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Vitali H, Campus C, Signorini S, De Giorgis V, Morelli F, Varesio C, Pasca L, Sammartano A, Gori M. Blindness affects the developmental trajectory of the sleeping brain. Neuroimage 2024; 286:120508. [PMID: 38181867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in brain development, sensory information processing, and consolidation. Sleep spindles are markers of these mechanisms as they mirror the activity of the thalamocortical circuits. Spindles can be subdivided into two groups, slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz), which are each associated with different functions. Specifically, fast spindles oscillate in the high-sigma band and are associated with sensorimotor processing, which is affected by visual deprivation. However, how blindness influences spindle development has not yet been investigated. We recorded nap video-EEG of 50 blind/severely visually impaired (BSI) and 64 sighted children aged 5 months to 6 years old. We considered aspects of both macro- and micro-structural spindles. The BSI children lacked the evolution of developmental spindles within the central area. Specifically, young BSI children presented low central high-sigma and high-beta (25-30 Hz) event-related spectral perturbation and showed no signs of maturational decrease. High-sigma and high-beta activity in the BSI group correlated with clinical indices predicting perceptual and motor disorders. Our findings suggest that fast spindles are pivotal biomarkers for identifying an early developmental deviation in BSI children. These findings are critical for initial therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vitali
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy; DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genoa 16145, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Federica Morelli
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Alessia Sammartano
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy.
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2
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Sandoval Ortega RA, Renard M, Cohen MX, Nevian T. Interactive effects of pain and arousal state on heart rate and cortical activity in the mouse anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortices. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 15:100157. [PMID: 38764613 PMCID: PMC11099324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2024.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Sensory disconnection is a hallmark of sleep, yet the cortex retains some ability to process sensory information. Acute noxious stimulation during sleep increases the heart rate and the likelihood of awakening, indicating that certain mechanisms for pain sensing and processing remain active. However, processing of somatosensory information, including pain, during sleep remains underexplored. To assess somatosensation in natural sleep, we simultaneously recorded heart rate and local field potentials in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and somatosensory (S1) cortices of naïve, adult male mice, while applying noxious and non-noxious stimuli to their hind paws throughout their sleep-wake cycle. Noxious stimuli evoked stronger heart rate increases in both wake and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and resulted in larger awakening probability in NREMS, as compared to non-noxious stimulation, suggesting differential processing of noxious and non-noxious information during sleep. Somatosensory information differentially reached S1 and ACC in sleep, eliciting complex transient and sustained responses in the delta, alpha, and gamma frequency bands as well as somatosensory evoked potentials. These dynamics depended on sleep state, the behavioral response to the stimulation and stimulation intensity (non-noxious vs. noxious). Furthermore, we found a correlation of the heart rate with the gamma band in S1 in the absence of a reaction in wake and sleep for noxious stimulation. These findings confirm that somatosensory information, including nociception, is sensed and processed during sleep even in the absence of a behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margot Renard
- Neuronal Plasticity Group, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael X. Cohen
- Synchronization in Neural Systems Lab, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Nevian
- Neuronal Plasticity Group, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Kumral D, Matzerath A, Leonhart R, Schönauer M. Spindle-dependent memory consolidation in healthy adults: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108661. [PMID: 37597610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a central role for sleep spindles in the consolidation of new memories. However, no meta-analysis of the association between sleep spindles and memory performance has been conducted so far. Here, we report meta-analytical evidence for spindle-memory associations and investigate how multiple factors, including memory type, spindle type, spindle characteristics, and EEG topography affect this relationship. The literature search yielded 53 studies reporting 1427 effect sizes, resulting in a small to moderate effect for the average association. We further found that spindle-memory associations were significantly stronger for procedural memory than for declarative memory. Neither spindle types nor EEG scalp topography had an impact on the strength of the spindle-memory relation, but we observed a distinct functional role of global and fast sleep spindles, especially for procedural memory. We also found a moderation effect of spindle characteristics, with power showing the largest effect sizes. Collectively, our findings suggest that sleep spindles are involved in learning, thereby representing a general physiological mechanism for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kumral
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alina Matzerath
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rainer Leonhart
- Institute of Psychology, Social Psychology and Methodology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Monika Schönauer
- Institute of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
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4
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Gu Y, Gagnon JF, Kaminska M. Sleep electroencephalography biomarkers of cognition in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13831. [PMID: 36941194 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with cognitive impairment and may be linked to disorders of cognitive function. These associations may be a result of intermittent hypoxaemia, sleep fragmentation and changes in sleep microstructure in obstructive sleep apnea. Current clinical metrics of obstructive sleep apnea, such as the apnea-hypopnea index, are poor predictors of cognitive outcomes in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep microstructure features, which can be identified on sleep electroencephalography of traditional overnight polysomnography, are increasingly being characterized in obstructive sleep apnea and may better predict cognitive outcomes. Here, we summarize the literature on several major sleep electroencephalography features (slow-wave activity, sleep spindles, K-complexes, cyclic alternating patterns, rapid eye movement sleep quantitative electroencephalography, odds ratio product) identified in obstructive sleep apnea. We will review the associations between these sleep electroencephalography features and cognition in obstructive sleep apnea, and examine how treatment of obstructive sleep apnea affects these associations. Lastly, evolving technologies in sleep electroencephalography analyses will also be discussed (e.g. high-density electroencephalography, machine learning) as potential predictors of cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusing Gu
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM - Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marta Kaminska
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Respiratory Division & Sleep Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
The restorative function of sleep is shaped by its duration, timing, continuity, subjective quality, and efficiency. Current sleep recommendations specify only nocturnal duration and have been largely derived from sleep self-reports that can be imprecise and miss relevant details. Sleep duration, preferred timing, and ability to withstand sleep deprivation are heritable traits whose expression may change with age and affect the optimal sleep prescription for an individual. Prevailing societal norms and circumstances related to work and relationships interact to influence sleep opportunity and quality. The value of allocating time for sleep is revealed by the impact of its restriction on behavior, functional brain imaging, sleep macrostructure, and late-life cognition. Augmentation of sleep slow oscillations and spindles have been proposed for enhancing sleep quality, but they inconsistently achieve their goal. Crafting bespoke sleep recommendations could benefit from large-scale, longitudinal collection of objective sleep data integrated with behavioral and self-reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are the hallmark of N2 sleep and are attributed a key role in cognition. Little is known about the impact of epilepsy on sleep oscillations underlying sleep-related functions. This study assessed changes in the global spindle rate in patients with epilepsy, analysed the distribution of spindles in relation to the epileptic focus, and performed correlations with neurocognitive function. Twenty-one patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy (12 females; mean age 32.6 ± 10.7 years [mean ± SD]) and 12 healthy controls (3 females; 24.5 ± 3.3 years) underwent combined whole-night high-density electroencephalography and polysomnography. Global spindle rates during N2 were lower in epilepsy patients compared to controls (mean = 5.78/min ± 0.72 vs. 6.49/min ± 0.71, p = 0.02, d = − 0.70). Within epilepsy patients, spindle rates were lower in the region of the epileptic focus compared to the contralateral region (median = 4.77/min [range 2.53–6.18] vs. 5.26/min [2.53–6.56], p = 0.02, rank biserial correlation RC = − 0.57). This decrease was driven by fast spindles (12–16 Hz) (1.50/min [0.62–4.08] vs. 1.65/min [0.51–4.28], p = 0.002, RC = − 0.76). The focal reduction in spindles was negatively correlated with two scales of attention (r = − 0.54, p = 0.01; r = − 0.51, p = 0.025). Patients with focal epilepsy show a reduction in global and local spindle rates dependent on the region of the epileptic focus. This may play a role in impaired cognitive functioning. Future work will show if the local reduction in spindles can be used as potential marker of the epileptic focus.
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Lunsford-Avery JR, Edinger JD, Krystal AD. Overnight Delta Dynamics Associated with Daytime Psychomotor Performance in Adults with Insomnia and Healthy Controls. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:217-230. [PMID: 35210889 PMCID: PMC8860757 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s330939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep is vital to cognition, yet underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Although sleep duration and continuity are two well-established contributors, additional factors-including homeostatic sleep drive processes-may also underlie cognition-related sleep restoration. This study investigates the relative contributions of sleep EEG factors to psychomotor functioning in adults with insomnia and healthy controls (HC) to identify the most significant sleep factors supporting psychomotor functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults with insomnia (n = 37) and HC (n = 39) completed 3 nights of polysomnography and a complex psychomotor task (switching attention task; SAT). Univariate correlations identified the most significant predictors (traditional PSG, spectral EEG, initial delta peak, and overnight delta decline) of SAT performance, which were then entered into multivariable linear regressions examining whether predictors remained significant after accounting for shortened/fragmented sleep and whether relationships differed across groups. RESULTS In addition to greater wake after sleep onset (WASO; r = 0.33), a slower overnight delta decline (r = 0.50) and a lower initial delta peak (r = -0.38) were the most significant predictors of poorer SAT performance. Both overnight delta decline (F(7, 68) = 12.52, p < 0.001) and initial delta peak (F(7, 68) = 7.85, p = 0.007) remained significant predictors after controlling for demographics, total sleep time, and WASO. Relationships were analogous across subject groups. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that, in addition to sleep duration and continuity, processes related to recovery from and dissipation of homeostatic sleep drive may support psychomotor performance and broadly support daytime functioning in individuals with and without insomnia. Future research may examine overnight delta dynamics as transdiagnostic processes supporting cognition-related sleep restoration across a range of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lunsford-Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jack D Edinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Page J, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Nonrapid eye movement sleep characteristics and relations with motor, memory, and cognitive ability from infancy to preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22202. [PMID: 34813099 PMCID: PMC8898567 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a critical role in neural neurodevelopment. Hallmarks of sleep reflected in the electroencephalogram during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are associated with learning processes, cognitive ability, memory, and motor functioning. Research in adults is well-established; however, the role of NREM sleep in childhood is less clear. Growing evidence suggests the importance of two NREM sleep features: slow-wave activity and sleep spindles. These features may be critical for understanding maturational change and the functional role of sleep during development. Here, we review the literature on NREM sleep from infancy to preadolescence to provide insight into the network dynamics of the developing brain. The reviewed findings show distinct relations between topographical and maturational aspects of slow waves and sleep spindles; however, the direction and consistency of these relationships vary, and associations with cognitive ability remain unclear. Future research investigating the role of NREM sleep and development would benefit from longitudinal approaches, increased control for circadian and homeostatic influences, and in early childhood, studies recording daytime naps and overnight sleep to yield increased precision for detecting age-related change. Such evidence could help explicate the role of NREM sleep and provide putative physiological markers of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Halonen R, Kuula L, Antila M, Pesonen AK. The Overnight Retention of Novel Metaphors Associates With Slow Oscillation-Spindle Coupling but Not With Respiratory Phase at Encoding. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:712774. [PMID: 34531730 PMCID: PMC8439423 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.712774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence emphasizes the relevance of oscillatory synchrony in memory consolidation during sleep. Sleep spindles promote memory retention, especially when occurring in the depolarized upstate of slow oscillation (SO). A less studied topic is the inter-spindle synchrony, i.e. the temporal overlap and phasic coherence between spindles perceived in different electroencephalography channels. In this study, we examined how synchrony between SOs and spindles, as well as between simultaneous spindles, is associated with the retention of novel verbal metaphors. Moreover, we combined the encoding of the metaphors with respiratory phase (inhalation/exhalation) with the aim of modulating the strength of memorized items, as previous studies have shown that inhalation entrains neural activity, thereby benefiting memory in a waking condition. In the current study, 27 young adults underwent a two-night mixed-design study with a 12-h delayed memory task during both sleep and waking conditions. As expected, we found better retention over the delay containing sleep, and this outcome was strongly associated with the timing of SO–spindle coupling. However, no associations were observed regarding inter-spindle synchrony or respiratory phase. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of SO–spindle coupling for memory. In contrast, the observed lack of association with inter-spindle synchrony may emphasize the local nature of spindle-related plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Halonen
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minea Antila
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Saravanapandian V, Nadkarni D, Hsu SH, Hussain SA, Maski K, Golshani P, Colwell CS, Balasubramanian S, Dixon A, Geschwind DH, Jeste SS. Abnormal sleep physiology in children with 15q11.2-13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome. Mol Autism 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34344470 PMCID: PMC8336244 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a common and vexing comorbidity. Clinical heterogeneity amongst these warrants studies of the mechanisms associated with specific genetic etiologies. Duplications of 15q11.2-13.1 (Dup15q syndrome) are highly penetrant for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and ASD, as well as sleep disturbances. Genes in the 15q region, particularly UBE3A and a cluster of GABAA receptor genes, are critical for neural development, synaptic protein synthesis and degradation, and inhibitory neurotransmission. During awake electroencephalography (EEG), children with Dup15q syndrome demonstrate increased beta band oscillations (12-30 Hz) that likely reflect aberrant GABAergic neurotransmission. Healthy sleep rhythms, necessary for robust cognitive development, are also highly dependent on GABAergic neurotransmission. We therefore hypothesized that sleep physiology would be abnormal in children with Dup15q syndrome. METHODS To test the hypothesis that elevated beta oscillations persist in sleep in Dup15q syndrome and that NREM sleep rhythms would be disrupted, we computed: (1) beta power, (2) spindle density, and (3) percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in overnight sleep EEG recordings from a cohort of children with Dup15q syndrome (n = 15) and compared them to age-matched neurotypical children (n = 12). RESULTS Children with Dup15q syndrome showed abnormal sleep physiology with elevated beta power, reduced spindle density, and reduced or absent SWS compared to age-matched neurotypical controls. LIMITATIONS This study relied on clinical EEG where sleep staging was not available. However, considering that clinical polysomnograms are challenging to collect in this population, the ability to quantify these biomarkers on clinical EEG-routinely ordered for epilepsy monitoring-opens the door for larger-scale studies. While comparable to other human studies in rare genetic disorders, a larger sample would allow for examination of the role of seizure severity, medications, and developmental age that may impact sleep physiology. CONCLUSIONS We have identified three quantitative EEG biomarkers of sleep disruption in Dup15q syndrome, a genetic condition highly penetrant for ASD. Insights from this study not only promote a greater mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology defining Dup15q syndrome, but also lay the foundation for studies that investigate the association between sleep and cognition. Abnormal sleep physiology may undermine healthy cognitive development and may serve as a quantifiable and modifiable target for behavioral and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Saravanapandian
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. .,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Divya Nadkarni
- Division of Pediatric Epilepsy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsiou Hsu
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shaun A Hussain
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Amos Dixon
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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11
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Zhang J, Yetton B, Whitehurst LN, Naji M, Mednick SC. The effect of zolpidem on memory consolidation over a night of sleep. Sleep 2021; 43:5824815. [PMID: 32330272 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Nonrapid eye movement sleep boosts hippocampus-dependent, long-term memory formation more so than wake. Studies have pointed to several electrophysiological events that likely play a role in this process, including thalamocortical sleep spindles (12-15 Hz). However, interventional studies that directly probe the causal role of spindles in consolidation are scarce. Previous studies have used zolpidem, a GABA-A agonist, to increase sleep spindles during a daytime nap and promote hippocampal-dependent episodic memory. The current study investigated the effect of zolpidem on nighttime sleep and overnight improvement of episodic memories. METHODS We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject design to test the a priori hypothesis that zolpidem would lead to increased memory performance on a word-paired associates task by boosting spindle activity. We also explored the impact of zolpidem across a range of other spectral sleep features, including slow oscillations (0-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), sigma (12-15 Hz), as well as spindle-SO coupling. RESULTS We showed greater memory improvement after a night of sleep with zolpidem, compared to placebo, replicating a prior nap study. Additionally, zolpidem increased sigma power, decreased theta and delta power, and altered the phase angle of spindle-SO coupling, compared to placebo. Spindle density, theta power, and spindle-SO coupling were associated with next-day memory performance. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep, specifically the timing and amount of sleep spindles, plays a causal role in the long-term formation of episodic memories. Furthermore, our results emphasize the role of nonrapid eye movement theta activity in human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
| | - Ben Yetton
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Mohsen Naji
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine
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12
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Chatburn A, Lushington K, Kohler MJ. Consolidation and generalisation across sleep depend on individual EEG factors and sleep spindle density. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 179:107384. [PMID: 33460790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is involved in both the consolidation of discrete episodes, as well as the generalisation of acquired memories into schemata. Here, we have isolated early versus late periods of sleep in order to replicate previous behavioural findings and to demonstrate: i) that distinct sleep and sleep electroencephalography (EEG) factors influence the generalisation of learned information, and; ii) that the consolidation and generalisation of memory across sleep depends on individual alpha frequency (IAF) and strength of initial encoding. Subjects underwent a night-half protocol with polysomnography (PSG), and completed a Chinese character-English paired associates learning task. Recognition accuracy of learned word-pairs, the extent to which the subject was able to generalise this knowledge, and the extent of explicit transfer of knowledge were measured. Results demonstrate that quality of initial learning determined the relationship between sleep neurophysiology and outcome, with IAF modulating this effect. We also note an effect of IAF in modulating the effect of sleep spindles in determining generalisation of learned materials. Finally, we note a complex relationship between initial learning, IAF and sleep spindle density in determining when information will reach explicit awareness across sleep. Together, these data implicate encoding factors in subsequent offline processing, demonstrate a potential role for individual differences in the EEG and subsequently add to our understanding of the the conditions in which sleep may benefit both memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chatburn
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kurt Lushington
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark J Kohler
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Weber FD, Supp GG, Klinzing JG, Mölle M, Engel AK, Born J. Coupling of gamma band activity to sleep spindle oscillations - a combined EEG/MEG study. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117452. [PMID: 33059050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are crucial to memory consolidation. Cortical gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) are considered to reflect processing of memory in local cortical networks. The temporal and regulatory relationship between spindles and gamma activity might therefore provide clues into how sleep strengthens cortical memory representations. Here, combining EEG with MEG recordings during sleep in healthy humans (n = 12), we investigated the temporal relationships of cortical gamma band activity, always measured by MEG, during fast (12-16 Hz) and slow (8-12 Hz) sleep spindles detected in the EEG or MEG. Time-frequency distributions did not show a consistent coupling of gamma to the spindle oscillation, although activity in the low gamma (30-40 Hz) and neighboring beta range (<30 Hz) was generally increased during spindles. However, more fine-grained analyses of cross-frequency interactions revealed that both low and high gamma power (30-100 Hz) was coupled to the phase of slow and fast EEG spindles, importantly, with this coupling at a fixed phase only for the oscillations within an individual spindle, but with variable phase across spindles. We did not observe any coupling of gamma activity for spindles detected solely in the MEG and not in parallel EEG recordings, raising the possibility that these are more local spindles of different quality. Similar to fast spindle activity, low gamma band power followed a ~0.025 Hz infraslow rhythm during sleep whose frequency, however, was significantly faster than that of spindle activity. Our findings suggest a general function of fast and slow spindles that by spanning larger cortical networks might serve to synchronize gamma band activity occurring in more local but distributed networks. Thereby, spindles might help linking local memory processing between distributed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik D Weber
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
| | - Gernot G Supp
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
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14
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Fröhlich F, Lustenberger C. Neuromodulation of sleep rhythms in schizophrenia: Towards the rational design of non-invasive brain stimulation. Schizophr Res 2020; 221:71-80. [PMID: 32354662 PMCID: PMC7316586 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain function critically depends on oscillatory synchronization of neuronal populations both during wake and sleep. Originally, neural oscillations have been discounted as an epiphenomenon. More recently, specific deficits in the structure of brain oscillations have been linked to psychiatric diseases. For example, schizophrenia is hallmarked by abnormalities in different brain oscillations. Key sleep rhythms during NEM sleep such as sleep spindles, which are implicated in memory consolidation and are related to cognitive functions, are strongly diminished in these patients compared to healthy controls. To date, it remains unclear whether these reductions in sleep oscillations are causal for the functional impairments observed in schizophrenia. The application of non-invasive brain stimulation permits the causal examination of brain network dynamics and will help to establish the causal association of sleep oscillations and symptoms of schizophrenia. To accomplish this, stimulation paradigms that selectively engage specific network targets such as sleep spindles or slow waves are needed. We propose that the successful development and application of these non-invasive brain stimulation approaches will require rational design that takes network dynamics and neuroanatomical information into account. The purpose of this article is to prepare the grounds for the next steps towards such rational design of non-invasive stimulation, with a special focus on electrical and auditory stimulation. First, we briefly summarize the deficits in network dynamics during sleep in schizophrenia. Then, we discuss today's and tomorrow's non-invasive brain stimulation modalities to engage these network targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Sleep during development: Sex and gender differences. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 51:101276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Wehrle FM, Lustenberger C, Buchmann A, Latal B, Hagmann CF, O'Gorman RL, Huber R. Multimodal assessment shows misalignment of structural and functional thalamocortical connectivity in children and adolescents born very preterm. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116779. [PMID: 32276056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalamocortical connections are altered following very preterm birth but it is unknown whether structural and functional alterations are linked and how they contribute to neurodevelopmental deficits. We used a multimodal approach in 27 very preterm and 35 term-born children and adolescents aged 10-16 years: Structural thalamocortical connectivity was quantified with two measures derived from probabilistic tractography of diffusion tensor data, namely the volume of thalamic segments with cortical connections and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) within the respective segments. High-density sleep EEG was recorded and sleep spindles were identified at each electrode. Sleep spindle density and integrated spindle activity (ISA) were calculated to quantify functional thalamocortical connectivity. In term-born participants, the volume of the global thalamic segment with cortical connections was strongly related to sleep spindles across the entire head (mean r = .53 ± .10; range = 0.35 to 0.78). Regionally, the volume of the thalamic segment connecting to frontal brain regions correlated with sleep spindle density in two clusters of electrodes over fronto-temporal brain regions (.42 ± .06; 0.35 to 0.51 and 0.43 ± .08; 0.35 to 0.62) and the volume of the thalamic segment connecting to parietal brain regions correlated with sleep spindle density over parietal brain regions (mean r = .43 ± .07; 0.35 to 0.61). In very preterm participants, the volume of the thalamic segments was not associated with sleep spindles. In the very preterm group, mean FA within the global thalamic segment was negatively correlated with ISA over a cluster of frontal and temporo-occipital brain regions (mean r = -.53 ± .07; -.41 to -.72). No association between mean FA and ISA was found in the term-born group. With this multimodal study protocol, we identified a potential misalignment between structural and functional thalamocortical connectivity in children and adolescents born very preterm. Eventually, this may shed further light on the neuronal mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental sequelae of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Wehrle
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Buchmann
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Center for MR Research, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Latal
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia F Hagmann
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Switzerland
| | - Ruth L O'Gorman
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Center for MR Research, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children's Research Center, Switzerland; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Switzerland.
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17
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van Sluijs R, Wilhelm E, Rondei Q, Omlin X, Crivelli F, Straumann D, Jäger L, Riener R, Achermann P. Gentle rocking movements during sleep in the elderly. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e12989. [PMID: 32061115 PMCID: PMC7757236 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular stimulation in the form of rocking movements could be a promising non‐pharmacological intervention for populations with reduced sleep quality, such as the elderly. We hypothesized that rocking movements influence sleep by promoting comfort. We assessed whether gentle rocking movements can facilitate the transition from wake to sleep, increase sleep spindle density and promote deep sleep in elderly people. We assessed self‐reported comfort using a pilot protocol including translational movements and movements along a pendulum trajectory with peak linear accelerations between 0.10 and 0.20 m/s2. We provided whole‐night stimulation using the settings rated most comfortable during the pilot study (movements along a pendulum trajectory with peak linear acceleration of 0.15 m/s2). Sleep measures (polysomnography) of two baseline and two movement nights were compared. In our sample (n = 19; eight female; mean age: 66.7 years, standard deviation: 3 years), vestibular stimulation using preferred stimulation settings did not improve sleep. A reduction of delta power was observed, suggesting reduced sleep depth during rocking movements. Sleep fragmentation was similar in both conditions. We did not observe a sleep‐promoting effect using settings optimized to be comfortable. This finding could imply that comfort is not the underlying mechanism. At frequencies below 0.3 Hz, the otoliths cannot distinguish tilt from translation. Translational movement trajectories, such as used in previous studies reporting positive effects of rocking, could have caused sensory confusion due to a mismatch between vestibular and other sensory information. We propose that this sensory confusion might be essential to the sleep‐promoting effect of rocking movements described in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel van Sluijs
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Wilhelm
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quincy Rondei
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ximena Omlin
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Crivelli
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Jäger
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotic and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, The KEY Institute for Brain Mind Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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van Sluijs RM, Rondei QJ, Schluep D, Jäger L, Riener R, Achermann P, Wilhelm E. Effect of Rocking Movements on Afternoon Sleep. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1446. [PMID: 32038144 PMCID: PMC6985453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Gentle rocking movements provided by a moving bed have been proposed as a promising non-pharmacological way to promote sleep. In rodents the sleep promoting effect of rocking movements depended on the peak acceleration (named "stimulation intensity") perceived by the vestibular system. We set out to verify previous reports on the sleep promoting effect of rocking movements and to investigate the importance of stimulation intensity in this process. Methods Side-to-side rocking movements along a pendulum trajectory with different peak accelerations (control: 0 m/s2, low intensity: 0.15 m/s2, medium intensity: 0.25 m/s2, high intensity: 0.35 m/s2) were provided for 45 min during an afternoon nap opportunity. Participants were assigned to a low intensity group (n = 10) experiencing control, low and medium intensity stimulation or a high intensity group (n = 12) experiencing control, medium and high intensity stimulation. Sleep and sleep-related memory performance were assessed using polysomnography and a word-pair memory task, respectively. Results Participants transitioned faster into deep sleep under the influence of medium intensity rocking as was evident by a faster buildup of delta power compared to the control condition (n = 22). The faster buildup did not affect sleep architecture, since e.g., the proportion of the nap spent in deep sleep or latencies did not change. Previously reported effects like a shorter latency to stage N2 and a higher density of sleep spindles were not observed. Sleep quality during control naps of the low intensity group was worse than in the high intensity group. In the low intensity group, we also observed a significant increase in delta power throughout the nap, as well as a higher density of slow oscillations both under the influence of low and medium intensity vestibular stimulation. No such effects were observed in the high intensity group. Conclusion Rocking movements may promote nap sleep in young adults. Due to a difference in sleep quality during control naps between the low and high intensity group no conclusion regarding the influence of stimulation intensity were possible. Thus, optimal stimulation settings in humans need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M van Sluijs
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quincy J Rondei
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Schluep
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Jäger
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Wilhelm
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zurich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Gilad R, Shapiro C. Sleep and Development. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.126049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Associations between cognitive performance and sigma power during sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, healthy children, and healthy adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224166. [PMID: 31648258 PMCID: PMC6812820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma power during sleep is associated with cognitive abilities in healthy humans. We examined the relationship between sigma power in sleep EEG and intelligence and alertness in schoolchildren with ADHD (n = 17) in comparison to mentally healthy children (n = 16) and adults (n = 23). We observed a positive correlation between sigma power in sleep stage 2 and IQ in healthy adults but a negative correlation in children with ADHD. Furthermore, children with ADHD showed slower reaction times in alertness testing than both control groups. In contrast, only healthy children displayed a positive correlation between sigma power and reaction times. These data suggest that the associations between sigma power and cognitive performance underlie distinct developmental processes. A negative association between IQ and sigma power indicates a disturbed function of sleep in cognitive functions in ADHD, whereas the function of sleep appears to be matured early in case of motor-related alertness performance.
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22
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Cox R, Mylonas DS, Manoach DS, Stickgold R. Large-scale structure and individual fingerprints of locally coupled sleep oscillations. Sleep 2019; 41:5089926. [PMID: 30184179 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations and sleep spindles, the canonical electrophysiological oscillations of nonrapid eye movement sleep, are thought to gate incoming sensory information, underlie processes of sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and are altered in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence of the predominantly local expression of these individual oscillatory rhythms suggests that their cross-frequency interactions may have a similar local component. However, it is unclear whether locally coordinated sleep oscillations exist across the cortex, and whether and how these dynamics differ between fast and slow spindles, and sleep stages. Moreover, substantial individual variability in the expression of both spindles and slow oscillations raises the possibility that their temporal organization shows similar individual differences. Using two nights of multichannel electroencephalography recordings from 24 healthy individuals, we characterized the topography of slow oscillation-spindle coupling. We found that while slow oscillations are highly restricted in spatial extent, the phase of the local slow oscillation modulates local spindle activity at virtually every cortical site. However, coupling dynamics varied with spindle class, sleep stage, and cortical region. Moreover, the slow oscillation phase at which spindles were maximally expressed differed markedly across individuals while remaining stable across nights. These findings both add an important spatial aspect to our understanding of the temporal coupling of sleep oscillations and demonstrate the heterogeneity of coupling dynamics, which must be taken into account when formulating mechanistic accounts of sleep-related memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimitris S Mylonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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23
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Bueno-Lopez A, Eggert T, Dorn H, Danker-Hopfe H. Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS) during slow wave sleep has no effects on declarative memory in healthy young subjects. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:948-958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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24
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Dehnavi F, Moghimi S, Sadrabadi Haghighi S, Safaie M, Ghorbani M. Opposite effect of motivated forgetting on sleep spindles during stage 2 and slow wave sleep. Sleep 2019; 42:5427878. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Memories selectively benefit from sleep. In addition to the importance of the consolidation of relevant memories, the capacity to forget unwanted memories is also crucial. We investigated the effect of suppressing unwanted memories on electroencephalography activity of subsequent sleep using a motivated forgetting (MF) paradigm as compared with a control non-forgetting task. Subjects were randomly assigned to nap or no-nap groups. We used a modified version of the think/no-think paradigm with dominant number of no-think words cued to be forgotten and included only subjects capable of suppressing unwanted memories by performing an initial subject inclusion experiment. In both groups and conditions, the performance of the subjects in recalling the word pairs learned in the beginning of the day was evaluated in a final recall test. We found that both nap and no-nap groups recalled significantly less no-think words in the MF condition compared to the control condition. Moreover, for the nap group, in the MF compared to the control condition, spindle power and density increased during stage 2 (S2) whereas they decreased during slow wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, recall performance of no-think words was negatively correlated with spindle power during S2 whereas it was positively correlated with spindle power during SWS. These results indicate that sleep spindles are sensitive to the previous MF experiences and suggest a differential role of sleep spindles during S2 and SWS in memory processing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Dehnavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Moghimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Safaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- INSERM UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Kam K, Parekh A, Sharma RA, Andrade A, Lewin M, Castillo B, Bubu OM, Chua NJ, Miller MD, Mullins AE, Glodzik L, Mosconi L, Gosselin N, Prathamesh K, Chen Z, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Bagchi N, Cavedoni B, Rapoport DM, Ayappa I, de Leon MJ, Petkova E, Varga AW, Osorio RS. Sleep oscillation-specific associations with Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers: novel roles for sleep spindles and tau. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:10. [PMID: 30791922 PMCID: PMC6385427 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on associations between sleep spindles, cognition, and sleep-dependent memory processing, here we evaluated potential relationships between levels of CSF Aβ42, P-tau, and T-tau with sleep spindle density and other biophysical properties of sleep spindles in a sample of cognitively normal elderly individuals. METHODS One-night in-lab nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) and morning to early afternoon CSF collection were performed to measure CSF Aβ42, P-tau and T-tau. Seven days of actigraphy were collected to assess habitual total sleep time. RESULTS Spindle density during NREM stage 2 (N2) sleep was negatively correlated with CSF Aβ42, P-tau and T-tau. From the three, CSF T-tau was the most significantly associated with spindle density, after adjusting for age, sex and ApoE4. Spindle duration, count and fast spindle density were also negatively correlated with T-tau levels. Sleep duration and other measures of sleep quality were not correlated with spindle characteristics and did not modify the associations between sleep spindle characteristics and the CSF biomarkers of AD. CONCLUSIONS Reduced spindles during N2 sleep may represent an early dysfunction related to tau, possibly reflecting axonal damage or altered neuronal tau secretion, rendering it a potentially novel biomarker for early neuronal dysfunction. Given their putative role in memory consolidation and neuroplasticity, sleep spindles may represent a mechanism by which tau impairs memory consolidation, as well as a possible target for therapeutic interventions in cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ankit Parekh
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ram A. Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Andreia Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Monica Lewin
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Bresne Castillo
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Omonigho M. Bubu
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Chua
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Margo D. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Anna E. Mullins
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Department of Psychology, Hospital du Sacré-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada and Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | | | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Nisha Bagchi
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bianca Cavedoni
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - David M. Rapoport
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Indu Ayappa
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Mony J. de Leon
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Andrew W. Varga
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ricardo S. Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
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Fumo-dos-Santos C, Pradella-Hallinan M, Barbisan BN, Tufik S, Moreira GA. Sleep duration on a population of children referred to sleep study - cross-sectional data from 2003 to 2009. Sleep Sci 2019; 12:272-278. [PMID: 32318248 PMCID: PMC7159079 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep is essential for human beings, especially children. Insufficient sleep is linked to somatic and psychological problems. This study aims to describe nocturnal sleep patterns in children aged 7 to 13 years and investigate if sex or weekdays influence sleep habits. It also analyses factors associated with sleep length and the difference between sleep habits on weekends and weekdays. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study with questionnaires from children with sleep complaints referred to our service (December 2003 to June 2009) in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Median of sleep hours, time going to bed, waking up, and the difference in amount of sleep during weekends and weekdays were calculated. A generalized linear model was used to find associations between covariates and a) sleep hours, and b) sleep weekend minus - weekdays. RESULTS We analyzed 577 children (median 9.5 y, 61% boys). Median bedtime was 22h. Median wake up time was 7h on weekdays and 9h on weekends. Median sleep duration was 9.5h during weekdays and 10h on weekends. The median difference in the amount of sleep during weekends and weekdays was 0.5h (IQR=1.5). Shorter sleep duration was associated with age and school schedule. Higher difference weekend - weekdays was associated with older children, girls, and school schedule. CONCLUSION Children 7 to 13 years usually sleep more on weekends. Age, morning and full-time classes are associated with shorter sleep duration on weekdays and higher weekend-weekdays; girls sleep more during weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergio Tufik
- Universade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Gustavo Antonio Moreira
- Universade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil., Universade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil
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O'Reilly C, Chapotot F, Pittau F, Mella N, Picard F. Nicotine increases sleep spindle activity. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12800. [PMID: 30565327 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that both nicotine and sleep spindles are associated with enhanced memorisation. Further, a few recent studies have shown how cholinergic input through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can trigger or modulate sleep processes in general, and sleep spindles in particular. To better understand the interaction between nicotine and sleep spindles, we compared in a single blind randomised study the characteristics of sleep spindles in 10 healthy participants recorded for 2 nights, one with a nicotine patch and one with a sham patch. We investigated differences in sleep spindle duration, amplitude, intra-spindle oscillation frequency and density (i.e. spindles per min). We found that under nicotine, spindles are more numerous (average increase: 0.057 spindles per min; 95% confidence interval: [0.025-0.089]; p = .0004), have higher amplitude (average amplification: 0.260 μV; confidence interval: [0.119-0.402]; p = .0032) and last longer (average lengthening: 0.025 s; confidence interval: [0.017-0.032]; p = 2.7e-11). These results suggest that nicotine can increase spindle activity by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and offer an attractive hypothesis for common mechanisms that may support memorisation improvements previously reported to be associated with nicotine and sleep spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O'Reilly
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesca Pittau
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Mella
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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A daytime nap enhances visual working memory performance and alters event-related delay activity. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1105-1120. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Przemyslaw Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Reynolds C, Short M, Gradisar M. Sleep spindles and cognitive performance across adolescence: A meta-analytic review. J Adolesc 2018; 66:55-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Page J, Lustenberger C, Frӧhlich F. Social, motor, and cognitive development through the lens of sleep network dynamics in infants and toddlers between 12 and 30 months of age. Sleep 2018; 41:4835154. [PMID: 29506060 PMCID: PMC6018907 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread change in behavior and the underlying brain network substrate is a hallmark of early development. Sleep plays a fundamental role in this process. Both slow waves and spindles are key features of nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that exhibit pronounced developmental trajectories from infancy to adulthood. Yet, these prominent features of NREM sleep are poorly understood in infants and toddlers in the age range of 12 to 30 months. Moreover, it is unknown how network dynamics of NREM sleep are associated with outcomes of early development. Addressing this gap in our understanding of sleep during development will enable the subsequent study of pathological changes in neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of the current study was to characterize the sleep topography with high-density electroencephalography in this age group. We found that δ, θ, and β oscillations and sleep spindles exhibited clear developmental changes. Low δ and high θ oscillations correlated with motor, language, and social skills, independent of age. These findings suggest an important role of network dynamics of NREM sleep in cortical maturation and the associated development of skills during this important developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Mobile Health Systems Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Frӧhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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32
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Koo PC, Mölle M, Marshall L. Efficacy of slow oscillatory‐transcranial direct current stimulation on
EEG
and memory – contribution of an inter‐individual factor. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:812-823. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chai Koo
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg 66 23562 Lübeck Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Rostock University Medical Centre Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Lisa Marshall
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160, Bldg 66 23562 Lübeck Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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Lachner-Piza D, Epitashvili N, Schulze-Bonhage A, Stieglitz T, Jacobs J, Dümpelmann M. A single channel sleep-spindle detector based on multivariate classification of EEG epochs: MUSSDET. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 297:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Rocking movements appear to affect human sleep. Recent research suggested a facilitated transition from wake to sleep and a boosting of slow oscillations and sleep spindles due to lateral rocking movements during an afternoon nap. This study aimed at investigating the effect of vestibular stimulation on sleep onset, nocturnal sleep and its potential to increase sleep spindles and slow waves, which could influence memory performance. Polysomnography was recorded in 18 males (age: 20–28 years) during three nights: movement until sleep onset (C1), movement for 2 hours (C2), and one baseline (B) without motion. Sleep dependent changes in memory performance were assessed with a word-pair learning task. Although subjects preferred nights with vestibular stimulation, a facilitated sleep onset or a boost in slow oscillations was not observed. N2 sleep and the total number of sleep spindles increased during the 2 h with vestibular stimulation (C2) but not over the entire night. Memory performance increased over night but did not differ between conditions. The lack of an effect might be due to the already high sleep efficiency (96%) and sleep quality of our subjects during baseline. Nocturnal sleep in good sleepers might not benefit from the potential facilitating effects of vestibular stimulation.
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Herzig D, Eser P, Omlin X, Riener R, Wilhelm M, Achermann P. Reproducibility of Heart Rate Variability Is Parameter and Sleep Stage Dependent. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1100. [PMID: 29367845 PMCID: PMC5767731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep have become increasingly popular as sleep could provide an optimal state for HRV assessments. While sleep stages have been reported to affect HRV, the effect of sleep stages on the variance of HRV parameters were hardly investigated. We aimed to assess the variance of HRV parameters during the different sleep stages. Further, we tested the accuracy of an algorithm using HRV to identify a 5-min segment within an episode of slow wave sleep (SWS, deep sleep). Methods: Polysomnographic (PSG) sleep recordings of 3 nights of 15 healthy young males were analyzed. Sleep was scored according to conventional criteria. HRV parameters of consecutive 5-min segments were analyzed within the different sleep stages. The total variance of HRV parameters was partitioned into between-subjects variance, between-nights variance, and between-segments variance and compared between the different sleep stages. Intra-class correlation coefficients of all HRV parameters were calculated for all sleep stages. To identify an SWS segment based on HRV, Pearson correlation coefficients of consecutive R-R intervals (rRR) of moving 5-min windows (20-s steps). The linear trend was removed from the rRR time series and the first segment with rRR values 0.1 units below the mean rRR for at least 10 min was identified. A 5-min segment was placed in the middle of such an identified segment and the corresponding sleep stage was used to assess the accuracy of the algorithm. Results: Good reproducibility within and across nights was found for heart rate in all sleep stages and for high frequency (HF) power in SWS. Reproducibility of low frequency (LF) power and of LF/HF was poor in all sleep stages. Of all the 5-min segments selected based on HRV data, 87% were accurately located within SWS. Conclusions: SWS, a stable state that, in contrast to waking, is unaffected by internal and external factors, is a reproducible state that allows reliable determination of heart rate, and HF power, and can satisfactorily be detected based on R-R intervals, without the need of full PSG. Sleep may not be an optimal condition to assess LF power and LF/HF power ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herzig
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Eser
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ximena Omlin
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Preventive Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Ujma PP, Konrad BN, Gombos F, Simor P, Pótári A, Genzel L, Pawlowski M, Steiger A, Bódizs R, Dresler M. The sleep EEG spectrum is a sexually dimorphic marker of general intelligence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18070. [PMID: 29273758 PMCID: PMC5741768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the EEG spectrum in sleep relies on genetic and anatomical factors and forms an individual "EEG fingerprint". Spectral components of EEG were shown to be connected to mental ability both in sleep and wakefulness. EEG sleep spindle correlates of intelligence, however, exhibit a sexual dimorphism, with a more pronounced association to intelligence in females than males. In a sample of 151 healthy individuals, we investigated how intelligence is related to spectral components of full-night sleep EEG, while controlling for the effects of age. A positive linear association between intelligence and REM anterior beta power was found in females but not males. Transient, spindle-like "REM beta tufts" are described in the EEG of healthy subjects, which may reflect the functioning of a recently described cingular-prefrontal emotion and motor regulation network. REM sleep frontal high delta power was a negative correlate of intelligence. NREM alpha and sigma spectral power correlations with intelligence did not unequivocally remain significant after multiple comparisons correction, but exhibited a similar sexual dimorphism. These results suggest that the neural oscillatory correlates of intelligence in sleep are sexually dimorphic, and they are not restricted to either sleep spindles or NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrián Pótári
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburg, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, H-1145, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Blaskovich B, Szőllősi Á, Gombos F, Racsmány M, Simor P. The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories. Sleep 2017; 40:2732008. [PMID: 28364418 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives We aimed to investigate the effect of directed forgetting instruction on memory retention after a 2-hour delay involving a daytime nap or an equivalent amount of time spent awake. We examined the associations between sleep-specific oscillations and the retention of relevant and irrelevant study materials. Methods We applied a list-method directed forgetting paradigm manipulating the perceived relevance of previously encoded lists of words. Participants were randomly assigned to either a nap or an awake group, and to a remember or a forget subgroup. The remember and the forget subgroups were both instructed to study two consecutive lists of words, although, the forget subgroup was manipulated to forget the first list and memorize only the second one. Participants were 112 healthy individuals (44 men; Mage = 21.4 years, SD = 2.4). Results A significant directed forgetting effect emerged after a 2-hour delay both in the awake and sleep conditions; however, the effect was more pronounced within the sleep group. The benefit of directed forgetting, that is, relatively enhanced recall of relevant words in the forget group, was evidenced only in those participants that reached rapid eye movement (REM) phase. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sigma power was correlated with memory performance for the relevant (second) list, and sleep spindle amplitude was associated with the retention of both lists. These associations, however, were detected only within the forget subgroup. REM duration correlated with recall performance for the relevant (second) list within the forget subgroup, and with recall performance for the first list within the remember subgroup. Conclusions A directed forgetting effect persists after a 2-hour delay spent awake or asleep. Spindle-related activity and subsequent REM sleep might selectively facilitate the processing of memories that are considered to be relevant for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Blaskovich
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Frontostriatal System Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
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Horváth K, Hannon B, Ujma PP, Gombos F, Plunkett K. Memory in 3-month-old infants benefits from a short nap. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12587. [PMID: 28722249 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of studies demonstrate that sleep has a facilitating role in memory consolidation (see Rasch & Born, ). Whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation is also apparent in infants in their first few months of life has not been investigated. We demonstrate that 3-month-old infants only remember a cartoon face approximately 1.5-2 hours after its first presentation when a period of sleep followed learning. Furthermore, habituation time, that is, the time to become bored with a stimulus shown repetitively, correlated negatively with the density of infant sleep spindles, implying that processing speed is linked to specific electroencephalographic components of sleep. Our findings show that without a short period of sleep infants have problems remembering a newly seen face, that sleep enhances memory consolidation from a very early age, highlighting the importance of napping in infancy, and that infant sleep spindles may be associated with some aspects of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Horváth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Hannon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter P Ujma
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kim Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lunsford-Avery JR, Krystal AD, Kollins SH. Sleep disturbances in adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and framework for future research. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 50:159-174. [PMID: 27969004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological mechanisms underlying symptom and prognostic heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unclear. Sleep impacts neurocognition and daytime functioning and is disrupted in ADHD, yet little is known about sleep in ADHD during adolescence, a period characterized by alterations in sleep, brain structure, and environmental demands as well as diverging ADHD trajectories. METHODS A systematic review identified studies published prior to August 2016 assessing sleep in adolescents (aged 10-19years) with ADHD or participating in population-based studies measuring ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were identified (19 subjective report, 6 using actigraphy/polysomnography). Findings are mixed but overall suggest associations between sleep disturbances and 1) ADHD symptoms in the population and 2) poorer clinical, neurocognitive, and functional outcomes among adolescents with ADHD. Common limitations of studies included small or non-representative samples, non-standardized sleep measures, and cross-sectional methodology. CONCLUSIONS Current data on sleep in adolescent ADHD are sparse and limited by methodological concerns. Future studies are critical for clarifying a potential role of sleep in contributing to heterogeneity of ADHD presentation and prognosis. Potential mechanisms by which sleep disturbances during adolescence may contribute to worsened symptom severity and persistence of ADHD into adulthood and an agenda to guide future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lunsford-Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2608 Erwin Road Suite 300, Durham, NC 27705, United States
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40
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Manoach DS, Pan JQ, Purcell SM, Stickgold R. Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:599-608. [PMID: 26602589 PMCID: PMC4833702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit. Sleep spindles, a defining thalamocortical oscillation of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep, correlate with IQ and are thought to promote long-term potentiation and enhance memory consolidation. We review evidence that reduced spindle activity in SZ is an endophenotype that impairs sleep-dependent memory consolidation, contributes to symptoms, and is a novel treatment biomarker. Studies showing that spindles can be pharmacologically enhanced in SZ and that increasing spindles improves memory in healthy individuals suggest that treating spindle deficits in patients with SZ may improve cognition. Spindle activity is highly heritable, and recent large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified SZ risk genes that may contribute to spindle deficits and illuminate their mechanisms. For example, the SZ risk gene CACNA1I encodes a calcium channel that is abundantly expressed in the thalamic spindle generator and plays a critical role in spindle activity based on a mouse knockout. Future genetic studies of animals and humans can delineate the role of this and other genes in spindles. Such cross-disciplinary research, by forging empirical links in causal chains from risk genes to proteins and cellular functions to endophenotypes, cognitive impairments, symptoms, and diagnosis, has the potential to advance the mechanistic understanding, treatment, and prevention of SZ. This review highlights the importance of deficient sleep-dependent memory consolidation among the cognitive deficits of SZ and implicates reduced sleep spindles as a potentially treatable mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
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Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Relation to Cognition. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4724792. [PMID: 27478646 PMCID: PMC4958463 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4724792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that sleep spindles facilitate neuroplasticity and “off-line” processing during sleep, which supports learning, memory consolidation, and intellectual performance. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit characteristics that may increase both the risk for and vulnerability to abnormal spindle generation. Despite the high prevalence of sleep problems and cognitive deficits in children with NDD, only a few studies have examined the putative association between spindle characteristics and cognitive function. This paper reviews the literature regarding sleep spindle characteristics in children with NDD and their relation to cognition in light of what is known in typically developing children and based on the available evidence regarding children with NDD. We integrate available data, identify gaps in understanding, and recommend future research directions. Collectively, studies are limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous populations with multiple comorbidities, and nonstandardized methods for collecting and analyzing findings. These limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that future studies should examine associations between sleep spindle characteristics and cognitive function in children with and without NDD, and preliminary findings raise the intriguing question of whether enhancement or manipulation of sleep spindles could improve sleep-dependent memory and other aspects of cognitive function in this population.
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Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1796715. [PMID: 27119026 PMCID: PMC4826925 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1796715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades important progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of sleep spindle generation. At the same time a physiological role of sleep spindles is starting to be revealed. Behavioural studies in humans and animals have found significant correlations between the recall performance in different learning tasks and the amount of sleep spindles in the intervening sleep. Concomitant neurophysiological experiments showed a close relationship between sleep spindles and other sleep related EEG rhythms as well as a relationship between sleep spindles and synaptic plasticity. Together, there is growing evidence from several disciplines in neuroscience for a participation of sleep spindles in memory formation and learning.
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McClain IJ, Lustenberger C, Achermann P, Lassonde JM, Kurth S, LeBourgeois MK. Developmental Changes in Sleep Spindle Characteristics and Sigma Power across Early Childhood. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3670951. [PMID: 27110405 PMCID: PMC4826705 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3670951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles, a prominent feature of the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), are linked to cognitive abilities. Early childhood is a time of rapid cognitive and neurophysiological maturation; however, little is known about developmental changes in sleep spindles. In this study, we longitudinally examined trajectories of multiple sleep spindle characteristics (i.e., spindle duration, frequency, integrated spindle amplitude, and density) and power in the sigma frequency range (10-16 Hz) across ages 2, 3, and 5 years (n = 8; 3 males). At each time point, nocturnal sleep EEG was recorded in-home after 13-h of prior wakefulness. Spindle duration, integrated spindle amplitude, and sigma power increased with age across all EEG derivations (C3A2, C4A1, O2A1, and O1A2; all ps < 0.05). We also found a developmental decrease in mean spindle frequency (p < 0.05) but no change in spindle density with increasing age. Thus, sleep spindles increased in duration and amplitude but decreased in frequency across early childhood. Our data characterize early developmental changes in sleep spindles, which may advance understanding of thalamocortical brain connectivity and associated lifelong disease processes. These findings also provide unique insights into spindle ontogenesis in early childhood and may help identify electrophysiological features related to healthy and aberrant brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. McClain
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan M. Lassonde
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Ujma PP, Bódizs R, Gombos F, Stintzing J, Konrad BN, Genzel L, Steiger A, Dresler M. Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17159. [PMID: 26607963 PMCID: PMC4660428 DOI: 10.1038/srep17159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that play an important role in sleep-related neuroplasticity and offline information processing. Several studies with full-night sleep recordings have reported a positive association between sleep spindles and fluid intelligence scores, however more recently it has been shown that only few sleep spindle measures correlate with intelligence in females, and none in males. Sleep spindle regulation underlies a circadian rhythm, however the association between spindles and intelligence has not been investigated in daytime nap sleep so far. In a sample of 86 healthy male human subjects, we investigated the correlation between fluid intelligence and sleep spindle parameters in an afternoon nap of 100 minutes. Mean sleep spindle length, amplitude and density were computed for each subject and for each derivation for both slow and fast spindles. A positive association was found between intelligence and slow spindle duration, but not any other sleep spindle parameter. As a positive correlation between intelligence and slow sleep spindle duration in full-night polysomnography has only been reported in females but not males, our results suggest that the association between intelligence and sleep spindles is more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter P Ujma
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Epilepsy Centrum, Department of Neurology, H-1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Doucette MR, Kurth S, Chevalier N, Munakata Y, LeBourgeois MK. Topography of Slow Sigma Power during Sleep is Associated with Processing Speed in Preschool Children. Brain Sci 2015; 5:494-508. [PMID: 26556377 PMCID: PMC4701024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive development is influenced by maturational changes in processing speed, a construct reflecting the rapidity of executing cognitive operations. Although cognitive ability and processing speed are linked to spindles and sigma power in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), little is known about such associations in early childhood, a time of major neuronal refinement. We calculated EEG power for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13.25-17 Hz) sigma power from all-night high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in a cross-sectional sample of healthy preschool children (n = 10, 4.3 ± 1.0 years). Processing speed was assessed as simple reaction time. On average, reaction time was 1409 ± 251 ms; slow sigma power was 4.0 ± 1.5 μV²; and fast sigma power was 0.9 ± 0.2 μV². Both slow and fast sigma power predominated over central areas. Only slow sigma power was correlated with processing speed in a large parietal electrode cluster (p < 0.05, r ranging from -0.6 to -0.8), such that greater power predicted faster reaction time. Our findings indicate regional correlates between sigma power and processing speed that are specific to early childhood and provide novel insights into the neurobiological features of the EEG that may underlie developing cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Doucette
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Salome Kurth
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Lustenberger C, Wehrle F, Tüshaus L, Achermann P, Huber R. The Multidimensional Aspects of Sleep Spindles and Their Relationship to Word-Pair Memory Consolidation. Sleep 2015; 38:1093-103. [PMID: 25845686 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Several studies proposed a link between sleep spindles and sleep dependent memory consolidation in declarative learning tasks. In addition to these state-like aspects of sleep spindles, they have also trait-like characteristics, i.e., were related to general cognitive performance, an important distinction that has often been neglected in correlative studies. Furthermore, from the multitude of different sleep spindle measures, often just one specific aspect was analyzed. Thus, we aimed at taking multidimensional aspects of sleep spindles into account when exploring their relationship to word-pair memory consolidation. DESIGN Each subject underwent 2 study nights with all-night high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Sleep spindles were automatically detected in all EEG channels. Subjects were trained and tested on a word-pair learning task in the evening, and retested in the morning to assess sleep related memory consolidation (overnight retention). Trait-like aspects refer to the mean of both nights and state-like aspects were calculated as the difference between night 1 and night 2. SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy male subjects (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 y). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Overnight retention was negatively correlated with trait-like aspects of fast sleep spindle density and positively with slow spindle density on a global level. In contrast, state-like aspects were observed for integrated slow spindle activity, which was positively related to the differences in overnight retention in specific regions. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the importance of a multidimensional approach when investigating the relationship between sleep spindles and memory consolidation and thereby provide a more complete picture explaining divergent findings in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lustenberger
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Wehrle
- University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Tüshaus
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children Research Center, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tessier S, Lambert A, Chicoine M, Scherzer P, Soulières I, Godbout R. Intelligence measures and stage 2 sleep in typically-developing and autistic children. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:58-65. [PMID: 25958790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intelligence measures and 2 EEG measures of non-rapid eye movement sleep, sleep spindles and Sigma activity, was examined in 13 typically-developing (TD) and 13 autistic children with normal IQ and no complaints of poor sleep. Sleep spindles and Sigma EEG activity were computed for frontal (Fp1, Fp2) and central (C3, C4) recording sites. Time in stage 2 sleep and IQ was similar in both groups. Autistic children presented less spindles at Fp2 compared to the TD children. TD children showed negative correlation between verbal IQ and sleep spindle density at Fp2. In the autistic group, verbal and full-scale IQ scores correlated negatively with C3 sleep spindle density. The duration of sleep spindles at Fp1 was shorter in the autistic group than in the TD children. The duration of sleep spindles at C4 was positively correlated with verbal IQ only in the TD group. Fast Sigma EEG activity (13.25-15.75 Hz) was lower at C3 and C4 in autistic children compared to the TD children, particularly in the latter part of the night. Only the TD group showed positive correlation between performance IQ and latter part of the night fast Sigma activity at C4. These results are consistent with a relationship between EEG activity during sleep and cognitive processing in children. The difference between TD and autistic children could derive from dissimilar cortical organization and information processing in these 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tessier
- Sleep Laboratory & Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andréane Lambert
- Sleep Laboratory & Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Chicoine
- Sleep Laboratory & Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Scherzer
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Soulières
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Autism Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roger Godbout
- Sleep Laboratory & Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Autism Clinic, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Göder R, Graf A, Ballhausen F, Weinhold S, Baier PC, Junghanns K, Prehn-Kristensen A. Impairment of sleep-related memory consolidation in schizophrenia: relevance of sleep spindles? Sleep Med 2015; 16:564-9. [PMID: 25912599 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deficits in declarative memory performance are among the most severe neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia and contribute to poor clinical outcomes. The importance of sleep for brain plasticity and memory consolidation is widely accepted, and sleep spindles seem to play an important role in these processes. The aim of this study was to test the associations of sleep spindles and picture memory consolidation in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHODS We studied 16 patients with schizophrenia on stable antipsychotic medication (mean age ± standard deviation, 29.4 ± 6.4 years) and 16 healthy controls matched for age and educational level. Sleep was recorded and scored according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) standard criteria. We performed a picture recognition paradigm and compared recognition performance for neutral and emotional pictures in sleep and wake conditions. RESULTS Recognition accuracy was better in healthy controls than in patients with schizophrenia in the sleep and wake conditions. However, the memory-promoting effect of sleep was significantly lower in schizophrenia patients than in controls. Sleep spindle activity was reduced in patients, and sleep spindle density was correlated with sleep-associated facilitation of recognition accuracy for neutral pictures. CONCLUSION Reduced sleep spindles seem to play an important role as a possible mechanism or biomarker for impaired sleep-related memory consolidation in patients with schizophrenia, and are a new target for treatment to improve memory functions and clinical outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anna Graf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Ballhausen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sara Weinhold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Christian Baier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Junghanns
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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50
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Lustenberger C, O’Gorman RL, Pugin F, Tüshaus L, Wehrle F, Achermann P, Huber R. Sleep spindles are related to schizotypal personality traits and thalamic glutamine/glutamate in healthy subjects. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:522-31. [PMID: 25074975 PMCID: PMC4332948 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Yet, schizophrenia-like experiences (schizotypy) are very common in the healthy population, indicating a continuum between normal mental functioning and the psychosis found in schizophrenic patients. A continuum between schizotypy and schizophrenia would be supported if they share the same neurobiological origin. Two such neurobiological markers of schizophrenia are: (1) a reduction of sleep spindles (12-15 Hz oscillations during nonrapid eye movement sleep), likely reflecting deficits in thalamo-cortical circuits and (2) increased glutamine and glutamate (Glx) levels in the thalamus. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether sleep spindles and Glx levels are related to schizotypal personality traits in healthy subjects. METHODS Twenty young male subjects underwent 2 all-night sleep electroencephalography recordings (128 electrodes). Sleep spindles were detected automatically. After those 2 nights, thalamic Glx levels were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subjects completed a magical ideation scale to assess schizotypy. RESULTS Sleep spindle density was negatively correlated with magical ideation (r = -.64, P < .01) and thalamic Glx levels (r = -.70, P < .005). No correlation was found between Glx levels in the thalamus and magical ideation (r = .12, P > .1). CONCLUSIONS The common relationship of sleep spindle density with schizotypy and thalamic Glx levels indicates a neurobiological overlap between nonclinical schizotypy and schizophrenia. Thus, sleep spindle density and magical ideation may reflect the anatomy and efficiency of the thalamo-cortical system that shows pronounced impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lustenberger
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth L. O’Gorman
- Children Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,MR Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Pugin
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Tüshaus
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Wehrle
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Division of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Achermann
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Children Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
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