1
|
Rusnak B, Clark FK, Vadde BVL, Roeder AHK. What Is a Plant Cell Type in the Age of Single-Cell Biology? It's Complicated. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2024; 40:301-328. [PMID: 38724025 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111323-102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in developmental biology is how a cell is specified to differentiate as a specialized cell type. Traditionally, plant cell types were defined based on their function, location, morphology, and lineage. Currently, in the age of single-cell biology, researchers typically attempt to assign plant cells to cell types by clustering them based on their transcriptomes. However, because cells are dynamic entities that progress through the cell cycle and respond to signals, the transcriptome also reflects the state of the cell at a particular moment in time, raising questions about how to define a cell type. We suggest that these complexities and dynamics of cell states are of interest and further consider the roles signaling, stochasticity, cell cycle, and mechanical forces play in plant cell fate specification. Once established, cell identity must also be maintained. With the wealth of single-cell data coming out, the field is poised to elucidate both the complexity and dynamics of cell states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron Rusnak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; , ,
| | - Frances K Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; , ,
| | - Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA;
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; , ,
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tourdot E, Martin PGP, Maza E, Mauxion JP, Djari A, Gévaudant F, Chevalier C, Pirrello J, Gonzalez N. Ploidy-specific transcriptomes shed light on the heterogeneous identity and metabolism of developing tomato pericarp cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:997-1015. [PMID: 38281284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, during which cells increase their DNA content through successive rounds of full genome replication without cell division, is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication plays pivotal roles in plant growth and development and is associated with the activation of specific transcriptional programmes that are characteristic of each cell type, thereby defining their identity. In plants, endoreduplication is found in numerous organs and cell types, especially in agronomically valuable ones, such as the fleshy fruit (pericarp) of tomato presenting high ploidy levels. We used the tomato pericarp tissue as a model system to explore the transcriptomes associated with endoreduplication progression during fruit growth. We confirmed that expression globally scales with ploidy level and identified sets of differentially expressed genes presenting only developmental-specific, only ploidy-specific expression patterns or profiles resulting from an additive effect of ploidy and development. When comparing ploidy levels at a specific developmental stage, we found that non-endoreduplicated cells are defined by cell division state and cuticle synthesis while endoreduplicated cells are mainly defined by their metabolic activity changing rapidly over time. By combining this dataset with publicly available spatiotemporal pericarp expression data, we proposed a map describing the distribution of ploidy levels within the pericarp. These transcriptome-based predictions were validated by quantifying ploidy levels within the pericarp tissue. This in situ ploidy quantification revealed the dynamic progression of endoreduplication and its cell layer specificity during early fruit development. In summary, the study sheds light on the complex relationship between endoreduplication, cell differentiation and gene expression patterns in the tomato pericarp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal G P Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vandionant S, Hendrix S, Alfano R, Plusquin M, Cuypers A. Comparing cadmium-induced effects on the regulation of the DNA damage response and cell cycle progression between entire rosettes and individual leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108105. [PMID: 37883918 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) activates the DNA damage response (DDR) and inhibits the cell cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana through the transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1. The aim of this study was to investigate which individual leaf best reflects the Cd-induced effects on the regulation of the DDR and cell cycle progression in rosettes, enabling a more profound interpretation of the rosette data since detailed information, provided by the individual leaf responses, is lost when studying the whole rosette. Wild-type A. thaliana plants were cultivated in hydroponics and exposed to different Cd concentrations. Studied individual leaves were leaf 1 and 2, which emerged before Cd exposure, and leaf 3, which emerged upon Cd exposure. The DDR and cell cycle regulation were studied in rosettes as well as individual leaves after several days of Cd exposure. Varying concentration-dependent response patterns were observed between the entire rosette and individual leaves. Gene expression of selected DDR and cell cycle regulators showed higher similarity in their response between the rosette and the individual leaf emerged during Cd exposure than between both individual leaves. The same pattern was observed for plant growth and cell cycle-related parameters. We conclude that Cd-induced effects on the regulation of the DDR and cell cycle progression in the leaf that emerged during Cd exposure, resemble those observed in the rosette the most, which contributes to the interpretation of the rosette data in the framework of plant development and after exposure to Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Vandionant
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rossella Alfano
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tourdot E, Mauxion JP, Gonzalez N, Chevalier C. Endoreduplication in plant organogenesis: a means to boost fruit growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6269-6284. [PMID: 37343125 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication is the major source of somatic endopolyploidy in higher plants, and leads to variation in cell ploidy levels due to iterative rounds of DNA synthesis in the absence of mitosis. Despite its ubiquitous occurrence in many plant organs, tissues, and cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication is not fully understood, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell growth, differentiation, and specialization via transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review recent advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and cellular characteristics of endoreduplicated cells, and provide an overview of the multi-scale effects of endoreduplication on supporting growth in plant development. In addition, the effects of endoreduplication in fruit development are discussed, since it is highly prominent during fruit organogenesis where it acts as a morphogenetic factor supporting rapid fruit growth, as illustrated by case of the model fleshy fruit, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schrick K, Ahmad B, Nguyen HV. HD-Zip IV transcription factors: Drivers of epidermal cell fate integrate metabolic signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102417. [PMID: 37441837 PMCID: PMC10527651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis comprises the outermost layer of cells that protect plants against environmental stresses such as drought, ultraviolet radiation, and pathogen attack. Research over the past decades highlights the role of class IV homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-Zip IV) transcription factors (TFs) in driving differentiation of various epidermal cell types, such as trichomes, guard cells, and pavement cells. Evolutionary origins of this family in the charophycean green algae and HD-Zip-specific gene expression in the maternal genome provide clues to unlocking their secrets which include ties to cell cycle regulation. A distinguishing feature of these TFs is the presence of a lipid binding pocket that integrates metabolic information with gene expression. Identities of metabolic partners are beginning to emerge, uncovering feedback loops to maintain epidermal cell specification. Discoveries of associated molecular mechanisms are revealing fascinating links to phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism and mechanical signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schrick
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hieu V Nguyen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dubois M, Achon I, Brench RA, Polyn S, Tenorio Berrío R, Vercauteren I, Gray JE, Inzé D, De Veylder L. SIAMESE-RELATED1 imposes differentiation of stomatal lineage ground cells into pavement cells. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7. [PMID: 37386150 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis represents a multifunctional tissue consisting of trichomes, pavement cells and stomata, the specialized cellular pores of the leaf. Pavement cells and stomata both originate from regulated divisions of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs), but whereas the ontogeny of the stomata is well characterized, the genetic pathways activating pavement cell differentiation remain relatively unexplored. Here, we reveal that the cell cycle inhibitor SIAMESE-RELATED1 (SMR1) is essential for timely differentiation of SLGCs into pavement cells by terminating SLGC self-renewal potency, which depends on CYCLIN A proteins and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1. By controlling SLGC-to-pavement cell differentiation, SMR1 determines the ratio of pavement cells to stomata and adjusts epidermal development to suit environmental conditions. We therefore propose SMR1 as an attractive target for engineering climate-resilient plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Achon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robert A Brench
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rubén Tenorio Berrío
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vercauteren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Julie E Gray
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hong L, Rusnak B, Ko CS, Xu S, He X, Qiu D, Kang SE, Pruneda-Paz JL, Roeder AHK. Enhancer activation via TCP and HD-ZIP and repression by Dof transcription factors mediate giant cell-specific expression. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2349-2368. [PMID: 36814410 PMCID: PMC10226562 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proper cell-type identity relies on highly coordinated regulation of gene expression. Regulatory elements such as enhancers can produce cell type-specific expression patterns, but the mechanisms underlying specificity are not well understood. We previously identified an enhancer region capable of driving specific expression in giant cells, which are large, highly endoreduplicated cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis. In this study, we use the giant cell enhancer as a model to understand the regulatory logic that promotes cell type-specific expression. Our dissection of the enhancer revealed that giant cell specificity is mediated primarily through the combination of two activators and one repressor. HD-ZIP and TCP transcription factors are involved in the activation of expression throughout the epidermis. High expression of HD-ZIP transcription factor genes in giant cells promoted higher expression driven by the enhancer in giant cells. Dof transcription factors repressed the activity of the enhancer such that only giant cells maintained enhancer activity. Thus, our data are consistent with a conceptual model whereby cell type-specific expression emerges from the combined activities of three transcription factor families activating and repressing expression in epidermal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Byron Rusnak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Clint S Ko
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shouling Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi He
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dengying Qiu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - S Earl Kang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose L Pruneda-Paz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuan C, Yang SL, Ho CMK. Using quantitative methods to understand leaf epidermal development. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e28. [PMID: 37077990 PMCID: PMC10097589 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between plants and the environment, the leaf epidermis provides the first layer of protection against drought, ultraviolet light, and pathogen attack. This cell layer comprises highly coordinated and specialised cells such as stomata, pavement cells and trichomes. While much has been learned from the genetic dissection of stomatal, trichome and pavement cell formation, emerging methods in quantitative measurements that monitor cellular or tissue dynamics will allow us to further investigate cell state transitions and fate determination in leaf epidermal development. In this review, we introduce the formation of epidermal cell types in Arabidopsis and provide examples of quantitative tools to describe phenotypes in leaf research. We further focus on cellular factors involved in triggering cell fates and their quantitative measurements in mechanistic studies and biological patterning. A comprehensive understanding of how a functional leaf epidermis develops will advance the breeding of crops with improved stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kuan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Min Kimmy Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fan W, Xia C, Wang S, Liu J, Deng L, Sun S, Wang X. Rhizobial infection of 4C cells triggers their endoreduplication during symbiotic nodule development in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1018-1030. [PMID: 35175637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Endoreduplication is essential for nodule development and efficient nitrogen fixation; however, the cellular mechanism by which rhizobial infection causes endoreduplication in symbiotic nodules and the roles of the resulting polyploid cells in nitrogen fixation remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a series of different approaches to separate infected cells (ICs) and uninfected cells (UCs) and determined their ploidy levels in soybean (Glycine max) developing nodules. We demonstrated that 4C nuclei exist in both UCs and ICs of developing nodules and that these 4C cells are primarily invaded by rhizobia and subsequently undergo endoreduplication. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis of nuclei with different ploidy levels from soybean nodules at 12 d post-infection (dpi) and 20 dpi showed that 4C cells are predominantly ICs in 12-dpi nodules but UCs in 20-dpi nodules. We conclude that the infection of 4C cells by rhizobia is critical for initiating endoreduplication. These findings provide significant insight into rhizobial infection, nodule endoreduplication and nitrogen fixation in symbiotic nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wos G, Macková L, Kubíková K, Kolář F. Ploidy and local environment drive intraspecific variation in endoreduplication in Arabidopsis arenosa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:259-271. [PMID: 35137947 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Endoreduplication, nonheritable duplication of a nuclear genome, is widespread in plants and plays a role in developmental processes related to cell differentiation. However, neither ecological nor cytological factors influencing intraspecific variation in endoreduplication are fully understood. METHODS We cultivated plants covering the range-wide natural diversity of diploid and tetraploid populations of Arabidopsis arenosa in common conditions to investigate the effect of original ploidy level on endoreduplication. We also raised plants from several foothill and alpine populations from different lineages and of both ploidies to test for the effect of elevation. We determined the endoreduplication level in leaves of young plants by flow cytometry. Using RNA-seq data available for our populations, we analyzed gene expression analysis in individuals that differed in endoreduplication level. RESULTS We found intraspecific variation in endoreduplication that was mainly driven by the original ploidy level of populations, with significantly higher endoreduplication in diploids. An effect of elevation was also found within each ploidy, yet its direction exhibited rather regional-specific patterns. Transcriptomic analysis comparing individuals with high vs. low endopolyploidy revealed a majority of differentially expressed genes related to the stress and hormone response and to modifications especially in the cell wall and in chloroplasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the general assumption of higher potential of low-ploidy organisms to undergo endoreduplication and suggest that endoreduplication is further integrated within the stress response pathways for a fine-tune adjustment of the endoreduplication process to their local environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Macková
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kubíková
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12845 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Zuch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nowicka A, Kovacik M, Tokarz B, Vrána J, Zhang Y, Weigt D, Doležel J, Pecinka A. Dynamics of endoreduplication in developing barley seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:268-282. [PMID: 33005935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds, with the largest part formed by the endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated dynamic changes in DNA content in three of the major seed tissues from the time of pollination up to the dry seed. We show that the cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments. After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in the endosperm and seed maternal tissues. Using different barley cultivars, we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process. During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm. This is accompanied by reduced stability of the nuclear genome, progressive loss of cell viability, and finally programmed cell death. In summary, our study shows that endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame barley grain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowicka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- The Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Kovacik
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Research School Biology (RSB), University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorota Weigt
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Westermann J, Koebke E, Lentz R, Hülskamp M, Boisson-Dernier A. A Comprehensive Toolkit for Quick and Easy Visualization of Marker Proteins, Protein-Protein Interactions and Cell Morphology in Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569194. [PMID: 33178238 PMCID: PMC7593560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though stable genomic transformation of sporelings and thalli of Marchantia polymorpha is straightforward and efficient, numerous problems can arise during critical phases of the process such as efficient spore production, poor selection capacity of antibiotics or low transformation efficiency. It is therefore also desirable to establish quick methods not relying on stable transgenics to analyze the localization, interactions and functions of proteins of interest. The introduction of foreign DNA into living cells via biolistic mechanisms has been first reported roughly 30 years ago and has been commonly exploited in established plant model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we report the fast and reliable transient biolistic transformation of Marchantia thallus epidermal cells using fluorescent protein fusions. We present a catalog of fluorescent markers which can be readily used for tagging of a variety of subcellular compartments. Moreover, we report the functionality of the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in M. polymorpha with the example of the p-body markers MpDCP1/2. Finally, we provide standard staining procedures for live cell imaging in M. polymorpha, applicable to visualize cell boundaries or cellular structures, to complement or support protein localizations and to understand how results gained by transient transformations can be embedded in cell architecture and dynamics. Taken together, we offer a set of easy and quick tools for experiments that aim at understanding subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and thus functions of proteins of interest in the emerging early diverging land plant model M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Z, Qu J, Li F, Li S, Xu S, Zhang R, Xue J, Guo D. Genome-wide evolutionary characterization and expression analysis of SIAMESE-RELATED family genes in maize. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:91. [PMID: 32727363 PMCID: PMC7389639 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SIAMESE (SIM) locus is a cell-cycle kinase inhibitor (CKI) gene that has to date been identified only in plants; it encodes a protein that promotes transformation from mitosis to endoreplication. Members of the SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) family have similar functions, and some are related to cell-cycle responses and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of SMRs are poorly understood in maize (Zea mays L.). Results In the present study, 12 putative SMRs were identified throughout the entire genome of maize, and these were clustered into six groups together with the SMRs from seven other plant species. Members of the ZmSMR family were divided into four groups according to their protein sequences. Various cis-acting elements in the upstream sequences of ZmSMRs responded to abiotic stresses. Expression analyses revealed that all ZmSMRs were upregulated at 5, 20, 25, and 35 days after pollination. In addition, we found that ZmSMR9/11/12 may have regulated the initiation of endoreplication in endosperm central cells. Additionally, ZmSMR2/10 may have been primarily responsible for the endoreplication regulation of outer endosperm or aleurone cells. The relatively high expression levels of almost all ZmSMRs in the ears and tassels also implied that these genes may function in seed development. The effects of treatments with ABA, heat, cold, salt, and drought on maize seedlings and expression of ZmSMR genes suggested that ZmSMRs were strongly associated with response to abiotic stresses. Conclusion The present study is the first to conduct a genome-wide analysis of members of the ZmSMR family by investigating their locations in chromosomes, identifying regulatory elements in their promoter regions, and examining motifs in their protein sequences. Expression analysis of different endosperm developmental periods, tissues, abiotic stresses, and hormonal treatments suggests that ZmSMR genes may function in endoreplication and regulate the development of reproductive organs. These results may provide valuable information for future studies of the functions of the SMR family in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Silu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moreno S, Canales J, Hong L, Robinson D, Roeder AH, Gutiérrez RA. Nitrate Defines Shoot Size through Compensatory Roles for Endoreplication and Cell Division in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1988-2000.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The genetic control of the characteristic cell sizes of different species and tissues is a long-standing enigma. Plants are convenient for studying this question in a multicellular context, as their cells do not move and are easily tracked and measured from organ initiation in the meristems to subsequent morphogenesis and differentiation. In this article, we discuss cell size control in plants compared with other organisms. As seen from yeast cells to mammalian cells, size homeostasis is maintained cell autonomously in the shoot meristem. In developing organs, vacuolization contributes to cell size heterogeneity and may resolve conflicts between growth control at the cellular and organ levels. Molecular mechanisms for cell size control have implications for how cell size responds to changes in ploidy, which are particularly important in plant development and evolution. We also discuss comparatively the functional consequences of cell size and their potential repercussions at higher scales, including genome evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco D'Ario
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ren D, Guo W, Yang P, Song J, He J, Zhao L, Kang L. Structural and functional differentiation of a fat body-like tissue adhering to testis follicles facilitates spermatogenesis in locusts. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 113:103207. [PMID: 31421206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fat body is distributed throughout the body of insects, playing the essential role in intermediary metabolism and nutrient storage. However, the function of differentiation of fat bodies adhering to different tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a fat body-like tissue (FLT) surrounding testis follicles and described its features at morphological, cellular and molecular levels. The FLT is morphologically distinguished with the abdominal fat body (FB) and dominated by diploid cells instead of polyploid cells. The transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the FLT and FB have dramatically different gene expression profiles. Moreover, genes in the cell cycle pathway, which include both DNA replication- and cell division-related genes, were successively active during development of the FLT, suggesting that FLT cells possibly undergo a mitotic cycle rather than an endocycle. Deprivation of the FLT resulted in distortion of the testis follicles, disappearance of sperm bundles, reduction of total sperm number and increase of dead sperm, indicating a critical role of the FLT in the spermatogenesis in testis follicles. The special functional differentiation of the two similar tissues suggested that FLT-FB cells are able to establish a promising system to study mitotic-to-endocycle transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huybrechts M, Cuypers A, Deckers J, Iven V, Vandionant S, Jozefczak M, Hendrix S. Cadmium and Plant Development: An Agony from Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163971. [PMID: 31443183 PMCID: PMC6718997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) should receive adequate attention as Cd accumulation in crops endangers human health. When Cd is present in the soil, plants are exposed to it throughout their entire life cycle. As it is a non-essential element, no specific Cd uptake mechanisms are present. Therefore, Cd enters the plant through transporters for essential elements and consequently disturbs plant growth and development. In this review, we will focus on the effects of Cd on the most important events of a plant's life cycle covering seed germination, the vegetative phase and the reproduction phase. Within the vegetative phase, the disturbance of the cell cycle by Cd is highlighted with special emphasis on endoreduplication, DNA damage and its relation to cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss the cell wall as an important structure in retaining Cd and the ability of plants to actively modify the cell wall to increase Cd tolerance. As Cd is known to affect concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytohormones, special emphasis is put on the involvement of these compounds in plant developmental processes. Lastly, possible future research areas are put forward and a general conclusion is drawn, revealing that Cd is agonizing for all stages of plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Huybrechts
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jana Deckers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Verena Iven
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Vandionant
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marijke Jozefczak
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. The Dynamic Genetic-Hormonal Regulatory Network Controlling the Trichome Development in Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E253. [PMID: 31357744 PMCID: PMC6724107 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes are outgrowths developed from an epidermal pavement cells of leaves and other organs. Trichomes (also called 'hairs') play well-recognized roles in defense against insect herbivores, forming a physical barrier that obstructs insect movement and mediating chemical defenses. In addition, trichomes can act as a mechanosensory switch, transducing mechanical stimuli (e.g., insect movement) into physiological signals, helping the plant to respond to insect attacks. Hairs can also modulate plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as water loss, an excess of light and temperature, and reflect light to protect plants against UV radiation. The structure of trichomes is species-specific and this trait is generally related to their function. These outgrowths are easily analyzed and their origin represents an outstanding subject to study epidermal cell fate and patterning in plant organs. In leaves, the developmental control of the trichomatous complement has highlighted a regulatory network based on four fundamental elements: (i) genes that activate and/or modify the normal cell cycle of epidermal pavement cells (i.e., endoreduplication cycles); (ii) transcription factors that create an activator/repressor complex with a central role in determining cell fate, initiation, and differentiation of an epidermal cell in trichomes; (iii) evidence that underlines the interplay of the aforesaid complex with different classes of phytohormones; (iv) epigenetic mechanisms involved in trichome development. Here, we reviewed the role of genes in the development of trichomes, as well as the interaction between genes and hormones. Furthermore, we reported basic studies about the regulation of the cell cycle and the complexity of trichomes. Finally, this review focused on the epigenetic factors involved in the initiation and development of hairs, mainly on leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Genetic and molecular analysis of trichome development in Arabis alpina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12078-12083. [PMID: 31123146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819440116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular analysis of trichome development in Arabidopsis thaliana has generated a detailed knowledge about the underlying regulatory genes and networks. However, how rapidly these mechanisms diverge during evolution is unknown. To address this problem, we used an unbiased forward genetic approach to identify most genes involved in trichome development in the related crucifer species Arabis alpina In general, we found most trichome mutant classes known in A. thaliana We identified orthologous genes of the relevant A. thaliana genes by sequence similarity and synteny and sequenced candidate genes in the A. alpina mutants. While in most cases we found a highly similar gene-phenotype relationship as known from Arabidopsis, there were also striking differences in the regulation of trichome patterning, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Our analysis of trichome patterning suggests that the formation of two classes of trichomes is regulated differentially by the homeodomain transcription factor AaGL2 Moreover, we show that overexpression of the GL3 basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor in A. alpina leads to the opposite phenotype as described in A. thaliana Mathematical modeling helps to explain how this nonintuitive behavior can be explained by different ratios of GL3 and GL1 in the two species.
Collapse
|
21
|
Prusicki MA, Keizer EM, van Rosmalen RP, Komaki S, Seifert F, Müller K, Wijnker E, Fleck C, Schnittger A. Live cell imaging of meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana. eLife 2019; 8:e42834. [PMID: 31107238 PMCID: PMC6559805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To follow the dynamics of meiosis in the model plant Arabidopsis, we have established a live cell imaging setup to observe male meiocytes. Our method is based on the concomitant visualization of microtubules (MTs) and a meiotic cohesin subunit that allows following five cellular parameters: cell shape, MT array, nucleus position, nucleolus position, and chromatin condensation. We find that the states of these parameters are not randomly associated and identify 11 cellular states, referred to as landmarks, which occur much more frequently than closely related ones, indicating that they are convergence points during meiotic progression. As a first application of our system, we revisited a previously identified mutant in the meiotic A-type cyclin TARDY ASYNCHRONOUS MEIOSIS (TAM). Our imaging system enabled us to reveal both qualitatively and quantitatively altered landmarks in tam, foremost the formation of previously not recognized ectopic spindle- or phragmoplast-like structures that arise without attachment to chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Prusicki
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Emma M Keizer
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rik P van Rosmalen
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shinichiro Komaki
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Felix Seifert
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Katja Müller
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian Fleck
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li S, Liu L, Li T, Lan T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liu J, Xu S, Zhang X, Zhu J, Xue J, Guo D. The distribution pattern of endopolyploidy in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:1487-1503. [PMID: 30734115 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We discovered that endopolyploidization is common in various organs and tissues of maize at different development stages. Endopolyploidy is not specific in maize germplasm populations. Endopolyploidy is caused by DNA endoreplication, a special type of mitosis with normal DNA synthesis and a lack of cell division; it is a common phenomenon and plays an important role in plant development. To systematically study the distribution pattern of endopolyploidy in maize, flow cytometry was used to determine the ploidy by measuring the cycle (C) value in various organs at different developmental stages, in embryos and endosperm during grain development, in roots under stress conditions, and in the roots of 119 inbred lines from two heterotic groups, Shaan A and Shaan B. Endopolyploidy was observed in most organs at various developmental stages except in expanded leaves and filaments. The endosperm showed the highest C value among all organs. During tissue development, the ploidy increased in all organs except the leaves. In addition, the endopolyploidization of the roots was significantly affected by drought stress. Multiple comparisons of the C values of seven subgroups revealed that the distribution of endopolyploidization was not correlated with the population structure. A correlation analysis at the seedling stage showed a positive relationship between the C value and both the length of the whole plant and the length of main root. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a total of 9 significant SNPs associated with endopolyploidy (C value) in maize, and 8 candidate genes that participate in cell cycle regulation and DNA replication were uncovered in 119 maize inbred lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linsan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianru Lan
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengquan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianchu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vuolo F, Kierzkowski D, Runions A, Hajheidari M, Mentink RA, Gupta MD, Zhang Z, Vlad D, Wang Y, Pecinka A, Gan X, Hay A, Huijser P, Tsiantis M. LMI1 homeodomain protein regulates organ proportions by spatial modulation of endoreduplication. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1361-1366. [PMID: 30366902 PMCID: PMC6217736 DOI: 10.1101/gad.318212.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, Vuolo et al. investigated the mechanisms controlling the relative size of leaves compared with their lateral appendages (stipules). Using genetics, live imaging, and modeling, they demonstrate that the LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) homeodomain protein regulates stipule proportions via an endoreduplication-dependent trade-off that limits tissue size despite increasing cell growth. How the interplay between cell- and tissue-level processes produces correctly proportioned organs is a key problem in biology. In plants, the relative size of leaves compared with their lateral appendages, called stipules, varies tremendously throughout development and evolution, yet relevant mechanisms remain unknown. Here we use genetics, live imaging, and modeling to show that in Arabidopsis leaves, the LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) homeodomain protein regulates stipule proportions via an endoreduplication-dependent trade-off that limits tissue size despite increasing cell growth. LM1 acts through directly activating the conserved mitosis blocker WEE1, which is sufficient to bypass the LMI1 requirement for leaf proportionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vuolo
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohsen Hajheidari
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Remco A Mentink
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhongjuan Zhang
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Vlad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Wang
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Department of Plant Breeding Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angela Hay
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Deparment of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Robinson DO, Coate JE, Singh A, Hong L, Bush M, Doyle JJ, Roeder AHK. Ploidy and Size at Multiple Scales in the Arabidopsis Sepal. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2308-2329. [PMID: 30143539 PMCID: PMC6241276 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ploidy and size phenomena are observed to be correlated across several biological scales, from subcellular to organismal. Two kinds of ploidy change can affect plants. Whole-genome multiplication increases ploidy in whole plants and is broadly associated with increases in cell and organism size. Endoreduplication increases ploidy in individual cells. Ploidy increase is strongly correlated with increased cell size and nuclear volume. Here, we investigate scaling relationships between ploidy and size by simultaneously quantifying nuclear size, cell size, and organ size in sepals from an isogenic series of diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid Arabidopsis thaliana plants, each of which contains an internal endopolyploidy series. We find that pavement cell size and transcriptome size increase linearly with whole-organism ploidy, but organ area increases more modestly due to a compensatory decrease in cell number. We observe that cell size and nuclear size are maintained at a constant ratio; the value of this constant is similar in diploid and tetraploid plants and slightly lower in octoploid plants. However, cell size is maintained in a mutant with reduced nuclear size, indicating that cell size is scaled to cell ploidy rather than to nuclear size. These results shed light on how size is regulated in plants and how cells and organisms of differing sizes are generated by ploidy change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana O Robinson
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Max Bush
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhosale R, Boudolf V, Cuevas F, Lu R, Eekhout T, Hu Z, Van Isterdael G, Lambert GM, Xu F, Nowack MK, Smith RS, Vercauteren I, De Rycke R, Storme V, Beeckman T, Larkin JC, Kremer A, Höfte H, Galbraith DW, Kumpf RP, Maere S, De Veylder L. A Spatiotemporal DNA Endoploidy Map of the Arabidopsis Root Reveals Roles for the Endocycle in Root Development and Stress Adaptation. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2330-2351. [PMID: 30115738 PMCID: PMC6241279 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Somatic polyploidy caused by endoreplication is observed in arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates but is especially prominent in higher plants, where it has been postulated to be essential for cell growth and fate maintenance. However, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological significance of plant endopolyploidy has remained elusive. Here, we modeled and experimentally verified a high-resolution DNA endoploidy map of the developing Arabidopsis thaliana root, revealing a remarkable spatiotemporal control of DNA endoploidy levels across tissues. Fitting of a simplified model to publicly available data sets profiling root gene expression under various environmental stress conditions suggested that this root endoploidy patterning may be stress-responsive. Furthermore, cellular and transcriptomic analyses revealed that inhibition of endoreplication onset alters the nuclear-to-cellular volume ratio and the expression of cell wall-modifying genes, in correlation with the appearance of cell structural changes. Our data indicate that endopolyploidy might serve to coordinate cell expansion with structural stability and that spatiotemporal endoreplication pattern changes may buffer for stress conditions, which may explain the widespread occurrence of the endocycle in plant species growing in extreme or variable environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhosale
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Boudolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabiola Cuevas
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Eekhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, 475004 Kaifeng, China
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Flow Core, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Fan Xu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilse Vercauteren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Anna Kremer
- Center for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - David W Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Robert P Kumpf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Maere
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kotak J, Saisana M, Gegas V, Pechlivani N, Kaldis A, Papoutsoglou P, Makris A, Burns J, Kendig AL, Sheikh M, Kuschner CE, Whitney G, Caiola H, Doonan JH, Vlachonasios KE, McCain ER, Hark AT. The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the transcriptional coactivator ADA2b affect leaf development and trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2018; 248:613-628. [PMID: 29846775 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and associated transcriptional coactivator ADA2b are required to couple endoreduplication and trichome branching. Mutation of ADA2b also disrupts the relationship between ploidy and leaf cell size. Dynamic chromatin structure has been established as a general mechanism by which gene function is temporally and spatially regulated, but specific chromatin modifier function is less well understood. To address this question, we have investigated the role of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the associated coactivator ADA2b in developmental events in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis plants with T-DNA insertions in GCN5 (also known as HAG1) or ADA2b (also known as PROPORZ1) display pleiotropic phenotypes including dwarfism and floral defects affecting fertility. We undertook a detailed characterization of gcn5 and ada2b phenotypic effects in rosette leaves and trichomes to establish a role for epigenetic control in these developmental processes. ADA2b and GCN5 play specific roles in leaf tissue, affecting cell growth and division in rosette leaves often in complex and even opposite directions. Leaves of gcn5 plants display overall reduced ploidy levels, while ada2b-1 leaves show increased ploidy. Endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy is also known to contribute to normal trichome morphogenesis. We demonstrate that gcn5 and ada2b mutants display alterations in the number and patterning of trichome branches, with ada2b-1 and gcn5-1 trichomes being significantly less branched, while gcn5-6 trichomes show increased branching. Elongation of the trichome stalk and branches also vary in different mutant backgrounds, with stalk length having an inverse relationship with branch number. Taken together, our data indicate that, in Arabidopsis, leaves and trichomes ADA2b and GCN5 are required to couple nuclear content with cell growth and morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kotak
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marina Saisana
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilis Gegas
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Limagrain UK Ltd, Joseph Nickerson Research Centre, Rothwell, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Nikoletta Pechlivani
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Papoutsoglou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Makris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Julia Burns
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | | | - Minnah Sheikh
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hanna Caiola
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - John H Doonan
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | | | - Amy T Hark
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barkla BJ, Rhodes T, Tran KNT, Wijesinghege C, Larkin JC, Dassanayake M. Making Epidermal Bladder Cells Bigger: Developmental- and Salinity-Induced Endopolyploidy in a Model Halophyte. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:615-632. [PMID: 29724770 PMCID: PMC6001328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy occurs when DNA replication takes place without subsequent mitotic nuclear division, resulting in cell-specific ploidy levels within tissues. In plants, endopolyploidy plays an important role in sustaining growth and development, but only a few studies have demonstrated a role in abiotic stress response. In this study, we investigated the function of ploidy level and nuclear and cell size in leaf expansion throughout development and tracked cell type-specific ploidy in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum In addition to developmental endopolyploidy, we examined the effects of salinity stress on ploidy level. We focused specifically on epidermal bladder cells (EBC), which are modified balloon-like trichomes, due to their large size and role in salt accumulation. Our results demonstrate that ploidy increases as the leaves expand in a similar manner for each leaf type, and ploidy levels up to 512C were recorded for nuclei in EBC of leaves of adult plants. Salt treatment led to a significant increase in ploidy levels in the EBC, and these cells showed spatially related differences in their ploidy and nuclear and cell size depending on the positions on the leaf and stem surface. Transcriptome analysis highlighted salinity-induced changes in genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, endoreduplication, and trichome development in EBC. The increase in cell size and ploidy observed in M. crystallinum under salinity stress may contribute to salt tolerance by increasing the storage capacity for sodium sequestration brought about by higher metabolic activity driving rapid cell enlargement in the leaf tissue and EBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn J Barkla
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Kieu-Nga T Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Chathura Wijesinghege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hamdoun S, Gao M, Gill M, Kwon A, Norelli JL, Lu H. Signalling requirements for Erwinia amylovora-induced disease resistance, callose deposition and cell growth in the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1090-1103. [PMID: 28756640 PMCID: PMC6638093 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of the fire blight disease in some plants of the Rosaceae family. The non-host plant Arabidopsis serves as a powerful system for the dissection of mechanisms of resistance to E. amylovora. Although not yet known to mount gene-for-gene resistance to E. amylovora, we found that Arabidopsis activated strong defence signalling mediated by salicylic acid (SA), with kinetics and amplitude similar to that induced by the recognition of the bacterial effector avrRpm1 by the resistance protein RPM1. Genetic analysis further revealed that SA signalling, but not signalling mediated by ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA), is required for E. amylovora resistance. Erwinia amylovora induces massive callose deposition on infected leaves, which is independent of SA, ET and JA signalling and is necessary for E. amylovora resistance in Arabidopsis. We also observed tumour-like growths on E. amylovora-infected Arabidopsis leaves, which contain enlarged mesophyll cells with increased DNA content and are probably a result of endoreplication. The formation of such growths is largely independent of SA signalling and some E. amylovora effectors. Together, our data reveal signalling requirements for E. amylovora-induced disease resistance, callose deposition and cell fate change in the non-host plant Arabidopsis. Knowledge from this study could facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of host defence against E. amylovora and eventually improve host resistance to the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safae Hamdoun
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Manroop Gill
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - Ashley Kwon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - John L. Norelli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station2217 Wiltshire RoadKearneysville, WV 25430USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weimer AK, Matos JL, Sharma N, Patell F, Murray JAH, Dewitte W, Bergmann DC. Lineage- and stage-specific expressed CYCD7;1 coordinates the single symmetric division that creates stomatal guard cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.160671. [PMID: 29467245 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants, with cells fixed in place by rigid walls, often utilize spatial and temporally distinct cell division programs to organize and maintain organs. This leads to the question of how developmental regulators interact with the cell cycle machinery to link cell division events with particular developmental trajectories. In Arabidopsis leaves, the development of stomata, two-celled epidermal valves that mediate plant-atmosphere gas exchange, relies on a series of oriented stem cell-like asymmetric divisions followed by a single symmetric division. The stomatal lineage is embedded in a tissue in which other cells transition from proliferation to postmitotic differentiation earlier, necessitating stomatal lineage-specific factors to prolong competence to divide. We show that the D-type cyclin, CYCD7;1, is specifically expressed just prior to the symmetric guard cell-forming division, and that it is limiting for this division. Further, we find that CYCD7;1 is capable of promoting divisions in multiple contexts, likely through RBR1-dependent promotion of the G1/S transition, but that CYCD7;1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by cell type-specific transcription factors that confine its expression to the appropriate developmental window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Weimer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Juliana L Matos
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Farah Patell
- Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mammalian endoreplication emerges to reveal a potential developmental timer. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:471-476. [PMID: 29352263 PMCID: PMC5864232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most intriguing and relevant questions in physiology is how developing tissues correctly coordinate proliferation with differentiation. Endoreplication, in a broad sense, is a consequence of a cell division block in the presence of an active cell cycle, and it typically occurs as cells differentiate terminally to fulfill a specialised function. Until recently, endoreplication was thought to be a rare variation of the cell cycle in mammals, more common in invertebrates and plants. However, in the last years, endoreplication has been uncovered in various tissues in mammalian organisms, including human. A recent report showing that cells in the mammary gland become binucleate at lactation sheds new insight into the importance of mammalian polyploidisation. We here propose that endoreplication is a widespread phenomenon in mammalian developing tissues that results from an automatic, robust and simple self-limiting mechanism coordinating cell multiplication with differentiation. This mechanism might act as a developmental timer. The model has implications for homeostasis control and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Pirrello J, Deluche C, Frangne N, Gévaudant F, Maza E, Djari A, Bourge M, Renaudin JP, Brown S, Bowler C, Zouine M, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Transcriptome profiling of sorted endoreduplicated nuclei from tomato fruits: how the global shift in expression ascribed to DNA ploidy influences RNA-Seq data normalization and interpretation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:387-398. [PMID: 29172253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of normal development most eukaryotic organisms, ranging from insects and mammals to plants, display variations in nuclear ploidy levels resulting from somatic endopolyploidy. Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication is a remarkable characteristic of the fleshy pericarp tissue of developing tomato fruits, where it establishes a highly integrated cellular system that acts as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth. However, the functional significance of endoreduplication is not fully understood. Although endoreduplication is thought to increase metabolic activity due to a global increase in transcription, the issue of gene-specific ploidy-regulated transcription remains open. To investigate the influence of endoreduplication on transcription in tomato fruit, we tested the feasibility of a RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach using total nuclear RNA extracted from purified populations of flow cytometry-sorted nuclei based on their DNA content. Here we show that cell-based approaches to the study of RNA-Seq profiles need to take into account the putative global shift in expression between samples for correct analysis and interpretation of the data. From ploidy-specific expression profiles we found that the activity of cells inside the pericarp is related both to the ploidy level and their tissue location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pirrello
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Cynthia Deluche
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Elie Maza
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Anis Djari
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Spencer Brown
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Département de Biologie, IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao S, Gao Y, Xiong C, Yu G, Chang J, Yang Q, Yang C, Ye Z. The tomato B-type cyclin gene, SlCycB2, plays key roles in reproductive organ development, trichome initiation, terpenoids biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:103-114. [PMID: 28716406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclins exist extensively in various plant species. Among them, B-type cyclins play important roles in the transition of G2-to-M. However, few B-type cyclins have been reported to participate in reproductive organ development and trichome formation. In this study, transgene analysis showed that SlCycB2 overexpression caused abnormal flower with the unclosed stamen, shortened style and aberrant pollen. In addition, nearly all non-glandular trichomes, as well as the glandular ones were disappeared. On the contrary, suppression of SlCycB2 could promote type III and type V trichomes formation. Detection of secondary metabolites indicated that the production of monoterpene and sesquiterpene were significantly decreased in SlCycB2-OE plants, which thus resulted in the reduction of the defense against Prodenia litura. Transcriptome profile demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes mainly participate in the biosynthesis of terpenes, cutin, suberine and wax. Furthermore, we identified several homologs of SlCycB2, SlCycB3, NtCycB2, AtCycB2, which have similar regulatory functions in trichome formation. These results indicate that SlCycB2 plays a critical role in reproductive organ development, multicellular trichome initiation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense in tomato. The similar roles of its homologs in multicellular trichome formation suggest that Solanaceous species may share common regulatory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heyman J, Polyn S, Eekhout T, De Veylder L. Tissue-Specific Control of the Endocycle by the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Inhibitors UVI4 and DEL1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:303-313. [PMID: 28698355 PMCID: PMC5580769 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocycle represents a modified mitotic cell cycle that in plants is often coupled to cell enlargement and differentiation. Endocycle onset is controlled by activity of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting cell-cycle factors for destruction. CELL CYCLE SWITCH52 (CCS52) proteins represent rate-limiting activator subunits of the APC/C. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), mutations in either CCS52A1 or CCS52A2 activators result in a delayed endocycle onset, whereas their overexpression triggers increased DNA ploidy levels. Here, the relative contribution of the APC/CCCS52A1 and APC/CCCS52A2 complexes to different developmental processes was studied through analysis of their negative regulators, being the ULTRAVIOLET-B-INSENSITIVE4 protein and the DP-E2F-Like1 transcriptional repressor, respectively. Our data illustrate cooperative activity of the APC/CCCS52A1 and APC/CCCS52A2 complexes during root and trichome development, but functional interdependency during leaf development. Furthermore, we found APC/CCCS52A1 activity to control CCS52A2 expression. We conclude that interdependency of CCS52A-controlled APC/C activity is controlled in a tissue-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Eekhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang Q, An B, Shi H, Luo H, He C. High Concentration of Melatonin Regulates Leaf Development by Suppressing Cell Proliferation and Endoreduplication in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050991. [PMID: 28475148 PMCID: PMC5454904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin), as a crucial messenger in plants, functions in adjusting biological rhythms, stress tolerance, plant growth and development. Several studies have shown the retardation effect of exogenous melatonin treatment on plant growth and development. However, the in vivo role of melatonin in regulating plant leaf growth and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. In this study, we found that high concentration of melatonin suppressed leaf growth in Arabidopsis by reducing both cell size and cell number. Further kinetic analysis of the fifth leaves showed that melatonin remarkably inhibited cell division rate. Additionally, flow cytometic analysis indicated that melatonin negatively regulated endoreduplication during leaf development. Consistently, the expression analysis revealed that melatonin regulated the transcriptional levels of key genes of cell cycle and ribosome. Taken together, this study suggests that high concentration of melatonin negatively regulated the leaf growth and development in Arabidopsis, through modulation of endoreduplication and the transcripts of cell cycle and ribosomal key genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ploidy-dependent changes in the epigenome of symbiotic cells correlate with specific patterns of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4543-4548. [PMID: 28404731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704211114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of symbiotic nodule cells in Medicago truncatula is driven by successive endoreduplication cycles and transcriptional reprogramming in different temporal waves including the activation of more than 600 cysteine-rich NCR genes expressed only in nodules. We show here that the transcriptional waves correlate with growing ploidy levels and have investigated how the epigenome changes during endoreduplication cycles. Differential DNA methylation was found in only a small subset of symbiotic nodule-specific genes, including more than half of the NCR genes, whereas in most genes DNA methylation was unaffected by the ploidy levels and was independent of the genes' active or repressed state. On the other hand, expression of nodule-specific genes correlated with ploidy-dependent opening of the chromatin as well as, in a subset of tested genes, with reduced H3K27me3 levels combined with enhanced H3K9ac levels. Our results suggest that endoreduplication-dependent epigenetic changes contribute to transcriptional reprogramming in the differentiation of symbiotic cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao H, Lü S, Xiong L. AtLSG1-2 Regulates Leaf Growth by Affecting Cell Proliferation and the Onset of Endoreduplication and Synergistically Interacts with AtNMD3 during Cell Proliferation Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28344588 PMCID: PMC5344897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AtLSG1-2 is a circularly permuted GTPase required for ribosome biogenesis and recently shown to be involved in early leaf development, although it was unclear how AtLSG1-2 affects leaf growth. Here, we found that atlsg1-2 mutants had reduced leaf size as a result of decreased cell size and cell number. Leaf kinematic analysis and CYCB1;1::GUS expression pattern in atlsg1-2 mutant indicated that loss of function of AtLSG1-2 delays the transition from cell division to cell expansion. Decreases in ploidy levels and trichome branch number suggest that AtLSG1-2 deficiency suppresses endoreduplication. Real-time PCR analysis showed that genes specifically expressed in the proliferation stage were highly expressed and those involved in endoreduplication were differentially regulated. LSG1 is known to mediate the recruitment of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein NMD3 back to the nucleus in yeast, yet their relationship was unclear in plants. Our genetic analysis revealed that the atlsg1 atnmd3 double mutant displayed enhanced phenotypes as compared with the respective single mutant and that AtLSG1-2 and AtNMD3 synergistically affect the cell proliferation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Zhao
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhan, China
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiyou Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, USA
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research Center, DallasTX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Y, Liu D, Hu R, Hua C, Ali I, Zhang A, Liu B, Wu M, Huang L, Gan Y. AtGIS, a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor from Arabidopsis regulates glandular trichome development through GA signaling in tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:209-215. [PMID: 28034756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichome is specialized multicellular structures that have capability to synthesize and secrete secondary metabolites and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous results revealed that the C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors (GIS) acts upstream of GL3/EGL3-GL1-TTG1transcriptional activator complex to regulate trichome initiation through GA signal in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we are reporting that ectopic expression of AtGIS could regulate glandular trichome development through GA signaling in tobacco. X-gluc staining of various organs from transgenic plants showed that AtGIS expressed mainly in the glandular trichomes. Statistical analysis demonstrated that over expression of GIS increased significantly glandular trichome production on the leaf, stem, branch, and sepal in tobacco. After PAC treatment, reduction of glandular trichome production in transgenic plants was more severe with compared to wild type plants. Furthermore, GA treatment could induce expression of AtGIS. More importantly, our results also demonstrated that overexpressed AtGIS significantly affect the main components of trichome exudates, such as significantly increase the content of nicotine, Cembratriene-4, 6-diol. Taken together, these results suggest that ectopic expression of AtGIS regulates glandular trichome development and may play a key role in compounds secretion in tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Liu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Changmei Hua
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Imran Ali
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minjie Wu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linli Huang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Faden F, Ramezani T, Mielke S, Almudi I, Nairz K, Froehlich MS, Höckendorff J, Brandt W, Hoehenwarter W, Dohmen RJ, Schnittger A, Dissmeyer N. Phenotypes on demand via switchable target protein degradation in multicellular organisms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12202. [PMID: 27447739 PMCID: PMC4961840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes on-demand generated by controlling activation and accumulation of proteins of interest are invaluable tools to analyse and engineer biological processes. While temperature-sensitive alleles are frequently used as conditional mutants in microorganisms, they are usually difficult to identify in multicellular species. Here we present a versatile and transferable, genetically stable system based on a low-temperature-controlled N-terminal degradation signal (lt-degron) that allows reversible and switch-like tuning of protein levels under physiological conditions in vivo. Thereby, developmental effects can be triggered and phenotypes on demand generated. The lt-degron was established to produce conditional and cell-type-specific phenotypes and is generally applicable in a wide range of organisms, from eukaryotic microorganisms to plants and poikilothermic animals. We have successfully applied this system to control the abundance and function of transcription factors and different enzymes by tunable protein accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Faden
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle—Plant-based Bioeconomy, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Ramezani
- University Group at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Max Delbrück Laboratory, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Institute of Botany III, Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Mielke
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle—Plant-based Bioeconomy, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Isabel Almudi
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Knud Nairz
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marceli S. Froehlich
- Institute for Genetics, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Höckendorff
- Institute for Genetics, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Computational Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteomics Unit, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - R. Jürgen Dohmen
- Institute for Genetics, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- University Group at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Max Delbrück Laboratory, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Institute of Botany III, Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Plasticité Phénotypique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, IBMP-CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle—Plant-based Bioeconomy, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- University Group at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Max Delbrück Laboratory, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Institute of Botany III, Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Plasticité Phénotypique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, IBMP-CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
GRIFFITHS N, JAIPARGAS EA, WOZNY M, BARTON K, MATHUR N, DELFOSSE K, MATHUR J. Photo-convertible fluorescent proteins as tools for fresh insights on subcellular interactions in plants. J Microsc 2016; 263:148-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. GRIFFITHS
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - E.-A. JAIPARGAS
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - M.R. WOZNY
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - K.A. BARTON
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - N. MATHUR
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - K. DELFOSSE
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. MATHUR
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hamdoun S, Zhang C, Gill M, Kumar N, Churchman M, Larkin JC, Kwon A, Lu H. Differential Roles of Two Homologous Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Genes in Regulating Cell Cycle and Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:515-27. [PMID: 26561564 PMCID: PMC4704592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise cell-cycle control is critical for plant development and responses to pathogen invasion. Two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes, SIAMESE (SIM) and SIM-RELATED 1 (SMR1), were recently shown to regulate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defense based on phenotypes conferred by a sim smr1 double mutant. However, whether these two genes play differential roles in cell-cycle and defense control is unknown. In this report, we show that while acting synergistically to promote endoreplication, SIM and SMR1 play different roles in affecting the ploidy of trichome and leaf cells, respectively. In addition, we found that the smr1-1 mutant, but not sim-1, was more susceptible to a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, and this susceptibility could be rescued by activating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense. Consistent with these results, smr1-1 partially suppressed the dwarfism, high SA levels, and cell death phenotypes in acd6-1, a mutant used to gauge the change of defense levels. Thus, SMR1 functions partly through SA in defense control. The differential roles of SIM and SMR1 are due to differences in temporal and spatial expression of these two genes in Arabidopsis tissues and in response to P. syringae infection. In addition, flow-cytometry analysis of plants with altered SA signaling revealed that SA is necessary, but not sufficient, to change cell-cycle progression. We further found that a mutant with three CYCD3 genes disrupted also compromised disease resistance to P. syringae. Together, this study reveals differential roles of two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in regulating cell-cycle progression and innate immunity in Arabidopsis and provides insights into the importance of cell-cycle control during host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safae Hamdoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Manroop Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Michelle Churchman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Ashley Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 (S.H., C.Z., M.G., A.K., H.L.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (N.K., M.C., J.C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weimer AK, Demidov D, Lermontova I, Beeckman T, Van Damme D. Aurora Kinases Throughout Plant Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:69-79. [PMID: 26616196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are evolutionarily conserved key mitotic determinants in all eukaryotes. Yeasts contain a single Aurora kinase, whereas multicellular eukaryotes have at least two functionally diverged members. The involvement of Aurora kinases in human cancers has provided an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their roles throughout cell division in animal and yeast models. By contrast, understanding Aurora kinase function in plants is only starting to emerge. Nevertheless, genetic, cell biological, and biochemical approaches have revealed functional diversification between the plant Aurora kinases and suggest a role in formative (asymmetric) divisions, chromatin modification, and genome stability. This review provides an overview of the accumulated knowledge on the function of plant Aurora kinases as well as some major challenges for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Weimer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri Demidov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, 06466 Germany
| | - Inna Lermontova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, 06466 Germany
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schwarz EM, Roeder AHK. Transcriptomic Effects of the Cell Cycle Regulator LGO in Arabidopsis Sepals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1744. [PMID: 27920789 PMCID: PMC5118908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication is a specialized cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs, but mitosis is skipped creating enlarged polyploid cells. Endoreduplication is associated with the differentiation of many specialized cell types. In the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis endoreduplicated giant cells form interspersed between smaller cells. Both the transcription factor Arabidopsis thaliana MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1) and the plant-specific cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor LOSS OF GIANT CELLS FROM ORGANS (LGO)/SIAMESE RELATED1 (SMR1) are required for the formation of giant cells. Overexpression of LGO is sufficient to produce sepals covered in highly endoreduplicated giant cells. Here we ask whether overexpression of LGO changes the transcriptome of these mature sepals. We show that overexpression of LGO in the epidermis (LGOoe) drives giant cell formation even in atml1 mutant sepals. Using RNA-seq we show that LGOoe has significant effects on the mature sepal transcriptome that are primarily ATML1-independent changes of gene activity. Genes activated by LGOoe, directly or indirectly, predominantly encode proteins involved in defense responses, including responses to wounding, insects (a predator of Arabidopsis), and fungus. They also encode components of the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway, a key biochemical pathway in defense against herbivores. LGOoe-activated genes include previously known marker genes of systemic acquired resistance such as PR1 through PR5. The defensive functions promoted by LGOoe in sepals overlap with functions recently shown to be transcriptionally activated by hyperimmune cpr5 mutants in a LGO-dependent manner. Our findings show that the cell cycle regulator LGO can directly or indirectly drive specific states of gene expression; in particular, they are consistent with recent findings showing LGO to be necessary for transcriptional activation of many defense genes in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich M. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
- *Correspondence: Adrienne H. K. Roeder,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Swanson CI, Meserve JH, McCarter PC, Thieme A, Mathew T, Elston TC, Duronio RJ. Expression of an S phase-stabilized version of the CDK inhibitor Dacapo can alter endoreplication. Development 2015; 142:4288-98. [PMID: 26493402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In developing organisms, divergence from the canonical cell division cycle is often necessary to ensure the proper growth, differentiation, and physiological function of a variety of tissues. An important example is endoreplication, in which endocycling cells alternate between G and S phase without intervening mitosis or cytokinesis, resulting in polyploidy. Although significantly different from the canonical cell cycle, endocycles use regulatory pathways that also function in diploid cells, particularly those involved in S phase entry and progression. A key S phase regulator is the Cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase, which must alternate between periods of high (S phase) and low (G phase) activity in order for endocycling cells to achieve repeated rounds of S phase and polyploidy. The mechanisms that drive these oscillations of Cyclin E-Cdk2 activity are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Drosophila Cyclin E-Cdk2 inhibitor Dacapo (Dap) is targeted for destruction during S phase via a PIP degron, contributing to oscillations of Dap protein accumulation during both mitotic cycles and endocycles. Expression of a PIP degron mutant Dap attenuates endocycle progression but does not obviously affect proliferating diploid cells. A mathematical model of the endocycle predicts that the rate of destruction of Dap during S phase modulates the endocycle by regulating the length of G phase. We propose from this model and our in vivo data that endo S phase-coupled destruction of Dap reduces the threshold of Cyclin E-Cdk2 activity necessary to trigger the subsequent G-S transition, thereby influencing endocycle oscillation frequency and the extent of polyploidy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina I Swanson
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joy H Meserve
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick C McCarter
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexis Thieme
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tony Mathew
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J Duronio
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Noir S, Marrocco K, Masoud K, Thomann A, Gusti A, Bitrian M, Schnittger A, Genschik P. The Control of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth by Cell Proliferation and Endoreplication Requires the F-Box Protein FBL17. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1461-76. [PMID: 25944099 PMCID: PMC4456641 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key step of the cell cycle is the entry into the DNA replication phase that typically commits cells to divide. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this transition in plants. Here, we investigated the function of FBL17 (F BOX-LIKE17), an Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein previously shown to govern the progression through the second mitosis during pollen development. Our work reveals that FBL17 function is not restricted to gametogenesis. FBL17 transcripts accumulate in both proliferating and postmitotic cell types of Arabidopsis plants. Loss of FBL17 function drastically reduces plant growth by altering cell division activity in both shoot and root apical meristems. In fbl17 mutant plants, DNA replication is severely impaired and endoreplication is fully suppressed. At the molecular level, lack of FBL17 increases the stability of the CDK (CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE) inhibitor KIP-RELATED PROTEIN2 known to switch off CDKA;1 kinase activity. Despite the strong inhibition of cell proliferation in fbl17, some cells are still able to enter S phase and eventually to divide, but they exhibit a strong DNA damage response and often missegregate chromosomes. Altogether, these data indicate that the F-box protein FBL17 acts as a master cell cycle regulator during the diploid sporophyte phase of the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Marrocco
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, Unité de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Kinda Masoud
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexis Thomann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andi Gusti
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marta Bitrian
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, Unité de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 34060 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Orr-Weaver TL. When bigger is better: the role of polyploidy in organogenesis. Trends Genet 2015; 31:307-15. [PMID: 25921783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining how organ size is regulated, a process controlled not only by the number of cells but also by the size of the cells, is a frontier in developmental biology. Large cells are produced by increasing DNA content or ploidy, a developmental strategy employed throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. The widespread use of polyploidy during cell differentiation makes it important to define how this hypertrophy contributes to organogenesis. I discuss here examples from a variety of animals and plants in which polyploidy controls organ size, the size and function of specific tissues within an organ, or the differentiated properties of cells. In addition, I highlight how polyploidy functions in wound healing and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Orr-Weaver
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pietra S, Lang P, Grebe M. SABRE is required for stabilization of root hair patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:440-453. [PMID: 25124848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterned differentiation of distinct cell types is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. The root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana is composed of alternating files of root hair and non-hair cells and represents a model system for studying the control of cell-fate acquisition. Epidermal cell fate is regulated by a network of genes that translate positional information from the underlying cortical cell layer into a specific pattern of differentiated cells. While much is known about the genes of this network, new players continue to be discovered. Here we show that the SABRE (SAB) gene, known to mediate microtubule organization, anisotropic cell growth and planar polarity, has an effect on root epidermal hair cell patterning. Loss of SAB function results in ectopic root hair formation and destabilizes the expression of cell fate and differentiation markers in the root epidermis, including expression of the WEREWOLF (WER) and GLABRA2 (GL2) genes. Double mutant analysis reveal that wer and caprice (cpc) mutants, defective in core components of the epidermal patterning pathway, genetically interact with sab. This suggests that SAB may act on epidermal patterning upstream of WER and CPC. Hence, we provide evidence for a role of SAB in root epidermal patterning by affecting cell-fate stabilization. Our work opens the door for future studies addressing SAB-dependent functions of the cytoskeleton during root epidermal patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pietra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Robinson DO, Roeder AHK. Themes and variations in cell type patterning in the plant epidermis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:55-65. [PMID: 25727387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It has recently become evident that plant development, like animal development, has molecular patterning modules that are reused again and again to create different cell type patterns. Here we focus on three of these plant modules: (1) the MYB-bHLH-WD40 protein complex, (2) the transmembrane calpain protease DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), and (3) homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) class IV transcription factors acting in concert with SIAMESE-related cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. These three modules initiate the patterning of multiple cell types in the plant epidermis: the regular spacing of trichomes (leaf hairs), the stripes of root hairs, diverse pigmentation patterns in petals, the scattering of giant cells, and the files of bulliform cells. Varied combinations of players and additional regulatory inputs partially account for the diversity of patterns that are generated by reusing the same molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Olivia Robinson
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pedroza-García JA, Nájera-Martínez M, de la Paz Sanchez M, Plasencia J. Arabidopsis thaliana thymidine kinase 1a is ubiquitously expressed during development and contributes to confer tolerance to genotoxic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:303-15. [PMID: 25537647 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase catalyzes the first step in the nucleotide salvage pathway by transferring a phosphate group to a thymidine molecule. In mammals thymidine kinase supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA replication and DNA repair, and the expression of the gene is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. Although this gene is phylogenetically conserved in many taxa, its physiological function in plants remains unknown. The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has two thymidine kinase genes (AtTK1a and AtTK1b) and microarray data suggest they might have redundant roles. In this study we analyzed the TK1a function by evaluating its expression pattern during development and in response to genotoxic stress. We also studied its role in DNA repair by the characterization of a mutant that contained the T-DNA insertion in the promoter region of the TK1a gene. We found that TK1a is expressed in most tissues during plant development and it was differentially induced by ultraviolet-C radiation because TK1b expression was unaffected. In the mutant, the T-DNA insertion caused a 40 % rise in transcript levels and enzyme activity in Arabidopsis seedlings compared to wild-type plants. This elevation was enough to confer tolerance to ultraviolet-C irradiation in dark conditions, as determined by root growth, and meristem length and structure. TK1a overexpression also provided tolerance to genotoxins that induce double-strand break. Our results suggest that thymidine kinase contributes to several DNA repair pathways by providing deoxythymidine triphosphate that serve as precursors for DNA repair and to balance deoxyribonucleotides pools.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Genes, Plant/radiation effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/radiation effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/radiation effects
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Thymidine Kinase/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hur YS, Um JH, Kim S, Kim K, Park HJ, Lim JS, Kim WY, Jun SE, Yoon EK, Lim J, Ohme-Takagi M, Kim D, Park J, Kim GT, Cheon CI. Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox 12 (ATHB12), a homeodomain-leucine zipper protein, regulates leaf growth by promoting cell expansion and endoreduplication. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:316-28. [PMID: 25187356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox 12 (ATHB12), a homeodomain-leucine zipper class I (HD-Zip I) gene, is highly expressed in leaves and stems, and induced by abiotic stresses, but its role in development remains obscure. To understand its function during plant development, we studied the effects of loss and gain of function. Expression of ATHB12 fused to the EAR-motif repression domain (SRDX) - P35 S ::ATHB12SRDX (A12SRDX) and PATHB 12 ::ATHB12SRDX - slowed both leaf and root growth, while the growth of ATHB12-overexpressing seedlings (A12OX) was accelerated. Microscopic examination revealed changes in the size and number of leaf cells. Ploidy was reduced in A12SRDX plants, accompanied by decreased cell expansion and increased cell numbers. By contrast, cell size was increased in A12OX plants, along with increased ploidy and elevated expression of cell cycle switch 52s (CCS52s), which are positive regulators of endoreduplication, indicating that ATHB12 promotes leaf cell expansion and endoreduplication. Overexpression of ATHB12 led to decreased phosphorylation of Arabidopsis thaliana ribosomal protein S6 (AtRPS6), a regulator of cell growth. In addition, induction of ATHB12 in the presence of cycloheximide increased the expression of several genes related to cell expansion, such as EXPANSIN A10 (EXPA10) and DWARF4 (DWF4). Our findings strongly suggest that ATHB12 acts as a positive regulator of endoreduplication and cell growth during leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Djabrayan NV, Cruz J, de Miguel C, Franch-Marro X, Casanova J. Specification of Differentiated Adult Progenitors via Inhibition of Endocycle Entry in the Drosophila Trachea. Cell Rep 2014; 9:859-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|