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Borges MC, Clayton GL, Freathy RM, Felix JF, Fernández-Sanlés A, Soares AG, Kilpi F, Yang Q, McEachan RRC, Richmond RC, Liu X, Skotte L, Irizar A, Hattersley AT, Bodinier B, Scholtens DM, Nohr EA, Bond TA, Hayes MG, West J, Tyrrell J, Wright J, Bouchard L, Murcia M, Bustamante M, Chadeau-Hyam M, Jarvelin MR, Vrijheid M, Perron P, Magnus P, Gaillard R, Jaddoe VWV, Lowe WL, Feenstra B, Hivert MF, Sørensen TIA, Håberg SE, Serbert S, Magnus M, Lawlor DA. Integrating multiple lines of evidence to assess the effects of maternal BMI on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. BMC Med 2024; 22:32. [PMID: 38281920 PMCID: PMC10823651 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. However, whether these associations are causal remains unclear. METHODS We explored the relation of maternal pre-/early-pregnancy BMI with 20 pregnancy and perinatal outcomes by integrating evidence from three different approaches (i.e. multivariable regression, Mendelian randomisation, and paternal negative control analyses), including data from over 400,000 women. RESULTS All three analytical approaches supported associations of higher maternal BMI with lower odds of maternal anaemia, delivering a small-for-gestational-age baby and initiating breastfeeding, but higher odds of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, pre-labour membrane rupture, induction of labour, caesarean section, large-for-gestational age, high birthweight, low Apgar score at 1 min, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. For example, higher maternal BMI was associated with higher risk of gestational hypertension in multivariable regression (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.63, 1.70 per standard unit in BMI) and Mendelian randomisation (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.38, 1.83), which was not seen for paternal BMI (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.04). Findings did not support a relation between maternal BMI and perinatal depression. For other outcomes, evidence was inconclusive due to inconsistencies across the applied approaches or substantial imprecision in effect estimates from Mendelian randomisation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a causal role for maternal pre-/early-pregnancy BMI on 14 out of 20 adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Pre-conception interventions to support women maintaining a healthy BMI may reduce the burden of obstetric and neonatal complications. FUNDING Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, European Research Council, National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Health Research, Research Council of Norway, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Gemma L Clayton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Fernández-Sanlés
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ana Gonçalves Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Fanny Kilpi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Qian Yang
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tom A Bond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Murcia
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrice Perron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CR-CHUS), Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvain Serbert
- Center For Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Knihtilä HM, Kachroo P, Shadid I, Raissadati A, Peng C, McElrath TF, Litonjua AA, Demeo DL, Loscalzo J, Weiss ST, Mirzakhani H. Cord blood DNA methylation signatures associated with preeclampsia are enriched for cardiovascular pathways: insights from the VDAART trial. EBioMedicine 2023; 98:104890. [PMID: 37995466 PMCID: PMC10709000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia has been associated with maternal epigenetic changes, in particular DNA methylation changes in the placenta. It has been suggested that preeclampsia could also cause DNA methylation changes in the neonate. We examined DNA methylation in relation to gene expression in the cord blood of offspring born to mothers with preeclampsia. METHODS This study included 128 mother-child pairs who participated in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART), where assessment of preeclampsia served as secondary outcome. We performed an epigenome-wide association study of preeclampsia and cord blood DNA methylation (Illumina 450 K chip). We then examined gene expression of the same subjects for validation and replicated the gene signatures in independent DNA methylation datasets. Lastly, we applied functional enrichment and network analyses to identify biological pathways that could potentially be involved in preeclampsia. FINDINGS In the cord blood samples (n = 128), 263 CpGs were differentially methylated (FDR <0.10) in preeclampsia (n = 16), of which 217 were annotated. Top pathways in the functional enrichment analysis included apelin signaling pathway and other endothelial and cardiovascular pathways. Of the 217 genes, 13 showed differential expression (p's < 0.001) in preeclampsia and 11 had been previously related to preeclampsia (p's < 0.0001). These genes were linked to apelin, cGMP and Notch signaling pathways, all having a role in angiogenic process and cardiovascular function. INTERPRETATION Preeclampsia is related to differential cord blood DNA methylation signatures of cardiovascular pathways, including the apelin signaling pathway. The association of these cord blood DNA methylation signatures with offspring's long-term morbidities due to preeclampsia should be further investigated. FUNDING VDAART is funded by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants of R01HL091528 and UH3OD023268. HMK is supported by Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Paulo Foundation, and the Pediatric Research Foundation. HM is supported by K01 award from NHLBI (1K01HL146977-01A1). PK is supported by K99HL159234 from NIH/NHLBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Knihtilä
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Kachroo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iskander Shadid
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alireza Raissadati
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Peng
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dawn L Demeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hooman Mirzakhani
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wu T, Xu S. Understanding the contemporary high obesity rate from an evolutionary genetic perspective. Hereditas 2023; 160:5. [PMID: 36750916 PMCID: PMC9903520 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of obesity is gaining increasing popularity globally. From an evolutionary genetic perspective, it is believed that the main cause of the high obesity rate is the mismatch between environment and genes after people have shifted toward a modern high-calorie diet. However, it has been debated for over 60 years about how obesity-related genes become prevalent all over the world. Here, we review the three most influential hypotheses or viewpoints, i.e., the thrifty gene hypothesis, the drifty gene hypothesis, and the maladaptation viewpoint. In particular, genome-wide association studies in the recent 10 years have provided rich findings and evidence to be considered for a better understanding of the evolutionary genetic mechanisms of obesity. We anticipate this brief review to direct further studies and inspire the future application of precision medicine in obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Identification and Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the FTO Gene with Indicators of Overweight and Obesity in a Young Mexican Population. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010159. [PMID: 36672899 PMCID: PMC9858641 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: obesity is a global public health problem; various factors have been associated with this disease, and genetic factors play a very important role. Previous studies in multiple populations have associated a gene with fat mass and obesity (FTO). Thus, the present work aims to identify and determine associations between genetic variants of FTO with indicators of overweight and obesity in the Mexican population. (2) Methods: a total of 638 subjects were evaluated to compile data on body mass index (BMI), the percentage of body fat (%BF), the waist circumference (WC), the serum levels of triglycerides (TG), and food consumption. A total of 175 genetic variants in the FTO gene were sampled by a microarray in the evaluated population, followed by association statistical analyses and comparisons of means. (3) Results: a total of 34 genetic variants were associated with any of the 6 indicators of overweight and obesity, but only 15 showed mean differences using the recessive model after the Bonferroni correction. The present study shows a wide evaluation of FTO genetic variants associated with a classic indicator of overweight and obesity, which highlights the importance of genetic analyses in the study of obesity.
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5
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Wang W, Tan JS, Hua L, Zhu S, Lin H, Wu Y, Liu J. Genetically Predicted Obesity Causally Increased the Risk of Hypertension Disorders in Pregnancy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:888982. [PMID: 35694671 PMCID: PMC9175023 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.888982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to evaluate the causal association between obesity and hypertension disorders in pregnancy. Methods Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted based on the data obtained from the GIANT (n = 98,697 participants) consortium and FinnGen (n = 96,449 participants) consortium to determine the causal effect of obesity on the risk of hypertension disorders in pregnancy. Based on a genome-wide significance, 14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity-related databases were used as instrumental variables. The random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was adopted as the main analysis with a supplemented sensitive analysis of the MR-Egger and weighted median approaches. Results All three MR methods showed that genetically predicted obesity causally increased the risk of hypertension disorders in pregnancy. IVW analysis provided obesity as a risk factor for hypertension disorders in pregnancy with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.59; P = 2.46 × 10−6]. Weighted median and MR Egger regression also showed directionally similar results [weighted median OR = 1.49 (95% CI, 1.24–1.79), P = 2.45 × 10−5; MR-Egger OR = 1.95 (95% CI, 1.35–2.82), P = 3.84 × 10−3]. No directional pleiotropic effects were found between obesity and hypertension disorders in pregnancy with both MR-Egger intercepts and funnel plots. Conclusions Our findings provided directed evidence that obesity was causally associated with a higher risk of hypertension disorders in pregnancy. Taking measures to reduce the proportion of obesity may help reduce the incidence of hypertension disorders in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Tan
- Center for Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Hua
- Center for Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengsong Zhu
- Center for Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Lin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Center for Respiratory and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wu
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Jinping Liu
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Sharp GC, Alfano R, Ghantous A, Urquiza J, Rifas-Shiman SL, Page CM, Jin J, Fernández-Barrés S, Santorelli G, Tindula G. Paternal body mass index and offspring DNA methylation: findings from the PACE consortium. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1297-1315. [PMID: 33517419 PMCID: PMC8407864 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence links paternal adiposity in the periconceptional period to offspring health outcomes. DNA methylation has been proposed as a mediating mechanism, but very few studies have explored this possibility in humans. METHODS In the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) consortium, we conducted a meta-analysis of coordinated epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of paternal prenatal body mass index (BMI) (with and without adjustment for maternal BMI) in relation to DNA methylation in offspring blood at birth (13 data sets; total n = 4894) and in childhood (6 data sets; total n = 1982). RESULTS We found little evidence of an association at either time point: at all CpGs, the false-discovery-rate-adjusted P-values were >0.05. In secondary sex-stratified analyses, we found just four CpGs for which there was robust evidence of an association in female offspring. To compare our findings to those of other studies, we conducted a systematic review, which identified seven studies, including five candidate gene studies showing associations between paternal BMI/obesity and offspring or sperm DNA methylation at imprinted regions. However, in our own study, we found very little evidence of enrichment for imprinted genes. CONCLUSION Our findings do not support the hypothesis that paternal BMI around the time of pregnancy is associated with offspring-blood DNA methylation, even at imprinted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Rossella Alfano
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health School of Public Health Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian M Page
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Silvia Fernández-Barrés
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gwen Tindula
- Children’s Environmental Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Sammallahti S, Cortes Hidalgo AP, Tuominen S, Malmberg A, Mulder RH, Brunst KJ, Alemany S, McBride NS, Yousefi P, Heiss JA, McRae N, Page CM, Jin J, Pesce G, Caramaschi D, Rifas-Shiman SL, Koen N, Adams CD, Magnus MC, Baïz N, Ratanatharathorn A, Czamara D, Håberg SE, Colicino E, Baccarelli AA, Cardenas A, DeMeo DL, Lawlor DA, Relton CL, Felix JF, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Kajantie E, Räikkönen K, Sunyer J, Sharp GC, Houtepen LC, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Annesi-Maesano I, Wright J, Hivert MF, Wright RJ, Zar HJ, Stein DJ, London SJ, Cecil CAM, Tiemeier H, Lahti J. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and newborn epigenome-wide DNA methylation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1832-1845. [PMID: 33414500 PMCID: PMC8595870 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal anxiety during pregnancy is associated with adverse foetal, neonatal, and child outcomes, but biological mechanisms remain unclear. Altered foetal DNA methylation (DNAm) has been proposed as a potential underlying mechanism. In the current study, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the associations between maternal anxiety, measured prospectively during pregnancy, and genome-wide DNAm from umbilical cord blood. Sixteen non-overlapping cohorts from 12 independent longitudinal studies of the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium participated, resulting in a combined dataset of 7243 mother-child dyads. We examined prenatal anxiety in relation to genome-wide DNAm and differentially methylated regions. We observed no association between the general symptoms of anxiety during pregnancy or pregnancy-related anxiety, and DNAm at any of the CpG sites, after multiple-testing correction. Furthermore, we identify no differentially methylated regions associated with maternal anxiety. At the cohort-level, of the 21 associations observed in individual cohorts, none replicated consistently in the other cohorts. In conclusion, contrary to some previous studies proposing cord blood DNAm as a promising potential mechanism explaining the link between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in offspring, we found no consistent evidence for any robust associations between maternal anxiety and DNAm in cord blood. Larger studies and analysis of DNAm in other tissues may be needed to establish subtle or subgroup-specific associations between maternal anxiety and the foetal epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sammallahti
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea P Cortes Hidalgo
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuli Tuominen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Malmberg
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rosa H Mulder
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly J Brunst
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silvia Alemany
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nancy S McBride
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Yousefi
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonathan A Heiss
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nia McRae
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian M Page
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Giancarlo Pesce
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, EPAR, Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Doretta Caramaschi
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nastassja Koen
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charleen D Adams
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Population Sciences, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Maria C Magnus
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nour Baïz
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, EPAR, Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, New York City, NY, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darina Czamara
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena Colicino
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Precision Environmental Health Lab, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- University of California, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Janine F Felix
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Child & Family Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Lotte C Houtepen
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Clinical Research and Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | | | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM UMR-S 1136, EPAR, Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Environmental Medicine & Public Health, Institute for Exposomic Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather J Zar
- University of Cape Town, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Epidemiology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jari Lahti
- University of Helsinki, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Easey KE, Wootton RE, Sallis HM, Haan E, Schellhas L, Munafò MR, Timpson NJ, Zuccolo L. Characterization of alcohol polygenic risk scores in the context of mental health outcomes: Within-individual and intergenerational analyses in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108654. [PMID: 33676074 PMCID: PMC8047864 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy alcohol consumption often co-occurs with mental health problems; this could be due to confounding, shared biological mechanisms, or causal effects. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for alcohol use can be used to explore this association at critical life stages. DESIGN We characterized a PRS reliably associated with patterns of adult alcohol consumption by 1) validating whether it predicts own alcohol use at different life-stages (pregnancy, adolescence) of interest for mental health impact. Additionally, we explored associations of alcohol PRS on mental health phenotypes 2) within-individuals (using own alcohol PRS on own phenotypes) and 3) intergenerationally (using maternal alcohol PRS on offspring phenotypes). We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 960-7841). Additional substance abuse behaviors and mental health/behavioral outcomes were investigated (alcohol phenotypes n = 22; health phenotypes n = 91). FINDINGS Maternal alcohol PRS was associated with consumption during pregnancy (strongest signal: alcohol frequency at 18 weeks' gestation: β = 0.041, 95%CI = 0.0.02-0.06), p = 1.01 × 10-5, adjusted R2 = 1.6 %), offspring alcohol PRS did not predict offspring alcohol consumption. We found evidence for an association of maternal alcohol PRS with own perinatal depression (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.18, p = 0.022) and decreased offspring intellectual ability (β=-0.209, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.04, p= 0.016). CONCLUSIONS These alcohol PRS are a valid proxy for maternal alcohol use in pregnancy. Offspring alcohol PRS was not associated with drinking in adolescence. Consistently with results from different study designs, we found evidence that maternal alcohol PRS are associated with both prenatal depression and decreased offspring intellectual ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh E Easey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah M Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Elis Haan
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Schellhas
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
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9
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Ellingjord-Dale M, Papadimitriou N, Katsoulis M, Yee C, Dimou N, Gill D, Aune D, Ong JS, MacGregor S, Elsworth B, Lewis SJ, Martin RM, Riboli E, Tsilidis KK. Coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236904. [PMID: 33465101 PMCID: PMC7815134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have reported either null or weak protective associations for coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer. METHODS We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk using 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with coffee consumption from a genome-wide association (GWA) study on 212,119 female UK Biobank participants of White British ancestry. Risk estimates for breast cancer were retrieved from publicly available GWA summary statistics from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) on 122,977 cases (of which 69,501 were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, 21,468 ER-negative) and 105,974 controls of European ancestry. Random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) MR analyses were performed along with several sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of potential MR assumption violations. RESULTS One cup per day increase in genetically predicted coffee consumption in women was not associated with risk of total (IVW random-effects; odds ratio (OR): 0.91, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.80-1.02, P: 0.12, P for instrument heterogeneity: 7.17e-13), ER-positive (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.79-1.02, P: 0.09) and ER-negative breast cancer (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.75-1.03, P: 0.12). Null associations were also found in the sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger (total breast cancer; OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.80-1.25), weighted median (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.89-1.05) and weighted mode (OR: 1.00, CI: 0.93-1.07). CONCLUSIONS The results of this large MR study do not support an association of genetically predicted coffee consumption on breast cancer risk, but we cannot rule out existence of a weak association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Ellingjord-Dale
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Papadimitriou
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michail Katsoulis
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chew Yee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niki Dimou
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Elsworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Marcos-Pasero H, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Ikonomopoulou MP, Loria-Kohen V. BDNF Gene as a Precision Skill of Obesity Management. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1331:233-248. [PMID: 34453302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74046-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of the results obtained for the treatment of obesity leads us to consider new strategies, contemplating all the factors involved in the development of the disease. One of the key molecules for controlling body weight and energy homeostasis is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This work summarizes the mechanisms in which BDNF gene regulates this multifactorial disease. In addition, we discuss the role of other BDNF polymorphisms as genetic determinants of obesity. In this context, a total of 14 SNPs near or inside BDNF/BDNF-AS related to BMI were identified in various GWASs. Finally, we assess gene-diet interaction as a novel tool to prevent obesity and formulate solid and personalized nutritional management. Our research group has performed the first study on the association of BDNF-AS rs925946 polymorphism and calcium intake as potential modulators of the nutritional status. Although these results should be confirmed in future studies, they open the path for new prevention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Marcos-Pasero
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P Ikonomopoulou
- Translational Venomics Group, IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Karlsson L, Barbaro M, Ewing E, Gomez-Cabrero D, Lajic S. Genome-wide investigation of DNA methylation in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 201:105699. [PMID: 32428554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are at risk of long-term cognitive and metabolic sequelae with some of the effects being attributed to the chronic glucocorticoid treatment that they receive. Our pilot study investigates genome-wide DNA methylation in patients with CAH to determine whether there is preliminary evidence for epigenomic reprogramming as well as any relationship to patient outcome. Here, we analysed CD4 + T cell DNA from 28 patients with CAH (mean age = 18.5 ± 6.5 years [y]) and 37 population controls (mean age = 17.0 ± 6.1 y) with the Infinium-HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array to measure genome-wide locus-specific DNA methylation levels. Effects of CAH, phenotype and CYP21A2 genotype on methylation were investigated as well as the association between differentially methylated CpGs and glucose homeostasis, blood lipid profile, and cognitive functions. In addition, we report data on a small cohort of 11 patients (mean age = 19.1, ±6.0 y) with CAH who were treated prenatally with dexamethasone (DEX) in addition to postnatal glucocorticoid treatment. We identified two CpGs to be associated with patient phenotype: cg18486102 (located in the FAIM2 gene; rho = 0.58, adjusted p = 0.027) and cg02404636 (located in the SFI1 gene; rho = 0.58, adjusted p = 0.038). cg02404636 was also associated with genotype (rho = 0.59, adjusted p = 0.024). Higher levels of serum C-peptide was also observed in patients with CAH (p = 0.044). Additionally, levels of C-peptide and HbA1c were positively correlated with patient phenotype (p = 0.044 and p = 0.034) and genotype (p = 0.044 and p = 0.033), respectively. No significant association was found between FAIM2 methylation and cognitive or metabolic outcome. However, SFI1 TSS methylation was associated with fasting plasma HDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.035). In conclusion, in this pilot study, higher methylation levels in CpG sites covering FAIM2 and SFI1 were associated with disease severity. Hypermethylation in these genes may have implications for long-term cognitive and metabolic outcome in patients with CAH, although the data must be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size. Additional studies in larger cohorts are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS L7:05), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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The influence of transmitted and non-transmitted parental BMI-associated alleles on the risk of overweight in childhood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4806. [PMID: 32179833 PMCID: PMC7075975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight in children is strongly associated with parental body mass index (BMI) and overweight. We assessed parental transmitted and non-transmitted genetic contributions to overweight in children from the Danish National Birth Cohort by constructing genetic risk scores (GRSs) from 941 common genetic variants associated with adult BMI and estimating associations of transmitted maternal/paternal and non-transmitted maternal GRS with child overweight. Maternal and paternal BMI (standard deviation (SD) units) had a strong association with childhood overweight [Odds ratio (OR): 2.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74; 2.34) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.43; 1.89)]. Maternal and paternal transmitted GRSs (SD-units) increased odds for child overweight equally [OR: 1.30 (95% CI 1.16; 1.46) and 1.30 (95% CI 1.16; 1.47)]. However, both the parental phenotypic and the GRS associations may depend on maternal BMI, being weaker among mothers with overweight. Maternal non-transmitted GRS was not associated with child overweight [OR 0.98 (95% CI 0.88; 1.10)] suggesting no specific influence of maternal adiposity as such. In conclusion, parental transmitted GRSs, based on adult BMI, contribute to child overweight, but in overweight mothers other genetic and environmental factors may play a greater role.
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13
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Abstract
The phenotypic trait of high bone mass (HBM) is an excellent example of the nexus between common and rare disease genetics. HBM may arise from carriage of many 'high bone mineral density [BMD]'-associated alleles, and certainly the genetic architecture of individuals with HBM is enriched with high BMD variants identified through genome-wide association studies of BMD. HBM may also arise as a monogenic skeletal disorder, due to abnormalities in bone formation, bone resorption, and/or bone turnover. Individuals with monogenic disorders of HBM usually, though not invariably, have other skeletal abnormalities (such as mandible enlargement) and thus are best regarded as having a skeletal dysplasia rather than just isolated high BMD. A binary etiological division of HBM into polygenic vs. monogenic, however, would be excessively simplistic: the phenotype of individuals carrying rare variants of large effect can still be modified by their common variant polygenic background, and by the environment. HBM disorders-whether predominantly polygenic or monogenic in origin-are not only interesting clinically and genetically: they provide insights into bone processes that can be exploited therapeutically, with benefits both for individuals with these rare bone disorders and importantly for the many people affected by the commonest bone disease worldwide-i.e., osteoporosis. In this review we detail the genetic architecture of HBM; we provide a conceptual framework for considering HBM in the clinical context; and we discuss monogenic and polygenic causes of HBM with particular emphasis on anabolic causes of HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Celia L. Gregson, ; Emma L. Duncan,
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Celia L. Gregson, ; Emma L. Duncan,
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14
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Chiang KM, Chang HC, Yang HC, Chen CH, Chen HH, Lee WJ, Pan WH. Genome-wide association study of morbid obesity in Han Chinese. BMC Genet 2019; 20:97. [PMID: 31852448 PMCID: PMC6921553 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As obesity is becoming pandemic, morbid obesity (MO), an extreme type of obesity, is an emerging issue worldwide. It is imperative to understand the factors responsible for huge weight gain in certain populations in the modern society. Very few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted on MO patients. This study is the first MO-GWAS study in the Han-Chinese population in Asia. METHODS We conducted a two-stage GWAS with 1110 MO bariatric patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m2) from Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taiwan. The first stage involved 575 patients, and 1729 sex- and age-matched controls from the Taiwan Han Chinese Cell and Genome Bank. In the second stage, another 535 patients from the same hospital were genotyped for 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered in the first stage, and 9145 matched controls from Taiwan Biobank were matched for confirmation analysis. RESULTS The results of the joint analysis for the second stage revealed six top ranking SNPs, including rs8050136 (p-value = 7.80 × 10- 10), rs9939609 (p-value = 1.32 × 10- 9), rs1421085 (p-value = 1.54 × 10- 8), rs9941349 (p-value = 9.05 × 10- 8), rs1121980 (p-value = 7.27 × 10- 7), and rs9937354 (p-value = 6.65 × 10- 7), which were all located in FTO gene. Significant associations were also observed between MO and RBFOX1, RP11-638 L3.1, TMTC1, CBLN4, CSMD3, and ERBB4, respectively, using the Bonferroni correction criteria for 52 SNPs (p < 9.6 × 10- 4). CONCLUSION The most significantly associated locus of MO in the Han-Chinese population was the well-known FTO gene. These SNPs located in intron 1, may include the leptin receptor modulator. Other significant loci, showing weak associations with MO, also suggested the potential mechanism underlying the disorders with eating behaviors or brain/neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Mao Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Cheng Chang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jei Lee
- Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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15
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Yang SS, Wang Y, He Y, Xu L, Jin Y, Zhang WS, Jiang CQ, Cheng KK, Lam TH. Genetic scores for BMI related to metabolically unhealthy obesity in an older Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:759-769. [PMID: 31420887 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, a genetic risk score (GRS) for the body mass index (BMI) tested and built using a large sample of Chinese individuals aged at least 50 years in southern China. We collected information regarding the participants' weights at 20 years of age and middle age and tested the BMI-GRS effect modes. METHODS This study involved a prospective study design. The genetic data of the participants in from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study and selected BMI-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to establish the GRS. RESULTS We included 13 597 participants with 12 SNPs. After adjusting for covariates, the high-GRS group was 36% (95% CI: 25%-48%) and 34% (95% CI: 23%-47%) more likely of being overweight at baseline and follow-up, respectively, and 56% (95% CI: 34%-82%) and 49% (95% CI: 29%-72%) more likely of being obese at baseline and follow-up, respectively, compared with the low-GRS group (P-value for all trends <.05). The RRs for the incidences of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese (MHO and MUO, respectively) individuals in the high-GRS group were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.65-1.35) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.00-1.63), respectively. CONCLUSION High-GRS participants were more likely to be overweight/obese at baseline and follow-up, and this relationship exhibited a dose-response relationship. The GRS was also associated with MUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Yang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Northern Military Area CDC, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
- School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yali Jin
- Guangzhou Number 12 People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Sen Zhang
- Guangzhou Number 12 People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Kar Keung Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Guangzhou Number 12 People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Kazmi N, Sharp GC, Reese SE, Vehmeijer FO, Lahti J, Page CM, Zhang W, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rezwan FI, Simpkin AJ, Burrows K, Richardson TG, Santos Ferreira DL, Fraser A, Harmon QE, Zhao S, Jaddoe VW, Czamara D, Binder EB, Magnus MC, Håberg SE, Nystad W, Nohr EA, Starling AP, Kechris KJ, Yang IV, DeMeo DL, Litonjua AA, Baccarelli A, Oken E, Holloway JW, Karmaus W, Arshad SH, Dabelea D, Sørensen TI, Laivuori H, Raikkonen K, Felix JF, London SJ, Hivert MF, Gaunt TR, Lawlor DA, Relton CL. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and DNA Methylation in Newborns. Hypertension 2019; 74:375-383. [PMID: 31230546 PMCID: PMC6635125 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are associated with low birth weight, shorter gestational age, and increased risk of maternal and offspring cardiovascular diseases later in life. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood, but epigenetic regulation of gene expression may play a part. We performed meta-analyses in the Pregnancy and Childhood Epigenetics Consortium to test the association between either maternal HDP (10 cohorts; n=5242 [cases=476]) or preeclampsia (3 cohorts; n=2219 [cases=135]) and epigenome-wide DNA methylation in cord blood using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. In models adjusted for confounders, and with Bonferroni correction, HDP and preeclampsia were associated with DNA methylation at 43 and 26 CpG sites, respectively. HDP was associated with higher methylation at 27 (63%) of the 43 sites, and across all 43 sites, the mean absolute difference in methylation was between 0.6% and 2.6%. Epigenome-wide associations of HDP with offspring DNA methylation were modestly consistent with the equivalent epigenome-wide associations of preeclampsia with offspring DNA methylation (R2=0.26). In longitudinal analyses conducted in 1 study (n=108 HDP cases; 550 controls), there were similar changes in DNA methylation in offspring of those with and without HDP up to adolescence. Pathway analysis suggested that genes located at/near HDP-associated sites may be involved in developmental, embryogenesis, or neurological pathways. HDP is associated with offspring DNA methylation with potential relevance to development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Kazmi
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma C. Sharp
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences (G.C.S.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Reese
- Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC (S.E.R., Q.E.H., S.Z., S.J.L.)
| | - Florianne O. Vehmeijer
- The Generation R Study Group (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine (J.L., K.R.), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium of Advanced Studies (J.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian M. Page
- Division of Mental and Physical Health (C.M.P., W.N.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (C.M.P.)
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (W.Z., K.J.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA (S.L.R.-S., E.O., M.-F.H.)
| | - Faisal I. Rezwan
- Human Development and Health (F.I.R., J.W.H.), Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Simpkin
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway (A.J.S.)
| | - Kimberley Burrows
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom G. Richardson
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diana L. Santos Ferreira
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Fraser
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Quaker E. Harmon
- Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC (S.E.R., Q.E.H., S.Z., S.J.L.)
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC (S.E.R., Q.E.H., S.Z., S.J.L.)
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (D.C., E.B.B.)
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (D.C., E.B.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (E.B.B.)
| | - Maria C. Magnus
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Fertility and Health (M.C.M., S.E.H.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo
| | - Siri E. Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health (M.C.M., S.E.H.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division of Mental and Physical Health (C.M.P., W.N.), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Research Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.)
| | - Anne P. Starling
- Department of Epidemiology (A.P.S., I.V.Y., D.D.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Katerina J. Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (W.Z., K.J.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Epidemiology (A.P.S., I.V.Y., D.D.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Medicine (I.V.Y.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO (I.V.Y.)
| | - Dawn L. DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.L.D.)
| | - Augusto A. Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Precision Environmental Biosciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY (A.B.)
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA (S.L.R.-S., E.O., M.-F.H.)
| | - John W. Holloway
- Human Development and Health (F.I.R., J.W.H.), Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (J.W.H., S.H.A.), Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, TN (W.K.)
| | - Syed H. Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (J.W.H., S.H.A.), Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology (A.P.S., I.V.Y., D.D.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics (D.D.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics (T.I.A.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section on Epidemiology (T.I.A.S.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (H.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (H.L.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (H.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki. Finland (H.L.)
| | - Katri Raikkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine (J.L., K.R.), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janine F. Felix
- The Generation R Study Group (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics (F.O.V., V.W.V.J., J.F.F.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J. London
- Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC (S.E.R., Q.E.H., S.Z., S.J.L.)
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA (S.L.R.-S., E.O., M.-F.H.)
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (M.-F.H.)
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.)
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.)
| | - Caroline L. Relton
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (N.K., G.C.S., A.J.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.I.A.S., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (N.K., G.C.S., K.B., T.G.R., D.L.S.F., A.F., M.C.M., T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.R.G., D.A.L., C.L.R.)
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17
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Lees JA, Ferwerda B, Kremer PHC, Wheeler NE, Serón MV, Croucher NJ, Gladstone RA, Bootsma HJ, Rots NY, Wijmega-Monsuur AJ, Sanders EAM, Trzciński K, Wyllie AL, Zwinderman AH, van den Berg LH, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, Harboe ZB, Lundbo LF, de Groot LCPGM, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, Ängquist LH, Sørensen TIA, Nohr EA, Mentzer AJ, Mills TC, Knight JC, du Plessis M, Nzenze S, Weiser JN, Parkhill J, Madhi S, Benfield T, von Gottberg A, van der Ende A, Brouwer MC, Barrett JC, Bentley SD, van de Beek D. Joint sequencing of human and pathogen genomes reveals the genetics of pneumococcal meningitis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2176. [PMID: 31092817 PMCID: PMC6520353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common nasopharyngeal colonizer, but can also cause life-threatening invasive diseases such as empyema, bacteremia and meningitis. Genetic variation of host and pathogen is known to play a role in invasive pneumococcal disease, though to what extent is unknown. In a genome-wide association study of human and pathogen we show that human variation explains almost half of variation in susceptibility to pneumococcal meningitis and one-third of variation in severity, identifying variants in CCDC33 associated with susceptibility. Pneumococcal genetic variation explains a large amount of invasive potential (70%), but has no effect on severity. Serotype alone is insufficient to explain invasiveness, suggesting other pneumococcal factors are involved in progression to invasive disease. We identify pneumococcal genes involved in invasiveness including pspC and zmpD, and perform a human-bacteria interaction analysis. These genes are potential candidates for the development of more broadly-acting pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lees
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H C Kremer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E Wheeler
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mercedes Valls Serón
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Hester J Bootsma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Alienke J Wijmega-Monsuur
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Zitta B Harboe
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Lene F Lundbo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars H Ängquist
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, DK-2000, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
- The Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1014, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tara C Mills
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Susan Nzenze
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shabir Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC/RIVM, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Barrett
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Genomics Plc, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1BH, UK
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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18
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Howe LJ, Richardson TG, Arathimos R, Alvizi L, Passos-Bueno MR, Stanier P, Nohr E, Ludwig KU, Mangold E, Knapp M, Stergiakouli E, Pourcain BS, Smith GD, Sandy J, Relton CL, Lewis SJ, Hemani G, Sharp GC. Evidence for DNA methylation mediating genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. Epigenomics 2019; 11:133-145. [PMID: 30638414 PMCID: PMC6462847 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine if nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) genetic risk variants influence liability to nsCL/P through gene regulation pathways, such as those involving DNA methylation. MATERIALS & METHODS nsCL/P genetic summary data and methylation data from four studies were used in conjunction with Mendelian randomization and joint likelihood mapping to investigate potential mediation of nsCL/P genetic variants. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Evidence was found at VAX1 (10q25.3), LOC146880 (17q23.3) and NTN1 (17p13.1), that liability to nsCL/P and variation in DNA methylation might be driven by the same genetic variant, suggesting that genetic variation at these loci may increase liability to nsCL/P by influencing DNA methylation. Follow-up analyses using different tissues and gene expression data provided further insight into possible biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ryan Arathimos
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lucas Alvizi
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano eCélulas-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R Passos-Bueno
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano eCélulas-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics & Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, Netherlands
- Donders Institute, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ellen Nohr
- Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics & Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, Netherlands
- Donders Institute, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Sandy
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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19
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Skaaby T, Kilpeläinen TO, Taylor AE, Mahendran Y, Wong A, Ahluwalia TS, Paternoster L, Trompet S, Stott DJ, Flexeder C, Zhou A, Brusselle G, Sajjad A, Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Have CT, Thuesen BH, Kårhus LL, Møllehave LT, Leth-Møller KB, Shabanzadeh DM, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Power C, Hyppönen E, Kuh D, Hardy R, Meitinger T, Jukema JW, Völker U, Nauck M, Völzke H, Friedrich N, Bonten TN, Noordam R, Mook-Kanamori DO, Tolstrup JS, Taube C, Peters A, Grallert H, Strauch K, Schulz H, Grarup N, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Burgess S, Munafò MR, Linneberg A. Association of alcohol consumption with allergic disease and asthma: a multi-centre Mendelian randomization analysis. Addiction 2019; 114:216-225. [PMID: 30209858 PMCID: PMC7613132 DOI: 10.1111/add.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To use the rs1229984 variant associated with alcohol consumption as an instrument for alcohol consumption to test the causality of the association of alcohol consumption with hay fever, asthma, allergic sensitization and serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E. DESIGN Observational and Mendelian randomization analyses using genetic variants as unbiased markers of exposure to estimate causal effects, subject to certain assumptions. SETTING Europe. PARTICIPANTS We included a total of 466 434 people aged 15-82 years from 17 population-based studies conducted from 1997 to 2015. MEASUREMENTS The rs1229984 (ADH1B) was genotyped; alcohol consumption, hay fever and asthma were self-reported. Specific and total IgE were measured from serum samples. FINDINGS Observational analyses showed that ever-drinking versus non-drinking, but not amount of alcohol intake, was positively associated with hay fever and inversely associated with asthma but not with allergic sensitization or serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E. However, Mendelian randomization analyses did not suggest that the observational associations are causal. The causal odds ratio (OR) per genetically assessed unit of alcohol/week was an OR = 0.907 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.806, 1.019; P = 0.101] for hay fever, an OR = 0.897 (95% CI = 0.790, 1.019; P = 0.095) for asthma, an OR = 0.971 (95% CI = 0.804, 1.174; P = 0.763) for allergic sensitization and a 4.7% change (95% CI = -5.5%, 14.9%; P = 0.366) for total IgE. CONCLUSIONS In observational analyses, ever-drinking versus not drinking was positively associated with hay fever and negatively associated with asthma. However, the Mendelian randomization results were not consistent with these associations being causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Skaaby
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yuvaraj Mahendran
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ang Zhou
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Guy Brusselle
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Bioanalysis, FFW, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ayesha Sajjad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Bioanalysis, FFW, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Theil Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina H. Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line Lund Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line Tang Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katja Biering Leth-Møller
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel Mønsted Shabanzadeh
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Arturo Gonzalez-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital and University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia,Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias N. Bonten
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Beaumont RN, Warrington NM, Cavadino A, Tyrrell J, Nodzenski M, Horikoshi M, Geller F, Myhre R, Richmond RC, Paternoster L, Bradfield JP, Kreiner-Møller E, Huikari V, Metrustry S, Lunetta KL, Painter JN, Hottenga JJ, Allard C, Barton SJ, Espinosa A, Marsh JA, Potter C, Zhang G, Ang W, Berry DJ, Bouchard L, Das S, Hakonarson H, Heikkinen J, Helgeland Ø, Hocher B, Hofman A, Inskip HM, Jones SE, Kogevinas M, Lind PA, Marullo L, Medland SE, Murray A, Murray JC, Njølstad PR, Nohr EA, Reichetzeder C, Ring SM, Ruth KS, Santa-Marina L, Scholtens DM, Sebert S, Sengpiel V, Tuke MA, Vaudel M, Weedon MN, Willemsen G, Wood AR, Yaghootkar H, Muglia LJ, Bartels M, Relton CL, Pennell CE, Chatzi L, Estivill X, Holloway JW, Boomsma DI, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Spector TD, Power C, Järvelin MR, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Sørensen TIA, Jaddoe VW, Jacobsson B, Melbye M, McCarthy MI, Hattersley AT, Hayes MG, Frayling TM, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Hyppönen E, Lowe WL, Evans DM, Lawlor DA, Feenstra B, Freathy RM. Genome-wide association study of offspring birth weight in 86 577 women identifies five novel loci and highlights maternal genetic effects that are independent of fetal genetics. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:742-756. [PMID: 29309628 PMCID: PMC5886200 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother–child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P < 5 × 10−8. In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine Potter
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ge Zhang
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shikta Das
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berthold Hocher
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Genetic Section, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Anna Murray
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marc Vaudel
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meike Bartels
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Ritta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland.,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Center, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for School of Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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21
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Min JL, Hemani G, Davey Smith G, Relton C, Suderman M. Meffil: efficient normalization and analysis of very large DNA methylation datasets. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:3983-3989. [PMID: 29931280 PMCID: PMC6247925 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation DNA methylation datasets are growing ever larger both in sample size and genome coverage. Novel computational solutions are required to efficiently handle these data. Results We have developed meffil, an R package designed for efficient quality control, normalization and epigenome-wide association studies of large samples of Illumina Methylation BeadChip microarrays. A complete re-implementation of functional normalization minimizes computational memory without increasing running time. Incorporating fixed and random effects within functional normalization, and automated estimation of functional normalization parameters reduces technical variation in DNA methylation levels, thus reducing false positive rates and improving power. Support for normalization of datasets distributed across physically different locations without needing to share biologically-based individual-level data means that meffil can be used to reduce heterogeneity in meta-analyses of epigenome-wide association studies. Availability and implementation https://github.com/perishky/meffil/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - G Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - G Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Gregson CL, Newell F, Leo PJ, Clark GR, Paternoster L, Marshall M, Forgetta V, Morris JA, Ge B, Bao X, Duncan Bassett JH, Williams GR, Youlten SE, Croucher PI, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Kemp JP, Brown MA, Tobias JH, Duncan EL. Genome-wide association study of extreme high bone mass: Contribution of common genetic variation to extreme BMD phenotypes and potential novel BMD-associated genes. Bone 2018; 114:62-71. [PMID: 29883787 PMCID: PMC6086337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalised high bone mass (HBM), associated with features of a mild skeletal dysplasia, has a prevalence of 0.18% in a UK DXA-scanned adult population. We hypothesized that the genetic component of extreme HBM includes contributions from common variants of small effect and rarer variants of large effect, both enriched in an extreme phenotype cohort. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of adults with either extreme high or low BMD. Adults included individuals with unexplained extreme HBM (n = 240) from the UK with BMD Z-scores ≥+3.2, high BMD females from the Anglo-Australasian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium (AOGC) (n = 1055) with Z-scores +1.5 to +4.0 and low BMD females also part of AOGC (n = 900), with Z-scores -1.5 to -4.0. Following imputation, we tested association between 6,379,332 SNPs and total hip and lumbar spine BMD Z-scores. For potential target genes, we assessed expression in human osteoblasts and murine osteocytes. RESULTS We observed significant enrichment for associations with established BMD-associated loci, particularly those known to regulate endochondral ossification and Wnt signalling, suggesting that part of the genetic contribution to unexplained HBM is polygenic. Further, we identified associations exceeding genome-wide significance between BMD and four loci: two established BMD-associated loci (5q14.3 containing MEF2C and 1p36.12 containing WNT4) and two novel loci: 5p13.3 containing NPR3 (rs9292469; minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.33%) associated with lumbar spine BMD and 11p15.2 containing SPON1 (rs2697825; MAF = 0.17%) associated with total hip BMD. Mouse models with mutations in either Npr3 or Spon1 have been reported, both have altered skeletal phenotypes, providing in vivo validation that these genes are physiologically important in bone. NRP3 regulates endochondral ossification and skeletal growth, whilst SPON1 modulates TGF-β regulated BMP-driven osteoblast differentiation. Rs9292469 (downstream of NPR3) also showed some evidence for association with forearm BMD in the independent GEFOS sample (n = 32,965). We found Spon1 was highly expressed in murine osteocytes from the tibiae, femora, humeri and calvaria, whereas Npr3 expression was more variable. CONCLUSION We report the most extreme-truncate GWAS of BMD performed to date. Our findings, suggest potentially new anabolic bone regulatory pathways that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Felicity Newell
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Leo
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme R Clark
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Mhairi Marshall
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bing Ge
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiao Bao
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Dong SS, Zhang YJ, Chen YX, Yao S, Hao RH, Rong Y, Niu HM, Chen JB, Guo Y, Yang TL. Comprehensive review and annotation of susceptibility SNPs associated with obesity-related traits. Obes Rev 2018. [PMID: 29527783 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to summarize the results of genetic association studies for obesity and provide a comprehensive annotation of all susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 72 studies were summarized, resulting in 90,361 susceptibility SNPs (738 index SNPs and 89,623 linkage disequilibrium SNPs). Over 90% of the susceptibility SNPs are located in non-coding regions, and it is challenging to understand their functional significance. Therefore, we annotated these SNPs by using various functional databases. We identified 24,623 functional SNPs, including 4 nonsense SNPs, 479 missense SNPs, 399 untranslated region SNPs which might affect microRNA binding, 262 promoter and 5,492 enhancer SNPs which might affect transcription factor binding, 7 splicing sites, 76 SNPs which might affect gene methylation levels, 1,839 SNPs under natural selection and 17,351 SNPs which might modify histone binding. Expression quantitative trait loci analyses for functional SNPs identified 98 target genes, including 69 protein coding genes, 27 long non-coding RNAs and 3 processed transcripts. The percentage of protein coding genes that could be correlated with obesity-related pathways directly or through gene-gene interaction is 75.36 (52/69). Our results may serve as an encyclopaedia of obesity susceptibility SNPs and offer guide for functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-S Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y-J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y-X Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - S Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - R-H Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Rong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H-M Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J-B Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - T-L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Coleman JRI, Krapohl E, Eley TC, Breen G. Individual and shared effects of social environment and polygenic risk scores on adolescent body mass index. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6344. [PMID: 29679049 PMCID: PMC5910407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes. Understanding genetic and environmental influences on body mass index (BMI) during adolescence could inform interventions. We investigated independent and interactive effects of parenting, socioeconomic status (SES) and polygenic risk on BMI pre-adolescence, and on the rate of change in BMI across adolescence. Genome-wide genotype data, BMI and child perceptions of parental warmth and punitive discipline were available at 11 years old, and parental SES was available from birth on 3,414 unrelated participants. Linear models were used to test the effects of social environment and polygenic risk on pre-adolescent BMI. Change in BMI across adolescence was assessed in a subset (N = 1943). Sex-specific effects were assessed. Higher genetic risk was associated with increased BMI pre-adolescence and across adolescence (p < 0.00417, corrected for multiple tests). Negative parenting was not significantly associated with either phenotype, but lower SES was associated with increased BMI pre-adolescence. No interactions passed correction for multiple testing. Polygenic risk scores from adult GWAS meta-analyses are associated with BMI in juveniles, suggesting a stable genetic component. Pre-adolescent BMI was associated with social environment, but parental style has, at most, a small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R I Coleman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Eva Krapohl
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
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25
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Svendstrup M, Appel EVR, Sandholt CH, Ahluwalia TS, Ängquist LH, Thuesen BH, Jørgensen ME, Pedersen O, Grarup N, Hansen T, Sørensen TIA, Vestergaard H. Prospective Studies Exploring the Possible Impact of an ID3 Polymorphism on Changes in Obesity Measures. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:747-754. [PMID: 29442437 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in fat mass depend on adipogenesis and angiogenesis, mechanisms regulated by the inhibitor of differentiation-3 (ID3). Id3 knockout mice showed attenuated increases in BMI and visceral fat mass. We hypothesized that the ID3 missense variant (rs11574-A) would lead to an attenuated increase over time in fat mass, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in humans. METHODS The genotyped study populations included the Obesity Research Group - Genetics (ORGGEN) cohort, a cohort of men with obesity (N = 716) and of randomly selected men (N = 826) from the Danish draft register who were examined at mean ages of 20 and 46 years, and the Inter99 (N = 6,116) and Health2006 (N = 2,761) cohorts, two population-based samples of middle-aged people, followed up after 5 years. RESULTS In meta-analyses of all data, no association was found between rs11574-A and changes in BMI, WC, WHR, or fat mass. We found an association between rs11574-A and cross-sectional BMI (N = 10,359, β: -0.16 kg/m2 per allele, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.01, P = 0.033) and fat mass (N = 4,188, β: -0.52 kg/m2 per allele, 95% CI: -1.03 to -0.01, P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS No consistent impact of the genetic variant on changes in fat mass, BMI, or fat distribution was found in three Danish cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Svendstrup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil V R Appel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla H Sandholt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H Ängquist
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Akbarian SA, Salehi-Abargouei A, Pourmasoumi M, Kelishadi R, Nikpour P, Heidari-Beni M. Association of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms with body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:43-56. [PMID: 28818748 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies with inconsistent results have assessed the association of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms with prevalence of obesity and overweight. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature evaluating the relation between BDNF genotype and body mass index (BMI). METHODS A systematic search through PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Ovid and Cochrane was performed. We included observational studies with cross-sectional and case-control design, which investigated relationship between all kinds of BDNF polymorphisms with BMI, as a representative index of obesity and overweight. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of included articles. RESULTS Thirty five studies were included in quantitative synthesis. Analyses were performed separately using OR, β coefficient and mean. Significant association were documented between rs925946 and BMI (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.08-1.17, P heterogeneity=0.317), rs10501087 and BMI (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.04-1.24, P heterogeneity=0.861), rs6265 and BMI (OR=1.13, 95% CI=1.07-1.19, P heterogeneity=0.406), rs988712 and BMI (OR=1.29, 95% CI=1.18-1.40, P heterogeneity=0.602). According to pooled β coefficient analysis, significant result was only observed in the rs925946 polymorphism subgroup. Pooled mean analysis showed that overall effects for the association between BDNF polymorphisms and BMI were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that some polymorphisms in BDNF gene including rs925946, rs10501087, rs6265 and rs988712 can be considered as genetic determinants of obesity.
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27
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Caramaschi D, Sharp GC, Nohr EA, Berryman K, Lewis SJ, Davey Smith G, Relton CL. Exploring a causal role of DNA methylation in the relationship between maternal vitamin B12 during pregnancy and child's IQ at age 8, cognitive performance and educational attainment: a two-step Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3001-3013. [PMID: 28453778 PMCID: PMC5703349 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate intake of vitamin B12 during pregnancy plays an important role in
offspring neurodevelopment, potentially via epigenetic processes. We used a two-step
Mendelian randomization approach to assess whether DNA methylation plays a mediating and
causal role in associations between maternal vitamin B12 status and offspring’s
cognition. Firstly, we estimated the causal effect of maternal vitamin B12
levels on cord blood DNA methylation using the maternal FUT2 genotypes
rs492602:A > G and rs1047781:A > T as proxies for circulating vitamin B12
levels in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and we tested the
observed associations in a replication cohort. Secondly, we estimated the causal effect of
DNA methylation on IQ using the offspring genotype at sites close to the methylated CpG
site as a proxy for DNA methylation in ALSPAC and in a replication sample. The first step
Mendelian randomization estimated that maternal vitamin B12 had a small causal
effect on DNA methylation in offspring at three CpG sites, which was replicated for one of
the sites. The second step Mendelian randomization found weak evidence of a causal effect
of DNA methylation at two of these sites on childhood performance IQ which was replicated
for one of the sites. The findings support a causal effect of maternal vitamin
B12 levels on cord blood DNA methylation, and a causal effect of vitamin
B12-responsive DNA methylation changes on children’s cognition. Some
limitations were identified and future studies using a similar approach should aim to
overcome such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doretta Caramaschi
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine.,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000C, Denmark
| | - Katie Berryman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8?2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8?2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
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Sharp GC, Salas LA, Monnereau C, Allard C, Yousefi P, Everson TM, Bohlin J, Xu Z, Huang RC, Reese SE, Xu CJ, Baïz N, Hoyo C, Agha G, Roy R, Holloway JW, Ghantous A, Merid SK, Bakulski KM, Küpers LK, Zhang H, Richmond RC, Page CM, Duijts L, Lie RT, Melton PE, Vonk JM, Nohr EA, Williams-DeVane C, Huen K, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ruiz-Arenas C, Gonseth S, Rezwan FI, Herceg Z, Ekström S, Croen L, Falahi F, Perron P, Karagas MR, Quraishi BM, Suderman M, Magnus MC, Jaddoe VWV, Taylor JA, Anderson D, Zhao S, Smit HA, Josey MJ, Bradman A, Baccarelli AA, Bustamante M, Håberg SE, Pershagen G, Hertz-Picciotto I, Newschaffer C, Corpeleijn E, Bouchard L, Lawlor DA, Maguire RL, Barcellos LF, Davey Smith G, Eskenazi B, Karmaus W, Marsit CJ, Hivert MF, Snieder H, Fallin MD, Melén E, Munthe-Kaas MC, Arshad H, Wiemels JL, Annesi-Maesano I, Vrijheid M, Oken E, Holland N, Murphy SK, Sørensen TIA, Koppelman GH, Newnham JP, Wilcox AJ, Nystad W, London SJ, Felix JF, Relton CL. Maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation: findings from the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4067-4085. [PMID: 29016858 PMCID: PMC5656174 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity is associated with adverse offspring outcomes at birth and later in life. Individual studies have shown that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation could contribute. Within the Pregnancy and Childhood Epigenetics (PACE) Consortium, we meta-analysed the association between pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and methylation at over 450,000 sites in newborn blood DNA, across 19 cohorts (9,340 mother-newborn pairs). We attempted to infer causality by comparing the effects of maternal versus paternal BMI and incorporating genetic variation. In four additional cohorts (1,817 mother-child pairs), we meta-analysed the association between maternal BMI at the start of pregnancy and blood methylation in adolescents. In newborns, maternal BMI was associated with small (<0.2% per BMI unit (1 kg/m2), P < 1.06 × 10-7) methylation variation at 9,044 sites throughout the genome. Adjustment for estimated cell proportions greatly attenuated the number of significant CpGs to 104, including 86 sites common to the unadjusted model. At 72/86 sites, the direction of the association was the same in newborns and adolescents, suggesting persistence of signals. However, we found evidence for acausal intrauterine effect of maternal BMI on newborn methylation at just 8/86 sites. In conclusion, this well-powered analysis identified robust associations between maternal adiposity and variations in newborn blood DNA methylation, but these small effects may be better explained by genetic or lifestyle factors than a causal intrauterine mechanism. This highlights the need for large-scale collaborative approaches and the application of causal inference techniques in epigenetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucas A Salas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claire Monnereau
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Yousefi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - Todd M Everson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Department of Infection Epidemiology and Modeling, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zongli Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah E Reese
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nour Baïz
- Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Golareh Agha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ritu Roy
- University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- HDF Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Computational Biology Core
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Akram Ghantous
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Simon K Merid
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Leanne K Küpers
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Christian M Page
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Phillip E Melton
- The Curtin UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University Health Sciences, Curtin University and Faculty of Medicine Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Semira Gonseth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faisal I Rezwan
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Ekström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, CA, UDA
| | - Fahimeh Falahi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Perron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bilal M Quraishi
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Maria C Magnus
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Henriette A Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michele J Josey
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, University of South Carolina (Columbia), SC, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Domain of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Craig Newschaffer
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Rachel L Maguire
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs’ Children’s Hospital, South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica C Munthe-Kaas
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo Norway
| | - Hasan Arshad
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergy, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John P Newnham
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Allen J Wilcox
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
- School of Social and Community Medicine
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29
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Zhang G, Feenstra B, Bacelis J, Liu X, Muglia LM, Juodakis J, Miller DE, Litterman N, Jiang PP, Russell L, Hinds DA, Hu Y, Weirauch MT, Chen X, Chavan AR, Wagner GP, Pavličev M, Nnamani MC, Maziarz J, Karjalainen MK, Rämet M, Sengpiel V, Geller F, Boyd HA, Palotie A, Momany A, Bedell B, Ryckman KK, Huusko JM, Forney CR, Kottyan LC, Hallman M, Teramo K, Nohr EA, Davey Smith G, Melbye M, Jacobsson B, Muglia LJ. Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1156-1167. [PMID: 28877031 PMCID: PMC5561422 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1612665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence that genetic factors contribute to the duration of gestation and the risk of preterm birth, robust associations with genetic variants have not been identified. We used large data sets that included the gestational duration to determine possible genetic associations. METHODS We performed a genomewide association study in a discovery set of samples obtained from 43,568 women of European ancestry using gestational duration as a continuous trait and term or preterm (<37 weeks) birth as a dichotomous outcome. We used samples from three Nordic data sets (involving a total of 8643 women) to test for replication of genomic loci that had significant genomewide association (P<5.0×10-8) or an association with suggestive significance (P<1.0×10-6) in the discovery set. RESULTS In the discovery and replication data sets, four loci (EBF1, EEFSEC, AGTR2, and WNT4) were significantly associated with gestational duration. Functional analysis showed that an implicated variant in WNT4 alters the binding of the estrogen receptor. The association between variants in ADCY5 and RAP2C and gestational duration had suggestive significance in the discovery set and significant evidence of association in the replication sets; these variants also showed genomewide significance in a joint analysis. Common variants in EBF1, EEFSEC, and AGTR2 showed association with preterm birth with genomewide significance. An analysis of mother-infant dyads suggested that these variants act at the level of the maternal genome. CONCLUSIONS In this genomewide association study, we found that variants at the EBF1, EEFSEC, AGTR2, WNT4, ADCY5, and RAP2C loci were associated with gestational duration and variants at the EBF1, EEFSEC, and AGTR2 loci with preterm birth. Previously established roles of these genes in uterine development, maternal nutrition, and vascular control support their mechanistic involvement. (Funded by the March of Dimes and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Xueping Liu
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Lisa M Muglia
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Julius Juodakis
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Daniel E Miller
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Nadia Litterman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Pan-Pan Jiang
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Laura Russell
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - David A Hinds
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Youna Hu
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Arun R Chavan
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Günter P Wagner
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mihaela Pavličev
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mauris C Nnamani
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Jamie Maziarz
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mika Rämet
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Frank Geller
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Heather A Boyd
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Aarno Palotie
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Allison Momany
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bruce Bedell
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Johanna M Huusko
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Carmy R Forney
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mikko Hallman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Kari Teramo
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Louis J Muglia
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
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Gamero-Villarroel C, González LM, Rodríguez-López R, Albuquerque D, Carrillo JA, García-Herráiz A, Flores I, Gervasini G. Influence of TFAP2B and KCTD15 genetic variability on personality dimensions in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00784. [PMID: 28948079 PMCID: PMC5607548 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TFAP2B and KCTD15 are obesity-related genes that interact to regulate feeding behavior. We hypothesize that variability in these loci, isolated or in combination, could also be related to the risk of eating disorders (ED) and/or associated psychological traits. METHODS We screened 425 participants (169 ED patients, 75 obese subjects, and 181 controls) for 10 clinically relevant and tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KCTD15 and TFAP2B by the Sequenom MassARRAY platform and direct sequencing. Psychometric evaluation was performed with EDI-2 and SCL-90R inventories. RESULTS The KCTD15 rs287103 T variant allele was associated with increased risk of bulimia nervosa (BN) (OR = 4.34 [1.47-29.52]; p = .003) and with scores of psychopathological scales of these patients. Haplotype *6 in KCTD15 was more frequent in controls (OR = 0.40 [0.20-0.80], p = .009 for anorexia nervosa), while haplotype *4 in TFAP2B affected all three scales of the SCL-90R inventory in BN patients (p ≤ .01). Epistasis analyses revealed relevant interactions with body mass index of BN patients (p < .001). Genetic profiles in obese patients did not significantly differ from those found in ED patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that evaluates the combined role of TFAP2B and KCTD15 genes in ED. Our preliminary findings suggest that the interaction of genetic variability in these loci could influence the risk for ED and/or anthropometric and psychological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gamero-Villarroel
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics Division of Pharmacology Medical School University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain
| | - Luz M González
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics Division of Pharmacology Medical School University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain
| | | | - David Albuquerque
- Service of Clinical Analyses General University Hospital Valencia Spain.,Research Center for Anthropology and Health (CIAS) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Juan A Carrillo
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics Division of Pharmacology Medical School University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain
| | | | - Isalud Flores
- Eating Disorders UnitInstitute of Mental Disorders Health Service of Extremadura Badajoz Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics Division of Pharmacology Medical School University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain
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31
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Obesity-associated gene TMEM18 has a role in the central control of appetite and body weight regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9421-9426. [PMID: 28811369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An intergenic region of human chromosome 2 (2p25.3) harbors genetic variants which are among those most strongly and reproducibly associated with obesity. The gene closest to these variants is TMEM18, although the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects remain entirely unknown. Tmem18 expression in the murine hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was altered by changes in nutritional state. Germline loss of Tmem18 in mice resulted in increased body weight, which was exacerbated by high fat diet and driven by increased food intake. Selective overexpression of Tmem18 in the PVN of wild-type mice reduced food intake and also increased energy expenditure. We provide evidence that TMEM18 has four, not three, transmembrane domains and that it physically interacts with key components of the nuclear pore complex. Our data support the hypothesis that TMEM18 itself, acting within the central nervous system, is a plausible mediator of the impact of adjacent genetic variation on human adiposity.
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32
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Maretty L, Jensen JM, Petersen B, Sibbesen JA, Liu S, Villesen P, Skov L, Belling K, Theil Have C, Izarzugaza JMG, Grosjean M, Bork-Jensen J, Grove J, Als TD, Huang S, Chang Y, Xu R, Ye W, Rao J, Guo X, Sun J, Cao H, Ye C, van Beusekom J, Espeseth T, Flindt E, Friborg RM, Halager AE, Le Hellard S, Hultman CM, Lescai F, Li S, Lund O, Løngren P, Mailund T, Matey-Hernandez ML, Mors O, Pedersen CNS, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Sullivan P, Syed A, Westergaard D, Yadav R, Li N, Xu X, Hansen T, Krogh A, Bolund L, Sørensen TIA, Pedersen O, Gupta R, Rasmussen S, Besenbacher S, Børglum AD, Wang J, Eiberg H, Kristiansen K, Brunak S, Schierup MH. Sequencing and de novo assembly of 150 genomes from Denmark as a population reference. Nature 2017; 548:87-91. [PMID: 28746312 DOI: 10.1038/nature23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of human genomes are now being sequenced to characterize genetic variation and use this information to augment association mapping studies of complex disorders and other phenotypic traits. Genetic variation is identified mainly by mapping short reads to the reference genome or by performing local assembly. However, these approaches are biased against discovery of structural variants and variation in the more complex parts of the genome. Hence, large-scale de novo assembly is needed. Here we show that it is possible to construct excellent de novo assemblies from high-coverage sequencing with mate-pair libraries extending up to 20 kilobases. We report de novo assemblies of 150 individuals (50 trios) from the GenomeDenmark project. The quality of these assemblies is similar to those obtained using the more expensive long-read technology. We use the assemblies to identify a rich set of structural variants including many novel insertions and demonstrate how this variant catalogue enables further deciphering of known association mapping signals. We leverage the assemblies to provide 100 completely resolved major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and to resolve major parts of the Y chromosome. Our study provides a regional reference genome that we expect will improve the power of future association mapping studies and hence pave the way for precision medicine initiatives, which now are being launched in many countries including Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Maretty
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Malte Jensen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Petersen
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Andreas Sibbesen
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siyang Liu
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Villesen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laurits Skov
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Belling
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Theil Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose M G Izarzugaza
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Grosjean
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shujia Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Ruiqi Xu
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weijian Ye
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Junhua Rao
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaosen Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jihua Sun
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chen Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Johan van Beusekom
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Esben Flindt
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune M Friborg
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders E Halager
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.,Dr E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Francesco Lescai
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shengting Li
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Lund
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Løngren
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mailund
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Luisa Matey-Hernandez
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian N S Pedersen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Ali Syed
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rachita Yadav
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ning Li
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Besenbacher
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Heide Schierup
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Miranda-Lora AL, Cruz M, Aguirre-Hernández J, Molina-Díaz M, Gutiérrez J, Flores-Huerta S, Klünder-Klünder M. Exploring single nucleotide polymorphisms previously related to obesity and metabolic traits in pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:653-662. [PMID: PMID: 28401323 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-0987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the association of 64 obesity-related polymorphisms with pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes and other glucose- and insulin-related traits in Mexican children. METHODS Case-control and case-sibling designs were followed. We studied 99 patients with pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes, their siblings (n = 101) without diabetes, 83 unrelated pediatric controls and 137 adult controls. Genotypes were determined for 64 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and a possible association was examined between those genotypes and type 2 diabetes and other quantitative traits, after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. RESULTS In the case-pediatric control and case-adult control analyses, five polymorphisms were associated with increased likelihood of pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes; only one of these polymorphisms (CADM2/rs1307880) also showed a consistent effect in the case-sibling analysis. The associations in the combined analysis were as follows: ADORA1/rs903361 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2; 3.0); CADM2/rs13078807 (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2; 4.0); GNPDA2/rs10938397 (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4; 3.7); VEGFA/rs6905288 (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1; 2.1) and FTO/rs9939609 (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0; 3.2). We also identified 16 polymorphisms nominally associated with quantitative traits in participants without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS ADORA/rs903361, CADM2/rs13078807, GNPDA2/rs10938397, VEGFA/rs6905288 and FTO/rs9939609 are associated with an increased risk of pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre-Hernández
- Laboratory of Genomics, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Molina-Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Flores-Huerta
- Department of Community Health Research, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Klünder-Klünder
- Department of Community Health Research, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Research Committee, Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:943-86. [PMID: 27154742 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In high-, middle- and low-income countries, the rising prevalence of obesity is the underlying cause of numerous health complications and increased mortality. Being a complex and heritable disorder, obesity results from the interplay between genetic susceptibility, epigenetics, metagenomics and the environment. Attempts at understanding the genetic basis of obesity have identified numerous genes associated with syndromic monogenic, non-syndromic monogenic, oligogenic and polygenic obesity. The genetics of leanness are also considered relevant as it mirrors some of obesity's aetiologies. In this report, we summarize ten genetically elucidated obesity syndromes, some of which are involved in ciliary functioning. We comprehensively review 11 monogenic obesity genes identified to date and their role in energy maintenance as part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway. With the emergence of genome-wide association studies over the last decade, 227 genetic variants involved in different biological pathways (central nervous system, food sensing and digestion, adipocyte differentiation, insulin signalling, lipid metabolism, muscle and liver biology, gut microbiota) have been associated with polygenic obesity. Advances in obligatory and facilitated epigenetic variation, and gene-environment interaction studies have partly accounted for the missing heritability of obesity and provided additional insight into its aetiology. The role of gut microbiota in obesity pathophysiology, as well as the 12 genes associated with lipodystrophies is discussed. Furthermore, in an attempt to improve future studies and merge the gap between research and clinical practice, we provide suggestions on how high-throughput '-omic' data can be integrated in order to get closer to the new age of personalized medicine.
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Dalle Molle R, Fatemi H, Dagher A, Levitan RD, Silveira PP, Dubé L. Gene and environment interaction: Is the differential susceptibility hypothesis relevant for obesity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:326-339. [PMID: 28024828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The differential susceptibility model states that a given genetic variant is associated with an increased risk of pathology in negative environments but greater than average resilience in enriched ones. While this theory was first implemented in psychiatric-genetic research, it may also help us to unravel the complex ways that genes and environments interact to influence feeding behavior and obesity. We reviewed evidence on gene vs. environment interactions that influence obesity development, aiming to support the applicability of the differential susceptibility model for this condition, and propose that various environmental "layers" relevant for human development should be considered when bearing the differential susceptibility model in mind. Mother-child relationship, socioeconomic status and individual's response are important modifiers of BMI and food intake when interacting with gene variants, "for better and for worse". While only a few studies to date have investigated obesity outcomes using this approach, we propose that the differential susceptibility hypothesis is in fact highly applicable to the study of genetic and environmental influences on feeding behavior and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dalle Molle
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hajar Fatemi
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Douglas Institute, Perry Pavilion, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
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Razak F, Davey Smith G, Subramanian SV. The idea of uniform change: is it time to revisit a central tenet of Rose's "Strategy of Preventive Medicine"? Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1497-1507. [PMID: 27935518 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A mean-centric view of populations, whereby a change in the mean of a health variable at the population level is assumed to result in uniform change across the distribution, is a core component of Geoffrey Rose's concept of the "population strategy" to disease prevention. This idea also has a critical role in Rose's observation that individuals who are considered abnormal or sick (the rightward tail of the distribution) and those who are considered normal (the center) are very closely related, and that true preventive medicine must focus on shifting the normal or average. In this Perspective, we revisit these core tenets of Rose's concept of preventive medicine after providing an overview of the key concepts that he developed. We examine whether these assumptions apply to population changes in body mass index (BMI) and show that there is considerable evidence of a widening of the BMI distribution in populations over time. We argue that, with respect to BMI, the idea of using statistical measures of a population solely on the basis of means and the assumption that populations are coherent entities that change uniformly over time may not fully capture the true nature of changes in the population. These issues have important implications for how we assess and interpret the health of populations over time with implications for the balance between universal and targeted strategies aimed at improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Razak
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit and.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA; .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Ried JS, Jeff M. J, Chu AY, Bragg-Gresham JL, van Dongen J, Huffman JE, Ahluwalia TS, Cadby G, Eklund N, Eriksson J, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Gorski M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Jackson AU, Jokinen E, Kanoni S, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Luan J, Mägi R, Mahajan A, Mangino M, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Nolte IM, Pérusse L, Prokopenko I, Qi L, Rose LM, Salvi E, Smith MT, Snieder H, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tachmazidou I, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, van der Harst P, Walker RW, Wang SR, Wild SH, Willems SM, Wong A, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Couto Alves A, Bakker SJL, Barlassina C, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bellis C, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Blangero J, Blüher M, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chiang CWK, Chines PS, Collins FS, Cucca F, Cupples LA, D'Avila F, de Geus EJ.C, Dedoussis G, Dimitriou M, Döring A, Eriksson JG, Farmaki AE, Farrall M, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gjesing AP, Glorioso N, Graff M, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Hamsten A, Harder MN, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Havulinna AS, Heliövaara M, Hillege H, Hofman A, Holmen O, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hysi PG, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, Jalilzadeh S, James AL, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Marie Justesen J, Justice AE, Kähönen M, Karaleftheri M, Tee Khaw K, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kinnunen L, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kooner IK, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kyriakou T, Laitinen T, Langenberg C, Lewin AM, Lichtner P, Lindgren CM, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Lorbeer R, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Manunta P, Leach IM, McArdle WL, Mcknight B, Mohlke KL, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Montasser ME, Morris AP, Müller G, Musk AW, Narisu N, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Osmond C, Palotie A, Pankow JS, Paternoster L, Penninx BW, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rayner NW, Ribel-Madsen R, Rice TK, Richards M, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Ryan KA, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Sebert S, Southam L, Sparsø TH, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Tönjes A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Vartiainen E, Venturini C, Verweij N, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Winkler TW, Wright AF, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Hua Zhao J, Carola Zillikens M, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cusi D, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Hansen T, Hicks AA, Hu F, Hveem K, Jarvelin MR, Kajantie E, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Metspalu A, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Pedersen O, Perola M, Peters A, Psaty BM, Puolijoki H, Rauramaa R, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Schwarz PEH, Shudiner AR, Smit JH, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Tremblay A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wilson JF, Zeggini E, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, van Duijn CM, Fox C, Groop LC, Heid IM, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, North KE, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Thorsteinsdottir U, Strachan DP, Frayling T, Hirschhorn JN, Müller-Nurasyid M, Loos RJF. A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13357. [PMID: 27876822 PMCID: PMC5114527 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janina Jeff M.
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Megan T. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Pim van der Harst
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Claire Bellis
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | | | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Francesca D'Avila
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Eco J .C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anette Prior Gjesing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, 7100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universitaet, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jagvir Grewal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm 17176, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Tym Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lise Lotte Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, DK2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Box 251, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu F1-90014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital,, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Barbara Mcknight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Divison of Public Health Sciences, Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, West Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0381, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Richards
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Center For Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Hempel Sparsø
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torben Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London W12 0NN, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Epidemiology, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki Fi-60220, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shudiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21042, USA
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Jiao H, Kulyté A, Näslund E, Thorell A, Gerdhem P, Kere J, Arner P, Dahlman I. Whole-Exome Sequencing Suggests LAMB3 as a Susceptibility Gene for Morbid Obesity. Diabetes 2016; 65:2980-9. [PMID: 27431458 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of rare sequencing variants with a larger functional impact has the potential to highlight new pathways contributing to obesity. Using whole-exome sequencing followed by genotyping, we have identified a low-frequency coding variant rs2076349 (V527M) in the laminin subunit β3 (LAMB3) gene showing strong association with morbid obesity and thereby risk of type 2 diabetes. We exome-sequenced 200 morbidly obese subjects and 100 control subjects with pooled DNA samples. After several filtering steps, we retained 439 obesity-enriched low-frequency coding variants. Associations between genetic variants and obesity were validated sequentially in two case-control cohorts. In the final analysis of 1,911 morbidly obese and 1,274 control subjects, rs2076349 showed strong association with obesity (P = 9.67 × 10(-5); odds ratio 1.84). This variant was also associated with BMI and fasting serum leptin. Moreover, LAMB3 expression in adipose tissue was positively correlated with BMI and adipose morphology (few but large fat cells). LAMB3 knockdown by small interfering RNA in human adipocytes cultured in vitro inhibited adipogenesis. In conclusion, we identified a previously not reported low-frequency coding variant that was associated with morbid obesity in the LAMB3 gene. This gene may be involved in the development of excess body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Gerdhem
- Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Larsen SC, Ängquist L, Laurin C, Morgen CS, Jakobsen MU, Paternoster L, Smith GD, Olsen SF, Sørensen TIA, Nohr EA. Association between Maternal Fish Consumption and Gestational Weight Gain: Influence of Molecular Genetic Predisposition to Obesity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150105. [PMID: 26930408 PMCID: PMC4773113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies suggest that fish consumption can restrict weight gain. However, little is known about how fish consumption affects gestational weight gain (GWG), and whether this relationship depends on genetic makeup. Objective To examine the association between fish consumption and GWG, and whether this relationship is dependent on molecular genetic predisposition to obesity. Design A nested case-cohort study based on the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) sampling the most obese women (n = 990) and a random sample of the remaining participants (n = 1,128). Replication of statistically significant findings was attempted in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 4,841). We included 32 body mass index (BMI) associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 5 SNPs found associated with GWG. BMI associated SNPs were combined in a genetic risk score (GRS). Associations between consumption of fish, GRS or individual variants and GWG were analysed, and interactions between fish and the GRS or individual variants were examined. Results In the DNBC, each portion/week (150 g) of fatty fish was associated with a higher GWG of 0.58 kg (95% CI: 0.16, 0.99, P<0.01). For total fish and lean fish, similar patterns were observed, but these associations were not statistically significant. We found no association between GRS and GWG, and no interactions between GRS and dietary fish on GWG. However, we found an interaction between the PPARG Pro12Ala variant and dietary fish. Each additional Pro12Ala G-allele was associated with a GWG of -0.83 kg (95% CI: -1.29, -0.37, P<0.01) per portion/week of dietary fish, with the same pattern for both lean and fatty fish. In ALSPAC, we were unable to replicate these findings. Conclusion We found no consistent evidence of association between fish consumption and GWG, and our results indicate that the association between dietary fish and GWG has little or no dependency on GRS or individual SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofus C. Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles Laurin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla S. Morgen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne U. Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sjurdur F. Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Research Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Wang HJ, Hinney A, Song JY, Scherag A, Meng XR, Grallert H, Illig T, Hebebrand J, Wang Y, Ma J. Association of common variants identified by recent genome-wide association studies with obesity in Chinese children: a case-control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:7. [PMID: 26800887 PMCID: PMC4724138 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants that are associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) or the risk of obesity in Caucasian or Asian populations. We examined whether these variants are individually associated with obesity in Chinese children, and also assessed their cumulative effects and predictive value for obesity risk in Chinese children. Methods We genotyped 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and conducted association analyses for 32/40 SNPs with an estimated minor allele frequency >1 % in 2 030 unrelated Chinese children, including 607 normal-weight, 718 overweight, and 705 obese individuals from two cross-sectional study groups. Logistic regression and linear regression under the additive model were used to examine associations, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCROC) was reported as prediction summary. Results We identified obesity association for 6 SNPs near SEC16B, RBJ, CDKAL1, TFAP2B, MAP2K5 and FTO (odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.19 to 1.41, nominal two-sided P-values < 0.05). Association (Bonferroni corrected) of rs543874 near SEC16B and rs2241423 near MAP2K5 had presumably stronger effects on obesity in Chinese children than in Caucasian populations. Their risk alleles were also associated with BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) variability. We demonstrated the cumulative effects of the 32 SNPs on obesity risk (per risk allele: OR = 1.06, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.11, P = 4.84 × 10-4) and BMI-SDS (β = 0.04, 95 % CI: 0.02-0.06, P = 3.69 × 10-7). The difference in AUCROC for a model with covariates (age, age square, sex and study group) and the model including covariates and all 32 SNPs was 2.8 % (P = 0.0002). Conclusion While six SNPs were individually associated with obesity in Chinese children, the 32 common variants identified by recent GWA studies had cumulative effects and resulted in a limited increase in the AUCROC predictive value for childhood obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0268-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jie-Yun Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - André Scherag
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Xiang-Rui Meng
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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41
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Srivastava A, Srivastava N, Mittal B. Genetics of Obesity. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:361-71. [PMID: 27605733 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous classical genetic studies have proved that genes are contributory factors for obesity. Genes are directly responsible for obesity associated disorders such as Bardet-Biedl and Prader-Willi syndromes. However, both genes as well as environment are associated with obesity in the general population. Genetic epidemiological approaches, particularly genome-wide association studies, have unraveled many genes which play important roles in human obesity. Elucidation of their biological functions can be very useful for understanding pathobiology of obesity. In the near future, further exploration of obesity genetics may help to develop useful diagnostic and predictive tests for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Srivastava
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014 India ; Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Neena Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014 India
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42
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Hunt LE, Noyvert B, Bhaw-Rosun L, Sesay AK, Paternoster L, Nohr EA, Davey Smith G, Tommerup N, Sørensen TIA, Elgar G. Complete re-sequencing of a 2Mb topological domain encompassing the FTO/IRXB genes identifies a novel obesity-associated region upstream of IRX5. Genome Med 2015; 7:126. [PMID: 26642925 PMCID: PMC4671217 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies have identified a number of loci that contribute to an increased body mass index (BMI), the strongest of which is in the first intron of the FTO gene on human chromosome 16q12.2. However, this region is both non-coding and under strong linkage disequilibrium, making it recalcitrant to functional interpretation. Furthermore, the FTO gene is located within a complex cis-regulatory landscape defined by a topologically associated domain that includes the IRXB gene cluster, a trio of developmental regulators. Consequently, at least three genes in this interval have been implicated in the aetiology of obesity. METHODS Here, we sequence a 2 Mb region encompassing the FTO, RPGRIP1L and IRXB cluster genes in 284 individuals from a well-characterised study group of Danish men containing extremely overweight young adults and controls. We further replicate our findings both in an expanded male cohort and an independent female study group. Finally, we compare our variant data with a previous study describing IRX3 and FTO interactions in this region. RESULTS We obtain deep coverage across the entire region, allowing accurate and unequivocal determination of almost every single nucleotide polymorphism and short insertion/deletion. As well as confirming previous findings across the interval, we identify a further novel age-dependent association upstream of IRX5 that imposes a similar burden on BMI to the FTO locus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chromatin architectures play a role in regulating gene expression levels across topological domains while our targeted sequence approach represents a widely applicable methodology for high-resolution analysis of regional variation across candidate genomic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian E Hunt
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Boris Noyvert
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Leena Bhaw-Rosun
- Genomics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Genomics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Willhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic genetics, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, DK2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Greg Elgar
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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43
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Testing for Ancient Selection Using Cross-population Allele Frequency Differentiation. Genetics 2015; 202:733-50. [PMID: 26596347 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.178095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A powerful way to detect selection in a population is by modeling local allele frequency changes in a particular region of the genome under scenarios of selection and neutrality and finding which model is most compatible with the data. A previous method based on a cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR) uses an outgroup population to detect departures from neutrality that could be compatible with hard or soft sweeps, at linked sites near a beneficial allele. However, this method is most sensitive to recent selection and may miss selective events that happened a long time ago. To overcome this, we developed an extension of XP-CLR that jointly models the behavior of a selected allele in a three-population tree. Our method - called "3-population composite likelihood ratio" (3P-CLR) - outperforms XP-CLR when testing for selection that occurred before two populations split from each other and can distinguish between those events and events that occurred specifically in each of the populations after the split. We applied our new test to population genomic data from the 1000 Genomes Project, to search for selective sweeps that occurred before the split of Yoruba and Eurasians, but after their split from Neanderthals, and that could have led to the spread of modern-human-specific phenotypes. We also searched for sweep events that occurred in East Asians, Europeans, and the ancestors of both populations, after their split from Yoruba. In both cases, we are able to confirm a number of regions identified by previous methods and find several new candidates for selection in recent and ancient times. For some of these, we also find suggestive functional mutations that may have driven the selective events.
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44
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Hollensted M, Ahluwalia TS, Have CT, Grarup N, Fonvig CE, Nielsen TRH, Trier C, Paternoster L, Pedersen O, Holm JC, Sørensen TIA, Hansen T. Common variants in LEPR, IL6, AMD1, and NAMPT do not associate with risk of juvenile and childhood obesity in Danes: a case-control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:105. [PMID: 26558825 PMCID: PMC4642628 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is a highly heritable disorder, for which the underlying genetic architecture is largely unknown. Four common variants involved in inflammatory-adipokine triggering (IL6 rs2069845, LEPR rs1137100, NAMPT rs3801266, and AMD1 rs2796749) have recently been associated with obesity and related traits in Indian children. The current study aimed to examine the effect of these variants on risk of childhood/juvenile onset obesity and on obesity-related quantitative traits in two Danish cohorts. Methods Genotype information was obtained for 1461 young Caucasian men from the Genetics of Overweight Young Adults (GOYA) study (overweight/obese: 739 and normal weight: 722) and the Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank (TDCOB; overweight/obese: 1022 and normal weight: 650). Overweight/obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2; among children and youths, this cut-off was defined using age and sex-specific cut-offs corresponding to an adult body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Risk of obesity was assessed using a logistic regression model whereas obesity-related quantitative measures were analyzed using a general linear model (based on z-scores) stratifying on the case status and adjusting for age and gender. Meta-analyses were performed using the fixed effects model. Results No statistically significant association with childhood/juvenile obesity was found for any of the four gene variants among the individual or combined analyses (rs2069845 OR: 0.94 CI: 0.85–1.04; rs1137100 OR: 1.01 CI: 0.90–1.14; rs3801266: 0.96 CI: 0.84–1.10; rs2796749 OR: 1.02 CI: 0.90–1.15; p > 0.05). However, among normal weight children and juvenile men, the LEPR rs1137100 A-allele significantly associated with lower BMI (β = −0.12, p = 0.0026). Conclusions The IL6, LEPR, NAMPT, and AMD1 gene variants previously found to associate among Indian children did not associate with risk of obesity or obesity-related quantitative measures among Caucasian children and juvenile men from Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Christian Theil Have
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Cæcilie Trier
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DIKU Building, Universitetsparken 1, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Karaderi T, Drong AW, Lindgren CM. Insights into the Genetic Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes from Genome-Wide Association Studies of Obesity-Related Traits. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26363598 PMCID: PMC4568008 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are common and complex metabolic diseases, which are caused by an interchange between environmental and genetic factors. Recently, a number of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our knowledge of the genetic architecture and biological mechanisms of these diseases. Currently, more than ~250 genetic loci have been found for monogenic, syndromic, or common forms of T2D and/or obesity-related traits. In this review, we discuss the implications of these GWAS for obesity and T2D, and investigate the overlap of loci for obesity-related traits and T2D, highlighting potential mechanisms that affect T2D susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN, Oxford, UK.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Gervasini G, Gamero-Villarroel C. Discussing the putative role of obesity-associated genes in the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1287-1305. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the identification of mutations clearly related to Mendelian forms of obesity; genome-wide association studies and follow-up studies have in the last years pinpointed several loci associated with BMI. These genetic alterations are located in or near genes expressed in the hypothalamus that are involved in the regulation of eating behavior. Accordingly, it seems plausible that these SNPs, or others located in related genes, could also help develop aberrant conduct patterns that favor the establishment of eating disorders should other susceptibility factors or personality dimensions be present. However, and somewhat surprisingly, with few exceptions such as BDNF, the great majority of the genes governing these pathways remain untested in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. In the present work, we review the few existing studies, but also indications and biological concepts that point to these genes in the CNS as good candidates for association studies with eating disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, E-06005, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carmen Gamero-Villarroel
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, E-06005, Badajoz, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Instrumental variable methods can estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome using observational data. Many instrumental variable methods assume that the exposure-outcome relation is linear, but in practice this assumption is often in doubt, or perhaps the shape of the relation is a target for investigation. We investigate this issue in the context of Mendelian randomization, the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables. METHODS Using simulations, we demonstrate the performance of a simple linear instrumental variable method when the true shape of the exposure-outcome relation is not linear. We also present a novel method for estimating the effect of the exposure on the outcome within strata of the exposure distribution. This enables the estimation of localized average causal effects within quantile groups of the exposure or as a continuous function of the exposure using a sliding window approach. RESULTS Our simulations suggest that linear instrumental variable estimates approximate a population-averaged causal effect. This is the average difference in the outcome if the exposure for every individual in the population is increased by a fixed amount. Estimates of localized average causal effects reveal the shape of the exposure-outcome relation for a variety of models. These methods are used to investigate the relations between body mass index and a range of cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Nonlinear exposure-outcome relations should not be a barrier to instrumental variable analyses. When the exposure-outcome relation is not linear, either a population-averaged causal effect or the shape of the exposure-outcome relation can be estimated.
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Harder MN, Appel EVR, Grarup N, Gjesing AP, Ahluwalia TS, Jørgensen T, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Linneberg A, Sørensen TIA, Pedersen O, Hansen T. The type 2 diabetes risk allele of TMEM154-rs6813195 associates with decreased beta cell function in a study of 6,486 Danes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120890. [PMID: 25799151 PMCID: PMC4370672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A trans-ethnic meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes genome-wide association studies has identified seven novel susceptibility variants in or near TMEM154, SSR1/RREB1, FAF1, POU5F1/TCF19, LPP, ARL15 and ABCB9/MPHOSPH9. The aim of our study was to investigate associations between these novel risk variants and type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetic traits in a Danish population-based study with measurements of plasma glucose and serum insulin after an oral glucose tolerance test in order to elaborate on the physiological impact of the variants. METHODS Case-control analyses were performed in up to 5,777 patients with type 2 diabetes and 7,956 individuals with normal fasting glucose levels. Quantitative trait analyses were performed in up to 5,744 Inter99 participants naïve to glucose-lowering medication. Significant associations between TMEM154-rs6813195 and the beta cell measures insulinogenic index and disposition index and between FAF1-rs17106184 and 2-hour serum insulin levels were selected for further investigation in additional Danish studies and results were combined in meta-analyses including up to 6,486 Danes. RESULTS We confirmed associations with type 2 diabetes for five of the seven SNPs (TMEM154-rs6813195, FAF1-rs17106184, POU5F1/TCF19-rs3130501, ARL15-rs702634 and ABCB9/MPHOSPH9-rs4275659). The type 2 diabetes risk C-allele of TMEM154-rs6813195 associated with decreased disposition index (n=5,181, β=-0.042, p=0.012) and insulinogenic index (n=5,181, β=-0.032, p=0.043) in Inter99 and these associations remained significant in meta-analyses including four additional Danish studies (disposition index n=6,486, β=-0.042, p=0.0044; and insulinogenic index n=6,486, β=-0.037, p=0.0094). The type 2 diabetes risk G-allele of FAF1-rs17106184 associated with increased levels of 2-hour serum insulin (n=5,547, β=0.055, p=0.017) in Inter99 and also when combining effects with three additional Danish studies (n=6,260, β=0.062, p=0.0040). CONCLUSION Studies of type 2 diabetes intermediary traits suggest the diabetogenic impact of the C-allele of TMEM154-rs6813195 is mediated through reduced beta cell function. The impact of the diabetes risk G-allele of FAF1-rs17106184 on increased 2-hour insulin levels is however unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Neergaard Harder
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Vincent Rosenbaum Appel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Prior Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Nead KT, Li A, Wehner MR, Neupane B, Gustafsson S, Butterworth A, Engert JC, Davis AD, Hegele RA, Miller R, den Hoed M, Khaw KT, Kilpeläinen TO, Wareham N, Edwards TL, Hallmans G, Varga TV, Kardia SLR, Smith JA, Zhao W, Faul JD, Weir D, Mi J, Xi B, Quinteros SC, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Jameson K, Grøntved A, Fornage M, Sidney S, Hanis CL, Highland HM, Häring HU, Heni M, Lasky-Su J, Weiss ST, Gerhard GS, Still C, Melka MM, Pausova Z, Paus T, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Price RA, Wang K, Scherag A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Franks PW, Frayling TM, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Beyene J, Anand SS, Meyre D. Contribution of common non-synonymous variants in PCSK1 to body mass index variation and risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with evidence from up to 331 175 individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3582-94. [PMID: 25784503 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms rs6232 and rs6234/rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with extreme obesity [e.g. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m(2)], but their contribution to common obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BMI variation in a multi-ethnic context is unclear. To fill this gap, we collected phenotypic and genetic data in up to 331 175 individuals from diverse ethnic groups. This process involved a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the NIH GWAS catalog complemented by data extraction from pre-existing GWAS or custom-arrays in consortia and single studies. We employed recently developed global meta-analytic random-effects methods to calculate summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or beta estimates and standard errors (SE) for the obesity status and BMI analyses, respectively. Significant associations were found with binary obesity status for rs6232 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24, P = 6.08 × 10(-6)) and rs6234/rs6235 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, P = 3.00 × 10(-7)). Similarly, significant associations were found with continuous BMI for rs6232 (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00-0.07; P = 0.047) and rs6234/rs6235 (β = 0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.03; P = 5.57 × 10(-4)). Ethnicity, age and study ascertainment significantly modulated the association of PCSK1 polymorphisms with obesity. In summary, we demonstrate evidence that common gene variation in PCSK1 contributes to BMI variation and susceptibility to common obesity in the largest known meta-analysis published to date in genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Mackenzie R Wehner
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Binod Neupane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - James C Engert
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Six Nations Health Services, Ohsweken, Canada N0A 1M0
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Nick Wareham
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Göran Hallmans
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhao
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - David Weir
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | | | - Cyrus Cooper
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China, Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Karen Jameson
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Craig L Hanis
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Heather M Highland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Internal Medicine IV (Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry), University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Melkaey M Melka
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - R Arlen Price
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X
| | - Kai Wang
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Andre Scherag
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07740, Germany
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK
| | - Ruth J Loos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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50
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Apalasamy YD, Mohamed Z. Obesity and genomics: role of technology in unraveling the complex genetic architecture of obesity. Hum Genet 2015; 134:361-74. [PMID: 25687726 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease that occurs as a result of the interaction between "obesogenic" environmental factors and genetic components. Although the genetic component of obesity is clear from the heritability studies, the genetic basis remains largely elusive. Successes have been achieved in identifying the causal genes for monogenic obesity using animal models and linkage studies, but these approaches are not fruitful for polygenic obesity. The developments of genome-wide association approach have brought breakthrough discovery of genetic variants for polygenic obesity where tens of new susceptibility loci were identified. However, the common SNPs only accounted for a proportion of heritability. The arrival of NGS technologies and completion of 1000 Genomes Project have brought other new methods to dissect the genetic architecture of obesity, for example, the use of exome genotyping arrays and deep sequencing of candidate loci identified from GWAS to study rare variants. In this review, we summarize and discuss the developments of these genetic approaches in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunah Devi Apalasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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