization and Cell Polarity in the Pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 60:164-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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32
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Sayoc-Becerra A, Krishnan M, Fan S, Jimenez J, Hernandez R, Gibson K, Preciado R, Butt G, McCole DF. The JAK-Inhibitor Tofacitinib Rescues Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Colonoids from Cytokine-Induced Barrier Dysfunction. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:407-422. [PMID: 31751457 PMCID: PMC7012302 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations to epithelial tight junctions can compromise the ability of the epithelium to act as a barrier between luminal contents and the underlying tissues, thereby increasing intestinal permeability, an early critical event in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tofacitinib (Xeljanz), an orally administered pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was recently approved for the treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Nevertheless, the effects of tofacitinib on intestinal epithelial cell functions are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if JAK inhibition by tofacitinib can rescue cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). METHODS T84 IECs were used to evaluate the effects of tofacitinib on JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, barrier permeability, and expression and localization of tight junction proteins. The impact of tofacitinib on claudin-2 promoter activity was assessed in HT-29 IECs. Tofacitinib rescue of barrier function was also tested in human colonic stem cell-derived organoids. RESULTS Pretreatment with tofacitinib prevented IFN-γ-induced decreases in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and increases in 4 kDa FITC-dextran permeability (FD4), partly due to claudin-2 transcriptional regulation and restriction of ZO-1 rearrangement at tight junctions. Although tofacitinib administered after IFN-γ challenge only partially normalized TER and claudin-2 levels, FD4 permeability and ZO-1 localization were fully recovered. The IFN-γ-induced FD4 permeability in primary human colonoids was fully rescued by tofacitinib. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest differential therapeutic efficacy of tofacitinib in the rescue of pore vs leak-tight junction barrier defects and indicate a potential contribution of improved epithelial barrier function to the beneficial effects of tofacitinib in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Sayoc-Becerra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Moorthy Krishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jossue Jimenez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hernandez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Gibson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Reyna Preciado
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Grant Butt
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA,Address correspondence to: Declan F. McCole, PhD, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California–Riverside, 307 School of Medicine Research Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521 USA. E-mail:
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33
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Flemming S, Luissint AC, Kusters DHM, Raya-Sandino A, Fan S, Zhou DW, Hasegawa M, Garcia-Hernandez V, García AJ, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Desmocollin-2 promotes intestinal mucosal repair by controlling integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:407-418. [PMID: 31967937 PMCID: PMC7185897 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a tight barrier, separating luminal antigens and microbes from underlying tissue compartments. Mucosal damage results in a compromised epithelial barrier that can lead to excessive immune responses as observed in inflammatory bowel disease. Efficient wound repair is critical to reestablish the mucosal barrier and homeostasis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) exclusively express the desmosomal cadherins, Desmoglein-2 and Desmocollin-2 (Dsc2) that contribute to mucosal homeostasis by strengthening intercellular adhesion between cells. Despite this important property, specific contributions of desmosomal cadherins to intestinal mucosal repair after injury remain poorly investigated in vivo. Here we show that mice with inducible conditional knockdown (KD) of Dsc2 in IEC (Villin-CreERT2; Dsc2 fl/fl) exhibited impaired mucosal repair after biopsy-induced colonic wounding and recovery from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In vitro analyses using human intestinal cell lines after KD of Dsc2 revealed delayed epithelial cell migration and repair after scratch-wound healing assay that was associated with reduced cell–matrix traction forces, decreased levels of integrin β1 and β4, and altered activity of the small GTPase Rap1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that epithelial Dsc2 is a key contributor to intestinal mucosal wound healing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Flemming
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | | | - Shuling Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dennis W Zhou
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Andrés J García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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34
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Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D and microbiota: Two sides of the same coin in the immunomodulatory aspects. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106112. [PMID: 31877495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial for host immune response, vitamin synthesis, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, intestinal permeability, nutrient digestion energy metabolism and protection from pathogens. Therefore, gut microbiota guarantees the host's predisposition to gastrointestinal diseases. Intestinal microbiota may be damaged by environmental components with negative health conditions. Dysbiosis consisting in alteration in the gut microbiota has been involved in several disorders including inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and even in the state of malignant carcinogenesis existing in humans. Several epidemiological studies have shown that inadequate solar exposure results in vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency which has a strong impact on different immune responses and the occurrence of a wide range of pathological conditions. Additionally, new evidence indicates that the vitamin D pathway plays a key role in gut homeostasis. Due to the strong connection between vitamin D and microbiota, herein we focus on the new findings about intestinal bacteria-immune crosstalk and the impact of vitamin D in gut microbiota regulation, in order to offer new clarifications on their interaction. Understanding the mechanism by which vitamin D can affect the gut microbiota composition and its dynamic activities, as well as the innate and adaptive state of the immune system, is not only a fundamental research but also an opportunity to improve health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, Catania, Italy.
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35
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Wheat gluten intake increases the severity of experimental colitis and bacterial translocation by weakening of the proteins of the junctional complex. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:361-373. [PMID: 30554574 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gluten is only partially digested by intestinal enzymes and can generate peptides that can alter intestinal permeability, facilitating bacterial translocation, thus affecting the immune system. Few studies addressed the role of diet with gluten in the development of colitis. Therefore, we investigate the effects of wheat gluten-containing diet on the evolution of sodium dextran sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were fed a standard diet without (colitis group) or with 4·5 % wheat gluten (colitis + gluten) for 15 d and received DSS solution (1·5 %, w/v) instead of water during the last 7 d. Compared with the colitis group, colitis + gluten mice presented a worse clinical score, a larger extension of colonic injury area, and increased mucosal inflammation. Both intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation were increased, propitiating bacteria migration for peripheral organs. The mechanism by which diet with gluten exacerbates colitis appears to be related to changes in protein production and organisation in adhesion junctions and desmosomes. The protein α-E-catenin was especially reduced in mice fed gluten, which compromised the localisation of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, weakening the structure of desmosomes. The epithelial damage caused by gluten included shortening of microvilli, a high number of digestive vacuoles, and changes in the endosome/lysosome system. In conclusion, our results show that wheat gluten-containing diet exacerbates the mucosal damage caused by colitis, reducing intestinal barrier function and increasing bacterial translocation. These effects are related to the induction of weakness and disorganisation of adhesion junctions and desmosomes as well as shortening of microvilli and modification of the endocytic vesicle route.
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Cordeiro BF, Lemos L, Oliveira ER, Silva SH, Savassi B, Figueiroa A, Faria AMC, Ferreira E, Esmerino EA, Rocha RS, Freitas MQ, Silva MC, Cruz AG, do Carmo FLR, Azevedo V. Prato cheese containing Lactobacillus casei 01 fails to prevent dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nunes R, Neves JD, Sarmento B. Nanoparticles for the regulation of intestinal inflammation: opportunities and challenges. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2631-2644. [PMID: 31612773 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is increasing, emerging as a public health challenge. Conventional drug delivery systems targeting the colon have improved the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, therapy frequently results in inconsistent efficacy and toxicity problems. Novel approaches based on nanoparticles offer several advantages over conventional dosage forms due to their ability to selectively target inflamed tissues. Several formulation efforts have been made in order to obtain increasingly selective nanosized systems, some with promising results in animal models of colitis. Despite all advances, no nanomedicines are yet approved for clinical use in inflammatory bowel disease. This review discusses the most recent efforts made toward the development of nanoparticles for regulating chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Nunes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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Fang Q, Hu J, Nie Q, Nie S. Effects of polysaccharides on glycometabolism based on gut microbiota alteration. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Zhao DY, Qi QQ, Long X, Li X, Chen FX, Yu YB, Zuo XL. Ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Physiol Int 2019; 106:225-235. [PMID: 31560236 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired intestinal barrier function has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). This study aimed to describe the intestinal ultrastructural findings in the intestinal mucosal layer of IBS-D patients. METHODS In total, 10 healthy controls and 10 IBS-D patients were analyzed in this study. The mucosa of each patient's rectosigmoid colon was first assessed by confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE); next, biopsied specimens of these sites were obtained. Intestinal tissues of IBS-D patients and healthy volunteers were examined to observe cellular changes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS CLE showed no visible epithelial damage or inflammatory changes in the colonic mucosa of IBS-D compared with healthy volunteers. On transmission electron microscopic examination, patients with IBS-D displayed a larger apical intercellular distance with a higher proportion of dilated (>20 nm) intercellular junctional complexes, which was indicative of impaired mucosal integrity. In addition, microvillus exfoliation, extracellular vesicle as well as increased presence of multivesicular bodies were visible in IBS-D patients. Single epithelial cells appeared necrotic, as characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytoplasmic swelling, and presence of autolysosome. A significant association between bowel habit, frequency of abdominal pain, and enlarged intercellular distance was found. CONCLUSION This study showed ultrastructural alterations in the architecture of intestinal epithelial cells and intercellular junctional complexes in IBS-D patients, potentially representing a pathophysiological mechanism in IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Puyang, P. R. China
| | - Q-Q Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - F-X Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Y-B Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X-L Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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Takahashi N, Sulijaya B, Yamada-Hara M, Tsuzuno T, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Gingival epithelial barrier: regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:e1651158. [PMID: 31389292 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1651158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium acts as a physical barrier to separate the biofilm from the gingival tissue, providing the first line of defense against bacterial invasion in periodontal disease. Disruption of the gingival epithelial barrier, and the subsequent penetration of exogenous pathogens into the host tissues, triggers an inflammatory response, establishing chronic infection. Currently, more than 700 different bacterial species have been identified in the oral cavity, some of which are known to be periodontopathic. These bacteria contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction in the gingiva by producing several virulence factors. However, some bacteria in the oral cavity appear to be beneficial, helping gingival epithelial cells maintain their integrity and barrier function. This review aims to discuss current findings regarding microorganism interactions and epithelial barrier function in the oral cavity, with reference to investigations in the gut, where this interaction has been extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - Miki Yamada-Hara
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuzuno
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
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Maes M, Sirivichayakul S, Kanchanatawan B, Vodjani A. Breakdown of the Paracellular Tight and Adherens Junctions in the Gut and Blood Brain Barrier and Damage to the Vascular Barrier in Patients with Deficit Schizophrenia. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:306-322. [PMID: 31077000 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficit schizophrenia is characterized by leaky intestinal tight and adherens junctions and bacterial translocation. Here we examine whether (deficit) schizophrenia is accompanied by leaky paracellular, transcellular, and vascular barriers in the gut and blood-brain barriers. We measured IgA responses to occludin, claudin-5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin (paracellular pathway, PARA); talin, actin, vinculin, and epithelial intermediate filament (transcellular pathway, TRANS); and plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP, vascular pathway) in 78 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls. IgA responses to claudin-5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, the sum of the four PARA proteins, and the ratio PARA/TRANS were significantly higher in deficit schizophrenia patients than in nondeficit schizophrenia patients and controls. A large part of the variance in PHEMN (psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, and negative) symptoms, psychomotor retardation, formal thought disorders, verbal fluency, word list memory, word list recall, and executive functions was explained by the PARA/TRANS ratio coupled with plasma IgA responses to Gram-negative bacteria, IgM to malondialdehyde, CCL-11 (eotaxin), IgA levels of the ratio of noxious to more protective tryptophan catabolites (NOX/PRO TRYCATs), and a plasma immune activation index. Moreover, IgA levels to Gram-negative bacteria were significantly associated with IgA to E-cadherin, β-catenin, and PLVAP, while IgA levels to claudin-5 were significantly predicted by IgA to E-cadherin, NOX/PRO TRYCAT ratio, Gram-negative bacteria, and CCL11. The phenomenology of the deficit syndrome is to a large extent explained by the cumulative effects of lowered natural IgM, breakdown of the paracellular and vascular pathways, increased bacterial translocation, peripheral immune-inflammatory responses, and indices of BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. .,IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aristo Vodjani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cyrex Labs, LLC, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Che D, Zhao B, Fan Y, Han R, Zhang C, Qin G, Adams S, Jiang H. Eleutheroside B increase tight junction proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1174-1184. [PMID: 30990939 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eleutheroside B (EB) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside with anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective abilities, immunomodulatory effects, antinociceptive effects, and regulation of blood glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EB on the barrier function in the intestinal porcine epithelial cells J2 (IPEC-J2). The IPEC-J2 cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well for 100% confluence. The cells were cultured in the presence of EB at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/ml for 48 hr. Then, 0.10 mg/ml was selected as the suitable concentration for the estimation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value, alkaline phosphatase activity, proinflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, tight junction mRNA and protein expression. The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells decreased cellular membrane permeability and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells increased tight junction protein expression and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). In addition, the western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated that EB significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, Claudin-3, Occludin, and Zonula Occludins protein-1 (ZO-1). Therefore, dietary supplementation of EB may increase intestinal barrier function, tight junction protein expression, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decrease proinflammatory cytokines synthesis in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueli Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Seidu Adams
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Maes M, Sirivichayakul S, Kanchanatawan B, Vodjani A. Upregulation of the Intestinal Paracellular Pathway with Breakdown of Tight and Adherens Junctions in Deficit Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7056-7073. [PMID: 30972627 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, the first author of this paper reported that schizophrenia is associated with an increased frequency of the haptoglobin (Hp)-2 gene. The precursor of Hp-2 is zonulin, a molecule that affects intercellular tight junction integrity. Recently, we reported increased plasma IgA/IgM responses to Gram-negative bacteria in deficit schizophrenia indicating leaky gut and gut dysbiosis. The current study was performed to examine the integrity of the paracellular (tight and adherens junctions) and transcellular (cytoskeletal proteins) pathways in deficit versus non-deficit schizophrenia. We measured IgM responses to zonulin, occludin, E-cadherin, talin, actin, and vinculin in association with IgA responses to Gram-negative bacteria, CCL-11, IgA responses to tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), immune activation and IgM to malondialdehyde (MDA), and NO-cysteinyl in 78 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls. We found that the ratio of IgM to zonulin + occludin/talin + actin + viculin (PARA/TRANS) was significantly greater in deficit than those in non-deficit schizophrenia and higher in schizophrenia than those in controls and was significantly associated with increased IgA responses to Gram-negative bacteria. IgM responses to zonulin were positively associated with schizophrenia (versus controls), while IgM to occludin was significantly associated with deficit schizophrenia (versus non-deficit schizophrenia and controls). A large part of the variance (90.8%) in negative and PHEM (psychosis, hostility, excitation, and mannerism) symptoms was explained by PARA/TRANS ratio, IgA to Gram-negative bacteria, IgM to E-cadherin and MDA, and memory dysfunctions, while 53.3% of the variance in the latter was explained by PARA/TRANS ratio, IgA to Gram-negative bacteria, CCL-11, TRYCATs, and immune activation. The results show an upregulated paracellular pathway with breakdown of the tight and adherens junctions and increased bacterial translocation in deficit schizophrenia. These dysfunctions in the intestinal paracellular route together with lowered natural IgM, immune activation, and production of CCL-11 and TRYCATs contribute to the phenomenology of deficit schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. .,IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia.
| | | | - Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aristo Vodjani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Jazani NH, Savoj J, Lustgarten M, Lau WL, Vaziri ND. Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on Neurohormonal Pathways in Chronic Kidney Disease. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7010021. [PMID: 30781823 PMCID: PMC6473882 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide major health problem. Traditional risk factors for CKD are hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have identified gut dysbiosis as a novel risk factor for the progression CKD and its complications. Dysbiosis can worsen systemic inflammation, which plays an important role in the progression of CKD and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of the normal gut microbiota, and then elaborate on how alterations in the biochemical environment of the gastrointestinal tract in CKD can affect gut microbiota. External factors such as dietary restrictions, medications, and dialysis further promote dysbiosis. We discuss the impact of an altered gut microbiota on neuroendocrine pathways such as the hypothalamus⁻pituitary⁻adrenal axis, the production of neurotransmitters and neuroactive compounds, tryptophan metabolism, and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Finally, therapeutic strategies including diet modification, intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima H Jazani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Javad Savoj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Riverside Community Hospital, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92501, USA.
| | - Michael Lustgarten
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Dong Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Awan F, Lu C, Liu Y. Inhibition of Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier function damage in crucian carp by oral administration of Lactococcus lactis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:359-367. [PMID: 30236608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the immunomodulatory effect and inhibition effects of the candidate probiotic Lactococcus lactis 16-7, which was isolated from crucian carp, on Aeromonas hydrophila infection in crucian carp. The experimental fish were divided into two groups; one was fed a diet supplemented with L. lactis, while the other was fed the control probiotic-free diet. After feeding for 42 d with the experimental diets, the fish that received the diet supplemented with probiotics exhibited a significantly enhanced serum superoxide dismutase activity, phagocytic activities of innate immune cells, and the expression levels of immune-related genes [interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-11 (IL-11), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)], indicating that L. lactis 16-7 could activate the non-specific immune system of crucian carp. At the end of the feeding trial, the crucian carps in each group were orally infected with A. hydrophila NJ-35. The results show that L. lactis 16-7 could prevent the increase in d-lactic acid concentration and inflammatory response caused by A. hydrophila in crucian carp. Compared with A. hydrophila group, L. lactis 16-7 preserved the integrity of intestinal villi and mitigated A. hydrophila-induced reduce in the transcriptional levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, indicating that L. lactis 16-7 could reduce intestinal mucosal barrier damage and inflammation induced by A. hydrophila in crucian carp. In addition, L. lactis 16-7 could effectively antagonize the colonization of A. hydrophila in the intestine. Overall, these data clearly indicate that L. lactis 16-7 has the potential to be developed as a probiotic agent against A. hydrophila infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Furqan Awan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Yoon H, Schaubeck M, Lagkouvardos I, Blesl A, Heinzlmeir S, Hahne H, Clavel T, Panda S, Ludwig C, Kuster B, Manichanh C, Kump P, Haller D, Hörmannsperger G. Increased Pancreatic Protease Activity in Response to Antibiotics Impairs Gut Barrier and Triggers Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:370-388.e3. [PMID: 30182050 PMCID: PMC6121113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims Antibiotic (ABx) therapy is associated with increased risk for Crohn's disease but underlying mechanisms are unknown. We observed high fecal serine protease activity (PA) to be a frequent side effect of ABx therapy. The aim of the present study was to unravel whether this rise in large intestinal PA may promote colitis development via detrimental effects on the large intestinal barrier. Methods Transwell experiments were used to assess the impact of high PA in ABx-treated patients or vancomycin/metronidazole-treated mice on the epithelial barrier. Serine protease profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis. The impact of high large intestinal PA on the intestinal barrier in wild-type and interleukin (IL)10-/- mice and on colitis development in IL10-/- mice was investigated using vancomycin/metronidazole with or without oral serine protease inhibitor (AEBSF) treatment. Results The ABx-induced, high large intestinal PA was caused by significantly increased levels of pancreatic proteases and impaired epithelial barrier integrity. In wild-type mice, the rise in PA caused a transient increase in intestinal permeability but did not affect susceptibility to chemically induced acute colitis. In IL10-/- mice, increased PA caused a consistent impairment of the intestinal barrier associated with inflammatory activation in the large intestinal tissue. In the long term, the vancomycin/metronidazole-induced lasting increase in PA aggravated colitis development in IL10-/- mice. Conclusions High large intestinal PA is a frequent adverse effect of ABx therapy, which is detrimental to the large intestinal barrier and may contribute to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in susceptible individuals.
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Key Words
- ABx, antibiotics
- AEBSF, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Epithelial Barrier
- GF, germ-free
- Gut Microbiota
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
- PA, protease activity
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethane-sulfonylfluoride
- SPF, specific pathogen-free
- Serine Proteases
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- V/M, vancomycin/metronidazole
- WT, wild-type
- cecal-sup, cecal-supernatants
- ctr, control
- stool-sup, stool-supernatants
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsup Yoon
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Monika Schaubeck
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroimmunology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Technische Universität München, Junior Research Group Microbial Bioinformatics, ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andreas Blesl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hannes Hahne
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- OmicScouts GmbH, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- RWTH University Hospital, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Functional Microbiome Research Group, Aachen, Germany
| | - Suchita Panda
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Digestive Research Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Patrizia Kump
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk Haller
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hörmannsperger
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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47
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Kamdar K, Johnson AMF, Chac D, Myers K, Kulur V, Truevillian K, DePaolo RW. Innate Recognition of the Microbiota by TLR1 Promotes Epithelial Homeostasis and Prevents Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:230-242. [PMID: 29794015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is cross-talk between the intestinal epithelium and the microbiota that functions to maintain a tightly regulated microenvironment and prevent chronic inflammation. This communication is partly mediated through the recognition of bacterial proteins by host-encoded innate receptors, such as TLRs. However, studies examining the role of TLR signaling on colonic homeostasis have given variable and conflicting results. Despite its critical role in mediating immunity during enteric infection of the small intestine, TLR1-mediated recognition of microbiota-derived ligands and their influence on colonic homeostasis has not been well studied. In this study, we demonstrate that defective TLR1 recognition of the microbiome by epithelial cells results in disruption of crypt homeostasis specifically within the secretory cell compartment, including a defect in the mucus layer, ectopic Paneth cells in the colon, and an increase in the number of rapidly dividing cells at the base of the crypt. As a consequence of the perturbed epithelial barrier, we found an increase in mucosal-associated and translocated commensal bacteria and chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by an increase in lineage-negative Sca1+Thy1hi innate lymphoid-like cells that exacerbate inflammation and worsen outcomes in a model of colonic injury and repair. Our findings demonstrate that sensing of the microbiota by TLR1 may provide key signals that regulate the colonic epithelium, thereby limiting inflammation through the prevention of bacterial attachment to the mucosa and exposure to the underlying immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Denise Chac
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kalisa Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Kyle Truevillian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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48
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Mehta M, Ahmed S, Dryden G. Immunopathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: how genetics link barrier dysfunction and innate immunity to inflammation. Innate Immun 2018; 23:497-505. [PMID: 28770665 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917722206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic or relapsing immune activation and corresponding inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diverse genetic mutations, encoding important aspects of innate immunity and mucosal homeostasis, combine with environmental triggers to create inappropriate, sustained inflammatory responses. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, mucosal immune system, and commensal bacteria as a foundation of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Complex interactions between specialized intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells determine different outcomes based on the environmental input: the development of tolerance in the presence of commensal bacterial or the promotion of inflammation upon recognition of pathogenic organisms. This article reviews key genetic abnormalities involved in inflammatory and homeostatic pathways that enhance susceptibility to immune dysregulation and combine with environmental triggers to trigger the development of chronic intestinal inflammation and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh Mehta
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shifat Ahmed
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gerald Dryden
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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49
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Manda B, Mir H, Gangwar R, Meena AS, Amin S, Shukla PK, Dalal K, Suzuki T, Rao R. Phosphorylation hotspot in the C-terminal domain of occludin regulates the dynamics of epithelial junctional complexes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs206789. [PMID: 29507118 PMCID: PMC5963837 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC), which includes tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), determines the epithelial polarity, cell-cell adhesion and permeability barrier. An intriguing characteristic of a TJ is the dynamic nature of its multiprotein complex. Occludin is the most mobile TJ protein, but its significance in TJ dynamics is poorly understood. On the basis of phosphorylation sites, we distinguished a sequence in the C-terminal domain of occludin as a regulatory motif (ORM). Deletion of ORM and expression of a deletion mutant of occludin in renal and intestinal epithelia reduced the mobility of occludin at the TJs. ORM deletion attenuated Ca2+ depletion, osmotic stress and hydrogen peroxide-induced disruption of TJs, AJs and the cytoskeleton. The double point mutations T403A/T404A, but not T403D/T404D, in occludin mimicked the effects of ORM deletion on occludin mobility and AJC disruption by Ca2+ depletion. Both Y398A/Y402A and Y398D/Y402D double point mutations partially blocked AJC disruption. Expression of a deletion mutant of occludin attenuated collective cell migration in the renal and intestinal epithelia. Overall, this study reveals the role of ORM and its phosphorylation in occludin mobility, AJC dynamics and epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Manda
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Hina Mir
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Shrunali Amin
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Pradeep K Shukla
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Kesha Dalal
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
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50
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SLC26A3 (DRA) prevents TNF-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction and dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. J Transl Med 2018; 98:462-476. [PMID: 29330471 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC26A3 encodes a Cl-/HCO3- ion transporter that is also known as downregulated in adenoma (DRA) and is involved in HCO3-/mucus formation. The role of DRA in the epithelial barrier has not been previously established. In this study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of DRA in the colon epithelial barrier. Immunofluorescence (IF) and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) studies reveal that DRA binds directly to tight junction (TJ) proteins and affects the expression of TJ proteins in polarized Caco-2BBe cells. Similarly, DRA colocalizes with ZO-1 in the intestinal epithelium. Knockdown or overexpression of DRA leads to alterations in TJ proteins and epithelial permeability. In addition, TNF-α treatment downregulates DRA by activating NF-кB and subsequently affecting intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, overexpression of DRA partly reverses the TNF-α-induced damage by stabilizing TJ proteins. Neutralization of TNF-α in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice demonstrates improved the outcomes, and the therapeutic effect of the TNF-α neutralizing mAb is mediated in part by the preservation of DRA expression. These data suggest that DRA may be one of the therapeutic targets of TNF-α. Moreover, DRA delivered by adenovirus vector significantly prevents the exacerbation of colitis and improves epithelial barrier function by promoting the recovery of TJ proteins in DSS-treated mice. In conclusion, DRA plays a role in protecting the epithelial barrier and may be a therapeutic target in gut homeostasis.
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