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Djuicy DD, Omah IF, Parker E, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Otieno JR, Yifomnjou MHM, Essengue LLM, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, Ahmed MI, Ope-ewe OO, Ogunsanya OA, Olono A, Eromon P, Yonga MGW, Essima GD, Touoyem IP, Mounchili LJM, Eyangoh SI, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Mossi HM, Bilounga CN, Etoundi AGM, Akanbi O, Egwuenu A, Ehiakhamen O, Chukwu C, Suleiman K, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Imam KI, Ojedele R, Oripenaye V, Ikeata K, Adelakun S, Olajumoke B, O’Toole Á, Magee A, Zeller M, Gangavarapu K, Varilly P, Park DJ, Mboowa G, Tessema SK, Tebeje YK, Folarin O, Happi A, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Sabeti P, Rambaut A, Ihekweazu C, Jide I, Adetifa I, Njoum R, Happi CT. Molecular epidemiology of recurrent zoonotic transmission of mpox virus in West Africa. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.18.24309115. [PMID: 38947021 PMCID: PMC11213044 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.24309115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Nigeria and Cameroon reported their first mpox cases in over three decades in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The outbreak in Nigeria is recognised as an ongoing human epidemic. However, owing to sparse surveillance and genomic data, it is not known whether the increase in cases in Cameroon is driven by zoonotic or sustained human transmission. Notably, the frequency of zoonotic transmission remains unknown in both Cameroon and Nigeria. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the zoonotic transmission dynamics of the mpox virus (MPXV) in Cameroon and Nigeria, with a particular focus on the border regions. We show that in these regions mpox cases are still driven by zoonotic transmission of a newly identified Clade IIb.1. We identify two distinct zoonotic lineages that circulate across the Nigeria-Cameroon border, with evidence of recent and historic cross border dissemination. Our findings support that the complex cross-border forest ecosystems likely hosts shared animal populations that drive cross-border viral spread, which is likely where extant Clade IIb originated. We identify that the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic circulated in southern Nigeria in October 2013. We also show that the zoonotic precursor lineage circulated in an animal population in southern Nigeria for more than 45 years. This supports findings that southern Nigeria was the origin of the human epidemic. Our study highlights the ongoing MPXV zoonotic transmission in Cameroon and Nigeria, underscoring the continuous risk of MPXV (re)emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Doreen Djuicy
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Ifeanyi F. Omah
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Edyth Parker
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Akeemat Opeyemi Ayinla
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad I. Ahmed
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oludayo O. Ope-ewe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Akinola Ogunsanya
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Alhaji Olono
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Eromon
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Gael Dieudonné Essima
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | | | | | - Sara Irene Eyangoh
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Linda Esso
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Inès Mandah Emah Nguidjol
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Steve Franck Metomb
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cornelius Chebo
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Mbah Agwe
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Makembe Mossi
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Chanceline Ndongo Bilounga
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Olusola Akanbi
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Egwuenu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Chimaobi Chukwu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Suleiman
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Akinpelu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adama Ahmad
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Richard Ojedele
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Victor Oripenaye
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Ikeata
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Áine O’Toole
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Andrew Magee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Varilly
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC),Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yenew Kebede Tebeje
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC),Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anise Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pardis Sabeti
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Idriss Jide
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention., Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Richard Njoum
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, 451 Rue 2005, Yaounde 2, P.O. Box 1274
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Pretelli I, Crittenden AN, Dounias E, Friant S, Koster J, Kramer KL, Mangola SM, Saez AM, Lew-Levy S. Child and adolescent foraging: New directions in evolutionary research. Evol Anthropol 2024; 33:e22020. [PMID: 38214699 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Young children and adolescents in subsistence societies forage for a wide range of resources. They often target child-specific foods, they can be very successful foragers, and they share their produce widely within and outside of their nuclear family. At the same time, while foraging, they face risky situations and are exposed to diseases that can influence their immune development. However, children's foraging has largely been explained in light of their future (adult) behavior. Here, we reinterpret findings from human behavioral ecology, evolutionary medicine and cultural evolution to center foraging children's contributions to life history evolution, community resilience and immune development. We highlight the need to foreground immediate alongside delayed benefits and costs of foraging, including inclusive fitness benefits, when discussing children's food production from an evolutionary perspective. We conclude by recommending that researchers carefully consider children's social and ecological context, develop cross-cultural perspectives, and incorporate children's foraging into Indigenous sovereignty discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pretelli
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse School of Economics, and University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Edmond Dounias
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy Koster
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen L Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shani M Mangola
- The Law School of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Olanakwe Community Fund, Mang'ola, Tanzania
| | - Almudena Mari Saez
- TransVHIMI Unit, French National Institute for Sustainable Development, IRD, Montpellier, France
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3
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Friant S. Human behaviors driving disease emergence. Evol Anthropol 2024; 33:e22015. [PMID: 38130075 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between humans, animals, and the environment facilitate zoonotic spillover-the transmission of pathogens from animals to humans. Narratives that cast modern humans as exogenous and disruptive forces that encroach upon "natural" disease systems limit our understanding of human drivers of disease. This review leverages theory from evolutionary anthropology that situates humans as functional components of disease ecologies, to argue that human adaptive strategies to resource acquisition shape predictable patterns of high-risk human-animal interactions, (2) humans construct ecological processes that facilitate spillover, and (3) contemporary patterns of epidemiological risk are emergent properties of interactions between human foraging ecology and niche construction. In turn, disease ecology serves as an important vehicle to link what some cast as opposing bodies of theory in human ecology. Disease control measures should consider human drivers of disease as rational, adaptive, and dynamic and capitalize on our capacity to influence ecological processes to mitigate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Pouliquen A, Mapeyi GAB, Vanthomme H, Olive MM, Maganga GD, Cornelis D, Lebel S, Peyre M, Delabouglise A. An experimental game to assess hunter's participation in zoonotic diseases surveillance. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:342. [PMID: 38302879 PMCID: PMC10832086 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strengthening the surveillance of zoonotic diseases emergence in the wild meat value chains is a critical component of the prevention of future health crises. Community hunters could act as first-line observers in zoonotic pathogens surveillance systems in wildlife, by reporting early signs of the possible presence of a disease in the game animals they observe and manipulate on a regular basis. METHODS An experimental game was developed and implemented in a forested area of Gabon, in central Africa. Our objective was to improve our understanding of community hunters' decision-making when finding signs of zoonotic diseases in game animals: would they report or dissimulate these findings to a health agency? 88 hunters, divided into 9 groups of 5 to 13 participants, participated in the game, which was run over 21 rounds. In each round the players participated in a simulated hunting trip during which they had a chance of capturing a wild animal displaying clinical signs of a zoonotic disease. When signs were visible, players had to decide whether to sell/consume the animal or to report it. The last option implied a lowered revenue from the hunt but an increased probability of early detection of zoonotic diseases with benefits for the entire group of hunters. RESULTS The results showed that false alerts-i.e. a suspect case not caused by a zoonotic disease-led to a decrease in the number of reports in the next round (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.46, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.36-0.8, p < 0.01). Hunters who had an agricultural activity in addition to hunting reported suspect cases more often than others (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.09-3.88, p < 0.03). The number of suspect case reports increased with the rank of the game round (Incremental OR: 1.11, CI: 1.06-1.17, p < 0.01) suggesting an increase in participants' inclination to report throughout the game. CONCLUSION Using experimental games presents an added value for improving the understanding of people's decisions to participate in health surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pouliquen
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Hadrien Vanthomme
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts Et Sociétés, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Darren Maganga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Daniel Cornelis
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts Et Sociétés, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Lebel
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts Et Sociétés, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marisa Peyre
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Delabouglise
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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Tumelty L, Fa JE, Coad L, Friant S, Mbane J, Kamogne CT, Tata CY, Ickowitz A. A systematic mapping review of links between handling wild meat and zoonotic diseases. One Health 2023; 17:100637. [PMID: 38024256 PMCID: PMC10665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1.Hunting, trade, and consumption of wildlife present a serious threat to global public health as it places humans in close contact with zoonotic pathogens.2.We systematically mapped the literature on wild meat handling and zoonotic disease transmission (1996-2022) using the online database Web of Science and Google search engine and identified 6229 articles out of which 253 were finally selected for use in our mapping review; 51 of these provided specific information regarding transmission risks.3.The reviewed studies reported 43 zoonotic pathogens (17 bacteria, 15 viruses, and 11 parasites) that could pose a potential risk to human health.4.Sixteen hygienic and sanitary behaviours were described in the reviewed studies. Disease surveillance was the most frequent. Most of the surveillance studies were carried out in Europe and were less common in the tropics.5.To inform policy and practical actions effectively, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how various mitigation behaviours can be employed to minimize the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tumelty
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Mbane
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cedric Thibaut Kamogne
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Amy Ickowitz
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)-World Agroforestry Center, Beit Zayit, Israel
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Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Derveni M, da Costa K, Del Rosario J, Ameh VO, Sabeta CT, Auld B, Hamlet A, Jones IM, Wright E, Scott SD, Giotis ES, Banyard AC, Temperton N. Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1283113. [PMID: 38106901 PMCID: PMC10723585 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Eidolon helvum fruit bat is one of the most widely distributed fruit bats in Africa and known to be a reservoir for several pathogenic viruses that can cause disease in animals and humans. To assess the risk of zoonotic spillover, we conducted a serological survey of 304 serum samples from E. helvum bats that were captured for human consumption in Makurdi, Nigeria. Methods Using pseudotyped viruses, we screened 304 serum samples for neutralizing antibodies against viruses from the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families. Results We report the presence of neutralizing antibodies against henipavirus lineage GH-M74a virus (odds ratio 6.23; p < 0.001), Nipah virus (odds ratio 4.04; p = 0.00031), bat influenza H17N10 virus (odds ratio 7.25; p < 0.001) and no significant association with Ebola virus (odds ratio 0.56; p = 0.375) in this bat cohort. Conclusion The data suggest a potential risk of zoonotic spillover including the possible circulation of highly pathogenic viruses in E. helvum populations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining sero-surveillance of E. helvum, and the necessity for further, more comprehensive investigations to monitor changes in virus prevalence, distribution over time, and across different geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Mariliza Derveni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica O. Ameh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Bethany Auld
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Hamlet
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Thompson KET, Borgerson C, Wright PC, Randriamanetsy JM, Andrianantenaina MY, Andriamavosoloarisoa NNM, Razafindrahasy TA, Rothman RS, Surkis C, Bankoff RJ, Daniels C, Twiss KC. A Coupled Humanitarian and Biodiversity Crisis in Western Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Andong FA, Ossai NI, Echude D, Okoye CO, Igwe EE. Motives, other meat sources and socioeconomic status predict number of consumers with preference for two antelope species served in Enugu-Nigeria. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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9
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Ecke F, Han BA, Hörnfeldt B, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Singh NJ, Ostfeld RS. Population fluctuations and synanthropy explain transmission risk in rodent-borne zoonoses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7532. [PMID: 36477188 PMCID: PMC9729607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population fluctuations are widespread across the animal kingdom, especially in the order Rodentia, which includes many globally important reservoir species for zoonotic pathogens. The implications of these fluctuations for zoonotic spillover remain poorly understood. Here, we report a global empirical analysis of data describing the linkages between habitat use, population fluctuations and zoonotic reservoir status in rodents. Our quantitative synthesis is based on data collated from papers and databases. We show that the magnitude of population fluctuations combined with species' synanthropy and degree of human exploitation together distinguish most rodent reservoirs at a global scale, a result that was consistent across all pathogen types and pathogen transmission modes. Our spatial analyses identified hotspots of high transmission risk, including regions where reservoir species dominate the rodent community. Beyond rodents, these generalities inform our understanding of how natural and anthropogenic factors interact to increase the risk of zoonotic spillover in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara A. Han
- grid.285538.10000 0000 8756 8029Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545 USA
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden ,grid.494665.c0000 0001 1534 6096Swedish Forest Agency, Box 284, SE-901 06 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Navinder J. Singh
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard S. Ostfeld
- grid.285538.10000 0000 8756 8029Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545 USA
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van Vliet N, Muhindo J, Nyumu J, Enns C, Massé F, Bersaglio B, Cerutti P, Nasi R. Understanding Factors that Shape Exposure to Zoonotic and Food-Borne Diseases Across Wild Meat Trade Chains. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2022; 50:983-995. [PMID: 36408298 PMCID: PMC9644002 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-022-00361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rise of zoonotic disease-related public health crises has sparked calls for policy action, including calls to close wildlife markets. Yet, these calls often reflect limited understanding of where, precisely, exposure to risk occurs along wildlife and wild meat trade chains. They also threaten to negatively impact food security and livelihoods. From a public health perspective, it is important to understand the practices that shape food safety all along the trade chain, resulting in meat that is either safe to eat or managed as a potential vector of pathogens. This article uses ethnographic methods to examine the steps that lead a wild animal from the forest to the plate of an urban consumer in Yangambi and Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Focusing on hunters, village-level consumers, transporters, market traders and urban consumers, we highlight specific practices that expose different actors involved in the trade chain to wild meat related health risks, including exposure to food borne illnesses from contaminated meat and zoonotic pathogens through direct contact with wild animals, and the local practices in place to reduce the same. We discuss interventions that could help prevent and mitigate zoonotic and food borne disease risks associated with wild meat trade chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie van Vliet
- Center for International Forestry Research/International Center for Research in Agro Forestry/International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jonas Muhindo
- Centre for International Forestry Research (DRC office), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jonas Nyumu
- Centre for International Forestry Research (DRC office), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Charis Enns
- Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Francis Massé
- Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Brock Bersaglio
- International Development Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paolo Cerutti
- Center for International Forestry Research/International Center for Research in Agro Forestry/International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Robert Nasi
- Center for International Forestry Research/International Center for Research in Agro Forestry/International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
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11
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Alhaji NB, Odetokun IA, Lawan MK, Adeiza AM, Nafarnda WD, Salihu MJ. Risk assessment and preventive health behaviours toward COVID-19 amongst bushmeat handlers in Nigerian wildlife markets: Drivers and One Health challenge. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106621. [PMID: 35908578 PMCID: PMC9329136 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over 70% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and 72% of them have wildlife reservoirs with consequent global health impacts. Both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 emerged certainly through wildlife market routes. We assessed wildlife handlers' zoonotic risk perceptions and preventive health behaviour measures toward COVID-19 during pandemic waves, and its drivers at wildlife markets using Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs. A cross-sectional study was conducted at purposively selected wildlife markets in Nigeria between November 2020 and October 2021. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariable logistic regressions analyses were performed at 95% confidence interval. Of the 600 targeted handlers in 97 wildlife markets, 97.2% (n = 583) participated. Consumers were the majority (65.3%), followed by hunters (18.4) and vendors (16.3%). Only 10.3% hunters, 24.3% vendors and 21.0% consumers associated COVID-19 with high zoonotic risk. Also, only few handlers practiced social/physical distancing at markets. Avoidance of handshaking or hugging and vaccination was significantly (p = 0.001) practiced by few handlers as preventive health behaviours at the markets. All the socio-demographic variables were significantly (p<0.05) associated with their knowledge, risk perceptions, and practice of preventive health behaviours toward COVID-19 at univariate analysis. Poor markets sanitation, hygiene, and biosecurity (OR=3.35, 95% CI: 2.33, 4.82); and poor butchering practices and exchange of wildlife species between shops [(OR=1.87; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.60) and (OR=2.03; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.88), respectively] were more likely to significantly influence COVID-19 emergence and spread at the markets. To tackle the highlighted gaps, collaborations between the public health, anthropologists, and veterinary and wildlife authorities through the One Health approach are advocated to intensify awareness and health education programmes that will improve perceptions and behaviours toward the disease and other emerging diseases control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nma Bida Alhaji
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
| | - Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Kabiru Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Abdulrahman Musa Adeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Wesley Daniel Nafarnda
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Jibrin Salihu
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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12
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George U, George O, Oragwa A, Motayo B, Kamani J, Adamu A, Sowemimo O, Adeleke R, Abalaka S, Sani N, Oguzie J, Eromon P, Folarin O, Happi A, Komolafe I, Happi C. Detection of Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses in Frugivorous and Insectivorous Bats in Nigeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091017. [PMID: 36145450 PMCID: PMC9502725 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of bat-associated zoonotic viruses necessitates a close monitoring of their natural hosts. Since the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), it is evident that bats are vital reservoirs of coronaviruses (CoVs). In this study, we investigated the presence of CoVs in multiple bat species in Nigeria to identify viruses in bats at high-risk human contact interfaces. Four hundred and nine bats comprising four bat species close to human habitats were individually sampled from five states in Nigeria between 2019 and 2021. Coronavirus detection was done using broadly reactive consensus PCR primers targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of CoVs. Coronavirus RNA was detected in 39 samples (9.5%, CI 95%: [7.0, 12.8]), of which 29 were successfully sequenced. The identified CoVs in Nigerian bats were from the unclassified African alphacoronavirus lineage and betacoronavirus lineage D (Nobecovirus), with one sample from Hipposideros ruber coinfected with alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus. Different bat species roosting in similar or other places had CoVs from the same genetic lineage. The phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics data indicated a high CoV diversity in Nigeria, while host switching may have contributed to CoV evolution. Robust sentinel surveillance is recommended to enhance our knowledge of emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwem George
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwadamilola George
- Ibadan Diagnostic and Epidemiology Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Mokola, Ibadan 200212, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Arthur Oragwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos,
Jos 930003, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Motayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta 110222, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Kamani
- Parasitology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), PMB 01,
Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine,
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Bebegu Yumba Campus, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja,
Abuja 900105, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Oluyomi Sowemimo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Richard Adeleke
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan 200132, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Samson Abalaka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja,
Abuja 900105, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Nuhu Sani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja,
Abuja 900105, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Judith Oguzie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Eromon
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anise Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac Komolafe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Christian Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (C.H.)
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13
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Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Mauldin MR, McCollum AM, Nakazawa YJ, Mandra A, Whitehouse ER, Davidson W, Zhao H, Gao J, Li Y, Doty J, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Akinpelu A, Aruna O, Naidoo D, Lewandowski K, Afrough B, Graham V, Aarons E, Hewson R, Vipond R, Dunning J, Chand M, Brown C, Cohen-Gihon I, Erez N, Shifman O, Israeli O, Sharon M, Schwartz E, Beth-Din A, Zvi A, Mak TM, Ng YK, Cui L, Lin RTP, Olson VA, Brooks T, Paran N, Ihekweazu C, Reynolds MG. Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1367-1376. [PMID: 32880628 PMCID: PMC9016419 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The largest West African monkeypox outbreak began September 2017, in Nigeria. Four individuals traveling from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (n = 2), Israel (n = 1), and Singapore (n = 1) became the first human monkeypox cases exported from Africa, and a related nosocomial transmission event in the United Kingdom became the first confirmed human-to-human monkeypox transmission event outside of Africa. METHODS Epidemiological and molecular data for exported and Nigerian cases were analyzed jointly to better understand the exportations in the temporal and geographic context of the outbreak. RESULTS Isolates from all travelers and a Bayelsa case shared a most recent common ancestor and traveled to Bayelsa, Delta, or Rivers states. Genetic variation for this cluster was lower than would be expected from a random sampling of genomes from this outbreak, but data did not support direct links between travelers. CONCLUSIONS Monophyly of exportation cases and the Bayelsa sample, along with the intermediate levels of genetic variation, suggest a small pool of related isolates is the likely source for the exported infections. This may be the result of the level of genetic variation present in monkeypox isolates circulating within the contiguous region of Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers states, or another more restricted, yet unidentified source pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Mauldin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea M McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yoshinori J Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Mandra
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin R Whitehouse
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Whitni Davidson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Doty
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Olusola Aruna
- International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dhamari Naidoo
- World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Emma Aarons
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Meera Chand
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Brown
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inbar Cohen-Gihon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ohad Shifman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Melamed Sharon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Anat Zvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tze Minn Mak
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Yi Kai Ng
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Lin Cui
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tim Brooks
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Mary G Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Friant S, Young DK, Goldberg TL. Typical intracranial myiasis in Nigerian red river hogs ( Potamochoerus porcus) caused by an unknown bot fly (Diptera: Oestridae). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:14-19. [PMID: 34934619 PMCID: PMC8660700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report an unknown taxon of bot fly (Diptera: Oestridae: Oestrinae) in red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cross River State, Nigeria. From direct observation and interviews with local hunters, we document that, remarkably, the parasite typically occurs within the intracranial supra-meningeal space - i.e., between the inner wall of the skull and the brain - but without causing visible inflammation or clinical signs. The parasite is most similar (up to 87.9%) to Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus based on cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 DNA sequencing but is sufficiently divergent phylogenetically to represent a new or previously un-sequenced taxon. Morphologically, the parasite shares some, but not all, features with R. nivarleti. Local cultural belief systems attribute aspects of red river hog behavior (e.g. intelligence, elusiveness) to the parasite, suggesting a prolonged presence in the red river hog population. The parasite's unusual anatomic location may be aberrant, or it may be a protective adaptation to life in red river hogs, which forage vigorously with their snouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel K. Young
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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16
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Friant S, Bonwitt J, Ayambem WA, Ifebueme NM, Alobi AO, Otukpa OM, Bennett AJ, Shea C, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK. Zootherapy as a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover: a mixed-methods study of the use of animal products in medicinal and cultural practices in Nigeria. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:5. [PMID: 35216623 PMCID: PMC8881094 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how and why people interact with animals is important for the prevention and control of zoonoses. To date, studies have primarily focused on the most visible forms of human-animal contact (e.g., hunting and consumption), thereby blinding One Health researchers and practitioners to the broader range of human-animal interactions that can serve as cryptic sources of zoonotic diseases. Zootherapy, the use of animal products for traditional medicine and cultural practices, is widespread and can generate opportunities for human exposure to zoonoses. Existing research examining zootherapies omits details necessary to adequately assess potential zoonotic risks. METHODS We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field notes to examine the use of zootherapy in nine villages engaged in wildlife hunting, consumption, and trade in Cross River State, Nigeria. We analyzed medicinal and cultural practices involving animals from a zoonotic disease perspective, by including details of animal use that may generate pathways for zoonotic transmission. We also examined the sociodemographic, cultural, and environmental contexts of zootherapeutic practices that can further shape the nature and frequency of human-animal interactions. RESULTS Within our study population, people reported using 44 different animal species for zootherapeutic practices, including taxonomic groups considered to be "high risk" for zoonoses and threatened with extinction. Variation in use of animal parts, preparation norms, and administration practices generated a highly diverse set of zootherapeutic practices (n = 292) and potential zoonotic exposure risks. Use of zootherapy was patterned by demographic and environmental contexts, with zootherapy more commonly practiced by hunting households (OR = 2.47, p < 0.01), and prescriptions that were gender and age specific (e.g., maternal and pediatric care) or highly seasonal (e.g., associated with annual festivals and seasonal illnesses). Specific practices were informed by species availability and theories of healing (i.e., "like cures like" and sympathetic healing and magic) that further shaped the nature of human-animal interactions via zootherapy. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological investigations of zoonoses and public health interventions that aim to reduce zoonotic exposures should explicitly consider zootherapy as a potential pathway for disease transmission and consider the sociocultural and environmental contexts of their use in health messaging and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wilfred A. Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M. Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O. Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M. Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Corrigan Shea
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jerry K. Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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17
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Shaffer CA, Milstein MS, Lindsey LL, Wolf TM, Suse P, Marawanaru E, Kipp EJ, Garwood T, Travis DA, Terio KA, Larsen PA. “Spider Monkey Cotton”: Bridging Waiwai and Scientific Ontologies to Characterize Spider Monkey (Ateles paniscus) Filariasis in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Sherryl L. Paz, Juan Carlos T. Gonzalez. Understanding human-flying fox interactions in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary as basis for conservation policy interventions. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7466.13.11.19431-19447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no documented flying fox hunting study done in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) which is known to harbor many threatened wildlife species. The Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus is known to be threatened by hunting in the AMWS despite existing laws, such as the Wildlife Act. We conducted semi-structured interviews from September 2017 to January 2018 with 240 hunters in 10 villages through purposive sampling to determine the socio-demographic and economic profile of the hunters, their conservation awareness, perceptions on the monitoring scheme and enforcement, possible hunting patterns, and hunting drivers. Results showed that farming and fishing are the most common livelihoods of hunters. Most hunters achieved an education at the elementary level (42.9%), and belong to a household with 4–6 members (55.5%), often with only one member having a meager daily income (80.7%). Annual flooding was the main economic constraint to the hunters. Largely comprised of indigenous Manobos (62.9%), the majority of hunters did not believe in avoiding taboo species (85.4%). Most of the hunters were unaware of laws protecting Wildlife (62.9%) and unable to differentiate between threatened and non-threatened species (86.3%). Poor implementation of the monitoring scheme and insufficient enforcement were also observed in AMWS. Kites with hooks (55%) and guns (31.7%) were used to hunt P. vampyrus mostly for local consumption (83.3%). Multivariate analysis revealed that daily income and engagement in conservation negatively affected hunting intensity. With many constraints in totally banning hunting in poor and wildlife-dependent indigenous communities in AMWS, flexible policies must be considered. It is more reasonable and realistic to consider science-based hunting quotas in policy interventions to balance conservation and human welfare. Positive behavioral change towards sustainable hunting and trading bans requires a combination of effective education campaigns, engagement of indigenous communities in conservation, improved enforcement, and sustainable livelihood programs.
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19
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Hilderink M, de Winter I. No need to beat around the bushmeat-The role of wildlife trade and conservation initiatives in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07692. [PMID: 34386637 PMCID: PMC8342965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife species constitute a vast and uncharted reservoir of zoonotic pathogens that can pose a severe threat to global human health. Zoonoses have become increasingly impactful over the past decades, and the expanding trade in wildlife is unarguably among the most significant risk factors for their emergence. Despite several warnings from the academic community about the spillover risks associated with wildlife trade, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic underlines that current policies on the wildlife industry are deficient. Conservation initiatives, rather than practices that attempt to eradicate zoonotic pathogens or the wild species that harbour them, could play a vital role in preventing the emergence of life-threatening zoonoses. This review explores how wildlife conservation initiatives could effectively reduce the risk of new zoonotic diseases emerging from the wildlife trade by integrating existing literature on zoonotic diseases and risk factors associated with wildlife trade. Conservation should mainly aim at reducing human-wildlife interactions in the wildlife trade by protecting wildlife habitats and providing local communities with alternative protein sources. In addition, conservation should focus on regulating the legal wildlife trade and education about disease transfer and safer hunting and butchering methods. By uniting efforts for wildlife protection and universal concern for preventing zoonotic epidemics, conservation initiatives have the potential to safeguard both biodiversity, animal welfare, and global human health security.
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20
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Cerri J, Mori E, Ancillotto L, Russo D, Bertolino S. COVID-19, media coverage of bats and related Web searches: a turning point for bat conservation? Mamm Rev 2021; 52:16-25. [PMID: 34548738 PMCID: PMC8447447 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that caused the COVID‐19 pandemic, is genomically similar to a SARS‐like beta‐coronavirus found in Asian rhinolophid bats. This evolutionary relationship impressed the global media, which then emphasised bats as key actors in the spillover that resulted in the pandemic. In this study, we highlight changes in the traditional and new media coverage of bats and in Internet search volumes that occurred since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020. We analysed Google and Wikipedia searches for bats and coronaviruses in 21 countries and eight languages, as well as television broadcasts in the USA, some of which have global coverage, between January 2016 and December 2020. In January 2020, the amount of television news about bats boomed, and news associated with the term ‘bat’ shifted to COVID‐19‐related topics. A nearly identical pattern was observed in Google searches during 2020 at the global scale. The daily time series of television coverage and Internet search volumes on bats and coronavirus in the USA covaried in the first quarter of 2020, in line with the existence of a media bubble. Time‐series analysis revealed that both the Google Trends index and visits to Wikipedia pages about bats boomed in early 2020, despite the fact that this time of year is usually characterised by low search volumes. Media coverage emphasised, correctly or not, the role of bats in the COVID‐19 pandemic and amplified public interest in bats worldwide. The public image of these mammals, in many cases threatened and important ecosystem service providers, was seriously compromised. We therefore recommend that policymakers and journalists prioritise scientifically accurate communication campaigns about bats, which would help counteract the surge in bat persecution, and leverage interest towards positive human–bat interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cerri
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies University of Primorska Glagoljaška 8 6000 Koper Slovenia
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) Italy
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via Università, 100 80055 Portici NA Italy
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit Dipartimento di Agraria Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via Università, 100 80055 Portici NA Italy
| | - Sandro Bertolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Università degli Studi di Torino Via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
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Douno M, Asampong E, Magassouba N, Fichet-Calvet E, Almudena MS. Hunting and consumption of rodents by children in the Lassa fever endemic area of Faranah, Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009212. [PMID: 33730025 PMCID: PMC7968712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of the Ebola outbreak, human-animal contact has gained importance for zoonotic transmission surveillance. In Faranah (Upper Guinea), daily life is intertwined with rodents, such as the Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis; a reservoir for Lassa virus (LASV). However, this contact is rarely perceived as a health risk by residents, although Lassa fever (LF) is known to be endemic to this region. Conversely, these observations remain a great concern for global health agendas. Drawing on ethnographic research involving interviews, focus group discussions, participant observations, and informal discussions over four months, we first identified factors that motivated children to hunt and consume rodents in Faranah villages, and thereafter, explored the knowledge of LF infection in children and their parents. Furthermore, we studied two dimensions of human-rodent encounters: 1) space-time of interaction and 2) factors that allowed the interaction to occur and their materiality. This approach allowed us to contextualize child-rodent contacts beyond domestic limits in the fallow fields, swamps, and at other times for this practice. A close look at these encounters provided information on rodent trapping, killing, and manipulation of cooking techniques and the risk these activities posed for the primary transmission of LASV. This research facilitated the understanding of children's exposure to M. natalensis during hunting sessions and the importance of rodent hunting, which is a part of their boyish identity in rural areas. Determination of when, where, why, and how children, rodents, and environments interacted allowed us to understand the exposures and risks important for human and animal surveillance programs in the Lassa-endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Douno
- Projet des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Université de Conakry, Guinée
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Asampong
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - N’Faly Magassouba
- Projet des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Université de Conakry, Guinée
| | | | - Marí Sáez Almudena
- Center for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Kamau J, Ashby E, Shields L, Yu J, Murray S, Vodzak M, Kwallah AO, Ambala P, Zimmerman D. The intersection of land use and human behavior as risk factors for zoonotic pathogen exposure in Laikipia County, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009143. [PMID: 33606671 PMCID: PMC7894889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are zoonotic, mainly caused through spillover events linked to human-animal interactions. We conducted a survey-based human behavioral study in Laikipia County, Kenya, which is characterized by a dynamic human-wildlife-livestock interface. Questionnaires that assessed human-animal interactions, sanitation, and illnesses experienced within the past year were distributed to 327 participants among five communities in Laikipia. This study aimed to 1) describe variation in reported high-risk behaviors by community type and 2) assess the relationship between specific behaviors and self-reported illnesses. Behavioral trends were assessed in R via Fisher’s exact tests. A generalized linear mixed model with Lasso penalization (GLMMLasso) was used to assess correlations between behaviors and participants’ self-reported illness within the past year, with reported behaviors as independent variables and reported priority symptoms as the outcome. Reported behaviors varied significantly among the study communities. Participants from one community (Pastoralist-1) were significantly more likely to report eating a sick animal in the past year (p< 0.001), collecting an animal found dead to sell in the past year (p<0.0001), and not having a designated location for human waste (p<0.0001) when compared to participants from other communities. The GLMMLasso revealed that reports of an ill person in the household in the past year was significantly associated with self-reported illness. Sixty-eight percent of participants reported that bushmeat is available within the communities. Our study demonstrates community-level variation in behaviors that may influence zoonotic pathogen exposure. We further recommend development of targeted studies that explore behavioral variations among land use systems in animal production contexts. Many infectious diseases, such as H1N1, Ebola, and COVID-19, can be spread to humas from animals. In order to reduce the risk of disease “spillover” (disease transmission from an animal to a person), it is important to understand how interactions between humans and animals can influence spread. Certain behaviors, such as eating raw meat, hunting, or sharing drinking water with animals can put people at greater risk of contacting bacteria and viruses that can cause these diseases. Globally, communities that depend on animal production are at heightened risk due to increased contact with animals. In this study, the authors conducted human behavioral surveys among different communities in Kenya that raise livestock. Results show that reported behaviors varied greatly by community. One of the communities reported a significantly higher proportion of behaviors, such as eating raw meat or eating animals found dead. Communities that show high prevalence of these behaviors may be at greater risk for contracting diseases from animals. Understanding this variation is important for developing plans for community outreach and addressing behaviors that can influence risk of disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Ashby
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jennifer Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Megan Vodzak
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Peris Ambala
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
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23
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Booth H, Clark M, Milner-Gulland EJ, Amponsah-Mensah K, Antunes AP, Brittain S, Castilho LC, Campos-Silva JV, Constantino PDAL, Li Y, Mandoloma L, Nneji LM, Iponga DM, Moyo B, McNamara J, Rakotonarivo OS, Shi J, Tagne CTK, van Velden J, Williams DR. Investigating the risks of removing wild meat from global food systems. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1788-1797.e3. [PMID: 33607034 PMCID: PMC8094154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought humanity’s strained relationship with nature into sharp focus, with calls for cessation of wild meat trade and consumption, to protect public health and biodiversity.1,2 However, the importance of wild meat for human nutrition, and its tele-couplings to other food production systems, mean that the complete removal of wild meat from diets and markets would represent a shock to global food systems.3, 4, 5, 6 The negative consequences of this shock deserve consideration in policy responses to COVID-19. We demonstrate that the sudden policy-induced loss of wild meat from food systems could have negative consequences for people and nature. Loss of wild meat from diets could lead to food insecurity, due to reduced protein and nutrition, and/or drive land-use change to replace lost nutrients with animal agriculture, which could increase biodiversity loss and emerging infectious disease risk. We estimate the magnitude of these consequences for 83 countries, and qualitatively explore how prohibitions might play out in 10 case study places. Results indicate that risks are greatest for food-insecure developing nations, where feasible, sustainable, and socially desirable wild meat alternatives are limited. Some developed nations would also face shocks, and while high-capacity food systems could more easily adapt, certain places and people would be disproportionately impacted. We urge decision-makers to consider potential unintended consequences of policy-induced shocks amidst COVID-19; and take holistic approach to wildlife trade interventions, which acknowledge the interconnectivity of global food systems and nature, and include safeguards for vulnerable people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michael Clark
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Martin School and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - André Pinassi Antunes
- Department of Ecology, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Brazil; RedeFauna-Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, 70879-070, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Brittain
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luciana C Castilho
- Ethnoconservation and Protected Areas Laboratory, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Campos-Silva
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, AL Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Yuhan Li
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Donald Midoko Iponga
- Institut de recherche en ecologie tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Boyson Moyo
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Malawi
| | | | | | - Jianbin Shi
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Julia van Velden
- Environmental Futures research institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - David R Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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24
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Marescotti ME, Demartini E, Gibbert M, Viganò R, Gaviglio A. Disentangling Individual Phases in the Hunted vs. Farmed Meat Supply Chain: Exploring Hunters' Perceptions in Italy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010174. [PMID: 33467073 PMCID: PMC7830238 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing body of literature concerning the hunted wild game meat (HWGM) supply chain is mainly focused on the final consumer, while little is known about upstream production processes. Even though the hunter plays a central role here, it is not well understood how hunters themselves perceive their role in the various phases of the production process. The present study explores Italian hunters’ perception of the HWGM supply chain and compares it to their perception towards the conventional farmed meat supply chain. We distinguish several phases of this production process and find that the final phase related to on-site game dressing is considered problematic, perhaps because hunters perceive themselves as less skilled than professional butchers. The results, in fact, show that hunters prefer hunted products over farmed meat, but that they consider hunted wild boar meat less safe compared to farmed pork. Findings from this study provide a rare glimpse from the inside of the supply chain and reveals the needs for a broad risk assessment analysis on the Italian game meat supply chain. Considering the development of the Italian emerging market of the HWGM, our results also highlight the relevance of training activities on hunters in order to increase the safety and quality of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Marescotti
- Department of Veterinary Science for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Eugenio Demartini
- Department of Veterinary Science for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Gibbert
- Institute of Marketing and Communication Management, Università della Svizzera italiana, Via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Roberto Viganò
- AlpVet, Studio Associato AlpVet, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy;
| | - Anna Gaviglio
- Department of Veterinary Science for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.G.)
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25
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Namusisi S, Mahero M, Travis D, Pelican K, Robertson C, Mugisha L. A descriptive study of zoonotic disease risk at the human-wildlife interface in a biodiversity hot spot in South Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008633. [PMID: 33406074 PMCID: PMC7845987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases pose a significant health challenge at the human-wildlife interface, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where ecosystem services contribute significantly to local livelihoods and individual well-being. In Uganda, the fragmented forests of Hoima district, form part of a "biodiversity and emerging infectious disease hotspot" composed of communities with high dependency on these wildlife protected areas, unaware of the associated health risks. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed methods study from March to May 2017 and interviewed 370 respondents, using a semi-structured questionnaire from eight villages neighbouring forest fragments in Hoima District, Uganda. Additionally, a total of ten (10) focus group discussions (FGDs) consisting of 6-10 men or women were conducted to further explore the drivers of hunting and perception of zoonotic disease risks at community level. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using content analysis and STATA version 12 respectively. We found twenty-nine percent (29.0%, CI: 24.4-33.9) of respondents were engaged in hunting of wildlife such as chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and 45.8% (CI: 40.6-51.0), cane rats (Thryonomyidae spp). Acquisition of animal protein was among the main reasons why communities hunt (55.3%, CI: 50.1-60.4), followed by "cultural" and "medicinal" uses of wildlife and or its parts (22.7%, CI: 18.6-27.4). Results further revealed that hunting and bushmeat consumption is persistent for other perceived reasons like; bushmeat strengthens the body, helps mothers recover faster after delivery, boosts one's immunity and hunting is exercise for the body. However, respondents reported falling sick after consumption of bushmeat at least once (7.9%, CI: 5.3-11.1), with 5.3% (CI: 2.60-9.60) reporting similar symptoms among some family members. Generally, few respondents (37.0%, CI: 32.1-42.2) were aware of diseases transmissible from wildlife to humans, although 88.7% (CI: 85.0-92.0) had heard of Ebola or Marburg without context. Hunting non-human primate poses a health risk compared to edible rats (cane rats) and wild ruminants (cOR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1-0.9) and (cOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2-2.1) respectively. Study suggests some of the pathways for zoonotic disease spillover to humans exist at interface areas driven by livelihoods, nutrition and cultural needs. This study offers opportunities for a comprehensive risk communication and health education strategy for communities living at the interface of wildlife and human interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Dominic Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Katherine Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
| | - Cheryl Robertson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota United States of America
- Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources & Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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26
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Milstein MS, Shaffer CA, Suse P, Marawanaru E, Gillespie TR, Terio KA, Wolf TM, Travis DA. An Ethnographic Approach to Characterizing Potential Pathways of Zoonotic Disease Transmission from Wild Meat in Guyana. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:424-436. [PMID: 33792854 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hunting, butchery, and consumption of wild meat is an important interface for zoonotic disease transmission. Despite this, few researchers have used ethnography to understand the sociocultural factors that may increase zoonotic disease transmission from hunting, particularly in Amazonia. Here, we use ethnographic methods consisting of structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, and participant observation to address questions pertaining to wild meat consumption, pathways of zoonotic disease transmission, food security, and the cultural identity of indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. Our data revealed that the majority of Waiwai eat wild meat two to three times/week and 60% of respondents reported butchery-related injuries. However, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, and participant observation data indicate that the Waiwai do not perceive most cuts from butchery as injuries, despite being a potential route of pathogen exposure. Additionally, participant observation revealed that hunting is integral to Waiwai identity and the Waiwai exhibit a cultural aversion to domestic meats. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay of hunting and wild meat consumption and disease in Amazonia and demonstrate how an ethnographic approach provides the contextual data necessary for identifying potential pathways of zoonotic transmission from wild meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Milstein
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Christopher A Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, 49401, USA
| | - Phillip Suse
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | | | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karen A Terio
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Brookfield, IL, 60513, USA
| | - Tiffany M Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dominic A Travis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, 225 Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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27
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Euren J, Bangura J, Gbakima A, Sinah M, Yonda S, Lange CE, McIver DJ, LeBreton M, Wolking D, Grigorescu Monagin C, Bird B, Saylors K. Human Interactions with Bat Populations in Bombali, Sierra Leone. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:292-301. [PMID: 33175278 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human contact with bats has been epidemiologically linked to several of the most recent Ebola outbreaks, including the 2014 West Africa epidemic and the 2007 Luebo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, outbreak. While fruit bats remain the likely primary reservoir for Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus), recent wildlife surveillance efforts have identified a new species of ebolavirus (Bombali ebolavirus) in microchiropteran insect-eating bats in West and East Africa. Given the role of bats as potential Ebola reservoirs and sources of spillover into human populations, it is critically important to understand the circumstances and behaviors that bring human populations into close contact with bats. This study explores two sites in Bombali, Sierra Leone, where human populations have had close contact with microchiropteran bats via household infestations and fruit bats by hunting practices. Through interviews and focus groups, we identify the knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors that may potentially protect or expose individuals to zoonotic spillover through direct and indirect contact with bats. We also describe how this research was used to develop a risk reduction and outreach tool for living safely with bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Euren
- Metabiota, Inc., 425 California St., Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Bird
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Metabiota, Inc., 425 California St., Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA
- Labyrinth Global Health, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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28
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Gibson L. Bycatch of the Day: Wild Meat Consumption, Ecological Knowledge, and Symbolic Capital among Indigenous Maroon Parrot Hunters of Jamaica. J ETHNOBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gibson
- University College London, Department of Anthropology, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW
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29
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Duonamou L, Konate A, Djègo Djossou S, Mensah GA, Xu J, Humle T. Consumer perceptions and reported wild and domestic meat and fish consumption behavior during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, West Africa. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9229. [PMID: 32566394 PMCID: PMC7293194 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The handling, capturing, butchering, and transportation of wildmeat can increase the risk of zoonoses, including the Ebola virus disease (EVD). Guinea, West Africa, experienced a catastrophic outbreak of EVD between 2013 and 2016. This study aimed to understand local people's sources of information concerning EVD, their perceptions of potential wildlife carriers of EVD and their meat and fish consumption behavior during this period. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 332 participants in two urban centers (N = 209) and three villages (N = 123) between January 3 and March 30, 2015 in the prefecture of Lola in southeastern Guinea. Chi-square analyses revealed that, in rural areas, awareness missions represented the main source of information about EVD (94.3%), whereas in urban settings such missions (36.1%), as well as newspapers (31.6%) and radio (32.3%) were equally mentioned. Bats (30.1% and 79.4%), chimpanzees (16.3% and 48.8%) and monkeys (13.0% and 53.1%) were the most commonly cited potential agents of EVD in both rural and urban areas respectively, while the warthog (2.3% rural and 6.5% urban), crested porcupine (1.7% rural and 10.7% urban), duiker (1.19% rural and 2.6% urban) and the greater cane rat (1.1% rural and 9.5% urban) were also cited but to a lesser extent. However, 66.7% of rural respondents compared to only 17.2% in the urban area did not consider any of these species as potential carriers of the Ebola virus. Nonetheless, a fifth of our respondents reported not consuming any of these species altogether during the EVD outbreak. Among all seven faunal groups mentioned, a significant reduction in reported consumption during the Ebola outbreak was only noted for bats (before: 78.3% and during: 31.9%) and chimpanzees (before: 31.6% and during: 13.5%). Automatic Chi-Square Interaction Detection (CHAID) analysis revealed that the belief that bats or chimpanzees were associated with EVD or not had a significant effect respectively on their non-consumption or continued consumption. However, only 3.9% of respondents reported shifting to alternative protein sources such as domestic meat or fish specifically to avoid EVD. Only 10.8% reported consuming more domestic meat during the EVD outbreak compared with before; affordability and availability were the main reported reasons for why people did not consume more domestic meat and why two thirds reported consuming more fish. While increased domestic meat consumption was linked to the belief that duikers, the most commonly consumed wildmeat before the epidemic, were associated with EVD, increased fish consumption was not predicted by any EVD related factors. Our study revealed deep-rooted false beliefs among rural respondents and constraints when it comes to access to alternative protein sources such as domestic meat. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for greater consideration of the relationship between socio-economic context, food security, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Duonamou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Alexandre Konate
- Department of Agroforestry, Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah, Guinea
| | - Sylvie Djègo Djossou
- Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Zoology/Primates Conservation Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Guy Apollinaire Mensah
- Agricultural Research Center of Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Jiliang Xu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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30
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Ogunro BN, Olugasa BO, Kayode A, Ishola OO, Kolawole ON, Odigie EA, Happi C. Detection of Antibody and Antigen for Lassa Virus Nucleoprotein in Monkeys from Southern Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2020; 9:125-127. [PMID: 31241870 PMCID: PMC7310747 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.190421.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a deadly viral haemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa Virus (LASV). Rodents, especially, Mystomys natalensis, are the known reservoirs of LASV and humans are the defined hosts. Monkeys share many illnesses with humans and experimental LASV infections in monkeys are fatal but natural LASV infection of monkeys has not been reported. Serum samples obtained between August 2015 and December 2017 from 62 monkeys belonging to six species in Southern Nigeria were tested for LASV as part of an ongoing surveillance of monkeys in the region for zoonotic pathogens. Commercially available Recombinant LASV (ReLASV) Pan-Lassa enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits (Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA) were used to detect antibodies (IgG and IgM) and antigen specific for LASV nucleoprotein in the sera. Lassa-fever-specific IgG and IgM, and antigen specific for LASV nucleoprotein were detected in 5/62, 0/62, and 1/62 samples, respectively. The presence of LASV-specific antibodies in the sera suggests natural exposure to the virus, while the presence of LASV antigen may mean that monkeys are carriers of the virus. There is a need to broaden Lassa fever surveillance to include nonhuman primates (NHPs) for their probable role in the epidemiology of the disease. HIGHLIGHTSRodents are the natural reservoirs of Lassa fever virus (LASV) and humans are the defined hosts. Experimental LASV infections in non-human primates (NHP) are fatal but natural infection of NHP with the virus have not been reported. We detected antigen and antibody specific for LASV in free-living Monkeys from southern Nigeria which implies that monkeys in the region are naturally exposed to LASV and are probable carriers of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele Nyemike Ogunro
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Kayode
- African Center for Excellence in Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka Olabisi Ishola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluseyi Noah Kolawole
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Eugene Amiewanlen Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Christian Happi
- African Center for Excellence in Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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31
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Friant S, Ayambem WA, Alobi AO, Ifebueme NM, Otukpa OM, Ogar DA, Alawa CBI, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK, Rothman JM. Eating Bushmeat Improves Food Security in a Biodiversity and Infectious Disease "Hotspot". ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:125-138. [PMID: 32020354 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hunting and consumption of wild animals, colloquially known as "bushmeat," is associated with health trade-offs. Contact with wildlife increases exposure to wildlife-origin zoonotic diseases yet bushmeat is an important nutritional resource in many rural communities. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bushmeat improves food security in communities that hunt and trade bushmeat regularly. We conducted 478 interviews with men and women in six communities near Cross River National Park in Nigeria. We used interview responses to relate prevalence and diversity of bushmeat consumption to household food security status. Animal-based foods were the most commonly obtained items from the forest, and 48 types of wild vertebrate animals were consumed within the past 30 days. Seventy-five percent of households experienced some degree of food insecurity related to food access. Bushmeat consumption was significantly associated with relatively higher household food security status. Rodents were more important predictors of food security than other animal taxa. Despite increased bushmeat consumption in food-secure households, food-insecure households consumed a higher diversity of bushmeat species. Results show that consumption of bushmeat, especially rodents, is uniquely related to improved food security. Reliance on a wider diversity of species in food-insecure households may in turn affect their nutrition, exposures to reservoirs of zoonotic infections, and impact on wildlife conservation. Our results indicate that food security should be addressed in conservation and public health strategies aimed at reducing human-wildlife contact, and that improved wildlife protection, when combined with alternative animal-based foods, would positively affect food security in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA.
| | - Wilfred A Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - David A Ogar
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Clement B I Alawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jerry K Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA
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32
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Nyamota R, Owino V, Murungi EK, Villinger J, Otiende M, Masiga D, Thuita J, Lekolool I, Jeneby M. Broad diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infecting Chlorocebus species (African green monkey) and evidence of cross-species infection in Papio anubis (olive baboon) in Kenya. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:165-178. [PMID: 32030774 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) naturally infects African non-human primates (NHPs) and poses a threat of transmission to humans through hunting and consumption of monkeys as bushmeat. This study investigated the as of yet unknown molecular diversity of SIV in free-ranging Chlorocebus species (African green monkeys-AGMs) and Papio anubis (olive baboons) within Mombasa, Kisumu and Naivasha urban centres in Kenya. METHODS We collected blood samples from 124 AGMs and 65 olive baboons in situ, and detected SIV by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS Simian immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 32% in AGMs and 3% in baboons. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis demonstrated distinct melt profiles illustrating virus diversity confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is persistent evolutionary diversification of SIVagm strains in its natural host, AGMs and cross-species infection to olive baboons is occurring. Further study is required to establish pathogenesis of the diverse SIVagm variants and baboon immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Thuita
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (BioRI-KALRO), Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Maamun Jeneby
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Kenya
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33
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Guagliardo SAJ, Monroe B, Moundjoa C, Athanase A, Okpu G, Burgado J, Townsend MB, Satheshkumar PS, Epperson S, Doty JB, Reynolds MG, Dibongue E, Etoundi GA, Mathieu E, McCollum AM. Asymptomatic Orthopoxvirus Circulation in Humans in the Wake of a Monkeypox Outbreak among Chimpanzees in Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:206-212. [PMID: 31769389 PMCID: PMC6947779 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) that causes smallpox-like illness in humans. In Cameroon, human monkeypox cases were confirmed in 2018, and outbreaks in captive chimpanzees occurred in 2014 and 2016. We investigated the OPXV serological status among staff at a primate sanctuary (where the 2016 chimpanzee outbreak occurred) and residents from nearby villages, and describe contact with possible monkeypox reservoirs. We focused specifically on Gambian rats (Cricetomys spp.) because they are recognized possible reservoirs and because contact with Gambian rats was common enough to render sufficient statistical power. We collected one 5-mL whole blood specimen from each participant to perform a generic anti-OPXV ELISA test for IgG and IgM antibodies and administered a questionnaire about prior symptoms of monkeypox-like illness and contact with possible reservoirs. Our results showed evidence of OPXV exposures (IgG positive, 6.3%; IgM positive, 1.6%) among some of those too young to have received smallpox vaccination (born after 1980, n = 63). No participants reported prior symptoms consistent with monkeypox. After adjusting for education level, participants who frequently visited the forest were more likely to have recently eaten Gambian rats (OR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.91-5.92, P < 0.001) and primate sanctuary staff were less likely to have touched or sold Gambian rats (OR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.19-0.28, P < 0.001). The asymptomatic or undetected circulation of OPXVs in humans in Cameroon is likely, and contact with monkeypox reservoirs is common, raising the need for continued surveillance for human and animal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin Monroe
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christian Moundjoa
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries, and Animal Industries, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cameroon Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ateba Athanase
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cameroon Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Zoonoses Program, Ministry of Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gordon Okpu
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cameroon Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Scott Epperson
- Hubert Humphrey Global Health Fellowship Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Els Mathieu
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cameroon Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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McNamara J, Robinson EJZ, Abernethy K, Midoko Iponga D, Sackey HNK, Wright JH, Milner-Gulland EJ. COVID-19, Systemic Crisis, and Possible Implications for the Wild Meat Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1045-1066. [PMID: 32836859 PMCID: PMC7399620 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals play an integral and complex role in the economies and ecologies of many countries across the globe, including those of West and Central Africa, the focus of this policy perspective. The trade in wild meat, and its role in diets, have been brought into focus as a consequence of discussions over the origins of COVID-19. As a result, there have been calls for the closure of China's "wet markets"; greater scrutiny of the wildlife trade in general; and a spotlight has been placed on the potential risks posed by growing human populations and shrinking natural habitats for animal to human transmission of zoonotic diseases. However, to date there has been little attention given to what the consequences of the COVID-19 economic shock may be for the wildlife trade; the people who rely on it for their livelihoods; and the wildlife that is exploited. In this policy perspective, we argue that the links between the COVID-19 pandemic, rural livelihoods and wildlife are likely to be more complex, more nuanced, and more far-reaching, than is represented in the literature to date. We develop a causal model that tracks the likely implications for the wild meat trade of the systemic crisis triggered by COVID-19. We focus on the resulting economic shockwave, as manifested in the collapse in global demand for commodities such as oil, and international tourism services, and what this may mean for local African economies and livelihoods. We trace the shockwave through to the consequences for the use of, and demand for, wild meats as households respond to these changes. We suggest that understanding and predicting the complex dynamics of wild meat use requires increased collaboration between environmental and resource economics and the ecological and conservation sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNamara
- Conservation Research Consultants, London, UK
- Gabon Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Katharine Abernethy
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Hannah N. K. Sackey
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Juliet H. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, UK
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35
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Friant S, Ayambem WA, Alobi AO, Ifebueme NM, Otukpa OM, Ogar DA, Alawa CBI, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK, Rothman JM. Life on the Rainforest Edge: Food Security in the Agricultural-Forest Frontier of Cross River State, Nigeria. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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Ogunro BN, Olugasa BO, Verschoor EJ, Olarinmoye AO, Theyse I, Niphuis H. Serological Detection of Ebola Virus Exposures in Native Non-human Primates of Southern Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 8:162-170. [PMID: 30864758 PMCID: PMC7377558 DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses (family: Filoviridae) are the cause of Ebola virus disease (EVD), a highly fatal illness characterised by haemorrhagic fever syndrome in both humans and non-human primates (NHPs). West Africa was the epicentre of the 2013-2015 EVD epidemic which caused the death of over 11,000 people, including eight casualties in southern Nigeria. Antibodies to filoviruses have been detected among NHPs in some countries, but there is no documented evidence of exposures to filoviruses among NHPs in Nigeria. From August 2015 to February 2017, a total of 142 serum samples were obtained from individual captive and wild animals, belonging to 11 NHP species, in southern Nigeria, and screened for species-specific antibodies to filoviruses belonging to the species; Zaire ebolavirus [Ebola virus (EBOV)], Sudan ebolavirus [Sudan virus (SUDV)], and Marburg marburgvirus [Ravn virus (RAVV)]-using a modified filovirus species-specific ELISA technique. Of the sera tested, 2.1% (3/142) were positive for antibodies to EBOV. The entire 142 sera were negative for SUDV or RAVV. These findings point to the existence of natural exposures of NHPs in southern Nigeria to EBOV. There is need to discourage, the uncontrolled hunting of NHPs in Nigeria for public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Ogunro
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - B O Olugasa
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - E J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - A O Olarinmoye
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,College of Dentistry Research Center (CDRC), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Theyse
- Center for Education, Research and Conservation of Primates and Nature, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - H Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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37
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Risk and Response to Biological Catastrophe in Lower Income Countries. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 424:85-105. [PMID: 31127360 PMCID: PMC7121610 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and intentional biological risks threaten human civilization, both through direct human fatality as well as follow-on effects from a collapse of the just-in-time delivery system that provides food, energy and critical supplies to communities globally. Human beings have multiple innate cognitive biases that systematically impair careful consideration of these risks. Residents of low-income countries, especially those who live in rural areas and are less dependent upon global trade, may be the most resilient communities to catastrophic risks, but low-income countries also present a heightened risk for biological catastrophe. Hotspots for the emergence of new zoonotic diseases are predominantly located in low-income countries. Crowded, poorly supplied healthcare facilities in low-income countries provide an optimal environment for new pathogens to transmit to a next host and adapt for more efficient person-to-person transmission. Strategies to address these risks include overcoming our natural biases and recognizing the importance of these risks, avoiding an over-reliance on developing specific biological countermeasures, developing generalized social and behavioral responses and investing in resilience.
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38
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Tata CY, Ickowitz A, Powell B, Colecraft EK. Dietary intake, forest foods, and anemia in Southwest Cameroon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215281. [PMID: 30978220 PMCID: PMC6461351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forest cover has been associated with higher dietary diversity and better diet quality in Africa. Anemia prevalence among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa is very high and diet is one known contributor of a high prevalence rate. We investigated whether living in communities with high forest cover was associated with better diet quality and lower anemia prevalence among women of reproductive age in Southwest Cameroon. METHODOLOGY We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 247 women of reproductive age from four forest-based villages (n = 126) and four non-forest villages (n = 121). We assessed the Hemoglobin (Hb) levels, anthropometric status, and diet (by 24-hour recall), as well as anemia-related morbidity and socio-demographic characteristics. Differences between groups were assessed with Pearson's chi-square and independent T-tests. We used a number of multivariate regression models to estimate the impacts of forest proximity on adjusted hemoglobin status of women of reproductive age, as well as to identify the most likely pathway through which forest proximity was important. RESULTS We found that women living in forest communities had higher adjusted hemoglobin levels (mean hemoglobin concentration 11.10±1.53 g/dl vs.10.68±1.55g/dl; p = 0.03 for women forest and non-forest communities respectively). Moderate to severe anemia prevalence was significantly higher in women living in the non-forest villages compared to women in forest villages (forest 63% vs. 73%; p = 0.04). Compared with women from non-forest villages, women from forest-based villages had consumed significantly more vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables and animal source foods, and more of these came from the forest (as opposed to the farm or purchased sources). We found that the consumption of Gnetum africanum (Eru), a leafy green vegetable that grows in forests of the Congo Basis, was best able to account for the higher levels of adjusted hemoglobin in women in forest communities. CONCLUSION This study contributes to the growing evidence that in some circumstances, forests make important contributions to diet quality and nutrition. The results of this study suggest that plant foods from the forest may make important contributions to iron intake and reduce the risk of anemia in women. Efforts to prevent forest loss and maintain ecosystem services are warranted to enhance nutrition and health of forest-based communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Yengo Tata
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Forests, Resources and People, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Amy Ickowitz
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Bronwen Powell
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
- Departments of Geography & African Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Esi K. Colecraft
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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39
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Drivers of conservation crimes in the Rungwa-Kizigo-Muhesi Game Reserves, Central Tanzania. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Narat V, Kampo M, Heyer T, Rupp S, Ambata P, Njouom R, Giles-Vernick T. Using physical contact heterogeneity and frequency to characterize dynamics of human exposure to nonhuman primate bodily fluids in central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006976. [PMID: 30589843 PMCID: PMC6307716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin constitute a recurrent threat to global health. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) occupy an important place in zoonotic spillovers (pathogenic transmissions from animals to humans), serving as reservoirs or amplifiers of multiple neglected tropical diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fevers and arboviruses, parasites and bacteria, as well as retroviruses (simian foamy virus, PTLV) that are pathogenic in human beings. Hunting and butchering studies in Africa characterize at-risk human social groups, but overlook critical factors of contact heterogeneity and frequency, NHP species differences, and meat processing practices. In southeastern Cameroon, a region with a history of zoonotic emergence and high risk of future spillovers, we conducted a novel mixed-method field study of human physical exposure to multiple NHP species, incorporating participant-based and ecological methodologies, and qualitative interviews (n = 25). We find frequent physical contact across adult human populations, greater physical contact with monkeys than apes, especially for meat handling practices, and positive correlation of human exposure with NHP species abundance and proximity to human settlement. These fine-grained results encourage reconsideration of the likely dynamics of human-NHP contact in past and future NTD emergence events. Multidisciplinary social science and ecological approaches should be mobilized to generate more effective human and animal surveillance and risk communications around neglected tropical diseases. At a moment when the WHO has included "Disease X", a presumably zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential, on its list of blueprint priority diseases as, new field-based tools for investigating zoonotic disease emergence, both known and unknown, are of critical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, CNRS/MNHN/Paris Diderot, France
| | - Mamadou Kampo
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Heyer
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Rupp
- City University of New York, Lehman College, Department of Anthropology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Ambata
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Studies, Toronto, Canada
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41
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Faust CL, McCallum HI, Bloomfield LSP, Gottdenker NL, Gillespie TR, Torney CJ, Dobson AP, Plowright RK. Pathogen spillover during land conversion. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:471-483. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Faust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; Universtiy of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment; Griffith University; Griffith Qld. Australia
| | - Laura S. P. Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Nicole L. Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Department of Environmental Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population; Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University; Athens GA USA
| | - Colin J. Torney
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
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42
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Serological Detection of Ebola Virus Exposures in Native Non-human Primates of Southern Nigeria. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Walz E, Wilson D, Stauffer JC, Wanduragala D, Stauffer WM, Travis DA, Alpern JD. Incentives for Bushmeat Consumption and Importation among West African Immigrants, Minnesota, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:2095-2097. [PMID: 29148387 PMCID: PMC5708257 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding bushmeat consumption and importation in the United States are not well described. Focus groups of West African persons living in Minnesota, USA, found that perceived risks are low and unlikely to deter consumers. Incentives for importation and consumption were multifactorial in this community.
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Rimoin AW, Alfonso VH, Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Mulembakani P, Kisalu NK, Muyembe JJ, Okitolonda EW, Wright LL. Human Exposure to Wild Animals in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:552-563. [PMID: 28831639 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high level of biological diversity in the Congo Basin and human population dependence on bushmeat, the DRC represents an ideal location for expanding knowledge on wild animal exposures and thus the potential for transmission of zoonotic pathogens. However, limited information exists on patterns and extent of contact with wildlife in such communities. Using a cross-sectional study, 14 villages in the Sankuru Province of the DRC were surveyed between August and September 2007. Villagers ≥ 1 year of age and at home of the time of the survey were eligible and enrolled to describe and assess factors associated with animal exposures (both activity and type of animal). Among respondents, 91% reported exposure to rodents, 89% to duikers, 78% to non-human primates (NHPs), and 32% reported contact with bats in the month prior to the survey. The most frequently reported activities included eating (95%), cooking (70%), and butchering or skinning of animals (55%). The activities and animals to which subjects had contact varied by sex and age. Moreover, we observed a high correlation of the same activities across animal types. In this and other populations that rely on bushmeat, there is a high frequency of exposure to multiple animal species through various modalities. In the event of future zoonotic disease outbreaks, effective public health interventions and campaigns that mitigate the risk of animal contact during outbreaks need to be broad to include various modes of contact and should be directed to both men and women across all age groups. As available information is limited, further studies are necessary to better understand the complex relationships and exposures individuals have with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Vivian Helena Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 650 S Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nevile K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile W Okitolonda
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Linda L Wright
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Alhaji NB, Yatswako S, Oddoh EY. Knowledge, risk perception and mitigation measures towards Ebola virus disease by potentially exposed bushmeat handlers in north-central Nigeria: Any critical gap? Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:158-167. [PMID: 28771956 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The bushmeat industry has been a topic of increasing importance among public health officials for its influence on zoonotic diseases transmission, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), a rare and severe infectious disease of humans and non-human primates. This survey assessed knowledge/awareness, risk perceptions and mitigation practices towards EVD among bushmeat handlers in north-central Nigeria. These characteristics are premise to level of preparedness against appropriate risk prevention and control. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January and December 2015 on 395 bushmeat handlers. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed using Epi-Info 3.5.3 software, and p < 0.05 was considered statistical significance in all analyses. Mean age of respondents was 40.9 ± 10.7 years, and most (30.4%) of them were in the age group 40-49 years. Majority (82.8%) of them were males, while most (47.9%) do not possess formal education. Bushmeat hunters, vendors and consumers constituted 17.2%, 28.1% and 54.7% of the respondents, respectively. A majority (85.6%) of the participants had heard about EVD. Bushmeat vendors were more likely (OR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.05-3.65) to have satisfactory knowledge than the hunters. Handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 3.22; 95% CI: 1.56-6.67) to possess significant satisfactory knowledge/awareness about EVD. Also, vendors were more likely (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.01-3.42) to practice satisfactory mitigation measures than the hunters. Only handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 2.48; 95% CI: 1.26-4.89) to significantly practice satisfactory mitigation measures against EVD. Although most of the handlers possessed significant knowledge/awareness about EVD, few applied mitigation measures against its infection, which is the challenging gap. There is a need for collaborations between the public health, veterinary and wildlife authorities in the provision of health information to bushmeat handlers on better management of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases of wildlife origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Alhaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - S Yatswako
- Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria
| | - E Y Oddoh
- Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Minna, Minna, Nigeria
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46
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Participation of women and children in hunting activities in Sierra Leone and implications for control of zoonotic infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005699. [PMID: 28749933 PMCID: PMC5531371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases of zoonotic origin highlights the need to understand social practices at the animal-human interface. This study provides a qualitative account of interactions between humans and wild animals in predominantly Mende villages of southern Sierra Leone. We conducted fieldwork over 4 months including participant and direct observations, semi-structured interviews (n = 47), spontaneously occurring focus group discussions (n = 12), school essays and informal interviews to describe behaviours that may serve as pathways for zoonotic infection. In this region, hunting is the primary form of contact with wild animals. We describe how these interactions are shaped by socio-cultural contexts, including opportunities to access economic resources and by social obligations and constraints. Our research suggests that the potential for exposure to zoonotic pathogens is more widely distributed across different age, gender and social groups than previously appreciated. We highlight the role of children in hunting, an age group that has previously not been discussed in the context of hunting. The breadth of the "at risk" population forces reconsideration of how we conceptualize, trace and monitor pathogen exposure. Studying how and why humans interact with animals is important to understand the transmission of zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans) and how to prevent and control them. We conducted a qualitative study to understand how and why people come into contact with wild animals in the Southern province of Sierra Leone, a region with numerous wildlife species known to carry zoonotic diseases. Previous studies on hunting in sub-Saharan Africa principally describe adult men as hunters and adult women as retailers of meat from wild animals. Based on our results, we seek to broaden the category of people deemed “at risk” of zoonotic diseases through hunting by including women and children. In particular, because of their limited physical abilities and social position, children hunt under different circumstances than those of adults. Our results have implications for zoonotic disease research and prevention, for example by ensuring children are integrated in health interventions and that their unique reasons to hunt are taken into account during such processes.
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47
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Cable J, Barber I, Boag B, Ellison AR, Morgan ER, Murray K, Pascoe EL, Sait SM, Wilson AJ, Booth M. Global change, parasite transmission and disease control: lessons from ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160088. [PMID: 28289256 PMCID: PMC5352815 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections are ubiquitous in wildlife, livestock and human populations, and healthy ecosystems are often parasite rich. Yet, their negative impacts can be extreme. Understanding how both anticipated and cryptic changes in a system might affect parasite transmission at an individual, local and global level is critical for sustainable control in humans and livestock. Here we highlight and synthesize evidence regarding potential effects of 'system changes' (both climatic and anthropogenic) on parasite transmission from wild host-parasite systems. Such information could inform more efficient and sustainable parasite control programmes in domestic animals or humans. Many examples from diverse terrestrial and aquatic natural systems show how abiotic and biotic factors affected by system changes can interact additively, multiplicatively or antagonistically to influence parasite transmission, including through altered habitat structure, biodiversity, host demographics and evolution. Despite this, few studies of managed systems explicitly consider these higher-order interactions, or the subsequent effects of parasite evolution, which can conceal or exaggerate measured impacts of control actions. We call for a more integrated approach to investigating transmission dynamics, which recognizes these complexities and makes use of new technologies for data capture and monitoring, and to support robust predictions of altered parasite dynamics in a rapidly changing world.This article is part of the themed issue 'Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Amy R Ellison
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Kris Murray
- Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emily L Pascoe
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Centre for Research and Innovation, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilson
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK
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48
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Ordaz-Németh I, Arandjelovic M, Boesch L, Gatiso T, Grimes T, Kuehl HS, Lormie M, Stephens C, Tweh C, Junker J. The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005450. [PMID: 28282378 PMCID: PMC5362244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushmeat represents an important source of animal protein for humans in tropical Africa. Unsustainable bushmeat hunting is a major threat to wildlife and its consumption is associated with an increased risk of acquiring zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD). During the recent EVD outbreak in West Africa, it is likely that human dietary behavior and local attitudes toward bushmeat consumption changed in response to the crisis, and that the rate of change depended on prevailing socio-economic conditions, including wealth and education. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects of income, education, and literacy on changes in bushmeat consumption during the crisis, as well as complementary changes in daily meal frequency, food diversity and bushmeat preference. More specifically, we tested whether wealthier households with more educated household heads decreased their consumption of bushmeat during the EVD crisis, and whether their daily meal frequency and food diversity remained constant. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to analyze interview data from two nationwide household surveys across Liberia. We found an overall decrease in bushmeat consumption during the crisis across all income levels. However, the rate of bushmeat consumption in high-income households decreased less than in low-income households. Daily meal frequency decreased during the crisis, and the diversity of food items and preferences for bushmeat species remained constant. Our multidisciplinary approach to study the impact of EVD can be applied to assess how other disasters affect social-ecological systems and improve our understanding and the management of future crises. The consumption of wild animal meat, commonly known as bushmeat, is widespread throughout tropical regions. Bushmeat provides an essential source of protein and income for human livelihoods. However, its consumption is linked to the transmission of zoonotic diseases, such as Ebola, and its over-harvest is a major threat to many wildlife species. The bushmeat trade therefore encompasses a broad range of socio-economic and ecological issues. As such, we think it is highly important to use an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the drivers of bushmeat consumption, to improve our understanding and management of future crises. Our analysis of household interview data collected during two surveys across Liberia shows that there was an overall decrease in bushmeat consumption during the recent Ebola crisis. However, the consumption of bushmeat in wealthier households decreased less than in poorer households. In addition, we found that daily meal frequency decreased during the crisis, and the diversity of food items and preferences for bushmeat species remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ordaz-Németh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Boesch
- Institute for Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tsegaye Gatiso
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Trokon Grimes
- Forestry Development Authority, Wheintown, Mount Barclay, Liberia
| | - Hjalmar S. Kuehl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menladi Lormie
- Forestry Development Authority, Wheintown, Mount Barclay, Liberia
| | - Colleen Stephens
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clement Tweh
- School of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jessica Junker
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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49
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Friant S, Brown K, Saari MT, Segel NH, Slezak J, Goldberg TL. Lung fluke (Paragonimus africanus) infects Nigerian red-capped mangabeys and causes respiratory disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:329-32. [PMID: 26543803 PMCID: PMC4564387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eggs of the lung fluke genus Paragonimus were detected in red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) in Nigeria. We assess the role of these primates as potential sylvatic hosts and the clinical effects of the parasite on monkeys. DNA sequenced from eggs in feces were 100% identical in the ITS2 region to Paragonimus africanus sequences from humans in Cameroon. Paragonimus-positive monkeys coughed more than uninfected monkeys. Experimental de-worming led to reduction in parasite intensity and a corresponding reduction of coughing to baseline levels in infected monkeys. This report provides the first evidence of Paragonimus sp. in C. torquatus, of P. africanus in Nigerian wildlife, and the first molecular evidence of the parasite in African wildlife. Coughing, sometimes interpreted as a communication behavior in primates, can actually indicate infection with lung parasites. Observations of coughing in primates may, in turn, provide a useful mechanism for surveillance of Paragonimus spp, which are re-emerging human pathogens, in wildlife reservoirs. We provide molecular evidence of Paragonimus sp. infection in African wildlife. P. africanus in primates is 100% identical to humans at the ITS2 region. Coughing in wild primates can indicate infection with lung flukes. We offer a method for surveillance of wildlife for potentially zoonotic lung flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kelsey Brown
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mason T Saari
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas H Segel
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julia Slezak
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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