1
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Li X, Wang D, Yin X, Dai M, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. A chemical genetic screen with the EXO70 inhibitor Endosidin2 uncovers potential modulators of exocytosis in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e592. [PMID: 38881683 PMCID: PMC11176578 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Exocytosis plays an essential role in delivering proteins, lipids, and cell wall polysaccharides to the plasma membrane and extracellular spaces. Accurate secretion through exocytosis is key to normal plant development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. During exocytosis, an octameric protein complex named the exocyst facilitates the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. Despite some understanding of molecular and cellular aspects of exocyst function obtained through reverse genetics and direct interaction assays, knowledge about upstream modulators and genetic interactors remains limited. Traditional genetic screens encounter practical issues in exocyst subunit mutant backgrounds, such as lethality of certain knockout mutants and/or potential redundancy of EXO70 homologs. To address these challenges, this study leverages the tunable and reversible nature of chemical genetics, employing Endosidin2 (ES2)-a synthetic inhibitor of EXO70-for a large-scale chemical genetic mutant screen in Arabidopsis. This approach led to the identification of 70 ES2-hypersensitive mutants, named es2s. Through a whole-genome sequencing-based mapping strategy, 14 nonallelic es2s mutants were mapped and the candidate mutations reported here. In addition, T-DNA insertion lines were tested as alternative alleles to identify causal mutations. We found that T-DNA insertion alleles for DCP5, VAS1/ISS1, ArgJ, and MEF11 were hypersensitive to ES2 for root growth inhibition. This research not only offers new genetic resources for systematically identifying molecular players interacting with the exocyst in Arabidopsis but also enhances understanding of the regulation of exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Center for Plant Biology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Diwen Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Center for Plant Biology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Xianglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Center for Plant Biology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Center for Plant Biology Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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2
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Bahammou D, Recorbet G, Mamode Cassim A, Robert F, Balliau T, Van Delft P, Haddad Y, Mongrand S, Fouillen L, Simon-Plas F. A combined lipidomic and proteomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38761101 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The plant plasma membrane (PM) plays a key role in perception of environmental signals, and set-up of adaptive responses. An exhaustive and quantitative description of the whole set of lipids and proteins constituting the PM is necessary to understand how these components allow to fulfill such essential physiological functions. Here we provide by state-of-the-art approaches the first combined reference of the plant PM lipidome and proteome from Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell culture. We identified and quantified a reproducible core set of 2165 proteins, which is by far the largest set of available data concerning this plant PM proteome. Using the same samples, combined lipidomic approaches, allowing the identification and quantification of an unprecedented repertoire of 414 molecular species of lipids showed that sterols, phospholipids, and sphingolipids are present in similar proportions in the plant PM. Within each lipid class, the precise amount of each lipid family and the relative proportion of each molecular species were further determined, allowing to establish the complete lipidome of Arabidopsis PM, and highlighting specific characteristics of the different molecular species of lipids. Results obtained point to a finely tuned adjustment of the molecular characteristics of lipids and proteins. More than a hundred proteins related to lipid metabolism, transport, or signaling have been identified and put in perspective of the lipids with which they are associated. This set of data represents an innovative resource to guide further research relative to the organization and functions of the plant PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bahammou
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université, Bordeaux, (UMR 5200), F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Adiilah Mamode Cassim
- UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Robert
- UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, PAPPSO, F-91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Van Delft
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université, Bordeaux, (UMR 5200), F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Youcef Haddad
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université, Bordeaux, (UMR 5200), F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université, Bordeaux, (UMR 5200), F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, Université, Bordeaux, (UMR 5200), F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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3
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Gnyliukh N, Johnson A, Nagel MK, Monzer A, Babić D, Hlavata A, Alotaibi SS, Isono E, Loose M, Friml J. Role of the dynamin-related protein 2 family and SH3P2 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261720. [PMID: 38506228 PMCID: PMC11112126 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is vital for the regulation of plant growth and development through controlling plasma membrane protein composition and cargo uptake. CME relies on the precise recruitment of regulators for vesicle maturation and release. Homologues of components of mammalian vesicle scission are strong candidates to be part of the scission machinery in plants, but the precise roles of these proteins in this process are not fully understood. Here, we characterised the roles of the plant dynamin-related protein 2 (DRP2) family (hereafter DRP2s) and SH3-domain containing protein 2 (SH3P2), the plant homologue to recruiters of dynamins, such as endophilin and amphiphysin, in CME by combining high-resolution imaging of endocytic events in vivo and characterisation of the purified proteins in vitro. Although DRP2s and SH3P2 arrive similarly late during CME and physically interact, genetic analysis of the sh3p123 triple mutant and complementation assays with non-SH3P2-interacting DRP2 variants suggest that SH3P2 does not directly recruit DRP2s to the site of endocytosis. These observations imply that, despite the presence of many well-conserved endocytic components, plants have acquired a distinct mechanism for CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Gnyliukh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Division of Anatomy, Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Babić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Annamaria Hlavata
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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4
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Zhu Y, Zhao Q, Cao W, Huang S, Ji C, Zhang W, Trujillo M, Shen J, Jiang L. The plant-unique protein DRIF1 coordinates with sorting nexin 1 to regulate membrane protein homeostasis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4217-4237. [PMID: 37647529 PMCID: PMC10689196 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein homeostasis is fine-tuned by the cellular pathways for vacuolar degradation and recycling, which ultimately facilitate plant growth and cell-environment interactions. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery plays important roles in regulating intraluminal vesicle (ILV) formation and membrane protein sorting to vacuoles. We previously showed that the plant-specific ESCRT component FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING1 (FREE1) performs multiple functions in plants, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we performed a suppressor screen of the FREE1-RNAi mutant and identified and characterized 2 suppressor of free1 (sof) mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These mutants, sof10 and sof641, result in a premature stop codon or a missense mutation in AT5G10370, respectively. This gene was named DEAH and RING domain-containing protein as FREE1 suppressor 1 (DRIF1). DRIF1 has a homologous gene, DRIF2, in the Arabidopsis genome with 95% identity to DRIF1. The embryos of drif1 drif2 mutants arrested at the globular stage and formed enlarged multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with an increased number of ILVs. DRIF1 is a membrane-associated protein that coordinates with retromer component sorting nexin 1 to regulate PIN-FORMED2 recycling to the plasma membrane. Altogether, our data demonstrate that DRIF1 is a unique retromer interactor that orchestrates FREE1-mediated ILV formation of MVBs and vacuolar sorting of membrane proteins for degradation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shuxian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changyang Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marco Trujillo
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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5
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Pukyšová V, Sans Sánchez A, Rudolf J, Nodzyński T, Zwiewka M. Arabidopsis flippase ALA3 is required for adjustment of early subcellular trafficking in plant response to osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4959-4977. [PMID: 37353222 PMCID: PMC10498020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for their sessile lifestyle, plants developed several responses to exogenous changes. One of the previously investigated and not yet fully understood adaptations occurs at the level of early subcellular trafficking, which needs to be rapidly adjusted to maintain cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under osmotic stress conditions. To form a vesicle, the membrane needs to be deformed, which is ensured by multiple factors, including the activity of specific membrane proteins, such as flippases from the family of P4-ATPases. The membrane pumps actively translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic/luminal to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet to generate curvature, which might be coupled with recruitment of proteins involved in vesicle formation at specific sites of the donor membrane. We show that lack of the AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE3 (ALA3) flippase activity caused defects at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network, resulting in altered endocytosis and secretion, processes relying on vesicle formation and movement. The mentioned cellular defects were translated into decreased intracellular trafficking flexibility failing to adjust the root growth on osmotic stress-eliciting media. In conclusion, we show that ALA3 cooperates with ARF-GEF BIG5/BEN1 and ARF1A1C/BEX1 in a similar regulatory pathway to vesicle formation, and together they are important for plant adaptation to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Pukyšová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrià Sans Sánchez
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rudolf
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Montag K, Ivanov R, Bauer P. Role of SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins in membrane identity and dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181031. [PMID: 37255567 PMCID: PMC10225987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane identity and dynamic processes, that act at membrane sites, provide important cues for regulating transport, signal transduction and communication across membranes. There are still numerous open questions as to how membrane identity changes and the dynamic processes acting at the surface of membranes are regulated in diverse eukaryotes in particular plants and which roles are being played by protein interaction complexes composed of peripheral and integral membrane proteins. One class of peripheral membrane proteins conserved across eukaryotes comprises the SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (SEC14L-PITPs). These proteins share a SEC14 domain that contributes to membrane identity and fulfills regulatory functions in membrane trafficking by its ability to sense, bind, transport and exchange lipophilic substances between membranes, such as phosphoinositides and diverse other lipophilic substances. SEC14L-PITPs can occur as single-domain SEC14-only proteins in all investigated organisms or with a modular domain structure as multi-domain proteins in animals and streptophytes (comprising charales and land plants). Here, we present an overview on the functional roles of SEC14L-PITPs, with a special focus on the multi-domain SEC14L-PITPs of the SEC14-nodulin and SEC14-GOLD group (PATELLINs, PATLs in plants). This indicates that SEC14L-PITPs play diverse roles from membrane trafficking to organism fitness in plants. We concentrate on the structure of SEC14L-PITPs, their ability to not only bind phospholipids but also other lipophilic ligands, and their ability to regulate complex cellular responses through interacting with proteins at membrane sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Montag
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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7
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Xu S, Teng X, Li Y. Optimization of Campesterol-Producing Yeast Strains as a Feasible Platform for the Functional Reconstitution of Plant Membrane-Bound Enzymes. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1109-1118. [PMID: 36972300 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Campesterol is a major phytosterol that plays important roles in regulating membrane properties and serves as the precursor to multiple specialized metabolites, such as the phytohormone brassinosteroids. Recently, we established a campesterol-producing yeast strain and extended the bioproduction to 22-hydroxycampesterol and 22-hydroxycampest-4-en-3-one, the precursors to brassinolide. However, there is a trade-off in growth due to the disrupted sterol metabolism. In this study, we enhanced the growth of the campesterol-producing yeast by partially restoring the activity of the sterol acyltransferase and engineering upstream FPP supply. Furthermore, genome sequencing analysis also revealed a pool of genes possibly associated with the altered sterol metabolism. Retro engineering implies an essential role of ASG1, especially the C-terminal asparagine-rich domain of ASG1, in the sterol metabolism of yeast especially under stress. The performance of the campesterol-producing yeast strain was enhanced with the titer of campesterol to 18.4 mg/L, and the stationary OD600 was improved by ∼33% compared to the unoptimized strain. In addition, we examined the activity of a plant cytochrome P450 in the engineered strain, which exhibits more than 9-fold higher activity than when expressed in the wild-type yeast strain. Therefore, the engineered campesterol-producing yeast strain also serves as a robust host for the functional expression of plant membrane proteins.
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Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
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9
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Gao YQ, Chao DY. Localization and circulation: vesicle trafficking in regulating plant nutrient homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1350-1363. [PMID: 36321185 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient homeostasis is essential for plant growth and reproduction. Plants, therefore, have evolved tightly regulated mechanisms for the uptake, translocation, distribution, and storage of mineral nutrients. Considering that inorganic nutrient transport relies on membrane-based transporters and channels, vesicle trafficking, one of the fundamental cell biological processes, has become a hotspot of plant nutrition studies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of how vesicle trafficking regulates nutrient homeostasis to contribute to the adaptation of plants to heterogeneous environments. We also discuss new perspectives on future studies, which may inspire researchers to investigate new approaches to improve the human diet and health by changing the nutrient quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Gao
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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10
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Retzer K, Moulinier-Anzola J, Lugsteiner R, Konstantinova N, Schwihla M, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Endosomally Localized RGLG-Type E3 RING-Finger Ligases Modulate Sorting of Ubiquitylation-Mimic PIN2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6767. [PMID: 35743207 PMCID: PMC9224344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular sorting and the abundance of sessile plant plasma membrane proteins are imperative for sensing and responding to environmental inputs. A key determinant for inducing adjustments in protein localization and hence functionality is their reversible covalent modification by the small protein modifier ubiquitin, which is for example responsible for guiding proteins from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments. This mode of membrane protein sorting control requires the catalytic activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases, amongst which members of the RING DOMAIN LIGASE (RGLG) family have been implicated in the formation of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains, serving as a prime signal for endocytic vacuolar cargo sorting. Nevertheless, except from some indirect implications for such RGLG activity, no further evidence for their role in plasma membrane protein sorting has been provided so far. Here, by employing RGLG1 reporter proteins combined with assessment of plasma membrane protein localization in a rglg1 rglg2 loss-of-function mutant, we demonstrate a role for RGLGs in cargo trafficking between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Specifically, our findings unveil a requirement for RGLG1 association with endosomal sorting compartments for fundamental aspects of plant morphogenesis, underlining a vital importance for ubiquitylation-controlled intracellular sorting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.R.); (J.M.-A.); (R.L.); (N.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.R.); (J.M.-A.); (R.L.); (N.K.); (M.S.)
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12
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Chen P, Ge Y, Chen L, Yan F, Cai L, Zhao H, Lei D, Jiang J, Wang M, Tao Y. SAV4 is required for ethylene-induced root hair growth through stabilizing PIN2 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1735-1752. [PMID: 35274300 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hair development is regulated by hormonal and environmental cues, such as ethylene and low phosphate. Auxin efflux carrier PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2) plays an important role in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips, which is required for root hair development. Ethylene promotes root hair development through increasing PIN2 abundance in root tips, which subsequently leads to enhanced expression of auxin reporter genes. However, how PIN2 is regulated remains obscure. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana sav4 (shade avoidance 4) mutant exhibits defects in ethylene-induced root hair development and in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips. Ethylene treatment increased SAV4 abundance in root tips. SAV4 and PIN2 co-localize to the shootward plasma membrane (PM) of root tip epidermal cells. SAV4 directly interacts with the PIN2 hydrophilic region (PIN2HL) and regulates PIN2 abundance on the PM. Vacuolar degradation of PIN2 is suppressed by ethylene, which was weakened in sav4 mutant. Furthermore, SAV4 affects the formation of PIN2 clusters and its lateral diffusion on the PM. In summary, we identified SAV4 as a novel regulator of PIN2 that enhances PIN2 membrane clustering and stability through direct protein-protein interactions. Our study revealed a new layer of regulation on PIN2 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yanhua Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Liying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Lingling Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Deshun Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Jinxi Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
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13
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Krämer LC, Wasser D, Haitz F, Sabel B, Büchel C. Heterologous expression of HUP1 glucose transporter enables low-light mediated growth on glucose in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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An Arabidopsis mutant deficient in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinases ß1 and ß2 displays altered auxin-related responses in roots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6947. [PMID: 35484296 PMCID: PMC9051118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are the first enzymes that commit phosphatidylinositol into the phosphoinositide pathway. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings deficient in PI4Kβ1 and β2 have several developmental defects including shorter roots and unfinished cytokinesis. The pi4kβ1β2 double mutant was insensitive to exogenous auxin concerning inhibition of root length and cell elongation; it also responded more slowly to gravistimulation. The pi4kß1ß2 root transcriptome displayed some similarities to a wild type plant response to auxin. Yet, not all the genes displayed such a constitutive auxin-like response. Besides, most assessed genes did not respond to exogenous auxin. This is consistent with data with the transcriptional reporter DR5-GUS. The content of bioactive auxin in the pi4kß1ß2 roots was similar to that in wild-type ones. Yet, an enhanced auxin-conjugating activity was detected and the auxin level reporter DII-VENUS did not respond to exogenous auxin in pi4kß1ß2 mutant. The mutant exhibited altered subcellular trafficking behavior including the trapping of PIN-FORMED 2 protein in rapidly moving vesicles. Bigger and less fragmented vacuoles were observed in pi4kß1ß2 roots when compared to the wild type. Furthermore, the actin filament web of the pi4kß1ß2 double mutant was less dense than in wild-type seedling roots, and less prone to rebuilding after treatment with latrunculin B. A mechanistic model is proposed in which an altered PI4K activity leads to actin filament disorganization, changes in vesicle trafficking, and altered auxin homeostasis and response resulting in a pleiotropic root phenotypes.
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15
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Yin L, Chen X, Chen Q, Wei D, Hu XY, Jia AQ. Diketopiperazine Modulates Arabidopsis thaliana Root System Architecture by Promoting Interactions of Auxin Receptor TIR1 and IAA7/17 Proteins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:57-69. [PMID: 34534338 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect the quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules of microorganisms, such as amino acids, fat derivatives and diketopiperazines (DKPs), thus allowing the exchange information to promote plant growth and development. Here, we evaluated the effects of 12 synthesized DKPs on Arabidopsis thaliana roots and studied their underlying mechanisms of action. Results showed that, as QS signal molecules, the DKPs promoted lateral root development and root hair formation in A.thaliana to differing degrees. The DKPs enhanced the polar transport of the plant hormone auxin from the shoot to root and triggered the auxin-responsive protein IAA7/17 to decrease the auxin response factor, leading to the accumulation of auxin at the root tip and accelerated root growth. In addition, the DKPs induced the development of lateral roots and root hair in the A. thaliana root system architecture via interference with auxin receptor transporter inhibitor response protein 1 (TIR1). A series of TIR1 sites that potentially interact with DKPs were also predicted using molecular docking analysis. Mutations of these sites inhibited the phosphorylation of TIR1 after DKP treatment, thereby inhibiting lateral root formation, especially TIR1-1 site. This study identified several DKP signal molecules in the QS system that can promote the expression of auxin response factors ARF7/19 via interactions of TIR1 and IAA7/17 proteins, thus promoting plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry Education, Hainan University, Haikou 571157, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Dongqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry Education, Hainan University, Haikou 571157, China
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, China
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16
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Distinct mechanisms orchestrate the contra-polarity of IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases controlling root cell division. Nat Commun 2022; 13:235. [PMID: 35017541 PMCID: PMC8752632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell polarity plays key roles in coordinating developmental processes. Despite the characterization of several polarly localized plasma membrane proteins, the mechanisms connecting protein dynamics with cellular functions often remain unclear. Here, we introduce a polarized receptor, KOIN, that restricts cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root meristem. In the endodermis, KOIN polarity is opposite to IRK, a receptor that represses endodermal cell divisions. Their contra-polar localization facilitates dissection of polarity mechanisms and the links between polarity and function. We find that IRK and KOIN are recognized, sorted, and secreted through distinct pathways. IRK extracellular domains determine its polarity and partially rescue the mutant phenotype, whereas KOIN’s extracellular domains are insufficient for polar sorting and function. Endodermal expression of an IRK/KOIN chimera generates non-cell-autonomous misregulation of root cell divisions that impacts patterning. Altogether, we reveal two contrasting mechanisms determining these receptors’ polarity and link their polarity to cell divisions in root tissue patterning. Protein polarization coordinates many plant developmental processes. Here the authors show that IRK and KOIN, two LRR-receptor-kinases polarized to opposite sides of cells in the root meristem, rely on distinct mechanisms to achieve polarity.
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17
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Connected function of PRAF/RLD and GNOM in membrane trafficking controls intrinsic cell polarity in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7. [PMID: 35013279 PMCID: PMC8748900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a fundamental feature underlying cell morphogenesis and organismal development. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, the polarity protein BASL controls stomatal asymmetric cell division. However, the cellular machinery by which this intrinsic polarity site is established remains unknown. Here, we identify the PRAF/RLD proteins as BASL physical partners and mutating four PRAF members leads to defects in BASL polarization. Members of PRAF proteins are polarized in stomatal lineage cells in a BASL-dependent manner. Developmental defects of the praf mutants phenocopy those of the gnom mutants. GNOM is an activator of the conserved Arf GTPases and plays important roles in membrane trafficking. We further find PRAF physically interacts with GNOM in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we propose that the positive feedback of BASL and PRAF at the plasma membrane and the connected function of PRAF and GNOM in endosomal trafficking establish intrinsic cell polarity in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage.
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18
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Kawai T, Akahoshi R, Shelley IJ, Kojima T, Sato M, Tsuji H, Inukai Y. Auxin Distribution in Lateral Root Primordium Development Affects the Size and Lateral Root Diameter of Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:834378. [PMID: 35498720 PMCID: PMC9043952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.834378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) occupy a large part of the root system and play a central role in plant water and nutrient uptake. Monocot plants, such as rice, produce two types of LRs: the S-type (short and thin) and the L-type (long, thick, and capable of further branching). Because of the ability to produce higher-order branches, the L-type LR formation contributes to efficient root system expansion. Auxin plays a major role in regulating the root system development, but its involvement in developing different types of LRs is largely unknown. Here, we show that auxin distribution is involved in regulating LR diameter. Dynamin-related protein (DRP) genes were isolated as causative genes of the mutants with increased L-type LR number and diameter than wild-type (WT). In the drp mutants, reduced endocytic activity was detected in rice protoplast and LRs with a decreased OsPIN1b-GFP endocytosis in the protoplast. Analysis of auxin distribution using auxin-responsive promoter DR5 revealed the upregulated auxin signaling in L-type LR primordia (LRP) of the WT and the mutants. The application of polar auxin transport inhibitors enhanced the effect of exogenous auxin to increase LR diameter with upregulated auxin signaling in the basal part of LRP. Inducible repression of auxin signaling in the mOsIAA3-GR system suppressed the increase in LR diameter after root tip excision, suggesting a positive role of auxin signaling in LR diameter increase. A positive regulator of LR diameter, OsWOX10, was auxin-inducible and upregulated in the drp mutants more than the WT, and revealed as a potential target of ARF transcriptional activator. Therefore, auxin signaling upregulation in LRP, especially at the basal part, induces OsWOX10 expression, increasing LR diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryosuke Akahoshi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Israt J. Shelley
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Moeko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshiaki Inukai,
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19
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Jha RK, Mishra A. Introgression of SbERD4 Gene Encodes an Early-Responsive Dehydration-Stress Protein That Confers Tolerance against Different Types of Abiotic Stresses in Transgenic Tobacco. Cells 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 35011624 PMCID: PMC8750158 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicornia brachiata is an extreme halophyte that commonly grows on marsh conditions and is also considered a promising resource for drought and salt-responsive genes. To unveil a glimpse of stress endurance by plants, it is of the utmost importance to develop an understanding of stress tolerance mechanisms. 'Early Responsive to Dehydration' (ERD) genes are defined as a group of genes involved in stress tolerance and the development of plants. To increase this understanding, parallel to this expedited thought, a novel SbERD4 gene was cloned from S. brachiata, characterized, and functionally validated in the model plant tobacco. The study showed that SbERD4 is a plasma-membrane bound protein, and its overexpression in tobacco plants improved salinity and osmotic stress tolerance. Transgenic plants showed high relative water, chlorophylls, sugars, starch, polyphenols, proline, free amino acids, and low electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content compared to control plants (wild type and vector control) under different abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, the transcript expression of antioxidant enzyme encoding genes NtCAT, NtSOD, NtGR, and NtAPX showed higher expression in transgenic compared to wild-type and vector controls under varying stress conditions. Overall, the overexpression of a novel early responsive to dehydration stress protein 4-encoding gene (SbERD4) enhanced the tolerance of the plant against multiple abiotic stresses. In conclusion, the overexpression of the SbERD4 gene mitigates plant physiology by enduring stress tolerance and might be considered as a promising key gene for engineering salinity and drought stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR–Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR–Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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20
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Lacek J, García-González J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Lessons Learned from the Studies of Roots Shaded from Direct Root Illumination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12784. [PMID: 34884591 PMCID: PMC8657594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.L.); (J.G.-G.)
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21
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Domozych DS, Kozel L, Palacio-Lopez K. The effects of osmotic stress on the cell wall-plasma membrane domains of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1231-1249. [PMID: 33928433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular zygnematophyte (basal Streptophyteor Charophyte) that has been used as a model organism for the study of cell walls of Streptophytes and for elucidating organismal adaptations that were key in the evolution of land plants.. When Penium is incubated in sorbitol-enhance medium, i.e., hyperosmotic medium, 1000-1500 Hechtian strands form within minutes and connect the plasma membrane to the cell wall. As cells acclimate to this osmotic stress over time, further significant changes occur at the cell wall and plasma membrane domains. The homogalacturonan lattice of the outer cell wall layer is significantly reduced and is accompanied by the formation of a highly elongate, "filamentous" phenotype. Distinct peripheral thickenings appear between the CW and plasma membrane and contain membranous components and a branched granular matrix. Monoclonal antibody labeling of these thickenings indicates the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I epitopes. Acclimatization also results in the proliferation of the cell's vacuolar networks and macroautophagy. Penium's ability to acclimatize to osmotic stress offers insight into the transition of ancient zygnematophytes from an aquatic to terrestrial existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Li Kozel
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kattia Palacio-Lopez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Pellizzoni E, Şologan M, Daka M, Pengo P, Marson D, Posel Z, Franchi S, Bignardi L, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Posocco P, Pasquato L. Thiolate end-group regulates ligand arrangement, hydration and affinity for small compounds in monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1373-1381. [PMID: 34583042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control the properties of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (MPNPs) discloses unrevealed features stemming from collective properties of the ligands forming the monolayer and presents opportunities to design new materials. To date, the influence of ligand end-group size and capacity to form hydrogen bonds on structure and hydration of small MPNPs (<5 nm) has been poorly studied. Here, we show that both features determine ligands order, solvent accessibility, capacity to host hydrophobic compounds and interfacial properties of MPNPs. The polarity perceived by a radical probe and its binding constant with the monolayer investigated by electron spin resonance is rationalized by molecular dynamics simulations, which suggest that larger space-filling groups - trimethylammonium, zwitterionic and short polyethylene glycol - favor a radial organization of the thiolates, whereas smaller groups - as sulfonate - promote the formation of bundles. Zwitterionic ligands create a surface network of hydrogen bonds, which affects nanoparticle hydrophobicity and maximize the partition equilibrium constant of the probe. This study discloses the role of the chemistry of the end-group on monolayer features with effects that span from molecular- to nano-scale and opens the door to a shift in the conception of new MPNPs exploiting the end-group as a novel design motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Maria Şologan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Mario Daka
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Paolo Pengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Domenico Marson
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy); Department of Informatics, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústínad Labem, (Czech Republic)
| | - Stefano Franchi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy)
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, (Italy)
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, (Italy).
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy).
| | - Lucia Pasquato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, (Italy).
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23
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Nguyen TV, Gupta R, Annas D, Yoon J, Kim YJ, Lee GH, Jang JW, Park KH, Rakwal R, Jung KH, Min CW, Kim ST. An Integrated Approach for the Efficient Extraction and Solubilization of Rice Microsomal Membrane Proteins for High-Throughput Proteomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:723369. [PMID: 34567038 PMCID: PMC8460067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of microsomal membrane proteins (MPs) is critically important to microsomal proteomics. To date most research studies have utilized an ultracentrifugation-based approach for the isolation and solubilization of plant MPs. However, these approaches are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and unaffordable in certain cases. Furthermore, the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and its removal prior to a mass spectrometry (MS) analysis through multiple washing steps result in the loss of proteins. To address these limitations, this study introduced a simple micro-centrifugation-based MP extraction (MME) method from rice leaves, with the efficacy of this approach being compared with a commercially available plasma membrane extraction kit (PME). Moreover, this study assessed the subsequent solubilization of isolated MPs in an MS-compatible surfactant, namely, 4-hexylphenylazosulfonate (Azo) and SDS using a label-free proteomic approach. The results validated the effectiveness of the MME method, specifically in the enrichment of plasma membrane proteins as compared with the PME method. Furthermore, the findings showed that Azo demonstrated several advantages over SDS in solubilizing the MPs, which was reflected through a label-free quantitative proteome analysis. Altogether, this study provided a relatively simple and rapid workflow for the efficient extraction of MPs with an Azo-integrated MME approach for bottom-up proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Van Nguyen
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of General Education, College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dicky Annas
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jinmi Yoon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science & Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Gi Hyun Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Jang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
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Ito Y, Esnay N, Platre MP, Wattelet-Boyer V, Noack LC, Fougère L, Menzel W, Claverol S, Fouillen L, Moreau P, Jaillais Y, Boutté Y. Sphingolipids mediate polar sorting of PIN2 through phosphoinositide consumption at the trans-Golgi network. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4267. [PMID: 34257291 PMCID: PMC8277843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of organelles acts as a landmark to define membrane identity and specify subcellular function. Phosphoinositides are anionic lipids acting in protein sorting and trafficking at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In animal cells, sphingolipids control the turnover of phosphoinositides through lipid exchange mechanisms at endoplasmic reticulum/TGN contact sites. In this study, we discover a mechanism for how sphingolipids mediate phosphoinositide homeostasis at the TGN in plant cells. Using multiple approaches, we show that a reduction of the acyl-chain length of sphingolipids results in an increased level of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P or PI4P) at the TGN but not of other lipids usually coupled to PI4P during exchange mechanisms. We show that sphingolipids mediate Phospholipase C (PLC)-driven consumption of PI4P at the TGN rather than local PI4P synthesis and that this mechanism is involved in the polar sorting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 at the TGN. Together, our data identify a mode of action of sphingolipids in lipid interplay at the TGN during protein sorting. Lipid composition impacts the function of cellular membranes. Here the authors show that a reduction in sphingolipid acyl-chain length promotes phosphoinositide consumption by phospholipase C at the Arabidopsis trans-Golgi network which in turn regulates sorting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lise C Noack
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Louise Fougère
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Wilhelm Menzel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,MetaboHub-Bordeaux Metabolome INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,Bordeaux Imaging Centre, Plant Imaging Platform, UMS 3420 University of Bordeaux-CNRS, INRAE, Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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25
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Jha RK, Patel J, Patel MK, Mishra A, Jha B. Introgression of a novel cold and drought regulatory-protein encoding CORA-like gene, SbCDR, induced osmotic tolerance in transgenic tobacco. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1170-1188. [PMID: 33206416 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A potent cold and drought regulatory-protein encoding gene, SbCDR was cloned from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata. In vitro localisation study, performed with SbCDR::RFP gene-construct revealed that SbCDR is a membrane protein. Overexpression of the SbCDR gene in tobacco plants confirmed tolerance against major environmental constraints such as salinity, drought and cold, as evidenced by improved chlorophyll contents, plant morphology, plant biomass, root length, shoot length and seed germination efficiency. Transgenic lines also exhibited high accumulation of proline, total sugar, reducing sugar, free amino acid and polyphenol, besides the low level of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. SbCDR transgenic lines showed better relative water contents, membrane stability index and osmotic water potential. Furthermore, higher expression of ROS scavenging genes was observed in transgenic lines under stress. Moreover, microarray analysis revealed that several host genes were upregulated and downregulated under drought and salt stress conditions in SbCDR transgenic line compared with control (WT) plants. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of the halophytic SbCDR gene has intense effects on the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants. However, the exact mode of action of SbCDR in multiple abiotic stress tolerance of plants is yet to be unveiled. It is believed that the precise role of SbCDR gene will provide additional information to comprehend the abiotic stress tolerance mechanism. Furthermore, it will appear as a promising candidate gene for improving stress tolerance in different crop plants for sustainable agriculture and crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Jha
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jaykumar Patel
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manish Kumar Patel
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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26
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Pereira Mendes M, Hickman R, Van Verk MC, Nieuwendijk NM, Reinstädler A, Panstruga R, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. A family of pathogen-induced cysteine-rich transmembrane proteins is involved in plant disease resistance. PLANTA 2021; 253:102. [PMID: 33856567 PMCID: PMC8049917 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of pathogen-induced cysteine-rich transmembrane proteins (PCMs) in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances resistance against biotrophic pathogens and stimulates hypocotyl growth, suggesting a potential role for PCMs in connecting both biological processes. Plants possess a sophisticated immune system to protect themselves against pathogen attack. The defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) is an important player in the plant immune gene regulatory network. Using RNA-seq time series data of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves treated with SA, we identified a largely uncharacterized SA-responsive gene family of eight members that are all activated in response to various pathogens or their immune elicitors and encode small proteins with cysteine-rich transmembrane domains. Based on their nucleotide similarity and chromosomal position, the designated Pathogen-induced Cysteine-rich transMembrane protein (PCM) genes were subdivided into three subgroups consisting of PCM1-3 (subgroup I), PCM4-6 (subgroup II), and PCM7-8 (subgroup III). Of the PCM genes, only PCM4 (also known as PCC1) has previously been implicated in plant immunity. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that most PCM proteins localize to the plasma membrane. Ectopic overexpression of the PCMs in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in all eight cases in enhanced resistance against the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Additionally, overexpression of PCM subgroup I genes conferred enhanced resistance to the hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The PCM-overexpression lines were found to be also affected in the expression of genes related to light signaling and development, and accordingly, PCM-overexpressing seedlings displayed elongated hypocotyl growth. These results point to a function of PCMs in both disease resistance and photomorphogenesis, connecting both biological processes, possibly via effects on membrane structure or activity of interacting proteins at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciel Pereira Mendes
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C Van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M Nieuwendijk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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López-Marqués RL, Davis JA, Harper JF, Palmgren M. Dynamic membranes: the multiple roles of P4 and P5 ATPases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:619-631. [PMID: 33822217 PMCID: PMC8133672 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of biological membranes has a complex composition, including high chemical heterogeneity, the presence of nanodomains of specific lipids, and asymmetry with respect to lipid composition between the two membrane leaflets. In membrane trafficking, membrane vesicles constantly bud off from one membrane compartment and fuse with another, and both budding and fusion events have been proposed to require membrane lipid asymmetry. One mechanism for generating asymmetry in lipid bilayers involves the action of the P4 ATPase family of lipid flippases; these are biological pumps that use ATP as an energy source to flip lipids from one leaflet to the other. The model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 12 P4 ATPases (AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE1-12; ALA1-12), many of which are functionally redundant. Studies of P4 ATPase mutants have confirmed the essential physiological functions of these pumps and pleiotropic mutant phenotypes have been observed, as expected when genes required for basal cellular functions are disrupted. For instance, phenotypes associated with ala3 (dwarfism, pollen defects, sensitivity to pathogens and cold, and reduced polar cell growth) can be related to membrane trafficking problems. P5 ATPases are evolutionarily related to P4 ATPases, and may be the counterpart of P4 ATPases in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of P4 and P5 ATPases from prokaryotes and their ubiquitous presence in eukaryotes make these biological pumps a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. Here, we review recent advances in the field of plant P4 and P5 ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
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28
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Konstantinova N, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052749. [PMID: 33803128 PMCID: PMC7963156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root architecture and growth are decisive for crop performance and yield, and thus a highly topical research field in plant sciences. The root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the ideal system to obtain insights into fundamental key parameters and molecular players involved in underlying regulatory circuits of root growth, particularly in responses to environmental stimuli. Root gravitropism, directional growth along the gravity, in particular represents a highly sensitive readout, suitable to study adjustments in polar auxin transport and to identify molecular determinants involved. This review strives to summarize and give an overview into the function of PIN-FORMED auxin transport proteins, emphasizing on their sorting and polarity control. As there already is an abundance of information, the focus lies in integrating this wealth of information on mechanisms and pathways. This overview of a highly dynamic and complex field highlights recent developments in understanding the role of auxin in higher plants. Specifically, it exemplifies, how analysis of a single, defined growth response contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes in general.
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Li J, Wang W, Yuan J, Xu J, He L, Zhang X, Zhang H. Ubiquitin-independent proteasome system is required for degradation of Arabidopsis COPPER TRANSPORTER 2. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110825. [PMID: 33568283 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adjust to deficiency or excess of nutrients. Membrane transport proteins play a central role in nutrient uptake from soil. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the COPPER TRANSPORTOR (COPT) family encodes high-affinity copper transporters. COPT2 is transcriptionally regulated in response to changing levels of cellular copper. However, little is known about whether COPT2 activity is subject to multiple levels of regulation. Here, we showed that the plasma membrane-/endoplasmic reticulum-resident COPT2 protein is degraded in response to excess copper. Confocal microscopy analysis together with pharmacological treatment with a vesicle trafficking inhibitor or vacuolar ATPase inhibitor indicated that copper-mediated downregulation of COPT2 is unlikely to be controlled by endosomal recycling and vacuolar system. However, COPT2 protein is stabilized by proteasome inhibition. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we found that COPT2 cannot be ubiquitinated, and lysine residues at the C-terminus is dispensable for copper-induced degradation of COPT2 but required for copper acquisition. Altogether, our findings reveal that unlike many metal transporters in Arabidopsis, COPT2 is a substrate of ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation but not of vacuolar proteases. These findings highlight the mechanistic diversity and complexity of plasma membrane transporter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jinhong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Lifei He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Rojek J, Tucker MR, Pinto SC, Rychłowski M, Lichocka M, Soukupova H, Nowakowska J, Bohdanowicz J, Surmacz G, Gutkowska M. Rab-dependent vesicular traffic affects female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:320-340. [PMID: 32939545 PMCID: PMC7853608 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells rely on the accuracy and efficiency of vesicular traffic. In plants, disturbances in vesicular trafficking are well studied in quickly dividing root meristem cells or polar growing root hairs and pollen tubes. The development of the female gametophyte, a unique haploid reproductive structure located in the ovule, has received far less attention in studies of vesicular transport. Key molecules providing the specificity of vesicle formation and its subsequent recognition and fusion with the acceptor membrane are Rab proteins. Rabs are anchored to membranes by covalently linked geranylgeranyl group(s) that are added by the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGT) enzyme. Here we show that Arabidopsis plants carrying mutations in the gene encoding the β-subunit of RGT (rgtb1) exhibit severely disrupted female gametogenesis and this effect is of sporophytic origin. Mutations in rgtb1 lead to internalization of the PIN1 and PIN3 proteins from the basal membranes to vesicles in provascular cells of the funiculus. Decreased transport of auxin out of the ovule is accompanied by auxin accumulation in tissue surrounding the growing gametophyte. In addition, female gametophyte development arrests at the uni- or binuclear stage in a significant portion of the rgtb1 ovules. These observations suggest that communication between the sporophyte and the developing female gametophyte relies on Rab-dependent vesicular traffic of the PIN1 and PIN3 transporters and auxin efflux out of the ovule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara C Pinto
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n Porto, Portugal
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hana Soukupova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Praha 6 Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Julita Nowakowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gabriela Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gutkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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31
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T. The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:975. [PMID: 33478110 PMCID: PMC7835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.-H.); (C.F.); (T.G.)
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. The TOR-Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33451169 PMCID: PMC7828656 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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Li H, von Wangenheim D, Zhang X, Tan S, Darwish‐Miranda N, Naramoto S, Wabnik K, De Rycke R, Kaufmann WA, Gütl D, Tejos R, Grones P, Ke M, Chen X, Dettmer J, Friml J. Cellular requirements for PIN polar cargo clustering in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:351-369. [PMID: 32810889 PMCID: PMC7984064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarization is fundamental for plant growth and morphogenesis. The polar, cellular localization of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is crucial for their function in directional auxin transport. The clustering of PIN polar cargoes within the plasma membrane has been proposed to be important for the maintenance of their polar distribution. However, the more detailed features of PIN clusters and the cellular requirements of cargo clustering remain unclear. Here, we characterized PIN clusters in detail by means of multiple advanced microscopy and quantification methods, such as 3D quantitative imaging or freeze-fracture replica labeling. The size and aggregation types of PIN clusters were determined by electron microscopy at the nanometer level at different polar domains and at different developmental stages, revealing a strong preference for clustering at the polar domains. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that PIN clusters depend on phosphoinositol pathways, cytoskeletal structures and specific cell-wall components as well as connections between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. This study identifies the role of different cellular processes and structures in polar cargo clustering and provides initial mechanistic insight into the maintenance of polarity in plants and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Centre for Plant Integrative BiologySchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Vienna1190Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | | | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhent9052Belgium
- Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging CoreGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Walter A. Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Daniel Gütl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasCentro de Biología Molecular VegetalUniversidad de ChileSantiago7800003Chile
| | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Jan Dettmer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
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Liu J, Wang Y, Cheng Y. The ESCRT-I components VPS28A and VPS28B are essential for auxin-mediated plant development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1617-1634. [PMID: 33058303 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway plays critical roles in endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated plasma membrane proteins for degradation. However, the functions of many components of the ESCRT machinery in plants remain unsolved. Here we show that the ESCRT-I subunits VPS28A and VPS28B are functionally redundant and required for embryonic development in Arabidopsis. We conducted a screen for genetic enhancers of pid, which is defective in auxin signaling and transport. We isolated a no--cotyledon in pid 104 (ncp104) mutant, which failed to develop cotyledons in a pid background. We discovered that ncp104 was a unique recessive gain-of-function allele of vps28a. VPS28A and VPS28B were expressed during embryogenesis and the proteins were localized to the trans-Golgi network/early endosome and post-Golgi/endosomal compartments, consistent with their functions in endosomal sorting and embryogenesis. The single vps28a and vps28b loss-of-function mutants did not display obvious developmental defects, but their double mutants showed abnormal cell division patterns and were arrested at the globular embryo stage. The vps28a vps28b double mutants showed altered auxin responses, disrupted PIN1-GFP expression patterns, and abnormal PIN1-GFP accumulation in small aberrant vacuoles. The ncp104 mutation may cause the VPS28A protein to become unstable and/or toxic. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the ESCRT-I components VPS28A and VPS28B redundantly play essential roles in vacuole formation, endosomal sorting of plasma membrane proteins, and auxin-mediated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Tan S, Di Donato M, Glanc M, Zhang X, Klíma P, Liu J, Bailly A, Ferro N, Petrášek J, Geisler M, Friml J. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Target TWISTED DWARF1-Regulated Actin Dynamics and Auxin Transport-Mediated Plant Development. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108463. [PMID: 33264621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are derivatives of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). SA is well known to regulate plant immunity and development, whereas there have been few reports focusing on the effects of NSAIDs in plants. Our studies here reveal that NSAIDs exhibit largely overlapping physiological activities to SA in the model plant Arabidopsis. NSAID treatments lead to shorter and agravitropic primary roots and inhibited lateral root organogenesis. Notably, in addition to the SA-like action, which in roots involves binding to the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), NSAIDs also exhibit PP2A-independent effects. Cell biological and biochemical analyses reveal that many NSAIDs bind directly to and inhibit the chaperone activity of TWISTED DWARF1, thereby regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and subsequent endosomal trafficking. Our findings uncover an unexpected bioactivity of human pharmaceuticals in plants and provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the cellular action of this class of anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Ferro
- University of Bonn, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Zhang Y, Rodriguez L, Li L, Zhang X, Friml J. Functional innovations of PIN auxin transporters mark crucial evolutionary transitions during rise of flowering plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eabc8895. [PMID: 33310852 PMCID: PMC7732203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants display the highest diversity among plant species and have notably shaped terrestrial landscapes. Nonetheless, the evolutionary origin of their unprecedented morphological complexity remains largely an enigma. Here, we show that the coevolution of cis-regulatory and coding regions of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters confined their expression to certain cell types and directed their subcellular localization to particular cell sides, which together enabled dynamic auxin gradients across tissues critical to the complex architecture of flowering plants. Extensive intraspecies and interspecies genetic complementation experiments with PINs from green alga up to flowering plant lineages showed that PIN genes underwent three subsequent, critical evolutionary innovations and thus acquired a triple function to regulate the development of three essential components of the flowering plant Arabidopsis: shoot/root, inflorescence, and floral organ. Our work highlights the critical role of functional innovations within the PIN gene family as essential prerequisites for the origin of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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37
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Calvo P, Baluška F, Trewavas A. Integrated information as a possible basis for plant consciousness. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 564:158-165. [PMID: 33081970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that plants do not possess consciousness. Since the criterion for this assumption is usually human consciousness this assumption represents a top down attitude. It is obvious that plants are not animals and using animal criteria of consciousness will lead to its rejection in plants. However using a bottom up evolutionary approach and a leading theory of consciousness, Integrated Information Theory, we report that we find evidence that indicates that plant meristems act in a conscious fashion although probably at the level of minimal consciousness. Since many plants contain multiple meristems these observations highlight a very different evolutionary approach to consciousness in biological organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anthony Trewavas
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Identification of MAMP-Responsive Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Following Challenge with Different LPS Chemotypes from Xanthomonas campestris. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100787. [PMID: 32992883 PMCID: PMC7650673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) responsible for eliciting defense-related responses and while the effects have been well-documented in mammals, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the mechanism of perception in plant systems and recognized structural moieties within the macromolecular lipoglycan structure. Thus, identification of the LPS plasma membrane (PM) receptor(s)/receptor complex in Arabidopsis thaliana through proteomics will contribute to a deeper understanding of induced defense responses. As such, structurally characterized LPS chemotypes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) wild-type 8004 (prototypical smooth-type LPS) and mutant 8530 (truncated core with no O–chain) strains were utilized to pre-treat A. thaliana plants. The associated proteomic response/changes within the PM were compared over a 24 h period using mass spectrometry-based methodologies following three variants of LPS-immobilized affinity chromatography. This resulted in the identification of proteins from several functional categories, but importantly, those involved in perception and defense. The distinct structural features between wild-type and mutant LPS are likely responsible for the differential changes to the proteome profiles, and many of the significant proteins were identified in response to the wild-type Xcc LPS where it is suggested that the core oligosaccharide and O-chain participate in recognition by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in a multiprotein complex and, notably, varied from that of the mutant chemotype.
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39
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Huang L, Zhang C. Endosidin20 does not affect cellulose synthase complex transport from ER to the Golgi. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1780039. [PMID: 32567470 PMCID: PMC8570753 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1780039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, as the main component of the plant cell wall, is synthesized by plasma membrane-embedded cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). We recently reported a new CESA inhibitor named Endosidin20 (ES20) that targets the catalytic site of CESA6 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by ES20 treatment reduces the motility of CSC at the plasma membrane and reduces the delivery of CSC to the plasma membrane. We also found that ES20 treatment causes an increased abundance of CSC at the Golgi. Through further investigation, here we show that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by ES20 treatment does not interfere with the transport of CSC from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, indicating that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity reduces efficient CSC exit from Golgi. We also show that ES20 affects CSC trafficking without interfering with the trafficking of other cargo proteins in the secretory pathway and does not disturb the cellular localization of typical organelle marker proteins. In combination with our recent findings, our results show that inhibiting CESA catalytic activity by short-term ES20 treatment affects CSC exit from Golgi and CSC post-Golgi transport but does not affect CSC transport from ER to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- CONTACT Chunhua Zhang Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University., West Lafayette, IN47907
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40
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Kamada M, Oka M, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Microarray profile of gene expression in etiolated Pisum sativum seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment "Auxin Transport". LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 26:55-61. [PMID: 32718687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces the use of microarray data technology with Medicago (Medicago truncatula) microarrays to characterize global changes in the transcript abundance of etiolated Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings grown under microgravity (µg) conditions in comparison with those under artificial 1 g conditions on the International Space Station. Of the 44,000 genes of the Medicago microarray platform, more than 25,000 transcripts of pea seedlings were hybridized, suggesting that the microarray platform for Medicago could be useful in the study of gene expression of etiolated pea seedlings grown under µg conditions in space. Gene array data were analyzed according to stringent criteria that restricted the scored genes for specific hybridization values at least twofold. Expression of 1362 and 1558 genes in proximal side (the proximal side) and distal side of the epicotyl to the cotyledons (the distal side), respectively, were highly affected by µg conditions in space. Of the genes analyzed, 407 of 1362 transcripts in the proximal side and 740 of 1558 transcripts in the distal side were expressed at ratios at least twofold. However, in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor TIBA, 212 of 399 transcripts and 255 of 477 transcripts were expressed at ratios at least twofold as high in the proximal and the distal sides of epicotyls in the seedlings grown under µg conditions, respectively. Based on Venn diagram analysis, 31 transcripts and 24 transcripts were found to commonly increase and decrease, respectively, under µg conditions in space. Venn analysis revealed six auxin-related genes and three water channel AQUAPORIN genes that were responsive to gravity. Among 6 auxin-related genes, the accumulation of transcripts of Auxin-induced protein 5NG4 and Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.3 tended to increase, and that of Auxin-induced protein, Auxin response factor, SAUR-like auxin-responsive family protein and Auxin response factor tended to decrease under µg conditions, whereas there were no statistic differences between under µg and artificial 1 g conditions. Similarly there were no statistic differences between under µg conditions and artificial 1 g, but the accumulation of NIP3-1 and Plasma membrane intrinsic protein11, and AQUAPORIN1/Tonoplast intrinsic protein tended to increase and decrease, respectively. A possible role of auxin-related genes and AQUAPORIN genes in regulating growth of etiolated pea seedlings grown under µg conditions in space is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Eiji Uheda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamazaki
- JEM Mission Operations and Integration Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg., 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Higashibata
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Thibivilliers S, Farmer A, Libault M. Biological and Cellular Functions of the Microdomain-Associated FWL/CNR Protein Family in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030377. [PMID: 32204387 PMCID: PMC7154862 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains/nanodomains are sub-compartments of the plasma membrane enriched in sphingolipids and characterized by their unique protein composition. They play important roles in regulating plant development and plant-microbe interactions including mutualistic symbiotic interactions. Several protein families are associated with the microdomain fraction of biological membranes such as flotillins, prohibitins, and remorins. More recently, GmFWL1, a FWL/CNR protein exclusively expressed in the soybean nodule, was functionally characterized as a new microdomain-associated protein. Interestingly, GmFWL1 is homologous to the tomato FW2-2 protein, a major regulator of tomato fruit development. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained about the biological, cellular, and physiological functions of members of the FWL/CNR family across various plant species. The role of the FWL/CNR proteins is also discussed within the scope of their evolution and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA;
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4530
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Tang RJ, Luan M, Wang C, Lhamo D, Yang Y, Zhao FG, Lan WZ, Fu AG, Luan S. Plant Membrane Transport Research in the Post-genomic Era. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100013. [PMID: 33404541 PMCID: PMC7747983 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transport processes are indispensable for many aspects of plant physiology including mineral nutrition, solute storage, cell metabolism, cell signaling, osmoregulation, cell growth, and stress responses. Completion of genome sequencing in diverse plant species and the development of multiple genomic tools have marked a new era in understanding plant membrane transport at the mechanistic level. Genes coding for a galaxy of pumps, channels, and carriers that facilitate various membrane transport processes have been identified while multiple approaches are developed to dissect the physiological roles as well as to define the transport capacities of these transport systems. Furthermore, signaling networks dictating the membrane transport processes are established to fully understand the regulatory mechanisms. Here, we review recent research progress in the discovery and characterization of the components in plant membrane transport that take advantage of plant genomic resources and other experimental tools. We also provide our perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mingda Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dhondup Lhamo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fu-Geng Zhao
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Lan
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ai-Gen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author
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Coordination and Crosstalk between Autophagosome and Multivesicular Body Pathways in Plant Stress Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010119. [PMID: 31947769 PMCID: PMC7017292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are two closely related partners in the lysosomal/vacuolar protein degradation system. Autophagosomes are double membrane-bound organelles that transport cytoplasmic components, including proteins and organelles for autophagic degradation in the lysosomes/vacuoles. MVBs are single-membrane organelles in the endocytic pathway that contain intraluminal vesicles whose content is either degraded in the lysosomes/vacuoles or recycled to the cell surface. In plants, both autophagosome and MVB pathways play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. More recent studies have revealed that autophagosomes and MVBs also act together in plant stress responses in a variety of processes, including deployment of defense-related molecules, regulation of cell death, trafficking and degradation of membrane and soluble constituents, and modulation of plant hormone metabolism and signaling. In this review, we discuss these recent findings on the coordination and crosstalk between autophagosome and MVB pathways that contribute to the complex network of plant stress responses.
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Schwihla M, Korbei B. The Beginning of the End: Initial Steps in the Degradation of Plasma Membrane Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32528512 PMCID: PMC7253699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM), as border between the inside and the outside of a cell, is densely packed with proteins involved in the sensing and transmission of internal and external stimuli, as well as transport processes and is therefore vital for plant development as well as quick and accurate responses to the environment. It is consequently not surprising that several regulatory pathways participate in the tight regulation of the spatiotemporal control of PM proteins. Ubiquitination of PM proteins plays a key role in directing their entry into the endo-lysosomal system, serving as a signal for triggering endocytosis and further sorting for degradation. Nevertheless, a uniting picture of the different roles of the respective types of ubiquitination in the consecutive steps of down-regulation of membrane proteins is still missing. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), which acts as an early endosome (EE) in plants receives the endocytosed cargo, and here the decision is made to either recycled back to the PM or further delivered to the vacuole for degradation. A multi-complex machinery, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), concentrates ubiquitinated proteins and ushers them into the intraluminal vesicles of multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs). Several ESCRTs have ubiquitin binding subunits, which anchor and guide the cargos through the endocytic degradation route. Basic enzymes and the mode of action in the early degradation steps of PM proteins are conserved in eukaryotes, yet many plant unique components exist, which are often essential in this pathway. Thus, deciphering the initial steps in the degradation of ubiquitinated PM proteins, which is the major focus of this review, will greatly contribute to the larger question of how plants mange to fine-tune their responses to their environment.
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Wang P, Kang BH. Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy Imaging of the Plant trans-Golgi Network. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2177:59-67. [PMID: 32632805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0767-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The plant trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a multifunctional organelle derived from the Golgi. It consists of tubulovesicular compartments scattered in the cytosol. They produce secretory vesicles delivering proteins and polysaccharides to the cell wall. They also serve as early endosomal compartments, receiving endocytic cargos from the plasma membrane. This versatility is thought to originate from functional variations among individual TGN compartments. Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) combines the imaging capability of light microscopy and electron microscopy (EM) to determine the location of macromolecules in EM images in the cellular context. It is possible to identify organelles associated with specific fluorescent markers and examine their membrane architectures at nanometer-level resolutions using CLEM. In this chapter, we will explain the CLEM method that our lab uses to investigate functional and structural heterogeneity among individual TGN compartments in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Center for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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De Caroli M, Manno E, Perrotta C, De Lorenzo G, Di Sansebastiano GP, Piro G. CesA6 and PGIP2 Endocytosis Involves Different Subpopulations of TGN-Related Endosomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:350. [PMID: 32292410 PMCID: PMC7118220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is an essential process for the internalization of plasma membrane proteins, lipids and extracellular molecules into the cells. The mechanisms underlying endocytosis in plant cells involve several endosomal organelles whose origins and specific role needs still to be clarified. In this study we compare the internalization events of a GFP-tagged polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein of Phaseolus vulgaris (PGIP2-GFP) to that of a GFP-tagged subunit of cellulose synthase complex of Arabidopsis thaliana (secGFP-CesA6). Through the use of endocytic traffic chemical inhibitors (tyrphostin A23, salicylic acid, wortmannin, concanamycin A, Sortin 2, Endosidin 5 and BFA) it was evidenced that the two protein fusions were endocytosed through distinct endosomes with different mechanisms. PGIP2-GFP endocytosis is specifically sensitive to tyrphostin A23, salicylic acid and Sortin 2; furthermore, SYP51, a tSNARE with interfering effect on late steps of vacuolar traffic, affects its arrival in the central vacuole. SecGFP-CesA6, specifically sensitive to Endosidin 5, likely reaches the plasma membrane passing through the trans Golgi network (TGN), since the BFA treatment leads to the formation of BFA bodies, compatible with the aggregation of TGNs. BFA treatments determine the accumulation and tethering of the intracellular compartments labeled by both proteins, but PGIP2-GFP aggregated compartments overlap with those labeled by the endocytic dye FM4-64 while secGFP-CesA6 fills different compartments. Furthermore, secGFP-CesA6 co-localization with RFP-NIP1.1, marker of the direct ER-to-Vacuole traffic, in small compartments separated from ER suggests that secGFP-CesA6 is sorted through TGNs in which the direct contribution from the ER plays an important role. All together the data indicate the existence of a heterogeneous population of Golgi-independent TGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisa Manno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Carla Perrotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano,
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Yang K, Wang L, Le J, Dong J. Cell polarity: Regulators and mechanisms in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:132-147. [PMID: 31889400 PMCID: PMC7196246 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes in plant growth and development. Cell polarity is manifested as the asymmetric distribution of molecules, for example, proteins and lipids, at the plasma membrane and/or inside of a cell. Here, we summarize a few polarized proteins that have been characterized in plants and we review recent advances towards understanding the molecular mechanism for them to polarize at the plasma membrane. Multiple mechanisms, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal activities, and protein phosphorylation, and so forth define the polarized plasma membrane domains. Recent discoveries suggest that the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain may instruct the formation of polarity complexes in plants. In this review, we highlight the factors and regulators for their functions in establishing the membrane asymmetries in plant development. Furthermore, we discuss a few outstanding questions to be addressed to better understand the mechanisms by which cell polarity is regulated in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondences: Kezhen Yang (); Juan Dong (, Dr. Dong is fully responsible for the distributions of all materials associated with this article)
| | - Lu Wang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondences: Kezhen Yang (); Juan Dong (, Dr. Dong is fully responsible for the distributions of all materials associated with this article)
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Retzer K, Akhmanova M, Konstantinova N, Malínská K, Leitner J, Petrášek J, Luschnig C. Brassinosteroid signaling delimits root gravitropism via sorting of the Arabidopsis PIN2 auxin transporter. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5516. [PMID: 31797871 PMCID: PMC6892858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis PIN2 protein directs transport of the phytohormone auxin from the root tip into the root elongation zone. Variation in hormone transport, which depends on a delicate interplay between PIN2 sorting to and from polar plasma membrane domains, determines root growth. By employing a constitutively degraded version of PIN2, we identify brassinolides as antagonists of PIN2 endocytosis. This response does not require de novo protein synthesis, but involves early events in canonical brassinolide signaling. Brassinolide-controlled adjustments in PIN2 sorting and intracellular distribution governs formation of a lateral PIN2 gradient in gravistimulated roots, coinciding with adjustments in auxin signaling and directional root growth. Strikingly, simulations indicate that PIN2 gradient formation is no prerequisite for root bending but rather dampens asymmetric auxin flow and signaling. Crosstalk between brassinolide signaling and endocytic PIN2 sorting, thus, appears essential for determining the rate of gravity-induced root curvature via attenuation of differential cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Akhmanova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nataliia Konstantinova
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120, Wien, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263 Praha 6, 165 02, Praha, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44, Prague 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.
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CRK5 Protein Kinase Contributes to the Progression of Embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246120. [PMID: 31817249 PMCID: PMC6941128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine tuning of hormone (e.g., auxin and gibberellin) levels and hormone signaling is required for maintaining normal embryogenesis. Embryo polarity, for example, is ensured by the directional movement of auxin that is controlled by various types of auxin transporters. Here, we present pieces of evidence for the auxin-gibberellic acid (GA) hormonal crosstalk during embryo development and the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase-Related Kinase 5 (AtCRK5) in this regard. It is pointed out that the embryogenesis of the Atcrk5-1 mutant is delayed in comparison to the wild type. This delay is accompanied with a decrease in the levels of GA and auxin, as well as the abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN1, PIN4, and PIN7 in the mutant embryos. We have previously showed that AtCRK5 can regulate the PIN2 and PIN3 proteins either directly by phosphorylation or indirectly affecting the GA level during the root gravitropic and hypocotyl hook bending responses. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that the AtCRK5 protein kinase can in vitro phosphorylate the hydrophilic loops of additional PIN proteins that are important for embryogenesis. We propose that AtCRK5 can govern embryo development in Arabidopsis through the fine tuning of auxin-GA level and the accumulation of certain polar auxin transport proteins.
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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