1
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Zeng W, Wang X, Li M. PINOID-centered genetic interactions mediate auxin action in cotyledon formation. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e587. [PMID: 38766507 PMCID: PMC11099747 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Auxin plays a key role in plant growth and development through auxin local synthesis, polar transport, and auxin signaling. Many previous reports on Arabidopsis have found that various types of auxin-related genes are involved in the development of the cotyledon, including the number, symmetry, and morphology of the cotyledon. However, the molecular mechanism by which auxin is involved in cotyledon formation remains to be elucidated. PID, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase localized to the plasma membrane, has been found to phosphorylate the PIN1 protein and regulate its polar distribution in the cell. The loss of function of pid resulted in an abnormal number of cotyledons and defects in inflorescence. It was interesting that the pid mutant interacted synergistically with various types of mutant to generate the severe developmental defect without cotyledon. PID and these genes were indicated to be strongly correlated with cotyledon formation. In this review, PID-centered genetic interactions, related gene functions, and corresponding possible pathways are discussed, providing a perspective that PID and its co-regulators control cotyledon formation through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
| | - Xiutao Wang
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
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2
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Ying W, Wang Y, Wei H, Luo Y, Ma Q, Zhu H, Janssens H, Vukašinović N, Kvasnica M, Winne JM, Gao Y, Tan S, Friml J, Liu X, Russinova E, Sun L. Structure and function of the Arabidopsis ABC transporter ABCB19 in brassinosteroid export. Science 2024; 383:eadj4591. [PMID: 38513023 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones that regulate plant development and physiology, including adaptation to environmental stresses. Brassinosteroids are synthesized in the cell interior but bind receptors at the cell surface, necessitating a yet to be identified export mechanism. Here, we show that a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, ABCB19, functions as a brassinosteroid exporter. We present its structure in both the substrate-unbound and the brassinosteroid-bound states. Bioactive brassinosteroids are potent activators of ABCB19 ATP hydrolysis activity, and transport assays showed that ABCB19 transports brassinosteroids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABCB19 and its close homolog, ABCB1, positively regulate brassinosteroid responses. Our results uncover an elusive export mechanism for bioactive brassinosteroids that is tightly coordinated with brassinosteroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ying
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yaowei Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heyuan Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Janssens
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nemanja Vukašinović
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Johan M Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linfeng Sun
- Department of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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3
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Chen J, Hu Y, Hao P, Tsering T, Xia J, Zhang Y, Roth O, Njo MF, Sterck L, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Geelen D, Geisler M, Shani E, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. ABCB-mediated shootward auxin transport feeds into the root clock. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56271. [PMID: 36718777 PMCID: PMC10074126 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although strongly influenced by environmental conditions, lateral root (LR) positioning along the primary root appears to follow obediently an internal spacing mechanism dictated by auxin oscillations that prepattern the primary root, referred to as the root clock. Surprisingly, none of the hitherto characterized PIN- and ABCB-type auxin transporters seem to be involved in this LR prepatterning mechanism. Here, we characterize ABCB15, 16, 17, 18, and 22 (ABCB15-22) as novel auxin-transporting ABCBs. Knock-down and genome editing of this genetically linked group of ABCBs caused strongly reduced LR densities. These phenotypes were correlated with reduced amplitude, but not reduced frequency of the root clock oscillation. High-resolution auxin transport assays and tissue-specific silencing revealed contributions of ABCB15-22 to shootward auxin transport in the lateral root cap (LRC) and epidermis, thereby explaining the reduced auxin oscillation. Jointly, these data support a model in which LRC-derived auxin contributes to the root clock amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Yangjie Hu
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Tashi Tsering
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Ohad Roth
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Maria F Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Yun Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhentBelgium
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Lab of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonRepublic of Korea
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4
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Jourquin J, Fernandez AI, Wang Q, Xu K, Chen J, Šimura J, Ljung K, Vanneste S, Beeckman T. GOLVEN peptides regulate lateral root spacing as part of a negative feedback loop on the establishment of auxin maxima. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad123. [PMID: 37004244 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root initiation requires the accumulation of auxin in lateral root founder cells, yielding a local auxin maximum. The positioning of auxin maxima along the primary root determines the density and spacing of lateral roots. The GOLVEN6 (GLV6) and GLV10 signaling peptides and their receptors have been established as regulators of lateral root spacing via their inhibitory effect on lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. However, it remained unclear how these GLV peptides interfere with auxin signaling or homeostasis. Here, we show that GLV6/10 signaling regulates the expression of a subset of auxin response genes, downstream of the canonical auxin signaling pathway, while simultaneously inhibiting the establishment of auxin maxima within xylem-pole pericycle cells that neighbor lateral root initiation sites. We present genetic evidence that this inhibitory effect relies on the activity of the PIN3 and PIN7 auxin export proteins. Furthermore, GLV6/10 peptide signaling was found to enhance PIN7 abundance in the plasma membranes of xylem-pole pericycle cells, which likely stimulates auxin efflux from these cells. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which the GLV6/10 signaling pathway serves as a negative feedback mechanism that contributes to the robust patterning of auxin maxima along the primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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5
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Li Y, Luo J, Chen R, Zhou Y, Yu H, Chu Z, Lu Y, Gu X, Wu S, Wang P, Kuang H, Ouyang B. Folate shapes plant root architecture by affecting auxin distribution. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:969-985. [PMID: 36587293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) is important for plant root development, but the mechanism is largely unknown. Here we characterized a root defective mutant, folb2, in Arabidopsis, which has severe developmental defects in the primary root. The root apical meristem of the folb2 mutant is impaired, and adventitious roots are frequently found at the root-hypocotyl junction. Positional cloning revealed that a 61-bp deletion is present in the predicted junction region of the promoter and the 5' untranslated region of AtFolB2, a gene encoding a dihydroneopterin aldolase that functions in folate biosynthesis. This mutation leads to a significant reduction in the transcript level of AtFolB2. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the contents of the selected folate compounds were decreased in folb2. Arabidopsis AtFolB2 knockdown lines phenocopy the folb2 mutant. On the other hand, the application of exogenous 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid could rescue the root phenotype of folb2, indicating that the root phenotype is indeed related to the folate level. Further analysis revealed that folate could promote rootward auxin transport through auxin transporters and that folate may affect particular auxin/indole-3-acetic acid proteins and auxin response factors. Our findings provide new insights into the important role of folic acid in shaping root structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jinying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhuannan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, MOE, and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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6
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Li L, Chen X. Auxin regulation on crop: from mechanisms to opportunities in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:16. [PMID: 37313296 PMCID: PMC10248601 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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7
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Gupta A, Bhardwaj M, Tran LSP. Integration of Auxin, Brassinosteroid and Cytokinin in the Regulation of Rice Yield. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1848-1856. [PMID: 36255097 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop varieties with a high yield are most desirable in the present context of the ever-growing human population. Mostly, the yield traits are governed by a complex of numerous molecular and genetic facets modulated by various quantitative trait loci (QTLs). With the identification and molecular characterizations of yield-associated QTLs over recent years, the central role of phytohormones in regulating plant yield is becoming more apparent. Most often, different groups of phytohormones work in close association to orchestrate yield attributes. Understanding this cross talk would thus provide new venues for phytohormone pyramiding by editing a single gene or QTL(s) for yield improvement. Here, we review a few important findings to integrate the knowledge on the roles of auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin and how a single gene or a QTL could govern cross talk among multiple phytohormones to determine the yield traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Namgu, Pohang-si 37673, South Korea
| | - Mamta Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Hindu Girls College, Maharshi Dayanand University, Sonipat 131001, India
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, TX 79409, Vietnam
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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8
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Liu J, Ghelli R, Cardarelli M, Geisler M. Arabidopsis TWISTED DWARF1 regulates stamen elongation by differential activation of ABCB1,19-mediated auxin transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4818-4831. [PMID: 35512423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite clear evidence that a local accumulation of auxin is likewise critical for male fertility, much less is known about the components that regulate auxin-controlled stamen development. In this study, we analyzed physiological and morphological parameters in mutants of key players of ABCB-mediated auxin transport, and spatially and temporally dissected their expression on the protein level as well as auxin fluxes in the Arabidopsis stamens. Our analyses revealed that the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1), promotes stamen elongation and, to a lesser extent, anther dehiscence, as well as pollen maturation, and thus is required for seed development. Most of the described developmental defects in twd1 are shared with the abcb1 abcb19 mutant, which can be attributed to the fact that TWD1-as a described ABCB chaperone-is a positive regulator of ABCB1- and ABCB19-mediated auxin transport. However, reduced stamen number was dependent on TWD1 but not on investigated ABCBs, suggesting additional players downstream of TWD1. We predict an overall housekeeping function for ABCB1 during earlier stages, while ABCB19 seems to be responsible for the key event of rapid elongation at later stages of stamen development. Our data indicate that TWD1 controls stamen development by differential activation of ABCB1,19-mediated auxin transport in the stamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ghelli
- IBPM-CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Cardarelli
- IBPM-CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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9
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Mellor NL, Voß U, Ware A, Janes G, Barrack D, Bishopp A, Bennett MJ, Geisler M, Wells DM, Band LR. Systems approaches reveal that ABCB and PIN proteins mediate co-dependent auxin efflux. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2309-2327. [PMID: 35302640 PMCID: PMC9134068 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the B family of membrane-bound ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent key components of the auxin efflux machinery in plants. Over the last two decades, experimental studies have shown that modifying ATP-binding cassette sub-family B (ABCB) expression affects auxin distribution and plant phenotypes. However, precisely how ABCB proteins transport auxin in conjunction with the more widely studied family of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux transporters is unclear, and studies using heterologous systems have produced conflicting results. Here, we integrate ABCB localization data into a multicellular model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip to predict how ABCB-mediated auxin transport impacts organ-scale auxin distribution. We use our model to test five potential ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions, simulating the auxin dynamics for each interaction and quantitatively comparing the predictions with experimental images of the DII-VENUS auxin reporter in wild-type and abcb single and double loss-of-function mutants. Only specific ABCB-PIN regulatory interactions result in predictions that recreate the experimentally observed DII-VENUS distributions and long-distance auxin transport. Our results suggest that ABCBs enable auxin efflux independently of PINs; however, PIN-mediated auxin efflux is predominantly through a co-dependent efflux where co-localized with ABCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Ware
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Duncan Barrack
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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10
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Jenness MK, Tayengwa R, Bate GA, Tapken W, Zhang Y, Pang C, Murphy AS. Loss of Multiple ABCB Auxin Transporters Recapitulates the Major twisted dwarf 1 Phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840260. [PMID: 35528937 PMCID: PMC9069160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
FK506-BINDING PROTEIN 42/TWISTED DWARF 1 (FKBP42/TWD1) directly regulates cellular trafficking and activation of multiple ATP-BINDING CASSETTE (ABC) transporters from the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies. abcb1 abcb19 double mutants exhibit remarkable phenotypic overlap with twd1 including severe dwarfism, stamen elongation defects, and compact circinate leaves; however, twd1 mutants exhibit greater loss of polar auxin transport and additional helical twisting of roots, inflorescences, and siliques. As abcc1 abcc2 mutants do not exhibit any visible phenotypes and TWD1 does not interact with PIN or AUX1/LAX auxin transporters, loss of function of other ABCB auxin transporters is hypothesized to underly the remaining morphological phenotypes. Here, gene expression, mutant analyses, pharmacological inhibitor studies, auxin transport assays, and direct auxin quantitations were used to determine the relative contributions of loss of other reported ABCB auxin transporters (4, 6, 11, 14, 20, and 21) to twd1 phenotypes. From these analyses, the additional reduction in plant height and the twisted inflorescence, root, and silique phenotypes observed in twd1 compared to abcb1 abcb19 result from loss of ABCB6 and ABCB20 function. Additionally, abcb6 abcb20 root twisting exhibited the same sensitivity to the auxin transport inhibitor 1-napthalthalamic acid as twd1 suggesting they are the primary contributors to these auxin-dependent organ twisting phenotypes. The lack of obvious phenotypes in higher order abcb4 and abcb21 mutants suggests that the functional loss of these transporters does not contribute to twd1 root or shoot twisting. Analyses of ABCB11 and ABCB14 function revealed capacity for auxin transport; however, their activities are readily outcompeted by other substrates, suggesting alternate functions in planta, consistent with a spectrum of relative substrate affinities among ABCB transporters. Overall, the results presented here suggest that the ABCB1/19 and ABCB6/20 pairs represent the primary long-distance ABCB auxin transporters in Arabidopsis and account for all reported twd1 morphological phenotypes. Other ABCB transporters appear to participate in highly localized auxin streams or mobilize alternate transport substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Jenness
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Reuben Tayengwa
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle A. Bate
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Wiebke Tapken
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Changxu Pang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Angus S. Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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11
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Banasiak J, Jamruszka T, Murray JD, Jasiński M. A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2071-2091. [PMID: 34618047 PMCID: PMC8644718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants live in close contact with beneficial soil microbes: the majority of land plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while most legumes, the third largest plant family, can form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. These microbes contribute to plant nutrition via endosymbiotic processes that require modulating the expression and function of plant transporter systems. The efficient contribution of these symbionts involves precisely controlled integration of transport, which is enabled by the adaptability and plasticity of their transporters. Advances in our understanding of these systems, driven by functional genomics research, are rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about plant membrane transport involved in these plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we synthesize recent findings associated with different stages of these symbioses, from the pre-symbiotic stage to nutrient exchange, and describe the role of host transport systems in both mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
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12
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Seo DH, Jeong H, Choi YD, Jang G. Auxin controls the division of root endodermal cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1577-1586. [PMID: 34618030 PMCID: PMC8566267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The root endodermis forms a selective barrier that prevents the free diffusion of solutes into the vasculature; to make this barrier, endodermal cells deposit hydrophobic compounds in their cell walls, forming the Casparian strip. Here, we showed that, in contrast to vascular and epidermal root cells, endodermal root cells do not divide alongside the root apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin treatment induced division of endodermal cells in wild-type plants, but not in the auxin signaling mutant auxin resistant3-1. Endodermis-specific activation of auxin responses by expression of truncated AUXIN-RESPONSIVE FACTOR5 (ΔARF5) in root endodermal cells under the control of the ENDODERMIS7 promoter (EN7::ΔARF5) also induced endodermal cell division. We used an auxin transport inhibitor to cause accumulation of auxin in endodermal cells, which induced endodermal cell division. In addition, knockout of P-GLYCOPROTEIN1 (PGP1) and PGP19, which mediate centripetal auxin flow, promoted the division of endodermal cells. Together, these findings reveal a tight link between the endodermal auxin response and endodermal cell division, suggesting that auxin is a key regulator controlling the division of root endodermal cells, and that PGP1 and PGP19 are involved in regulating endodermal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hyun Seo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Do Choi
- The National Academy of Sciences, Seoul 06579, Republic of Korea
| | - Geupil Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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13
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Deslauriers SD, Spalding EP. Electrophysiological study of Arabidopsis ABCB4 and PIN2 auxin transporters: Evidence of auxin activation and interaction enhancing auxin selectivity. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e361. [PMID: 34816076 PMCID: PMC8595762 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport through plant tissue strictly requires polarly localized PIN proteins and uniformly distributed ABCB proteins. A functional synergy between the two types of membrane protein where their localizations overlap may create the degree of asymmetric auxin efflux required to produce polar auxin transport. We investigated this possibility by expressing ABCB4 and PIN2 in human embryonic kidney cells and measuring whole-cell ionic currents with the patch-clamp technique and CsCl-based electrolytes. ABCB4 activity was 1.81-fold more selective for Cl- over Cs+ and for PIN2 the value was 2.95. We imposed auxin gradients and determined that ABCB4 and PIN2 were 12-fold more permeable to the auxin anion (IAA-) than Cl-. This measure of the intrinsic selectivity of the transport pathway was 21-fold when ABCB4 and PIN2 were co-expressed. If this increase occurs in plants, it could explain why asymmetric PIN localization is not sufficient to create polar auxin flow. Some form of co-action or synergy between ABCB4 and PIN2 that increases IAA- selectivity at the cell face where both occur may be important. We also found that auxin stimulated ABCB4 activity, which may contribute to a self-reinforcement of auxin transport known as canalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Deslauriers
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Division of Science and MathUniversity of MinnesotaMorrisMNUSA
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14
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Gao Z, Chen Z, Cui Y, Ke M, Xu H, Xu Q, Chen J, Li Y, Huang L, Zhao H, Huang D, Mai S, Xu T, Liu X, Li S, Guan Y, Yang W, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zhang J, Chen X. GmPIN-dependent polar auxin transport is involved in soybean nodule development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2981-3003. [PMID: 34240197 PMCID: PMC8462816 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To overcome nitrogen deficiency, legume roots establish symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that are fostered in specialized organs (nodules). Similar to other organs, nodule formation is determined by a local maximum of the phytohormone auxin at the primordium site. However, how auxin regulates nodule development remains poorly understood. Here, we found that in soybean, (Glycine max), dynamic auxin transport driven by PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporter GmPIN1 is involved in nodule primordium formation. GmPIN1 was specifically expressed in nodule primordium cells and GmPIN1 was polarly localized in these cells. Two nodulation regulators, (iso)flavonoids trigger expanded distribution of GmPIN1b to root cortical cells, and cytokinin rearranges GmPIN1b polarity. Gmpin1abc triple mutants generated with CRISPR-Cas9 showed the impaired establishment of auxin maxima in nodule meristems and aberrant divisions in the nodule primordium cells. Moreover, overexpression of GmPIN1 suppressed nodule primordium initiation. GmPIN9d, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN2, acts together with GmPIN1 later in nodule development to acropetally transport auxin in vascular bundles, fine-tuning the auxin supply for nodule enlargement. Our findings reveal how PIN-dependent auxin transport modulates different aspects of soybean nodule development and suggest that the establishment of auxin gradient is a prerequisite for the proper interaction between legumes and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinzhen Xu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Laimei Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Siyuan Mai
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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15
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Kotov AA, Kotova LM, Romanov GA. Signaling network regulating plant branching: Recent advances and new challenges. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110880. [PMID: 33902848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Auxin alone or supplemented with cytokinins and strigolactones were long considered as the main player(s) in the control of apical dominance (AD) and correlative inhibition of the lateral bud outgrowth, the processes that shape the plant phenotype. However, past decade data indicate a more sophisticated pathways of AD regulation, with the involvement of mobile carbohydrates which perform both signal and trophic functions. Here we provide a critical comprehensive overview of the current status of the AD problem. This includes insight into intimate mechanisms regulating directed auxin transport in axillary buds with participation of phytohormones and sugars. Also roles of auxin, cytokinin and sugars in the dormancy or sustained growth of the lateral meristems were assigned. This review not only provides the latest data on implicated phytohormone crosstalk and its relationship with the signaling of sugars and abscisic acid, new AD players, but also focuses on the emerging biochemical mechanisms, at first positive feedback loops involving both sugars and hormones, that ensure the sustained bud growth. Data show that sugars act in concert with cytokinins but antagonistically to strigolactone signaling. A complex bud growth regulating network is demonstrated and unresolved issues regarding the hormone-carbohydrate regulation of AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kotov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila M Kotova
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
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16
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Verma S, Attuluri VPS, Robert HS. An Essential Function for Auxin in Embryo Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039966. [PMID: 33431580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis in seed plants is the process during which a single cell develops into a mature multicellular embryo that encloses all the modules and primary patterns necessary to build the architecture of the new plant after germination. This process involves a series of cell divisions and coordinated cell fate determinations resulting in the formation of an embryonic pattern with a shoot-root axis and cotyledon(s). The phytohormone auxin profoundly controls pattern formation during embryogenesis. Auxin functions in the embryo through its maxima/minima distribution, which acts as an instructive signal for tissue specification and organ initiation. In this review, we describe how disruptions of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and response severely affect embryo development. Also, the mechanism of auxin action in the development of the shoot-root axis and the three-tissue system is discussed with recent findings. Biological tools that can be implemented to study the auxin function during embryo development are presented, as they may be of interest to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Verma
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Venkata Pardha Saradhi Attuluri
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Abas L, Kolb M, Stadlmann J, Janacek DP, Lukic K, Schwechheimer C, Sazanov LA, Mach L, Friml J, Hammes UZ. Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020857118. [PMID: 33443187 PMCID: PMC7817115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020857118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) is a key inhibitor of directional (polar) transport of the hormone auxin in plants. For decades, it has been a pivotal tool in elucidating the unique polar auxin transport-based processes underlying plant growth and development. Its exact mode of action has long been sought after and is still being debated, with prevailing mechanistic schemes describing only indirect connections between NPA and the main transporters responsible for directional transport, namely PIN auxin exporters. Here we present data supporting a model in which NPA associates with PINs in a more direct manner than hitherto postulated. We show that NPA inhibits PIN activity in a heterologous oocyte system and that expression of NPA-sensitive PINs in plant, yeast, and oocyte membranes leads to specific saturable NPA binding. We thus propose that PINs are a bona fide NPA target. This offers a straightforward molecular basis for NPA inhibition of PIN-dependent auxin transport and a logical parsimonious explanation for the known physiological effects of NPA on plant growth, as well as an alternative hypothesis to interpret past and future results. We also introduce PIN dimerization and describe an effect of NPA on this, suggesting that NPA binding could be exploited to gain insights into structural aspects of PINs related to their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Abas
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martina Kolb
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kristina Lukic
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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18
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Tan S, Luschnig C, Friml J. Pho-view of Auxin: Reversible Protein Phosphorylation in Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport and Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:151-165. [PMID: 33186755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a central role in shaping plant growth and development. With decades of genetic and biochemical studies, numerous core molecular components and their networks, underlying auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, have been identified. Notably, protein phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases and oppositely hydrolyzed by phosphatases, has been emerging to be a crucial type of post-translational modification, regulating physiological and developmental auxin output at all levels. In this review, we comprehensively discuss earlier and recent advances in our understanding of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology of the kinases and phosphatases participating in auxin action. We provide insights into the mechanisms by which reversible protein phosphorylation defines developmental auxin responses, discuss current challenges, and provide our perspectives on future directions involving the integration of the control of protein phosphorylation into the molecular auxin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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19
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Teale WD, Pasternak T, Dal Bosco C, Dovzhenko A, Kratzat K, Bildl W, Schwörer M, Falk T, Ruperti B, V Schaefer J, Shahriari M, Pilgermayer L, Li X, Lübben F, Plückthun A, Schulte U, Palme K. Flavonol-mediated stabilization of PIN efflux complexes regulates polar auxin transport. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104416. [PMID: 33185277 PMCID: PMC7780147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of auxin controls the rate, direction and localization of plant growth and development. The course of auxin transport is defined by the polar subcellular localization of the PIN proteins, a family of auxin efflux transporters. However, little is known about the composition and regulation of the PIN protein complex. Here, using blue-native PAGE and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify native PIN core transport units as homo- and heteromers assembled from PIN1, PIN2, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 subunits only. Furthermore, we show that endogenous flavonols stabilize PIN dimers to regulate auxin efflux in the same way as does the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This inhibitory mechanism is counteracted both by the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid and by phosphomimetic amino acids introduced into the PIN1 cytoplasmic domain. Our results lend mechanistic insights into an endogenous control mechanism which regulates PIN function and opens the way for a deeper understanding of the protein environment and regulation of the polar auxin transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Teale
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Manuel Schwörer
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Thorsten Falk
- Institute for Computer ScienceUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Benadetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAEUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Xugang Li
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Florian Lübben
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Logopharm GmbHFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
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20
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Li SW. Molecular Bases for the Regulation of Adventitious Root Generation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:614072. [PMID: 33584771 PMCID: PMC7876083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.614072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. The evolution of AR systems is an important way for plants to cope with various environmental stresses. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are also known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. Furthermore, the molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation.
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Geisler MM. A Retro-Perspective on Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756968. [PMID: 34675956 PMCID: PMC8524130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Hao P, Xia J, Liu J, Di Donato M, Pakula K, Bailly A, Jasinski M, Geisler M. Auxin-transporting ABC transporters are defined by a conserved D/E-P motif regulated by a prolylisomerase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13094-13105. [PMID: 32699109 PMCID: PMC7489919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin must be transported throughout plants in a cell-to-cell manner to affect its various physiological functions. ABCB transporters are critical for this polar auxin distribution, but the regulatory mechanisms controlling their function is not fully understood. The auxin transport activity of ABCB1 was suggested to be regulated by a physical interaction with FKBP42/Twisted Dwarf1 (TWD1), a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), but all attempts to demonstrate such a PPIase activity by TWD1 have failed so far. By using a structure-based approach, we identified several surface-exposed proline residues in the nucleotide binding domain and linker of Arabidopsis ABCB1, mutations of which do not alter ABCB1 protein stability or location but do affect its transport activity. P1008 is part of a conserved signature D/E-P motif that seems to be specific for auxin-transporting ABCBs, which we now refer to as ATAs. Mutation of the acidic residue also abolishes auxin transport activity by ABCB1. All higher plant ABCBs for which auxin transport has been conclusively proven carry this conserved motif, underlining its predictive potential. Introduction of this D/E-P motif into malate importer, ABCB14, increases both its malate and its background auxin transport activity, suggesting that this motif has an impact on transport capacity. The D/E-P1008 motif is also important for ABCB1-TWD1 interactions and activation of ABCB1-mediated auxin transport by TWD1. In summary, our data imply a new function for TWD1 acting as a putative activator of ABCB-mediated auxin transport by cis-trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Pakula
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Institute for Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Jasinski
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Johnston CR, Malladi A, Vencill WK, Grey TL, Culpepper AS, Henry G, Czarnota MA, Randell TM. Investigation of physiological and molecular mechanisms conferring diurnal variation in auxinic herbicide efficacy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238144. [PMID: 32857790 PMCID: PMC7454982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of auxinic herbicides, a valuable weed control tool for growers worldwide, has been shown to vary with the time of day in which applications are made. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing this phenomenon. Investigating the differential in planta behavior of these herbicides across different times of application may grant an ability to advise which properties of auxinic herbicides are desirable when applications must be made around the clock. Radiolabeled herbicide experiments demonstrated a likely increase in ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB)-mediated 2,4-D and dicamba transport in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) at simulated dawn compared to mid-day, as dose response models indicated that many orders of magnitude higher concentrations of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and verapamil, respectively, are required to inhibit translocation by 50% at simulated sunrise compared to mid-day. Gas chromatographic analysis displayed that ethylene evolution in A. palmeri was higher when dicamba was applied during mid-day compared to sunrise. Furthermore, it was found that inhibition of translocation via 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) resulted in an increased amount of 2,4-D-induced ethylene evolution at sunrise, and the inhibition of dicamba translocation via NPA reversed the difference in ethylene evolution across time of application. Dawn applications of these herbicides were associated with increased expression of a putative 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase biosynthesis gene NCED1, while there was a notable lack of trends observed across times of day and across herbicides with ACS1, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase. Overall, this research indicates that translocation is differentially regulated via specific protein-level mechanisms across times of application, and that ethylene release, a chief phytotoxic process involved in the response to auxinic herbicides, is related to translocation. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid involvement in phytotoxicity and/or translocation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Johnston
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - William K. Vencill
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Grey
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - A. Stanley Culpepper
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Gerald Henry
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Czarnota
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States of America
| | - Taylor M. Randell
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
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Maghiaoui A, Bouguyon E, Cuesta C, Perrine-Walker F, Alcon C, Krouk G, Benková E, Nacry P, Gojon A, Bach L. The Arabidopsis NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls auxin biosynthesis and transport to regulate root branching in response to nitrate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4480-4494. [PMID: 32428238 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural systems, nitrate is the main source of nitrogen available for plants. Besides its role as a nutrient, nitrate has been shown to act as a signal molecule in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis, the NRT1.1 nitrate transceptor represses lateral root (LR) development at low nitrate availability by promoting auxin basipetal transport out of the LR primordia (LRPs). Here we show that NRT1.1 acts as a negative regulator of the TAR2 auxin biosynthetic gene in the root stele. This is expected to repress local auxin biosynthesis and thus to reduce acropetal auxin supply to the LRPs. Moreover, NRT1.1 also negatively affects expression of the LAX3 auxin influx carrier, thus preventing the cell wall remodeling required for overlying tissue separation during LRP emergence. NRT1.1-mediated repression of both TAR2 and LAX3 is suppressed at high nitrate availability, resulting in nitrate induction of the TAR2 and LAX3 expression that is required for optimal stimulation of LR development by nitrate. Altogether, our results indicate that the NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls several crucial auxin-associated processes required for LRP development, and as a consequence that NRT1.1 plays a much more integrated role than previously expected in regulating the nitrate response of root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Maghiaoui
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Eléonore Bouguyon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Carine Alcon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Gojon
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Liên Bach
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Matsuura Y, Fukasawa N, Ogita K, Sasabe M, Kakimoto T, Tanaka H. Early Endosomal Trafficking Component BEN2/VPS45 Plays a Crucial Role in Internal Tissues in Regulating Root Growth and Meristem Size in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1027. [PMID: 32754181 PMCID: PMC7366029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is involved in multiple aspects of plant development, including root growth, lateral root branching, embryogenesis, and vasculature development. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux proteins exhibit asymmetric distribution at the plasma membrane (PM) and collectively play pivotal roles in generating local auxin accumulation, which underlies various auxin-dependent developmental processes. In previous research, it has been revealed that endosomal trafficking components BEN1/BIG5 (ARF GEF) and BEN2/VPS45 (Sec1/Munc 18 protein) function in intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins in Arabidopsis. Mutations in both BEN1 and BEN2 resulted in defects in polar PIN localization, auxin response gradients, and in root architecture. In this study, we have attempted to gain insight into the developmental roles of these trafficking components. We showed that while genetic or pharmacological disturbances of auxin distribution reduced dividing cells in the root tips and resulted in reduced root growth, the same manipulations had only moderate impact on ben1; ben2 double mutants. In addition, we established transgenic lines in which BEN2/VPS45 is expressed under control of tissue-specific promoters and demonstrated that BEN2/VPS45 regulates the intracellular traffic of PIN proteins in cell-autonomous manner, at least in stele and epidermal cells. Furthermore, BEN2/VPS45 rescued the root architecture defects when expressed in internal tissues of ben1; ben2 double mutants. These results corroborate the roles of the endosomal trafficking component BEN2/VPS45 in regulation of auxin-dependent developmental processes, and suggest that BEN2/VPS45 is required for sustainable root growth, most likely through regulation of tip-ward auxin transport through the internal tissues of root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Narumi Fukasawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ogita
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Abstract
As the outermost cell layer of an organism, the epidermis plays a key role in controlling morphogenesis. In this work, we investigated cell-shape regulation in young, lobing pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis. By taking advantage of their developmental synchrony, we showed that the establishment of a local auxin gradient is necessary for the initiation of first-lobe formation. However, the auxin gradient is not stable over time but rather fluctuates according to the particular developmental stage of the cells. These changes are established by the specific distribution of auxin transporters at the different membranes of these young pavement cells. This work reports an observation of auxin fluctuation during cell-shape determination in plants. Puzzle-shaped pavement cells provide a powerful model system to investigate the cellular and subcellular processes underlying complex cell-shape determination in plants. To better understand pavement cell-shape acquisition and the role of auxin in this process, we focused on the spirals of young stomatal lineage ground cells of Arabidopsis leaf epidermis. The predictability of lobe formation in these cells allowed us to demonstrate that the auxin response gradient forms within the cells of the spiral and fluctuates based on the particular stage of lobe development. We revealed that specific localization of auxin transporters at the different membranes of these young cells changes during the course of lobe formation, suggesting that these fluctuating auxin response gradients are orchestrated via auxin transport to control lobe formation and determine pavement cell shape.
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27
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Zhang X, Hou X, Liu Y, Zheng L, Yi Q, Zhang H, Huang X, Zhang J, Hu Y, Yu G, Liu H, Li Y, Huang H, Zhan F, Chen L, Tang J, Huang Y. Maize brachytic2 (br2) suppresses the elongation of lower internodes for excessive auxin accumulation in the intercalary meristem region. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:589. [PMID: 31881837 PMCID: PMC6935237 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short internodes contribute to plant dwarfism, which is exceedingly beneficial for crop production. However, the underlying mechanisms of internode elongation are complicated and have been not fully understood. RESULTS Here, we report a maize dwarf mutant, dwarf2014 (d2014), which displays shortened lower internodes. Map-based cloning revealed that the d2014 gene is a novel br2 allele with a splicing variation, resulting in a higher expression of BR2-T02 instead of normal BR2-T01. Then, we found that the internode elongation in d2014/br2 exhibited a pattern of inhibition-normality-inhibition (transient for the ear-internode), correspondingly, at the 6-leaf, 12-leaf and 14-leaf stages. Indeed, BR2 encodes a P-glycoprotein1 (PGP1) protein that functions in auxin efflux, and our in situ hybridization assay showed that BR2 was mainly expressed in vascular bundles of the node and internode. Furthermore, significantly higher auxin concentration was detected in the stem apex of d2014 at the 6-leaf stage and strictly in the node region for the ear-internode at the 14-leaf stage. In such context, we propose that BR2/PGP1 transports auxin from node to internode through the vascular bundles, and excessive auxin accumulation in the node (immediately next to the intercalary meristem) region suppresses internode elongation of d2014. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low auxin levels mediated by BR2/PGP1 in the intercalary meristem region are crucial for internode elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianbin Hou
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lanjie Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Yi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinrong Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Feilong Zhan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Zwiewka M, Bilanovičová V, Seifu YW, Nodzyński T. The Nuts and Bolts of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31417597 PMCID: PMC6685051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific proteins named PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers facilitate the direction of auxin flow and thus play a vital role in the establishment of local auxin maxima within plant tissues that subsequently guide plant ontogenesis. They are membrane integral proteins with two hydrophobic regions consisting of alpha-helices linked with a hydrophilic loop, which is usually longer for the plasma membrane-localized PINs. The hydrophilic loop harbors molecular cues important for the subcellular localization and thus auxin efflux function of those transporters. The three-dimensional structure of PIN has not been solved yet. However, there are scattered but substantial data concerning the functional characterization of amino acid strings that constitute these carriers. These sequences include motifs vital for vesicular trafficking, residues regulating membrane diffusion, cellular polar localization, and activity of PINs. Here, we summarize those bits of information striving to provide a reference to structural motifs that have been investigated experimentally hoping to stimulate the efforts toward unraveling of PIN structure-function connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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30
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Robert HS. Molecular Communication for Coordinated Seed and Fruit Development: What Can We Learn from Auxin and Sugars? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E936. [PMID: 30795528 PMCID: PMC6412287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed development in flowering plants is a critical part of plant life for successful reproduction. The formation of viable seeds requires the synchronous growth and development of the fruit and the three seed structures: the embryo, the endosperm, the seed coat. Molecular communication between these tissues is crucial to coordinate these developmental processes. The phytohormone auxin is a significant player in embryo, seed and fruit development. Its regulated local biosynthesis and its cell-to-cell transport capacity make of auxin the perfect candidate as a signaling molecule to coordinate the growth and development of the embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit. Moreover, newly formed seeds need nutrients and form new carbon sink, generating high sugar flow from vegetative tissues to the seeds. This review will discuss how auxin and sugars may be considered as signaling molecules to coordinate seed and fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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31
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Zwiewka M, Bielach A, Tamizhselvan P, Madhavan S, Ryad EE, Tan S, Hrtyan MN, Dobrev P, Vankovï R, Friml J, Tognetti VB. Root Adaptation to H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by ARF-GEF BEN1- and Cytoskeleton-Mediated PIN2 Trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:255-273. [PMID: 30668780 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses constant challenges for plant survival and is a serious problem for global agricultural productivity. On a molecular level, stress conditions result in elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing oxidative stress associated with oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids as well as impairment of membrane functions. Adaptation of root growth to ROS accumulation is facilitated through modification of auxin and cytokinin hormone homeostasis. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis root meristem, ROS-induced changes of auxin levels correspond to decreased abundance of PIN auxin efflux carriers at the plasma membrane (PM). Specifically, increase in H2O2 levels affects PIN2 endocytic recycling. We show that the PIN2 intracellular trafficking during adaptation to oxidative stress requires the function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) BEN1, an actin-associated regulator of the trafficking from the PM to early endosomes and, presumably, indirectly, trafficking to the vacuoles. We propose that H2O2 levels affect the actin dynamics thus modulating ARF-GEF-dependent trafficking of PIN2. This mechanism provides a way how root growth acclimates to stress and adapts to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashanth Tamizhselvan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sharmila Madhavan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eman Elrefaay Ryad
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shutang Tan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mï Nika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankovï
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřï Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Jenness MK, Carraro N, Pritchard CA, Murphy AS. The Arabidopsis ATP-BINDING CASSETTE Transporter ABCB21 Regulates Auxin Levels in Cotyledons, the Root Pericycle, and Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:806. [PMID: 31275345 PMCID: PMC6593225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays significant roles in regulating plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, a subset of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE subfamily B (ABCB) transporters participate in polar movement of auxin by exclusion from and prevention of reuptake at the plasma membrane. A previous analysis identified ABCB21 as a conditional auxin uptake/efflux transporter that regulates cellular auxin levels, but clear physiological roles for ABCB21 in planta remain unknown. Here we show that ABCB21 maintains the acropetal auxin transport stream by regulating auxin levels in the pericycle. Loss of ABCB21 reduces rootward auxin transport and delays lateral root emergence. In seedling shoots, ABCB21 regulates mobilization of auxin from the photosynthetic cotyledons that is important for phototropic bending. In rosette leaves ABCB21 contributes to lateral auxin distribution. These results support a primary role for ABCB21 in regulating auxin distribution supplementary to the primary ABCB auxin transporters ABCB1 and 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Jenness
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nicola Carraro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Candace A. Pritchard
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Angus S. Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Angus S. Murphy
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33
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Biedroń M, Banasiak A. Auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1215-1229. [PMID: 29992374 PMCID: PMC6096608 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system develops in response to auxin flow as continuous strands of conducting tissues arranged in regular spatial patterns. However, a mechanism governing their regular and repetitive formation remains to be fully elucidated. A model system for studying the vascular pattern formation is the process of leaf vascularization in Arabidopsis. In this paper, we present current knowledge of important factors and their interactions in this process. Additionally, we propose the sequence of events leading to the emergence of continuous vascular strands and point to significant problems that need to be resolved in the future to gain a better understanding of the regulation of the vascular pattern development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Biedroń
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
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34
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Winnicki K, Żabka A, Polit JT, Maszewski J. Mitogen-activated protein kinases concentrate in the vicinity of chromosomes and may regulate directly cellular patterning in Vicia faba embryos. PLANTA 2018; 248:307-322. [PMID: 29721610 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases seem to mark genes which are set up to be activated in daughter cells and thus they may play a direct role in cellular patterning during embryogenesis. Embryonic patterning starts very early and after the first division of zygote different genes are expressed in apical and basal cells. However, there is an ongoing debate about the way these different transcription patterns are established during embryogenesis. The presented data indicate that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) concentrate in the vicinity of chromosomes and form visible foci there. Cells in the apical and basal regions differ in number of foci observed during the metaphase which suggests that cellular patterning may be determined by activation of diverse MAPK-dependent genes. Different number of foci in each group of separating chromatids and the specified direction of these mitoses in apical-basal axis indicate that the unilateral auxin accumulation in a single cell may regulate the number of foci in each group of chromatids. Thus, we put forward a hypothesis that MAPKs localized in the vicinity of chromosomes during mitosis mark those genes which are set up to be activated in daughter cells after division. It implies that the chromosomal localization of MAPKs may be one of the mechanisms involved in establishment of cellular patterns in some plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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35
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Binenbaum J, Weinstain R, Shani E. Gibberellin Localization and Transport in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:410-421. [PMID: 29530380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Distribution patterns and finely-tuned concentration gradients of plant hormones govern plant growth and development. Gibberellin (GA) is a plant hormone regulating key processes in plants; many of them are of significant agricultural importance, such as seed germination, root and shoot elongation, flowering, and fruit patterning. Although studies have demonstrated that GA movement is essential for multiple developmental aspects, how GAs are transported throughout the plant and where exactly they accumulate remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize recent findings from studies of GA movement and localization, and discuss the importance of GA intermediates in long- and short-distance movement. We further review recently identified Arabidopsis GA transporters and highlight their complex specialization and robust functional redundancy in GA transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenia Binenbaum
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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36
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Teale W, Palme K. Naphthylphthalamic acid and the mechanism of polar auxin transport. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:303-312. [PMID: 28992080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of how plants move auxin through their tissues is largely built on the use of polar auxin transporter inhibitors. Although the most important proteins that mediate auxin transport and its regulation have probably all been identified and the mapping of their interactions is well underway, mechanistically we are still surprisingly far away from understanding how auxin is transported. Such an understanding will only emerge after new data are placed in the context of the wealth of physiological data on which they are founded. This review will look back over the use of a key inhibitor called naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and outline its contribution to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of polar auxin transport, before proceeding to speculate on how its use is likely still to be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Teale
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität of Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Li Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang G, Peng Z, Zhang J. Enhancing auxin accumulation in maize root tips improves root growth and dwarfs plant height. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:86-99. [PMID: 28499064 PMCID: PMC5785362 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a globally important food, feed crop and raw material for the food and energy industry. Plant architecture optimization plays important roles in maize yield improvement. PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are important for regulating auxin spatiotemporal asymmetric distribution in multiple plant developmental processes. In this study, ZmPIN1a overexpression in maize increased the number of lateral roots and inhibited their elongation, forming a developed root system with longer seminal roots and denser lateral roots. ZmPIN1a overexpression reduced plant height, internode length and ear height. This modification of the maize phenotype increased the yield under high-density cultivation conditions, and the developed root system improved plant resistance to drought, lodging and a low-phosphate environment. IAA concentration, transport capacity determination and application of external IAA indicated that ZmPIN1a overexpression led to increased IAA transport from shoot to root. The increase in auxin in the root enabled the plant to allocate more carbohydrates to the roots, enhanced the growth of the root and improved plant resistance to environmental stress. These findings demonstrate that maize plant architecture can be improved by root breeding to create an ideal phenotype for further yield increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yajie Zhao
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | | | - Zhenghua Peng
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Juren Zhang
- School of Life ScienceShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
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38
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Kitakura S, Adamowski M, Matsuura Y, Santuari L, Kouno H, Arima K, Hardtke CS, Friml J, Kakimoto T, Tanaka H. BEN3/BIG2 ARF GEF is Involved in Brefeldin A-Sensitive Trafficking at the trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1801-1811. [PMID: 29016942 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is crucial for correctly distributing various membrane proteins to their destination. Polarly localized auxin efflux proteins, including PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1), are dynamically transported between the endosomes and the plasma membrane (PM) in the plant cells. The intracellular trafficking of PIN1 protein is sensitive to the fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA), which is known to inhibit guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factors (ARF GEFs) such as GNOM. However, the molecular details of the BFA-sensitive trafficking pathway have not been fully revealed. In a previous study, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant BFA-visualized endocytic trafficking defective 3 (ben3) which exhibited reduced sensitivity to BFA in terms of BFA-induced intracellular PIN1 agglomeration. Here, we show that BEN3 encodes a member of BIG family ARF GEFs, BIG2. BEN3/BIG2 tagged with fluorescent proteins co-localized with markers for the TGN/early endosome (EE). Inspection of conditionally induced de novo synthesized PIN1 confirmed that its secretion to the PM is BFA sensitive, and established BEN3/BIG2 as a crucial component of this BFA action at the level of the TGN/EE. Furthermore, ben3 mutation alleviated BFA-induced agglomeration of another TGN-localized ARF GEF, BEN1/MIN7. Taken together, our results suggest that BEN3/BIG2 is an ARF GEF component, which confers BFA sensitivity to the TGN/EE in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Kitakura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuki Matsuura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Luca Santuari
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hirotaka Kouno
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kohei Arima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jirí Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00 Czech Republic
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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39
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Geisler M, Aryal B, di Donato M, Hao P. A Critical View on ABC Transporters and Their Interacting Partners in Auxin Transport. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1601-1614. [PMID: 29016918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different subclasses of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been implicated in the transport of native variants of the phytohormone auxin. Here, the putative, individual roles of key members belonging to the ABCB, ABCD and ABCG families, respectively, are highlighted and the knowledge of their assumed expression and transport routes is reviewed and compared with their mutant phenotypes. Protein-protein interactions between ABC transporters and regulatory components during auxin transport are summarized and their importance is critically discussed. There is a focus on the functional interaction between members of the ABCB family and the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1, acting as a chaperone during plasma membrane trafficking of ABCBs. Further, the mode and relevance of functional ABCB-PIN interactions is diagnostically re-evaluated. A new nomenclature describing precisely the most likely ABCB-PIN interaction scenarios is suggested. Finally, available tools for the detection and prediction of ABC transporter interactomes are summarized and the potential of future ABC transporter interactome maps is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin di Donato
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pengchao Hao
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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40
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Xu D, Miao J, Yumoto E, Yokota T, Asahina M, Watahiki M. YUCCA9-Mediated Auxin Biosynthesis and Polar Auxin Transport Synergistically Regulate Regeneration of Root Systems Following Root Cutting. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1710-1723. [PMID: 29016906 PMCID: PMC5921505 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of the root system following physical damage is an essential issue for plant survival. An injured root system is able to regenerate by increases in lateral root (LR) number and acceleration of root growth. The horticultural technique of root pruning (root cutting) is an application of this response and is a common garden technique for controlling plant growth. Although root pruning is widely used, the molecular mechanisms underlying the subsequent changes in the root system are poorly understood. In this study, root pruning was employed as a model system to study the molecular mechanisms of root system regeneration. Notably, LR defects in wild-type plants treated with inhibitors of polar auxin transport (PAT) or in the auxin signaling mutant auxin/indole-3-acetic acid19/massugu2 were recovered by root pruning. Induction of IAA19 following root pruning indicates an enhancement of auxin signaling by root pruning. Endogenous levels of IAA increased after root pruning, and YUCCA9 was identified as the primary gene responsible. PAT-related genes were induced after root pruning, and the YUCCA inhibitor yucasin suppressed root regeneration in PAT-related mutants. Therefore, we demonstrate the crucial role of YUCCA9, along with other redundant YUCCA family genes, in the enhancement of auxin biosynthesis following root pruning. This further enhances auxin transport and activates downstream auxin signaling genes, and thus increases LR number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Xu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Jiahang Miao
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Emi Yumoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, 320-8551 Japan
| | - Takao Yokota
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, 320-8551 Japan
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, 320-8551 Japan
| | - Masaaki Watahiki
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-11-706-4473
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41
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Hu Y, Depaepe T, Smet D, Hoyerova K, Klíma P, Cuypers A, Cutler S, Buyst D, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Martins J, Petrášek J, Vandenbussche F, Van Der Straeten D. ACCERBATIN, a small molecule at the intersection of auxin and reactive oxygen species homeostasis with herbicidal properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4185-4203. [PMID: 28922768 PMCID: PMC5853866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The volatile two-carbon hormone ethylene acts in concert with an array of signals to affect etiolated seedling development. From a chemical screen, we isolated a quinoline carboxamide designated ACCERBATIN (AEX) that exacerbates the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-induced triple response, typical for ethylene-treated seedlings in darkness. Phenotypic analyses revealed distinct AEX effects including inhibition of root hair development and shortening of the root meristem. Mutant analysis and reporter studies further suggested that AEX most probably acts in parallel to ethylene signaling. We demonstrated that AEX functions at the intersection of auxin metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. AEX inhibited auxin efflux in BY-2 cells and promoted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidation in the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons of etiolated seedlings. Gene expression studies and superoxide/hydrogen peroxide staining further revealed that the disrupted auxin homeostasis was accompanied by oxidative stress. Interestingly, in light conditions, AEX exhibited properties reminiscent of the quinoline carboxylate-type auxin-like herbicides. We propose that AEX interferes with auxin transport from its major biosynthesis sites, either as a direct consequence of poor basipetal transport from the shoot meristematic region, or indirectly, through excessive IAA oxidation and ROS accumulation. Further investigation of AEX can provide new insights into the mechanisms connecting auxin and ROS homeostasis in plant development and provide useful tools to study auxin-type herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dajo Smet
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sean Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dieter Buyst
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
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Kuhn BM, Nodzyński T, Errafi S, Bucher R, Gupta S, Aryal B, Dobrev P, Bigler L, Geisler M, Zažímalová E, Friml J, Ringli C. Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41906. [PMID: 28165500 PMCID: PMC5292950 DOI: 10.1038/srep41906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a major determinant and regulatory component important for plant development. Auxin transport between cells is mediated by a complex system of transporters such as AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB proteins, and their localization and activity is thought to be influenced by phosphatases and kinases. Flavonols have been shown to alter auxin transport activity and changes in flavonol accumulation in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant cause defects in auxin transport and seedling development. A new mutation in ROOTS CURL IN NPA 1 (RCN1), encoding a regulatory subunit of the phosphatase PP2A, was found to suppress the growth defects of rol1-2 without changing the flavonol content. rol1-2 rcn1-3 double mutants show wild type-like auxin transport activity while levels of free auxin are not affected by rcn1-3. In the rol1-2 mutant, PIN2 shows a flavonol-induced basal-to-apical shift in polar localization which is reversed in the rol1-2 rcn1-3 to basal localization. In vivo analysis of PINOID action, a kinase known to influence PIN protein localization in a PP2A-antagonistic manner, revealed a negative impact of flavonols on PINOID activity. Together, these data suggest that flavonols affect auxin transport by modifying the antagonistic kinase/phosphatase equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Kuhn
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sanae Errafi
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Rahel Bucher
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shibu Gupta
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology - geislerLab, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology - geislerLab, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
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43
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Simon S, Skůpa P, Viaene T, Zwiewka M, Tejos R, Klíma P, Čarná M, Rolčík J, De Rycke R, Moreno I, Dobrev PI, Orellana A, Zažímalová E, Friml J. PIN6 auxin transporter at endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane mediates auxin homeostasis and organogenesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:65-74. [PMID: 27240710 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant development mediated by the phytohormone auxin depends on tightly controlled cellular auxin levels at its target tissue that are largely established by intercellular and intracellular auxin transport mediated by PIN auxin transporters. Among the eight members of the Arabidopsis PIN family, PIN6 is the least characterized candidate. In this study we generated functional, fluorescent protein-tagged PIN6 proteins and performed comprehensive analysis of their subcellular localization and also performed a detailed functional characterization of PIN6 and its developmental roles. The localization study of PIN6 revealed a dual localization at the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transport and metabolic profiling assays in cultured cells and Arabidopsis strongly suggest that PIN6 mediates both auxin transport across the PM and intracellular auxin homeostasis, including the regulation of free auxin and auxin conjugates levels. As evidenced by the loss- and gain-of-function analysis, the complex function of PIN6 in auxin transport and homeostasis is required for auxin distribution during lateral and adventitious root organogenesis and for progression of these developmental processes. These results illustrate a unique position of PIN6 within the family of PIN auxin transporters and further add complexity to the developmentally crucial process of auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibu Simon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB , 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Viaene
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB , 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB , 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čarná
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB , 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal and Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal and Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that promote a wide range of developmental processes. While GA signalling is well understood, little is known about how GA is transported or how GA distribution is regulated. Here we utilize fluorescently labelled GAs (GA-Fl) to screen for Arabidopsis mutants deficient in GA transport. We show that the NPF3 transporter efficiently transports GA across cell membranes in vitro and GA-Fl in vivo. NPF3 is expressed in root endodermis and repressed by GA. NPF3 is targeted to the plasma membrane and subject to rapid BFA-dependent recycling. We show that abscisic acid (ABA), an antagonist of GA, is also transported by NPF3 in vitro. ABA promotes NPF3 expression and GA-Fl uptake in plants. On the basis of these results, we propose that GA distribution and activity in Arabidopsis is partly regulated by NPF3 acting as an influx carrier and that GA-ABA interaction may occur at the level of transport.
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45
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Geisler M, Bailly A, Ivanchenko M. Master and servant: Regulation of auxin transporters by FKBPs and cyclophilins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:1-10. [PMID: 26940487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and architecture are greatly influenced by the polar distribution of the essential hormone auxin. The directional influx and efflux of auxin from plant cells depends primarily on AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB/PGP/MDR families of auxin transport proteins. The functional analysis of these proteins has progressed rapidly within the last decade thanks to the establishment of heterologous auxin transport systems. Heterologous co-expression allowed also for the testing of protein-protein interactions involved in the regulation of transporters and identified relationships with members of the FK506-Binding Protein (FKBP) and cyclophilin protein families, which are best known in non-plant systems as cellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and cyclosporin A, respectively. Current evidence that such interactions affect membrane trafficking, and potentially the activity of auxin transporters is reviewed. We also propose that FKBPs andcyclophilins might integrate the action of auxin transport inhibitors, such as NPA, on members of the ABCB and PIN family, respectively. Finally, we outline open questions that might be useful for further elucidation of the role of immunophilins as regulators (servants) of auxin transporters (masters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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46
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Wang W, Li H, Lin X, Yang S, Wang Z, Fang B. Transcriptome analysis identifies genes involved in adventitious branches formation of Gracilaria lichenoides in vitro. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17099. [PMID: 26657019 PMCID: PMC4675990 DOI: 10.1038/srep17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture could solve the problems associated with Gracilaria cultivation, including the consistent supply of high-quality seed stock, strain improvement, and efficient mass culture of high-yielding commercial strains. However, STC lags behind that of higher plants because of the paucity of genomic information. Transcriptome analysis and the identification of potential unigenes involved in the formation and regeneration of callus or direct induction of ABs are essential. Herein, the CK, EWAB and NPA G. lichenoides transcriptomes were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing platform in first time. A total of 17,922,453,300 nucleotide clean bases were generated and assembled into 21,294 unigenes, providing a total gene space of 400,912,038 nucleotides with an average length of 1,883 and N 50 of 5,055 nucleotides and a G + C content of 52.02%. BLAST analysis resulted in the assignment of 13,724 (97.5%), 3,740 (26.6%), 9,934 (70.6%), 10,611 (75.4%), 9,490 (67.4%), and 7,773 (55.2%) unigenes were annotated to the NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, and GO databases, respectively, and the total of annotated unigenes was 14,070. A total of 17,099 transcripts were predicted to possess open reading frames, including 3,238 predicted and 13,861 blasted based on protein databases. In addition, 3,287 SSRs were detected in G.lichenoides, providing further support for genetic variation and marker-assisted selection in the future. Our results suggest that auxin polar transport, auxin signal transduction, crosstalk with other endogenous plant hormones and antioxidant systems, play important roles for ABs formation in G. lichenoides explants in vitro. The present findings will facilitate further studies on gene discovery and on the molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue culture of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Wang
- College of Biochemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huanqin Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangzhi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanjun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaokai Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Baishan Fang
- College of Biochemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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47
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Truong SK, McCormick RF, Rooney WL, Mullet JE. Harnessing Genetic Variation in Leaf Angle to Increase Productivity of Sorghum bicolor. Genetics 2015; 201:1229-38. [PMID: 26323882 PMCID: PMC4649647 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.178608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency with which a plant intercepts solar radiation is determined primarily by its architecture. Understanding the genetic regulation of plant architecture and how changes in architecture affect performance can be used to improve plant productivity. Leaf inclination angle, the angle at which a leaf emerges with respect to the stem, is a feature of plant architecture that influences how a plant canopy intercepts solar radiation. Here we identify extensive genetic variation for leaf inclination angle in the crop plant Sorghum bicolor, a C4 grass species used for the production of grain, forage, and bioenergy. Multiple genetic loci that regulate leaf inclination angle were identified in recombinant inbred line populations of grain and bioenergy sorghum. Alleles of sorghum dwarf-3, a gene encoding a P-glycoprotein involved in polar auxin transport, are shown to change leaf inclination angle by up to 34° (0.59 rad). The impact of heritable variation in leaf inclination angle on light interception in sorghum canopies was assessed using functional-structural plant models and field experiments. Smaller leaf inclination angles caused solar radiation to penetrate deeper into the canopy, and the resulting redistribution of light is predicted to increase the biomass yield potential of bioenergy sorghum by at least 3%. These results show that sorghum leaf angle is a heritable trait regulated by multiple loci and that genetic variation in leaf angle can be used to modify plant architecture to improve sorghum crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Truong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ryan F McCormick
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - William L Rooney
- Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - John E Mullet
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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48
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el-Showk S, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Blomster T, Siligato R, Marée AFM, Mähönen AP, Grieneisen VA. Parsimonious Model of Vascular Patterning Links Transverse Hormone Fluxes to Lateral Root Initiation: Auxin Leads the Way, while Cytokinin Levels Out. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004450. [PMID: 26505899 PMCID: PMC4623515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An auxin maximum is positioned along the xylem axis of the Arabidopsis root tip. The pattern depends on mutual feedback between auxin and cytokinins mediated by the PIN class of auxin efflux transporters and AHP6, an inhibitor of cytokinin signalling. This interaction has been proposed to regulate the size and the position of the hormones’ respective signalling domains and specify distinct boundaries between them. To understand the dynamics of this regulatory network, we implemented a parsimonious computational model of auxin transport that considers hormonal regulation of the auxin transporters within a spatial context, explicitly taking into account cell shape and polarity and the presence of cell walls. Our analysis reveals that an informative spatial pattern in cytokinin levels generated by diffusion is a theoretically unlikely scenario. Furthermore, our model shows that such a pattern is not required for correct and robust auxin patterning. Instead, auxin-dependent modifications of cytokinin response, rather than variations in cytokinin levels, allow for the necessary feedbacks, which can amplify and stabilise the auxin maximum. Our simulations demonstrate the importance of hormonal regulation of auxin efflux for pattern robustness. While involvement of the PIN proteins in vascular patterning is well established, we predict and experimentally verify a role of AUX1 and LAX1/2 auxin influx transporters in this process. Furthermore, we show that polar localisation of PIN1 generates an auxin flux circuit that not only stabilises the accumulation of auxin within the xylem axis, but also provides a mechanism for auxin to accumulate specifically in the xylem-pole pericycle cells, an important early step in lateral root initiation. The model also revealed that pericycle cells on opposite xylem poles compete for auxin accumulation, consistent with the observation that lateral roots are not initiated opposite to each other. After moving onto land, plants developed vascular tissues to support their weight and transport water and nutrients. Vascular tissue consists of xylem, which makes up wood, and phloem, which gives rise to the innermost bark. In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, these tissues form in the growing root tip in a radial pattern consisting of a xylem axis and two phloem poles. Xylem is thought to be positioned by negative interactions between two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins. Cytokinins activate exporters which pump auxin out of cells, while auxin activates a gene which blocks cytokinin response. This leads auxin to accumulate in some cells which become xylem cells. We developed a computational model which includes only the essential processes but allows them to interact in a realistic spatial context. Using this model we show that these interactions can produce the expected auxin pattern even without a pattern in cytokinin distribution, contrary to expectations based on observed patterns in cytokinin signalling. Furthermore, we learned that hormonal regulation fine-tunes the exporters’ activity, and auxin importers play an important role. The regulatory network not only ensures correct formation of the vasculature but may also position root branches on alternating sides of the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedeer el-Showk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Siligato
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
| | - Verônica A. Grieneisen
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (APM), (VAG)
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49
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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50
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Löfke C, Scheuring D, Dünser K, Schöller M, Luschnig C, Kleine-Vehn J. Tricho- and atrichoblast cell files show distinct PIN2 auxin efflux carrier exploitations and are jointly required for defined auxin-dependent root organ growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5103-12. [PMID: 26041320 PMCID: PMC4513926 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator in plants. In the root epidermis auxin steers root organ growth. However, the mechanisms that allow adjacent tissues to integrate growth are largely unknown. Here, the focus is on neighbouring epidermal root tissues to assess the integration of auxin-related growth responses. The pharmacologic, genetic, and live-cell imaging approaches reveal that PIN2 auxin efflux carriers are differentially controlled in tricho- and atrichoblast cells. PIN2 proteins show lower abundance at the plasma membrane of trichoblast cells, despite showing higher rates of intracellular trafficking in these cells. The data suggest that PIN2 proteins display distinct cell-type-dependent trafficking rates to the lytic vacuole for degradation. Based on this insight, it is hypothesized that auxin-dependent processes are distinct in tricho- and atrichoblast cells. Moreover, genetic interference with epidermal patterning supports this assumption and suggests that tricho- and atrichoblasts have distinct importance for auxin-sensitive root growth and gravitropic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Löfke
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Scheuring
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Schöller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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