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Kalantar GH, Saraswat S, SantaCruz-Calvo S, Gholamrezaeinejad F, Javidan A, Agrawal M, Liu R, Kern PA, Zhang XD, Nikolajczyk BS. Fasting and Glucose Metabolism Differentially Impact Peripheral Inflammation in Human Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1404. [PMID: 38794641 PMCID: PMC11124302 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines produced by peripheral T-helper 1/17 cells disproportionately contribute to the inflammation (i.e., metaflammation) that fuels type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis. Shifts in the nutrient milieu could influence inflammation through changes in T-cell metabolism. We aimed to determine whether changes in glucose utilization alter cytokine profiles in T2D. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4+ T-cells, and CD4+CD25- T-effector (Teff) cells were isolated from age-matched humans classified by glycemic control and BMI. Cytokines secreted by CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs and Teff were measured in supernatants with multiplex cytokine assays and a FLEXMAP-3D. Metabolic activity of stimulated CD4+ T-cells was measured by a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer. In this study, we demonstrated that T-cell stimulated PBMCs from non-fasted people with T2D produced higher amounts of cytokines compared to fasting. Although dysglycemia characterizes T2D, cytokine production by PBMCs or CD4+ T-cells in T2D was unaltered by hyperglycemic media. Moreover, pharmacological suppression of mitochondrial glucose oxidation did not change T-cell metabolism in T2D, yet enhanced cytokine competency. In conclusion, fasting and glucose metabolism differentially impact peripheral inflammation in human T2D, suggesting that glucose, along with fatty acid metabolites per our previous work, partner to regulate metaflammation. These data expose a major disconnect in the use of glycemic control drugs to target T2D-associated metaflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella H. Kalantar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Shubh Saraswat
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (S.S.); (X.D.Z.)
| | - Sara SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (F.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Fatemeh Gholamrezaeinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (F.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Aida Javidan
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (F.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (F.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Philip A. Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (S.S.); (X.D.Z.)
| | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (F.G.); (A.J.)
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Ashour D, Rebs S, Arampatzi P, Saliba AE, Dudek J, Schulz R, Hofmann U, Frantz S, Cochain C, Streckfuß-Bömeke K, Campos Ramos G. An interferon gamma response signature links myocardial aging and immunosenescence. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2458-2468. [PMID: 37141306 PMCID: PMC10651211 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aging entails profound immunological transformations that can impact myocardial homeostasis and predispose to heart failure. However, preclinical research in the immune-cardiology field is mostly conducted in young healthy animals, which potentially weakens its translational relevance. Herein, we sought to investigate how the aging T-cell compartment associates with changes in myocardial cell biology in aged mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We phenotyped the antigen-experienced effector/memory T cells purified from heart-draining lymph nodes of 2-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month-old C57BL/6J mice using single-cell RNA/T cell receptor sequencing. Simultaneously, we profiled all non-cardiomyocyte cell subsets purified from 2- to 18-month-old hearts and integrated our data with publicly available cardiomyocyte single-cell sequencing datasets. Some of these findings were confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometry. With aging, the heart-draining lymph node and myocardial T cells underwent clonal expansion and exhibited an up-regulated pro-inflammatory transcription signature, marked by an increased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. In parallel, all major myocardial cell populations showed increased IFN-γ responsive signature with aging. In the aged cardiomyocytes, a stronger IFN-γ response signature was paralleled by the dampening of expression levels of transcripts related to most metabolic pathways, especially oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic, low grade IFN-γ treatment showed a similar inhibition of metabolic activity. CONCLUSIONS By investigating the paired age-related alterations in the T cells found in the heart and its draining lymph nodes, we provide evidence for increased myocardial IFN-γ signaling with age, which is associated with inflammatory and metabolic shifts typically seen in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- DiyaaElDin Ashour
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Rebs
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Panagiota Arampatzi
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- University of Würzburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard Schulz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 4-62 HMRC, 11207 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G, 2S2 Canada
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clément Cochain
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuß-Bömeke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August University Göttingen, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gustavo Campos Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre, University Hospital Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Huang LY, Chiu CJ, Hsing CH, Hsu YH. Interferon Family Cytokines in Obesity and Insulin Sensitivity. Cells 2022; 11:4041. [PMID: 36552805 PMCID: PMC9776768 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications are global public health concerns. Metabolic disturbances and immune dysregulation cause adipose tissue stress and dysfunction in obese individuals. Immune cell accumulation in the adipose microenvironment is the main cause of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Infiltrated immune cells, adipocytes, and stromal cells are all involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipose tissues and affect systemic homeostasis. Interferons (IFNs) are a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that play a pivotal role in host antiviral defenses. IFNs are critical immune modulators in response to pathogens, dead cells, and several inflammation-mediated diseases. Several studies have indicated that IFNs are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. In this review, we discuss the roles of IFN family cytokines in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Hsing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Antibody New Drug Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Ali K, Zaidi S, Khan AA, Khan AU. Orally fed EGCG coronate food released TiO 2 and enhanced penetrability into body organs via gut. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 144:213205. [PMID: 36442452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to unique nano-scale properties, TiO2-NPs (T-NPs) are employed as food-quality enhancers in >900 processed food products. Whereas, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol is consumed in traditional brewed tea, globally. Taken together, we aimed to investigate whether human gastric-acid digested T-NPs and complex tea catechins yield ionic species (Ti4+, Ti3+ etc.) and active EGCG forms to meet favourable conditions for in vivo bio-genesis of EGCG-coronated TiO2-NPs (ET-NPs) in human gut. Secondly, compared to bare-surface micro and nano-scale TiO2, i.e., T-MPs and T-NPs, respectively, how EGCG coronation on ET-NPs in the gut facilitates the modulation of intrinsic propensity of internalization of TiO2 species into bacteria, body-organs, and gut-microbiota (GM), and immune system. ET-NPs were synthesized in non-toxic aqueous solution at varied pH (3-10) and characterised by state-of-the-arts for crystallinity, surface-charge, EGCG-encapsulation, stability, size, composition and morphology. Besides, flow-cytometry (FCM), TEM, EDS, histopathology, RT-PCR, 16S-rRNA metagenomics and ELISA were also performed to assess the size and surface dependent activities of ET-NPs, T-NPs and T-MPs vis-a-vis planktonic bacteria, biofilm, GM bacterial communities and animal's organs. Electron-microscopic, NMR, FTIR, DLS, XRD and EDS confirmed the EGCG coronation, dispersity, size-stability of ET-NPs, crystallinity and elemental composition of ET-NPs-8 and T-NPs. Besides, FCM, RT-PCR, 16S-rRNA metagenomics, histopathology, SEM and EDS analyses exhibited that EGCG coronation in ET-NPs-8 enhanced the penetration into body organs (i.e., liver and kidney etc.) and metabolically active bacterial communities of GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Ali
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Laboratory Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Sahar Zaidi
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Laboratory Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Aijaz A Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Laboratory Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
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5
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Ağagündüz D, Yılmaz B, Koçak T, Altıntaş Başar HB, Rocha JM, Özoğul F. Novel Candidate Microorganisms for Fermentation Technology: From Potential Benefits to Safety Issues. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193074. [PMID: 36230150 PMCID: PMC9564171 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is one of the oldest known production processes and the most technologically valuable in terms of the food industry. In recent years, increasing nutrition and health awareness has also changed what is expected from fermentation technology, and the production of healthier foods has started to come a little more forward rather than increasing the shelf life and organoleptic properties of foods. Therefore, in addition to traditional microorganisms, a new generation of (novel) microorganisms has been discovered and research has shifted to this point. Novel microorganisms are known as either newly isolated genera and species from natural sources or bacterial strains derived from existing bacteria. Although novel microorganisms are mostly studied for their use in novel food production in terms of gut-microbiota modulation, recent innovative food research highlights their fermentative effects and usability, especially in food modifications. Herein, Clostridium butyricum, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Akkermansia muciniphila, Mycobacterium setense manresensis, and Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) can play key roles in future candidate microorganisms for fermentation technology in foods. However, there is also some confusion about the safety issues related to the use of these novel microorganisms. This review paper focuses on certain novel candidate microorganisms for fermentation technology with a deep view of their functions, benefits, and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Birsen Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cukurova University, Sarıcam, Adana 01380, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Koçak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | | | - João Miguel Rocha
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana 01330, Turkey
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Kawano Y, Edwards M, Huang Y, Bilate AM, Araujo LP, Tanoue T, Atarashi K, Ladinsky MS, Reiner SL, Wang HH, Mucida D, Honda K, Ivanov II. Microbiota imbalance induced by dietary sugar disrupts immune-mediated protection from metabolic syndrome. Cell 2022; 185:3501-3519.e20. [PMID: 36041436 PMCID: PMC9556172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood. We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells. High-fat, high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes, and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection. Microbiota-induced Th17 cells afforded protection by regulating lipid absorption across intestinal epithelium in an IL-17-dependent manner. Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar. Eliminating sugar from high-fat diets protected mice from obesity and metabolic syndrome in a manner dependent on commensal-specific Th17 cells. Sugar and ILC3 promoted outgrowth of Faecalibaculum rodentium that displaced Th17-inducing microbiota. These results define dietary and microbiota factors posing risk for metabolic syndrome. They also define a microbiota-dependent mechanism for immuno-pathogenicity of dietary sugar and highlight an elaborate interaction between diet, microbiota, and intestinal immunity in regulation of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Kawano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Madeline Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leandro P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takeshi Tanoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Meng Y, Kautz A. An evidence review of the association of immune and inflammatory markers with obesity-related eating behaviors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902114. [PMID: 35911732 PMCID: PMC9336186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eating behaviors contribute to disproportionate energy intake and are linked to the development of obesity. Animal studies support the role of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of obesity-related eating behaviors and offer a potential target to combat obesity through the modulation of inflammation. However, more complex eating behaviors are present in humans, and their relationships with immune/inflammation markers are unclear. The present study reviewed current literature to synthesize the evidence on the association of immune/inflammation markers with obesity-related eating behaviors in humans. Methods A systematic search of three electronic databases yielded 811 articles, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. Results The majority of the included studies (91%) were either case-control or cross-sectional studies. A variety of immune/inflammation markers and obesity-related eating behaviors have been assessed in the chosen studies. Three out of four studies identified a positive relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP)/high-sensitivity CRP and loss of control eating. Other inflammatory markers that potentially have a positive relationship with obesity-related eating behaviors include fractalkine and fibrinogen. Additionally, immune molecules, including interferon gamma (INF-γ), interleukin (IL)-7, IL-10, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-reactive immunoglobulin G (α-MSH/IgG) immune complex, may have negative associations with obesity-related eating behaviors. However, most findings were identified by single studies. Conclusion Limited studies have been conducted in humans. Current evidence indicates a potential bi-directional relationship between inflammatory/immune markers and obesity-related eating behaviors. Additional studies with sophisticated research design and comprehensive theoretical models are warranted to further delineate the relationship between immune/inflammation markers and obesity-related eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Amber Kautz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Venojärvi M, Lindström J, Aunola S, Nuutila P, Atalay M. Improved Aerobic Capacity and Adipokine Profile Together with Weight Loss Improve Glycemic Control without Changes in Skeletal Muscle GLUT-4 Gene Expression in Middle-Aged Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148327. [PMID: 35886175 PMCID: PMC9320448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(1) Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of adipokines in the regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in response to a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. (2) Methods: Skeletal muscle, plasma and serum samples were examined in 22 subjects from an exercise−diet intervention study aiming to prevent type 2 diabetes. The subjects were further divided into two subgroups (non-responders n = 9 and responders n = 13) based on their achievement in losing at least 3 kg. (3) Results: The two-year exercise−diet intervention reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in responders; the changes in leptin levels were significantly associated with changes in their weights (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). In responders, insulin sensitivity (Bennett and McAuley index) increased and was associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (r = 0.831, p < 0.010 and r = 0.890, p < 0.01). In addition, the VO2peak and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle improved in responders, but not in non-responders. However, there were no changes between the two groups in expressions of the glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) gene or of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α1 or AMPK-α2 proteins. (4) Conclusions: The exercise−diet intervention decreased serum leptin and increased serum adiponectin concentrations, improved glucose control without affecting GLUT-4 gene expression in the skeletal muscle in responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Population Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sirkka Aunola
- Functional Capacity Unit, Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 20740 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- PET Centre, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
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Kim ER, Park JS, Kim JH, Oh JY, Oh IJ, Choi DH, Lee YS, Park IS, Kim S, Lee DH, Cheon JH, Bae JW, Lee M, Cho JW, An IB, Nam EJ, Yang SI, Lee MS, Bae SH, Lee YH. A GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor dual agonist to treat NASH: Targeting the gut-liver axis and microbiome. Hepatology 2022; 75:1523-1538. [PMID: 34773257 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Currently there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat NAFLD and NASH, the rates of which are increasing worldwide. Although NAFLD/NASH are highly complex and heterogeneous conditions, most pharmacotherapy pipelines focus on a single mechanistic target. Considering the importance of the gut-liver axis in their pathogenesis, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a long-acting dual agonist of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 receptors in mice with NAFLD/NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet/high fructose and sucrose solution. After 16 weeks, mice were randomly allocated to receive vehicle, GLP1-Fc, GLP2-Fc, or GLP1/2-Fc fusion (GLP1/2-Fc) subcutaneously every 2 days for 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored, insulin/glucose tolerance tests were performed, feces were collected, and microbiome profiles were analyzed. Immobilized cell systems were used to evaluate direct peptide effect. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, immunoblot analysis, tunnel assay, and biochemical assays were performed to assess drug effects on inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, cell death, and intestinal structures. The mice had well-developed NASH phenotypes. GLP1/2-Fc reduced body weight, glucose levels, hepatic triglyceride levels, and cellular apoptosis. It improved liver fibrosis, insulin sensitivity, and intestinal tight junctions, and increased microvillus height, crypt depth, and goblet cells of intestine compared with a vehicle group. Similar effects of GLP1/2-Fc were found in in vitro cell systems. GLP1/2-Fc also changed microbiome profiles. We applied fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) gain further insight into the mechanism of GLP1/2-Fc-mediated protection. We confirmed that FMT exerted an additive effect on GLP1-Fc group, including the body weight change, liver weight, hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS A long-acting dual agonist of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ran Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Ji Young Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - In Jeong Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Da Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - I Seul Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - SeungWon Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical SciencesKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems BiologyGlycosylation Network Research CenterYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - In Bok An
- Research InstituteSL MetaGenSeoulKorea
| | | | | | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Severance Biomedical Science InstituteYonsei Biomedical Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 ProjectYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Graduate SchoolYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Institute of Endocrine ResearchYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Systems BiologyGlycosylation Network Research CenterYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
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10
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Satoh M, Iizuka M, Majima M, Ohwa C, Hattori A, Van Kaer L, Iwabuchi K. Adipose invariant NKT cells interact with CD1d-expressing macrophages to regulate obesity-related inflammation. Immunology 2022; 165:414-427. [PMID: 35137411 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is accompanied by and accelerated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This low-level inflammation predisposes the host to the development of metabolic disease, most notably type 2 diabetes. We have focused on the capacity of glycolipid-reactive, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells to modulate obesity and its associated metabolic sequelae. We previously reported that CD1d knockout (KO) mice are partially protected against the development of obesity-associated insulin-resistance, and these findings were recapitulated in mice with an adipocyte-specific CD1d deficiency, suggesting that NKT cell-adipocyte interactions play a critical role in exacerbating disease. However, many other CD1d-expressing cells contribute to the in vivo responses of NKT cells to lipid antigens. In the present study, we examined the role of CD1d expression by macrophages (Mϕ) to the development of obesity-associated metabolic inflammation using LysMcre-cd1d1f/f mice where the CD1d1 gene is disrupted in a Mϕ-specific manner. Unexpectedly, these animals contained a higher frequency of T-bet+ CD4+ T cells in VAT with increased production of Th1-cytokines that aggravated VAT inflammation. Mϕ from mutant mice displayed increased production of IL-12p40, suggesting M1 polarization. These findings indicate that interactions of CD1d on Mϕ with NKT cells play a beneficial role in obesity-associated VAT inflammation and insulin resistance with a sharp contrast to an aggravating role of CD1d on another type of antigen presenting cell, dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine.,Program in Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Misao Iizuka
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine.,Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology (KAIT), Atsugi, Japan
| | - Chizuru Ohwa
- Program in Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Akito Hattori
- Program in Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine.,Program in Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
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11
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Human placental mesenchymal stromal cell therapy restores the cytokine efflux and insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Hum Cell 2022; 35:557-571. [PMID: 35091972 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity poses a significant risk factor for the onset of metabolic syndrome with allied complications, wherein mesenchymal stem cell therapy is seen as a promising treatment for obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we aim to explore the beneficial effects of the human placental mesenchymal stromal cells (P-MSCs) on obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) including inflammation. To understand this, we have analyzed the peripheral blood glucose, serum insulin levels by ELISA, and the glucose uptake capacity of skeletal muscle by a 2-NBDG assay using flow cytometry in WNIN/GR-Ob rats treated with and without P-MSCs. Also, we have studied insulin signaling and cytokine profile in the skeletal muscle by western blotting, dot blotting, and Multiplex-ELISA techniques. The skeletal muscle of WNIN/GR-Ob rats demonstrates dysregulation of cytokines, altered glucose uptake vis-a-vis insulin signaling. However, P-MSCs' treatment was effective in WNIN/GR-Ob rats as compared to its control, to restore HOMA-IR, re-establishes dysregulated cytokines and PI3K-Akt pathway in addition to enhanced Glut4 expression and glucose uptake studied in skeletal muscle. Overall, our data advocate the beneficial effects of P-MSCs to ameliorate inflammatory milieu, improve insulin sensitivity, and normalize glucose homeostasis underlining the Ob-T2D conditions, and we attribute for immunomodulatory, paracrine, autocrine, and multipotent functions of P-MSCs.
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12
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Kotikalapudi N, Sampath SJP, Sukesh Narayan S, R B, Nemani H, Mungamuri SK, Venkatesan V. The promise(s) of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in averting preclinical diabetes: lessons from in vivo and in vitro model systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16983. [PMID: 34417511 PMCID: PMC8379204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity (Ob) poses a significant risk factor for the onset of metabolic syndrome with associated complications, wherein the Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy shows pre-clinical success. Here, we explore the therapeutic applications of human Placental MSCs (P-MSCs) to address Ob-associated Insulin Resistance (IR) and its complications. In the present study, we show that intramuscular injection of P-MSCs homed more towards the visceral site, restored HOMA-IR and glucose homeostasis in the WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats. P-MSC therapy was effective in re-establishing the dysregulated cytokines. We report that the P-MSCs activates PI3K-Akt signaling and regulates the Glut4-dependant glucose uptake and its utilization in WNIN/GR-Ob (Ob-T2D) rats compared to its control. Our data reinstates P-MSC treatment's potent application to alleviate IR and restores peripheral blood glucose clearance evidenced in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) derived from white adipose tissue (WAT) of the WNIN/GR-Ob rats. Gaining insights, we show the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway by P-MSCs both in vivo and in vitro (palmitate primed 3T3-L1 cells) to restore the insulin sensitivity dysregulated adipocytes. Our findings suggest a potent application of P-MSCs in pre-clinical/Ob-T2D management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagasuryaprasad Kotikalapudi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Samuel Joshua Pragasam Sampath
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sinha Sukesh Narayan
- Division of Food Safety, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Bhonde R
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Allalasandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Harishankar Nemani
- Division of Animal Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
- Division of Food Safety, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania P.O., Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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13
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Abstract
The adipose tissue has been recognized as an active organ involved in numerous metabolic, hormonal and immunological processes. Obesity and associated chronic inflammation leads to many metabolic and autoimmune disorders. The number of cells, their phenotype and distribution in adipose tissue depends on the degree of obesity. Polarization of macrophages towards M1, neutrophils influx to adipose tissue, activation of Th1 and Th17 cells and increased level of proinflammatory cytokines are characteristic for obesity-induced inflammation. Several mechanisms, such as adipocytes’ hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment of PPAR receptors, inflammasomes’ activation and activation of TLR are involved into development of chronic obesity-induced inflammation. A better understanding of this processes can provide new treatments for obesity and related disorders.
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14
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Wang J, Peng C, Guranich C, Heng YJ, Baker GM, Rubadue CA, Glass K, Eliassen AH, Tamimi RM, Polyak K, Hankinson S. Early-Life Body Adiposity and the Breast Tumor Transcriptome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 113:778-784. [PMID: 33136151 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative epidemiologic evidence has shown that early-life adiposity is strongly inversely associated with breast cancer risk throughout life, independent of adult obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS We assessed the association of early-life adiposity, defined as self-reported body size during ages 10-20 years from a validated 9-level pictogram, with the transcriptome of breast tumor (N = 835) and tumor-adjacent histologically normal tissue (N = 663) in the Nurses' Health Study. We conducted multivariable linear regression analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in tumor and tumor-adjacent tissue, respectively. Molecular pathway analysis using Hallmark gene sets (N = 50) was further performed to gain biological insights. Analysis was stratified by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) protein expression status (n = 673 for ER+ and 162 for ER- tumors). RESULTS No gene was statistically significantly differentially expressed by early-life body size after multiple comparison adjustment. However, pathway analysis revealed several statistically significantly (false discovery rate < 0.05) upregulated or downregulated gene sets. In stratified analyses by tumor ER status, larger body size during ages 10-20 years was associated with decreased cellular proliferation pathways, including MYC target genes, in both ER+ and ER- tumors. In ER+ tumors, larger body size was also associated with upregulation in genes involved in TNFα/NFkB signaling. In ER- tumors, larger body size was additionally associated with downregulation in genes involved in interferon α and interferon γ immune response and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling; the INFγ response pathway was also downregulated in ER- tumor-adjacent tissue, though at borderline statistical significance (false discovery rate = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the biological and pathological underpinnings of the early-life adiposity and breast cancer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Peng
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Guranich
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yujing J Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Baker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Rubadue
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, USC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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15
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LaMarche NM, Kane H, Kohlgruber AC, Dong H, Lynch L, Brenner MB. Distinct iNKT Cell Populations Use IFNγ or ER Stress-Induced IL-10 to Control Adipose Tissue Homeostasis. Cell Metab 2020; 32:243-258.e6. [PMID: 32516575 PMCID: PMC8234787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are phenotypically different from other iNKT cells because they produce IL-10 and control metabolic homeostasis. Why that is the case is unclear. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found several adipose iNKT clusters, which we grouped into two functional populations based on NK1.1 expression. NK1.1NEG cells almost exclusively produced IL-10 and other regulatory cytokines, while NK1.1POS iNKT cells predominantly produced IFNγ. Mechanistically, biochemical fractionation revealed that free fatty acids drive IL-10 production primarily in NK1.1NEG iNKT cells via the IRE1α-XBP1s arm of the unfolded protein response. Correspondingly, adoptive transfer of adipose tissue NK1.1NEG iNKT cells selectively restored metabolic function in obese mice. Further, we found an unexpected role for NK1.1POS iNKT cells in lean adipose tissue, as IFNγ licenses natural killer cell-mediated macrophage killing to limit pathological macrophage expansion. Together, these two iNKT cell populations utilize non-redundant pathways to preserve metabolic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson M LaMarche
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harry Kane
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Elafin inhibits obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-treated male mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12785. [PMID: 32733043 PMCID: PMC7393145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protein. We hypothesize that elafin expression correlates with diabetes. Among non-diabetic and prediabetic groups, men have significantly higher serum elafin levels than women. Men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have significantly lower serum elafin levels than men without T2DM. Serum elafin levels are inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in men with T2DM, but not women with T2DM. Lentiviral elafin overexpression inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-treated male mice. Elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated male mice had increased serum leptin levels, and serum exosomal miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Transplantation of splenocytes and serum exosomes from elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated donor mice reduced food consumption and fat mass, and increased adipose tissue leptin mRNA expression in HFD-treated recipient mice. Elafin improved leptin sensitivity via reduced interferon-gamma expression and induced adipose leptin expression via increased miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Subcutaneous and oral administration of modified elafin inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in the HFD-treated mice. Circulating elafin levels are associated with hyperglycemia in men with T2DM. Elafin, via immune-derived miRNAs and cytokine, activates leptin sensitivity and expression that subsequently inhibit food consumption, obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in HFD-treated male mice.
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17
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Zhang H, Li Q, Teng Y, Lin Y, Li S, Qin T, Chen L, Huang J, Zhai H, Yu Q, Xu G. Interleukin-27 decreases ghrelin production through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:837-849. [PMID: 32528831 PMCID: PMC7280146 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a heterodimeric cytokine, plays a protective role in diabetes. Ghrelin, a gastric hormone, provides a hunger signal to the central nervous system to stimulate food intake. The relationship between IL-27 and ghrelin is still unexplored. Here we investigated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)—mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling mediates the suppression of ghrelin induced by IL-27. Co-localization of interleukin 27 receptor subunit alpha (WSX-1) and ghrelin was observed in mouse and human gastric mucosa. Intracerebroventricular injection of IL-27 markedly suppressed ghrelin synthesis and secretion while stimulating STAT3–mTOR signaling in both C57BL/6J mice and high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. IL-27 inhibited the production of ghrelin in mHypoE-N42 cells. Inhibition of mTOR activity induced by mTOR siRNA or rapamycin blocked the suppression of ghrelin production induced by IL-27 in mHypoE-N42 cells. Stat 3 siRNA also abolished the inhibitory effect of IL-27 on ghrelin. IL-27 increased the interaction between STAT3 and mTOR in mHypoE-N42 cells. In conclusion, IL-27 suppresses ghrelin production through the STAT3-mTOR dependent mechanism.
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18
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van Eijkeren RJ, Morris I, Borgman A, Markovska A, Kalkhoven E. Cytokine Output of Adipocyte-iNKT Cell Interplay Is Skewed by a Lipid-Rich Microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:479. [PMID: 32849273 PMCID: PMC7412741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex direct and indirect interplay between adipocytes and various adipose tissue (AT)-resident immune cells plays an important role in maintaining local and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes can directly interact with and activate AT-resident invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells through CD1d-dependent presentation of lipid antigens, which is associated with anti-inflammatory cytokine production in lean AT (IL-4, IL-10). Whether alterations in the microenvironment, i.e., increased free fatty acids concentrations or altered cytokine/adipokine profiles as observed in obesity, directly affect adipocyte-iNKT cell communication and subsequent cytokine output is currently unknown. Here we show that the cytokine output of adipocyte-iNKT cell interplay is skewed by a lipid-rich microenvironment. Incubation of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids specifically reduced insulin sensitivity and increased lipolysis. Reduced activation of the CD1d-invariant T-Cell Receptor (TCR) signaling axis was observed in Jurkat reporter cells expressing the invariant NKT TCR, while co-culture assays with a iNKT hybridoma cell line (DN32.D3) skewed the cytokine output toward reduced IL-4 secretion and increased IFNγ secretion. Importantly, co-culture assays of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with primary iNKT cells isolated from visceral AT showed a similar shift in cytokine output. Collectively, these data indicate that iNKT cells display considerable plasticity with respect to their cytokine output, which can be skewed toward a more pro-inflammatory profile in vitro by microenvironmental factors like fatty acids.
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19
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Gong M, Wen S, Nguyen T, Wang C, Jin J, Zhou L. Converging Relationships of Obesity and Hyperuricemia with Special Reference to Metabolic Disorders and Plausible Therapeutic Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:943-962. [PMID: 32280253 PMCID: PMC7125338 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s232377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperuricemia mutually influence metabolic syndrome. This study discusses the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia in terms of pathophysiology, complications, and treatments. METHODS We searched for preclinical or clinical studies on the pathophysiology, complications, and therapy of obesity and hyperuricemia on the PubMed database. RESULTS In this systemic review, we summarized our searching results on topics of pathophysiology, complications and therapeutic strategy. In pathophysiology, we firstly introduce genetic variations for obesity, hyperuricemia and their relationships by genetic studies. Secondly, we talk about the epigenetic influences on obesity and hyperuricemia. Thirdly, we describe the central metabolic regulation and the role of hyperuricemia. Then, we refer to the character of adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the last part of this topic, we reviewed the critical links of gut microbiota in the obesity and hyperuricemia. In the following part, we review the pathophysiology of major complications in obesity and hyperuricemia including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Finally, we recapitulate the therapeutic strategies especially the novel pharmaceutic interventions for obesity and hyperuricemia, which concurrently show the mutual metabolic influences between two diseases. CONCLUSION The data reviewed here delineate the metabolic relationships between obesity and hyperuricemia, and provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thiquynhnga Nguyen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, ChinaTel +8613611927616 Email
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20
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Hossain MA, Okamoto R, Karas JA, Praveen P, Liu M, Forbes BE, Wade JD, Kajihara Y. Total Chemical Synthesis of a Nonfibrillating Human Glycoinsulin. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:1164-1169. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | | | | | | | - Briony E. Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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21
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Rakotoarivelo V, Variya B, Ilangumaran S, Langlois MF, Ramanathan S. Inflammation in human adipose tissues-Shades of gray, rather than white and brown. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 44:28-37. [PMID: 30301598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissues has been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome over the years. Various studies using animal models have contributed to our knowledge on the pro- and anti- inflammatory mediators that regulate obesity. Analyses of cytokine profiles in humans have not revealed a clear scenario. Likewise, treatments targeting inflammation to control obesity and insulin resistance has not yielded promising results. In this review we summarize the data available in human obesity and discuss the possible reasons that could explain the difficulties in treating obesity and insulin resistance by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Bhavesh Variya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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22
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Ong SC, Belgi A, van Lierop B, Delaine C, Andrikopoulos S, MacRaild CA, Norton RS, Haworth NL, Robinson AJ, Forbes BE. Probing the correlation between insulin activity and structural stability through introduction of the rigid A6-A11 bond. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11928-11943. [PMID: 29899115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of fast-acting and highly stable insulin analogues is challenging. Insulin undergoes structural transitions essential for binding and activation of the insulin receptor (IR), but these conformational changes can also affect insulin stability. Previously, we substituted the insulin A6-A11 cystine with a rigid, non-reducible C=C linkage ("dicarba" linkage). A cis-alkene permitted the conformational flexibility of the A-chain N-terminal helix necessary for high-affinity IR binding, resulting in surprisingly rapid activity in vivo Here, we show that, unlike the rapidly acting LysB28ProB29 insulin analogue (KP insulin), cis-dicarba insulin is not inherently monomeric. We also show that cis-dicarba KP insulin lowers blood glucose levels even more rapidly than KP insulin, suggesting that an inability to oligomerize is not responsible for the observed rapid activity onset of cis-dicarba analogues. Although rapid-acting, neither dicarba species is stable, as assessed by fibrillation and thermodynamics assays. MALDI analyses and molecular dynamics simulations of cis-dicarba insulin revealed a previously unidentified role of the A6-A11 linkage in insulin conformational dynamics. By controlling the conformational flexibility of the insulin B-chain helix, this linkage affects overall insulin structural stability. This effect is independent of its regulation of the A-chain N-terminal helix flexibility necessary for IR engagement. We conclude that high-affinity IR binding, rapid in vivo activity, and insulin stability can be regulated by the specific conformational arrangement of the A6-A11 linkage. This detailed understanding of insulin's structural dynamics may aid in the future design of rapid-acting insulin analogues with improved stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee Chee Ong
- From the College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Alessia Belgi
- the School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bianca van Lierop
- the School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- From the College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Naomi L Haworth
- the School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia, and.,the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Andrea J Robinson
- the School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Briony E Forbes
- From the College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia,
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23
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Tang CL, Liu ZM, Gao YR, Xiong F. Schistosoma Infection and Schistosoma-Derived Products Modulate the Immune Responses Associated with Protection against Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1990. [PMID: 29387059 PMCID: PMC5776330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms could contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent elevated glucose levels due to insulin resistance. The association between previous Schistosoma infection and T2D has been confirmed—Schistosoma infection and Schistosoma-derived products modulate the immune system, including innate and acquired immune responses, contributing to T2D disease control. Schistosoma infections and Schistosoma-derived molecules affect the immune cell composition in adipose tissue, dampening inflammation and improving glucose tolerance. This protective role includes the polarization of immune cells to alternatively activated macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Furthermore, Schistosoma infection and Schistosoma products are effective for the treatment of T2D, as they increase the number of type 2 helper T cells (Th2) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decrease type 1 helper T cells (Th1) and type 17 helper T cells (Th17) cells. Thus, our aim was to comprehensively review the mechanism through which Schistosoma infection and Schistosoma products modulate the immune response against T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Tang
- Department of Science and Education, Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ru Gao
- Medical Department, City College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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24
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van Lierop B, Ong SC, Belgi A, Delaine C, Andrikopoulos S, Haworth NL, Menting JG, Lawrence MC, Robinson AJ, Forbes BE. Insulin in motion: The A6-A11 disulfide bond allosterically modulates structural transitions required for insulin activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17239. [PMID: 29222417 PMCID: PMC5722942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural transitions required for insulin to activate its receptor and initiate regulation of glucose homeostasis are only partly understood. Here, using ring-closing metathesis, we substitute the A6-A11 disulfide bond of insulin with a rigid, non-reducible dicarba linkage, yielding two distinct stereo-isomers (cis and trans). Remarkably, only the cis isomer displays full insulin potency, rapidly lowering blood glucose in mice (even under insulin-resistant conditions). It also posseses reduced mitogenic activity in vitro. Further biophysical, crystallographic and molecular-dynamics analyses reveal that the A6-A11 bond configuration directly affects the conformational flexibility of insulin A-chain N-terminal helix, dictating insulin’s ability to engage its receptor. We reveal that in native insulin, contraction of the Cα-Cα distance of the flexible A6-A11 cystine allows the A-chain N-terminal helix to unwind to a conformation that allows receptor engagement. This motion is also permitted in the cis isomer, with its shorter Cα-Cα distance, but prevented in the extended trans analogue. These findings thus illuminate for the first time the allosteric role of the A6-A11 bond in mediating the transition of the hormone to an active conformation, significantly advancing our understanding of insulin action and opening up new avenues for the design of improved therapeutic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca van Lierop
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Shee Chee Ong
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | - Alessia Belgi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | | | - Naomi L Haworth
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - John G Menting
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Andrea J Robinson
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Briony E Forbes
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia.
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25
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Leite AZ, Rodrigues NDC, Gonzaga MI, Paiolo JCC, de Souza CA, Stefanutto NAV, Omori WP, Pinheiro DG, Brisotti JL, Matheucci Junior E, Mariano VS, de Oliveira GLV. Detection of Increased Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels and Prevalence of Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus in the Feces of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1107. [PMID: 28966614 PMCID: PMC5605568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic endotoxemia have been associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the intestinal dysbiosis in Brazilian T2D patients and correlate these data with inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) plasma concentrations. This study was approved by the Ethics Committees from Barretos Cancer Hospital and all individuals signed the informed consent form. Stool samples were required for DNA extraction, and the V3/V4 regions of bacterial 16S were sequenced using an Illumina platform. Peripheral blood was used to quantify inflammatory cytokines and plasma LPS concentrations, by CBA flex and ELISA, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann–Whitney and Spearman’s tests. Analysis of variance, diversity indexes, and analysis of alpha- and beta-diversity were conducted using an annotated Operational Taxonomic Unit table. This study included 20 patients and 22 controls. We observed significant differences (P < 0.01) in the microbiota composition (beta-diversity) between patients and controls, suggesting intestinal dysbiosis in Brazilian T2D patients. The prevalent species found in patients’ feces were the Gram-negatives Prevotella copri, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides rodentium, and Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The proinflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in patients’ plasma and LPS levels were decreased. We find correlations between the proinflammatory interferon-gamma with Gram-negatives Bacteroides and Prevotella species, and a positive correlation between the LPS levels and P. copri reads. The P. copri and B. vulgatus species were associated with insulin resistance in previous studies. In this study, we suggested that the prevalence of Gram-negative species in the gut and the increased plasma IL-6 in patients could be linked to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. In conclusion, the P. copri and B. vulgatus species could represent an intestinal microbiota signature, associated with T2D development. Furthermore, the identification of these Gram-negative bacteria, and the detection of inflammatory markers, such as increased IL-6, could be used as diabetes predictive markers in overweight, obese and in genetically predisposed individuals to develop T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zazeri Leite
- Microbiome Study Group, School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Ignácio Gonzaga
- Microbiome Study Group, School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wellington Pine Omori
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Brisotti
- Microbiome Study Group, School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, Brazil
| | - Euclides Matheucci Junior
- DNA Consult Genetics and Biotechnology, Sao Carlos, Brazil.,Biotechnology Department, Sao Carlos Federal University, UFSCAR, Sao Carlos, Brazil
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26
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Tanaka H, Nishikawa Y, Fukushima T, Taniguchi A, Fujita Y, Tsuda K, Inagaki N, Hosokawa M. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in rats: The role of immune cells. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:494-504. [PMID: 28804981 PMCID: PMC5934270 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Bacterial septicemia has diverse clinical symptoms including severe hypoglycemia. However, sepsis-induced hypoglycemia has not yet been examined in detail. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying hypoglycemia in sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced endotoxin shock in rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After an intraperitoneal injection of LPS, we measured gluconeogenesis using the pyruvate tolerance test. The effects of LPS on glucose metabolism were investigated in perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes. Furthermore, its effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines were examined in isolated splenocytes. The interaction between splenocytes and hepatocytes in response to LPS was investigated in vitro using a co-culture of splenocytes and hepatocytes. RESULTS In the pyruvate tolerance test, the pretreatment with LPS decreased gluconeogenesis. The in vivo pretreatment of rats with LPS did not inhibit glucose production in perfused livers. The in vitro treatment of isolated hepatocytes with LPS did not decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis. Although LPS increased the production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10) and nitric oxide in isolated splenocytes, only nitric oxide significantly inhibited gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. When splenocytes and hepatocytes were co-cultured in medium containing LPS, the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of glucose-6-phosphatase in hepatocytes was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS LPS reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis, at least in part, by stimulating the production of nitric oxide in splenocytes. This effect could contribute to the mechanisms responsible for septicemia-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Faculty of Human SciencesTezukayama Gakuin UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of Food and Human Health SciencesGraduate School of Human Life ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishikawa
- Department of Food and Human Health SciencesGraduate School of Human Life ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Toru Fukushima
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesHirakata Kohsai HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Ataru Taniguchi
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyKyoto Preventive Medical CenterKyotoJapan
| | - Yoshihito Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kinsuke Tsuda
- Faculty of Human SciencesTezukayama Gakuin UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masaya Hosokawa
- Faculty of Human SciencesTezukayama Gakuin UniversityOsakaJapan
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27
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Wentworth JM, Zhang JG, Bandala-Sanchez E, Naselli G, Liu R, Ritchie M, Smyth GK, O'Brien PE, Harrison LC. Interferon-gamma released from omental adipose tissue of insulin-resistant humans alters adipocyte phenotype and impairs response to insulin and adiponectin release. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1782-1789. [PMID: 28769120 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory factors derived from adipose tissue have been implicated in mediating insulin resistance in obesity. We sought to identify these using explanted human adipose tissue exposed to innate and adaptive immune stimuli. METHODS Subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue from obese, insulin-resistant donors was cultured in the presence of macrophage and T-cell stimuli, and the conditioned medium tested for its ability to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. The nature of the inhibitory factor in conditioned medium was characterized physicochemically, inferred by gene microarray analysis and confirmed by antibody neutralization. RESULTS Conditioned medium from omental adipose tissue exposed to a combination of macrophage- and T-cell stimuli inhibited insulin action and adiponectin secretion in SGBS adipocytes. This effect was associated with a pronounced change in adipocyte morphology, characterized by a decreased number of lipid droplets of increased size. The bioactivity of conditioned medium was abolished by trypsin treatment and had a molecular weight of 46 kDa by gel filtration. SGBS adipocytes exposed to a bioactive medium expressed multiple gene transcripts regulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Recombinant human IFN-γ recapitulated the effects of the bioactive medium and neutralizing antibody against IFN-γ but not other candidate factors abrogated medium bioactivity. CONCLUSIONS IFN-γ released from inflamed omental adipose tissue may contribute to the metabolic abnormalities seen in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wentworth
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J-G Zhang
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - E Bandala-Sanchez
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - G Naselli
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - R Liu
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Ritchie
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - G K Smyth
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P E O'Brien
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L C Harrison
- Department of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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McLaughlin T, Ackerman SE, Shen L, Engleman E. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:5-13. [PMID: 28045397 DOI: 10.1172/jci88876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, possibly related to adipose cell hypertrophy, hypoxia, and/or intestinal leakage of bacteria and their metabolic products, likely plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR). Cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system residing in adipose tissues, as well as in the intestine, participate in this process. Thus, M1 macrophages, IFN-γ-secreting Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells promote IR, in part through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, eosinophils, Th2 T cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and possibly Foxp3+ Tregs protect against IR through local control of inflammation.
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29
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Greer RL, Dong X, Moraes ACF, Zielke RA, Fernandes GR, Peremyslova E, Vasquez-Perez S, Schoenborn AA, Gomes EP, Pereira AC, Ferreira SRG, Yao M, Fuss IJ, Strober W, Sikora AE, Taylor GA, Gulati AS, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Akkermansia muciniphila mediates negative effects of IFNγ on glucose metabolism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13329. [PMID: 27841267 PMCID: PMC5114536 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system regulates host metabolism, and its dysregulation can cause metabolic disease. Here, we show that the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila can mediate negative effects of IFNγ on glucose tolerance. In IFNγ-deficient mice, A. muciniphila is significantly increased and restoration of IFNγ levels reduces A. muciniphila abundance. We further show that IFNγ-knockout mice whose microbiota does not contain A. muciniphila do not show improvement in glucose tolerance and adding back A. muciniphila promoted enhanced glucose tolerance. We go on to identify Irgm1 as an IFNγ-regulated gene in the mouse ileum that controls gut A. muciniphila levels. A. muciniphila is also linked to IFNγ-regulated gene expression in the intestine and glucose parameters in humans, suggesting that this trialogue between IFNγ, A. muciniphila and glucose tolerance might be an evolutionally conserved mechanism regulating metabolic health in mice and humans. Mice deficient in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ have improved glucose tolerance. Here, the authors show that this effect depends on the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila, whose abundance increases in the absence IFNγ, and which is known to have beneficial effects on host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Dryden Hall, 450 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Ana Carolina F Moraes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Ryszard A Zielke
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Gabriel R Fernandes
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Research Center, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Ekaterina Peremyslova
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Stephany Vasquez-Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Dryden Hall, 450 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Alexi A Schoenborn
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Building, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Everton P Gomes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Sandra R G Ferreira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Michael Yao
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ivan J Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Geriatrics and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke Box 3003, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Building, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 105 Dryden Hall, 450 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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30
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O'Sullivan TE, Rapp M, Fan X, Weizman OE, Bhardwaj P, Adams NM, Walzer T, Dannenberg AJ, Sun JC. Adipose-Resident Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Immunity 2016; 45:428-41. [PMID: 27496734 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) function to protect epithelial barriers against pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis in both barrier and non-barrier tissues. Here, utilizing Eomes reporter mice, we identify a subset of adipose group 1 ILC (ILC1) and demonstrate a role for these cells in metabolic disease. Adipose ILC1s were dependent on the transcription factors Nfil3 and T-bet but phenotypically and functionally distinct from adipose mature natural killer (NK) and immature NK cells. Analysis of parabiotic mice revealed that adipose ILC1s maintained long-term tissue residency. Diet-induced obesity drove early production of interleukin (IL)-12 in adipose tissue depots and led to the selective proliferation and accumulation of adipose-resident ILC1s in a manner dependent on the IL-12 receptor and STAT4. ILC1-derived interferon-γ was necessary and sufficient to drive proinflammatory macrophage polarization to promote obesity-associated insulin resistance. Thus, adipose-resident ILC1s contribute to obesity-related pathology in response to dysregulated local proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moritz Rapp
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiying Fan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Orr-El Weizman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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31
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Adipocyte-specific CD1d-deficiency mitigates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28473. [PMID: 27329323 PMCID: PMC4916414 DOI: 10.1038/srep28473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that CD1d expression and glycolipid-reactive, CD1d-restricted NKT cells exacerbate the development of obesity and insulin resistance in mice. However, the relevant CD1d-expressing cells that influence the effects of NKT cells on the progression of obesity remain incompletely defined. In this study, we have demonstrated that 3T3-L1 adipocytes can present endogenous ligands to NKT cells, leading to IFN-γ production, which in turn, stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes to enhance expression of CD1d and CCL2, and decrease expression of adiponectin. Furthermore, adipocyte-specific CD1d deletion decreased the size of the visceral adipose tissue mass and enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, NKT cells were less activated, IFN-γ production was significantly reduced, and levels of adiponectin were increased in these animals as compared with control mice on HFD. Importantly, macrophage recruitment into the adipose tissue of adipocyte-specific CD1d-deficient mice was significantly blunted. These findings indicate that interactions between NKT cells and CD1d-expressing adipocytes producing endogenous NKT cell ligands play a critical role in the induction of inflammation and functional modulation of adipose tissue that leads to obesity.
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Sasaki H, Hirai K, Martins CM, Furusho H, Battaglino R, Hashimoto K. Interrelationship Between Periapical Lesion and Systemic Metabolic Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:2204-15. [PMID: 26881444 PMCID: PMC4856634 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160216145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periapical periodontitis, also known as periapical lesion, is a common dental disease, along with periodontitis (gum disease). Periapical periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, caused by endodontic infection, and its development is regulated by the host immune/inflammatory response. Metabolic disorders, which are largely dependent on life style such as eating habits, have been interpreted as a "metabolically-triggered" low-grade systemic inflammation and may interact with periapical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation. The host immune system is therefore considered the common fundamental mechanism of both disease conditions. METHOD We have reviewed >200 articles to discuss the interrelationship between periapical lesions and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and their common pathological background in immunology/osteoimmunology and cytokine biology. RESULTS An elevated inflammatory state caused by metabolic disorders can impact the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfere with wound healing after endodontic treatment. Although additional well-designed clinical studies are needed, periapical lesions appear to affect insulin sensitivity and exacerbate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION Immune regulatory cytokines produced by various cell types, including immune cells and adipose tissue, play an important role in this interrelationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02494, U.S.A.
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Nayak M, Eekhoff ME, Peinhaupt M, Heinemann A, Desoye G, van Poppel MN. Cytokines and their association with insulin resistance in obese pregnant women with different levels of physical activity. Cytokine 2016; 77:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Dam V, Sikder T, Santosa S. From neutrophils to macrophages: differences in regional adipose tissue depots. Obes Rev 2016; 17:1-17. [PMID: 26667065 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we do not fully understand the underlying mechanisms of how regional adiposity promotes metabolic dysregulation. As adipose tissue expands, there is an increase in chronic systemic low-grade inflammation due to greater infiltration of immune cells and production of cytokines. This chronic inflammation is thought to play a major role in the development of metabolic complications and disease such as insulin resistance and diabetes. We know that different adipose tissue depots contribute differently to the risk of metabolic disease. People who have an upper body fat distribution around the abdomen are at greater risk of disease than those who tend to store fat in their lower body around the hips and thighs. Thus, it is conceivable that adipose tissue depots contribute differently to the inflammatory milieu as a result of varied infiltration of immune cell types. In this review, we describe the role and function of major resident immune cells in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and discuss their regional differences in the context of metabolic disease risk. We find that although initial studies have found regional differences, a more comprehensive understanding of how immune cells interrupt adipose tissue homeostasis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dam
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T Sikder
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Santosa
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Guigas B, Molofsky AB. A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:435-41. [PMID: 25991556 PMCID: PMC4567404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have coexisted with human beings throughout time. Success in eradicating helminths has limited helminth-induced morbidity and mortality but is also correlated with increasing rates of 'western' diseases, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Here, we review these studies and discuss how helminths and helminth-derived molecules may modulate these physiologic pathways to improve metabolic functions in specific tissues, such as adipose and liver, as well as at the whole-organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wensveen FM, Valentić S, Šestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polić B. The “Big Bang” in obese fat: Events initiating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Wensveen
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Amsterdam Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Valentić
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | | | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology & Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
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Fang M, Li P, Wu X, Xu Y. Class II transactivator (CIITA) mediates transcriptional repression of pdk4 gene by interacting with hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1). J Biomed Res 2015; 29:308-15. [PMID: 26243517 PMCID: PMC4547379 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20150055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased accumulation and/or impaired utilization of fatty acid in extra-adipose tissues are implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) is a key enzyme involved in fatty oxidation and energy expenditure, and its expression can be repressed by pro-inflammatory stimuli. Previously, we have shown that class II transactivator (CIITA) mediates the adverse effect of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in skeletal muscle cells by cooperating with hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) to repress silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) transcription. Building upon this finding, we report here that CIITA interacted with HIC1 via the GTP-binding domain (GBD) while HIC1 interacted with CIITA via the BTB/POZ domain. The GBD domain was required for CIITA to repress SIRT1 transcription probably acting as a bridge for CIITA to bind to HIC1 and consequently to bind to the SIRT1 promoter. IFN-γ stimulation, CIITA over-expression, or HIC1 over-expression repressed Pdk4 promoter activity while silencing either CIITA or HIC1 normalized Pdk4 expression in the presence of IFN-γ. An increase in SIRT1 expression or activity partially rescued Pdk4 expression in the presence of CIITA, but SIRT1 inhibition abrogated Pdk4 normalization even in the absence of CIITA. Taken together, our data have identified a HIC1-CIITA-SIRT1 axis that regulates Pdk4 transcription in response to IFN-γ stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology.,Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology.,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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Adaptive Immunity and Antigen-Specific Activation in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593075. [PMID: 26146464 PMCID: PMC4471324 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease that is strongly tied to obesity and often preceded by insulin resistance (IR). It has been established that chronic inflammation of hypertrophic adipose tissue depots in obese individuals leads to obesity-associated IR and is mediated by cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages. More recently, cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, have also emerged as important regulators of glucose homeostasis, raising the intriguing possibility that antigen-driven immune responses play a role in disease. In this review, we critically evaluate the roles that various B and T cell subsets play in IR, and then we examine the data suggesting that antigen-driven mechanisms, such as antigen presentation and costimulation, may drive the activity of these lymphocytes.
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Fam BC, Sgambellone R, Ruan Z, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S. Contribution of the hypothalamus and gut to weight gain susceptibility and resistance in mice. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:191-204. [PMID: 25934705 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity susceptibility in humans and in rodent strains varies in response to the consumption of high-energy density (HED) diets. However, the exact mechanism(s) involved in this susceptibility remain(s) unresolved. The aim of the present study was to gain greater insight into this susceptibility by using C57BL/6J (B6) mice that were separated into obesity-prone (diet-induced obese (DIO)) and obesity-resistant (diet-induced resistant (DR)) groups following an HED diet for 6 weeks. Physiological, biochemical and gene expression assessments of energy balance were performed in the DIO and DR mice on an HED diet and chow-fed mice. The increased weight gain of the DIO mice as compared to the DR mice was associated with increased energy intake and higher plasma leptin and adiponectin levels but not with reduced physical activity or resting energy expenditure. Hypothalamic Pomc gene expression was elevated, but there were no changes in Npy or Agrp expression. Adipose tissue leptin and adiponectin gene expression were significantly reduced in the DIO group as compared to the DR group. Interestingly, ileum expression of G protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 40 (Gpr40) was significantly increased, whereas Gpr120, Gpr119, Gpr41, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glp1) were reduced. Contrastingly, the lower weight gain of the DR group was associated with elevated adipose tissue leptin and adiponectin gene expression, but there were no differences in plasma hormone or hypothalamic gene expression levels as compared to chow-fed mice. Therefore, the present data demonstrate that susceptibility and resistance to diet-induced weight gain in B6 mice appears to be predominantly driven by peripheral rather than hypothalamic modifications, and changes in gut-specific receptors are a potentially important contributor to this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Fam
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sgambellone
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health) Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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40
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Yu N, Barros SP, Zhang S, Moss KL, Phillips ST, Offenbacher S. Insulin Response Genes in Different Stages of Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2015; 94:194S-200S. [PMID: 25924856 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515584384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are known to alter glucose metabolism within tissues via mechanisms of inflammation. We conducted this study to examine whether insulin response genes are differentially expressed in gingival tissues, comparing samples from experimental gingivitis and periodontitis subjects to those from healthy individuals. Total RNA was extracted from gingival biopsies from 26 participants: 8 periodontally healthy, 9 experimental gingivitis, and 9 periodontitis subjects. Gene expression patterns were evaluated with a polymerase chain reaction array panel to examine 84 candidate genes involved with glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity. Array data were evaluated with a t test adjusted by the false discover rate (P < 0.05), and ingenuity pathway analysis was performed for statistical testing of pathways. Although tissue samples were not sufficient to enable protein quantification, we confirmed the upregulation of the key gene using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary gingival epithelial cells by Western blot. The mRNA expression patterns of genes that are associated with insulin response and glucose metabolism are markedly different in experimental gingivitis subjects compared with healthy controls. Thirty-two genes are upregulated significantly by at least 2-fold, adjusted for false discover rate (P < 0.05). Periodontitis subjects show similar but attenuated changes in gene expression patterns, and no genes meet the significance criteria. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrates significant activation of the carbohydrate metabolism network in experimental gingivitis but not in periodontitis. G6PD protein increases in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in primary gingival epithelial cells, which is in the same direction as upregulated mRNA in tissues. Acute gingival inflammation may be associated with tissue metabolism changes, but these changes are not evident in chronic periodontitis. This study suggests that acute gingival inflammation may induce localized changes that modify tissue insulin/glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Oral Biology Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S P Barros
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Moss
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S T Phillips
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Offenbacher
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wensveen FM, Jelenčić V, Valentić S, Šestan M, Wensveen TT, Theurich S, Glasner A, Mendrila D, Štimac D, Wunderlich FT, Brüning JC, Mandelboim O, Polić B. NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:376-85. [PMID: 25729921 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An important cause of obesity-induced insulin resistance is chronic systemic inflammation originating in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). VAT inflammation is associated with the accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue, but the immunological signals that trigger their accumulation remain unknown. We found that a phenotypically distinct population of tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells represented a crucial link between obesity-induced adipose stress and VAT inflammation. Obesity drove the upregulation of ligands of the NK cell-activating receptor NCR1 on adipocytes; this stimulated NK cell proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, which in turn triggered the differentiation of proinflammatory macrophages and promoted insulin resistance. Deficiency of NK cells, NCR1 or IFN-γ prevented the accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages in VAT and greatly ameliorated insulin sensitivity. Thus NK cells are key regulators of macrophage polarization and insulin resistance in response to obesity-induced adipocyte stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Jelenčić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sonja Valentić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Davor Mendrila
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Davor Štimac
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Youssef DM, Elbehidy RM, Shokry DM, Elbehidy EM. The influence of leptin on Th1/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma. J Bras Pneumol 2014; 39:562-8. [PMID: 24310629 PMCID: PMC4075880 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132013000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In individuals with asthma, obesity induces the production of leptin and is
associated with disease severity. Our objective was to evaluate the levels of
serum leptin and their effect on Th1/Th2 balance in obese and non-obese children
with asthma, as well as to investigate the association between serum leptin levels
and clinical outcomes. METHODS: We evaluated 50 atopic children with physician-diagnosed moderate-to-severe
persistent asthma and 20 controls. The children with asthma were divided into two
groups, by body mass index percentile: obese (n = 25) and non-obese (n = 25). From
all subjects, we collected peripheral blood samples in order to determine the
levels of leptin, IFN-γ, and IL-4. Asthma severity was assessed by an asthma
symptom score, and the results were correlated with the parameters studied. RESULTS: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the obese asthma group than in
the non-obese asthma group, as well as being significantly higher in the children
with asthma than in the controls, whereas IFN-γ levels were significantly higher
and IL-4 levels were significantly lower in the obese asthma group than in the
non-obese asthma group. In addition, the obese asthma group showed higher asthma
symptom scores and significantly lower FEV1 (% of predicted) than did
the non-obese asthma group. There was a significant positive correlation between
leptin and IFN-γ levels only in the obese asthma group. CONCLUSIONS: Although leptin is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma in obese and non-obese
children, its effect is more pronounced in the former. In the presence of high
leptin levels, only obese children with asthma exhibited Th1 polarization, with
higher IFN-γ levels and greater asthma severity.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) lies at the crossroad of nutrition, metabolism, and immunity; AT inflammation was proposed as a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic and vascular complications. Resident immune cells constitute the second largest AT cellular component after adipocytes and as such play important roles in the maintenance of AT homeostasis. Obesity-induced changes in their number and activity result in the activation of local and later systemic inflammatory response, marking the transition from simple adiposity to diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and ischemic heart disease. This review has focused on the various subsets of immune cells in AT and their role in the development of AT inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mraz
- Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzik
- Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins as guardians of inflammatory responses critical for regulating insulin sensitivity. Biochem J 2014; 461:177-88. [PMID: 24966052 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of immune pathways in obesity is an important cause of insulin resistance and thus new approaches aimed to limit inflammation or its consequences may be effective for treating Type 2 diabetes. The SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signalling) are a family of proteins that play an essential role in mediating inflammatory responses in both immune cells and metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In the present review we discuss the role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in controlling immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells and the impact this can have on systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. We also dissect the mechanisms by which SOCS (1-7) regulate insulin signalling in different tissues including their impact on the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. Lastly, we discuss the important findings from SOCS whole-body and tissue-specific null mice, which implicate an important role for these proteins in controlling insulin action and glucose homoeostasis in obesity.
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Attenuated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation in obese mice with combined CD4+ and CD8+ T cell deficiency. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:419-428. [PMID: 24530773 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-fat diet (HFD) feeding in mice is characterized by accumulation of αβ T cells in adipose tissue. However, the contribution of αβ T cells to obesity-induced inflammation of skeletal muscle, a major organ of glucose uptake, is unknown. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of αβ T cells on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory state of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in obesity. Furthermore, we investigated whether CD4+IFNγ+ (TH1) cells are involved in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction that accompanies obesity. METHODS Mice lacking αβ T cells (T cell receptor beta chain-deficient [TCRb-/-] mice) were fed HFD for 12 weeks. Obesity-induced skeletal muscle and adipose tissue inflammation was assessed by flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR. To investigate the effect of TH1 cells on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic functions, we injected 5×10(5) TH1 cells or PBS weekly over 12 weeks into HFD-fed TCRb-/- mice. We also cultured C2C12 myofibers and 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TH1-conditioned medium. RESULTS We showed that similar to adipose tissue, skeletal muscle of obese mice have higher αβ T cell content, including TH1 cells. TCRb-/- mice were protected against obesity-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. We also demonstrated suppressed macrophage infiltration and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of TCRb-/- mice on HFD compared to wild-type obese controls. Adoptive transfer of TH1 cells into HFD-fed TCRb-/- mice resulted in increased skeletal muscle and adipose tissue inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. TH1 cells directly impaired functions of C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that reduced adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation in obese TCRb-/- mice is partially attributable to the absence of TH1 cells. Our results suggest an important role of TH1 cells in regulating inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
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Stolarczyk E, Lord GM, Howard JK. The immune cell transcription factor T-bet: A novel metabolic regulator. Adipocyte 2014; 3:58-62. [PMID: 24575371 PMCID: PMC3917935 DOI: 10.4161/adip.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance is accompanied by an alteration in the Th1/Th2 balance in adipose tissue. T-bet (Tbx21) is an immune cell transcription factor originally described as the master regulator of Th1 cell development, although is now recognized to have a role in both the adaptive and innate immune systems. T-bet also directs T-cell homing to pro-inflammatory sites by the regulation of CXCR3 expression. T-bet−/− mice have increased visceral adiposity but are more insulin-sensitive, exhibiting reduced immune cell content and cytokine secretion specifically in the visceral fat depot, perhaps due to altered T-cell trafficking. Studies of T-bet deficiency on Rag2- and IFN-γ-deficient backgrounds indicate the importance of CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in this model. This favorable metabolic phenotype, uncoupling adiposity from insulin resistance, is present in young lean mice yet persists with age and increasing obesity. We suggest a novel role for T-bet in metabolic regulation.
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Abstract
Obesity is a major predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is an escalating public health issue around the world. The transition from obesity to T2D is preceded by the induction of a state of insulin resistance, which occurs in response to genetic factors and environmental influences, such as diet. Recent advances have implicated inflammatory immune cells and cytokines as critical pathogenic mediators of insulin resistance and T2D. In particular proinflammatory T helper (Th)1 cells and M1 macrophages are recruited to adipose tissue in response to high fat diet and directly promote the development of insulin resistance. The function of these two cell types is linked by the actions of the cytokine interferon (IFN)γ and one of its major transcriptional regulators T-bet. Recent studies in animal models of T2D demonstrate that T-bet is critical for the development of insulin resistance in response to high fat diet as T-bet-deficient animals are protected from the development of insulin resistance. These data indicate that T-bet and type 1 immunity may constitute novel sites of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2D, in obese human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran A Wali
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew PR Sutherland
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence: Andrew PR Sutherland, Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065 Australia, Tel +61 3 9288 2480, Fax +61 3 9416 2676, Email
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48
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Toubal A, Treuter E, Clément K, Venteclef N. Genomic and epigenomic regulation of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:625-34. [PMID: 24169451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue is viewed as a hallmark of obesity and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. According to current models, nutrient excess causes metabolic and structural changes in adipocytes, which initiate transcriptional programs leading to the expression of inflammatory molecules and the subsequent recruitment of immune cells. Recent advances in deciphering the underlying mechanisms revealed that key regulatory events occur at the genomic and epigenomic levels. Here we review these advances because they offer a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the complex obesogenic program in adipose tissue, and because they may help in defining new therapeutic strategies that prevent, restrict, and resolve inflammation in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris 75013, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 872, Team 7 Nutriomique, Paris 75006, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Cordeliers Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S872, Paris75006, France
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49
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Stolarczyk E, Vong C, Perucha E, Jackson I, Cawthorne M, Wargent E, Powell N, Canavan J, Lord G, Howard J. Improved insulin sensitivity despite increased visceral adiposity in mice deficient for the immune cell transcription factor T-bet. Cell Metab 2013; 17:520-33. [PMID: 23562076 PMCID: PMC3685808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in fat is associated with insulin resistance, although the mechanisms are unclear. We report that mice deficient in the immune cell transcription factor T-bet have lower energy expenditure and increased visceral fat compared with wild-type mice, yet paradoxically are more insulin sensitive. This striking phenotype, present in young T-bet(-/-) mice, persisted with high-fat diet and increasing host age and was associated with altered immune cell numbers and cytokine secretion specifically in visceral adipose tissue. However, the favorable metabolic phenotype observed in T-bet-deficient hosts was lost in T-bet(-/-) mice also lacking adaptive immunity (T-bet(-/-)xRag2(-/-)), demonstrating that T-bet expression in the adaptive rather than the innate immune system impacts host glucose homeostasis. Indeed, adoptive transfer of T-bet-deficient, but not wild-type, CD4(+) T cells to Rag2(-/-) mice improved insulin sensitivity. Our results reveal a role for T-bet in metabolic physiology and obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Esperanza Perucha
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ian Jackson
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | | | - Nick Powell
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - James B. Canavan
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Graham M. Lord
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jane K. Howard
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Corresponding author
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50
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Class II major histocompatibility complex plays an essential role in obesity-induced adipose inflammation. Cell Metab 2013; 17:411-22. [PMID: 23473035 PMCID: PMC3619392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-resident T cells (ARTs) regulate metabolic and inflammatory responses in obesity, but ART activation signals are poorly understood. Here, we describe class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) as an important component of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Microarray analysis of primary adipocytes revealed that multiple genes involved in MHCII antigen processing and presentation increased in obese women. In mice, adipocyte MHCII increased within 2 weeks on HFD, paralleling increases in proinflammatory ART markers and decreases in anti-inflammatory ART markers, and preceding adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) accumulation and proinflammatory M1 polarization. Mouse 3T3-L1 and primary adipocytes activated T cells in an antigen-specific, contact-dependent manner, indicating that adipocyte MHCII is functional. HFD-fed MHCII(-/-) mice developed less adipose inflammation and insulin resistance than did wild-type mice, despite developing similar adiposity. These investigations uncover a mechanism whereby a HFD-induced adipocyte/ART dialog involving MHCII instigates adipose inflammation and, together with ATM MHCII, escalates its progression.
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