1
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Conesa MPB, Ganesh BP, Manwani B, Liu F. Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:831-843. [PMID: 37432594 PMCID: PMC10782817 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play a critical role in immune responses to cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF5 direct microglial polarization after stroke and impact outcomes. However, IRF4/5 are expressed by both microglia and monocytes, and it is not clear if it is the microglial (central) or monocytic (peripheral) IRF4-IRF5 regulatory axis that functions in stroke. In this work, young (8-12 weeks) male pep boy (PB), IRF4 or IRF5 flox, and IRF4 or IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were used to generate 8 types of bone marrow chimeras, to differentiate the role of central (PB-to-IRF CKO) vs. peripheral (IRF CKO-to-PB) phagocytic IRF4-IRF5 axis in stroke. Chimeras generated from PB and flox mice were used as controls. All chimeras were subjected to 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Three days after the stroke, outcomes and inflammatory responses were analyzed. We found that PB-to-IRF4 CKO chimeras had more robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses than IRF4 CKO-to-PB chimeras, while ameliorated microglial response was seen in PB-to-IRF5 CKO vs. IRF5 CKO-to-PB chimeras. PB-to-IRF4 or IRF5 CKO chimeras had worse or better stroke outcomes respectively than their controls, whereas IRF4 or 5 CKO-to-PB chimeras had similar outcomes compared to controls. We conclude that the central IRF4/5 signaling is responsible for microglial activation and mediates stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Zachry AH, Williams L, Chen M, Surbhi S, Bailey J. Efficacy Studies of Home-Based Occupational Therapy Services Following Stroke: A Scoping Review. Occup Ther Health Care 2024; 38:254-275. [PMID: 37300527 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2221735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to review and assess recent studies on the efficacy of home-based occupational therapy interventions for adults post-stroke. The number of efficacy studies is limited. The few studies available suggest that occupational therapy delivered in home settings may improve outcomes for stroke patients. There is also limited use of occupation-based assessments, interventions, and outcome measures in studies addressing home-based occupational therapy. Methodologies should be improved to include contexts, caregiver training, and self-efficacy. Further high-quality studies are needed on the efficacy home-based occupational therapy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Zachry
- Department of Occupational Therapy, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lee Williams
- Department of Occupational Therapy, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Center for Health System Improvement, College of Medicine, UTHSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Satya Surbhi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Center for Health System Improvement, College of Medicine Director of Measurement and Reporting, Tennessee Population Health Consortium, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jim Bailey
- Tennessee Population Health Consortium, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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3
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Koukalova L, Chmelova M, Amlerova Z, Vargova L. Out of the core: the impact of focal ischemia in regions beyond the penumbra. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336886. [PMID: 38504666 PMCID: PMC10948541 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic injury is not confined to the primarily affected structures and may influence the remote areas as well. Yet many studies fail to probe into the structures beyond the penumbra, and possibly do not even find any significant results due to their short-term design, as secondary damage occurs later. This slower reaction can be perceived as a therapeutic opportunity, in contrast to the ischemic core defined as irreversibly damaged tissue, where the window for salvation is comparatively short. The pathologies in remote structures occur relatively frequently and are clearly linked to the post-stroke neurological outcome. In order to develop efficient therapies, a deeper understanding of what exactly happens in the exo-focal regions is necessary. The mechanisms of glia contribution to the ischemic damage in core/penumbra are relatively well described and include impaired ion homeostasis, excessive cell swelling, glutamate excitotoxic mechanism, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis or damage propagation via astrocytic syncytia. However, little is known about glia involvement in post-ischemic processes in remote areas. In this literature review, we discuss the definitions of the terms "ischemic core", "penumbra" and "remote areas." Furthermore, we present evidence showing the array of structural and functional changes in the more remote regions from the primary site of focal ischemia, with a special focus on glia and the extracellular matrix. The collected information is compared with the processes commonly occurring in the ischemic core or in the penumbra. Moreover, the possible causes of this phenomenon and the approaches for investigation are described, and finally, we evaluate the efficacy of therapies, which have been studied for their anti-ischemic effect in remote areas in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Koukalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Amlerova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Werner L, Gliem M, Rychlik N, Pavic G, Reiche L, Kirchhoff F, Silva Oliveira Junior M, Gruchot J, Meuth SG, Küry P, Göttle P. A Novel Ex Vivo Model to Study Therapeutic Treatments for Myelin Repair following Ischemic Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10972. [PMID: 37446147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major reason for persistent disability due to insufficient treatment strategies beyond reperfusion, leading to oligodendrocyte death and axon demyelination, persistent inflammation and astrogliosis in peri-infarct areas. After injury, oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) have been shown to compensate for myelin loss and prevent axonal loss through the replacement of lost oligodendrocytes, an inefficient process leaving axons chronically demyelinated. Phenotypic screening approaches in demyelinating paradigms revealed substances that promote myelin repair. We established an ex vivo adult organotypic coronal slice culture (OCSC) system to study repair after stroke in a resource-efficient way. Post-photothrombotic OCSCs can be manipulated for 8 d by exposure to pharmacologically active substances testing remyelination activity. OCSCs were isolated from a NG2-CreERT2-td-Tomato knock-in transgenic mouse line to analyze oligodendroglial fate/differentiation and kinetics. Parbendazole boosted differentiation of NG2+ cells and stabilized oligodendroglial fate reflected by altered expression of associated markers PDGFR-α, CC1, BCAS1 and Sox10 and GFAP. In vitro scratch assay and chemical ischemia confirmed the observed effects upon parbendazole treatment. Adult OCSCs represent a fast, reproducible, and quantifiable model to study OPC differentiation competence after stroke. Pharmacological stimulation by means of parbendazole promoted OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Werner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Gliem
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Goran Pavic
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Zhang Z, Lin BS, Wu CWG, Hsieh TH, Liou JC, Li YT, Peng CW. Designing and Pilot Testing a Novel Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation Device for Neuromodulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1483-1493. [PMID: 35657852 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3179537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) has been proposed as a new neuromodulation technology for non-invasive deep-brain stimulation (DBS). However, few studies have detailed the design method of a tTIS device and provided system validation. Thus, a detailed design and validation scheme of a novel tTIS device for animal brain stimulation are presented in this study. In the proposed tTIS device, a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) was used to generate a sine wave potential of different frequencies, which was converted to an adjustable sine wave current. A current transformer was used to produce electrical isolation of different channels, which eliminated the current crosstalk between channels and greatly increased the load capacity by amplifying the output voltage. Several in vitro experiments were first conducted to validate the tTIS device. Our results indicated that the error percentages of the stimulation currents were within ±2%. Current crosstalk between channels was almost completely eliminated. Then, in vivo electric field measurement shows that the 2-pole arrangement may provide better cortical targeting than the 4-pole mode. A pilot animal experiment was conducted in which evoked motion and electromyographic activation of the contralateral forelimb were observed, which indicated that the 2-pole tTIS had successfully activated the primary motor cortex in a rat. Motor activation induced by the 2-pole tTIS demonstrated the feasibility and safety potential when applying our tTIS device for neuromodulation.
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6
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Greeley B, Rubino C, Denyer R, Chau B, Larssen B, Lakhani B, Boyd L. Individuals with Higher Levels of Physical Activity after Stroke Show Comparable Patterns of Myelin to Healthy Older Adults. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:381-389. [PMID: 35533214 PMCID: PMC9127936 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Myelin asymmetry ratios (MARs) relate and contribute to motor impairment and
function after stroke. Physical activity (PA) may induce myelin plasticity,
potentially mitigating hemispheric myelin asymmetries that can occur after a
stroke. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether individuals with higher levels
of PA showed lower MAR compared to individuals with lower levels of PA. Methods Myelin water fraction was obtained from 5 bilateral motor regions in 22
individuals with chronic stroke and 26 healthy older adults. Activity levels
were quantified with wrist accelerometers worn for a period of 72 hours (3
days). Higher and lower PA levels were defined by a cluster analysis within
each group. Results MAR was similar regardless of PA level within the older adult group. Compared
to the higher PA stroke group, lower PA stroke participants displayed
greater MAR. There was no difference in MAR between the stroke and older
adult higher PA groups. Within the lower PA groups, individuals with stroke
showed greater MAR compared to the older adults. Arm impairment, lesion
volume, age, time since stroke, and preferential arm use were not different
between the PA stroke groups, suggesting that motor impairment severity and
extent of brain damage did not drive differences in PA. Conclusion Individuals who have had a stroke and are also physically active display
lower MAR (i.e., similar myelin in both hemispheres) in motor regions. High
levels of PA may be neuroprotective and mitigate myelin asymmetries once a
neurological insult, such as a stroke, occurs. Alternately, it is possible
that promoting high levels of PA after a stroke may reduce myelin
asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Greeley
- Department of Physical Therapy, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cristina Rubino
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ronan Denyer
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Briana Chau
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beverley Larssen
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lara Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Jia P, He J, Li Z, Wang J, Jia L, Hao R, Lai J, Zang W, Chen X, Wang J. Profiling of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Mouse Intracerebral Hemorrhage Models: Collagenase Injection vs. Autologous Arterial Whole Blood Infusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:699736. [PMID: 34512265 PMCID: PMC8427528 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.699736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the subsequent formation of brain edema is the most severe consequence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), leading to drastic neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal cell death. A better understanding of ICH pathophysiology to develop effective therapy relies on selecting appropriate animal models. The collagenase injection ICH model and the autologous arterial whole blood infusion ICH model have been developed to investigate the pathophysiology of ICH. However, it remains unclear whether the temporal progression and the underlying mechanism of BBB breakdown are similar between these two ICH models. In this study, we aimed to determine the progression and the mechanism of BBB disruption via the two commonly used murine ICH models: the collagenase-induced ICH model (c-ICH) and the double autologous whole blood ICH model (b-ICH). Intrastriatal injection of 0.05 U collagenase or 20 μL autologous blood was used for a comparable hematoma volume in these two ICH models. Then we analyzed BBB permeability using Evan’s blue and IgG extravasation, evaluated tight junction (TJ) damage by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Western blotting, and assessed matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) mRNA expression by Gelatin gel zymography and RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that the BBB leakage was associated with a decrease in TJ protein expression and an increase in MMP-9 activity and AQP4 expression on day 3 in the c-ICH model compared with that on day 5 in the b-ICH model. Additionally, using TEM, we found that the TJ was markedly damaged on day 3 in the c-ICH model compared with that on day 5 in the b-ICH model. In conclusion, the BBB was disrupted in the two ICH models; compared to the b-ICH model, the c-ICH model presented with a more pronounced disruption of BBB at earlier time points, suggesting that the c-ICH model might be a more suitable model for studying early BBB damage and protection after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Jia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zefu Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruochen Hao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Pre-med Track Majoring in Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Modulation of vigabatrin induced cerebellar injury: the role of caspase-3 and RIPK1/RIPK3-regulated cell death pathways. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:781-798. [PMID: 34046766 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vigabatrin is the drug of choice in resistant epilepsy and infantile spasms. Ataxia, tremors, and abnormal gait have been frequently reported following its use indicating cerebellar involvement. This study aimed, for the first time, to investigate the involvement of necroptosis and apoptosis in the VG-induced cerebellar cell loss and the possible protective role of combined omega-3 and vitamin B12 supplementation. Fifty Sprague-Dawley adult male rats (160-200 g) were divided into equal five groups: the control group received normal saline, VG200 and VG400 groups received VG (200 mg or 400 mg/kg, respectively), VG200 + OB and VG400 + OB groups received combined VG (200 mg or 400 mg/kg, respectively), vitamin B12 (1 mg/kg), and omega-3 (1 g/kg). All medications were given daily by gavage for four weeks. Histopathological changes were examined in H&E and luxol fast blue (LFB) stained sections. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) as well as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for myelin basic protein (MBP), caspase-3, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) genes were performed. VG caused a decrease in the granular layer thickness and Purkinje cell number, vacuolations, demyelination, suppression of MBP gene expression, and induction of caspases-3, RIPK1, and RIPK3 in a dose-related manner. Combined supplementation with B12 and omega-3 improved the cerebellar histology, increased MBP, and decreased apoptotic and necroptotic markers. In conclusion, VG-induced neuronal cell loss is dose-dependent and related to both apoptosis and necroptosis. This could either be ameliorated (in low-dose VG) or reduced (in high-dose VG) by combined supplementation with B12 and omega-3.
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9
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Xin H, Liu Z, Buller B, Li Y, Golembieski W, Gan X, Wang F, Lu M, Ali MM, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. MiR-17-92 enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells enhance axon-myelin remodeling and motor electrophysiological recovery after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1131-1144. [PMID: 32811262 PMCID: PMC8054728 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20950489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiR-17-92 cluster enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) increase functional recovery after stroke. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this recovery. At 24 h (h) post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats received control liposomes or exosomes derived from MSCs infected with pre-miR-17-92 expression lentivirus (Exo-miR-17-92+) or control lentivirus (Exo-Con) intravenously. Compared to the liposomes, exosomes significantly reduced the intracortical microstimulation threshold current of the contralateral cortex for evoking impaired forelimb movements (day 21), increased the neurite and myelin density in the ischemic boundary area, and contralesional axonal sprouting into the caudal forelimb area of ipsilateral side and in the denervated spinal cord (day 28), respectively. The Exo-miR-17-92+ further enhanced axon-myelin remodeling and electrophysiological recovery compared with the EXO-Con. Ex vivo cultured rat brain slice data showed that myelin and neuronal fiber density were significantly increased by Exo-miR-17-92+, while significantly inhibited by application of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Our studies suggest that the miR-17-92 cluster enriched MSC exosomes enhanced neuro-functional recovery of stroke may be attributed to an increase of axonal extension and myelination, and this enhanced axon-myelin remodeling may be mediated in part via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway induced by the downregulation of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Xinling Gan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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10
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Aryal R, Patabendige A. Blood-brain barrier disruption in atrial fibrillation: a potential contributor to the increased risk of dementia and worsening of stroke outcomes? Open Biol 2021; 11:200396. [PMID: 33878948 PMCID: PMC8059575 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most significant health problems worldwide, warranting urgent answers to currently pending questions on the effects of AF on brain function. Recent evidence has emerged to show an association between AF and an increased risk of developing dementia and worsening of stroke outcomes. A healthy brain is protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the endothelial cells that line cerebral capillaries. These endothelial cells are continuously exposed to shear stress (the frictional force generated by blood flow), which affects endothelial cell structure and function. Flow disturbances as experienced during AF can disrupt the BBB and leave the brain vulnerable to damage. Investigating the plausible mechanisms in detail, linking AF to cerebrovascular damage is difficult in humans, leading to paucity of available clinical data. Here, we discuss the available evidence for BBB disruption during AF due to altered cerebral blood flow, and how this may contribute to an increased risk of dementia and worsening of stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritambhara Aryal
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,Brain and Mental Health Research Programme, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adjanie Patabendige
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,Brain and Mental Health Research Programme, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Breton JM, Long KLP, Barraza MK, Perloff OS, Kaufer D. Hormonal Regulation of Oligodendrogenesis II: Implications for Myelin Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:290. [PMID: 33669242 PMCID: PMC7919830 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in myelin, the protective and insulating sheath surrounding axons, affect brain function, as is evident in demyelinating diseases where the loss of myelin leads to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that changes in myelination, including both hyper- and hypo-myelination, may also play a role in numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases. Protecting myelin and promoting remyelination is thus crucial for a wide range of disorders. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the cells that generate myelin, and oligodendrogenesis, the creation of new OLs, continues throughout life and is necessary for myelin plasticity and remyelination. Understanding the regulation of oligodendrogenesis and myelin plasticity within disease contexts is, therefore, critical for the development of novel therapeutic targets. In our companion manuscript, we review literature demonstrating that multiple hormone classes are involved in the regulation of oligodendrogenesis under physiological conditions. The majority of hormones enhance oligodendrogenesis, increasing oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and inducing maturation and myelin production in OLs. Thus, hormonal treatments present a promising route to promote remyelination. Here, we review the literature on hormonal regulation of oligodendrogenesis within the context of disorders. We focus on steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, peptide hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1, and thyroid hormones. For each hormone, we describe whether they aid in OL survival, differentiation, or remyelination, and we discuss their mechanisms of action, if known. Several of these hormones have yielded promising results in both animal models and in human conditions; however, a better understanding of hormonal effects, interactions, and their mechanisms will ultimately lead to more targeted therapeutics for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Breton
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberly L P Long
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew K Barraza
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Olga S Perloff
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
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12
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Ping S, Qiu X, Kyle M, Zhao LR. Brain-derived CCR5 Contributes to Neuroprotection and Brain Repair after Experimental Stroke. Aging Dis 2021; 12:72-92. [PMID: 33532129 PMCID: PMC7801286 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) is expressed not only in the immune cells but also in cerebral cells such as neurons, glia, and vascular cells. Stroke triggers high expression of CCR5 in the brain. However, the role of CCR5 in stroke remains unclear. In this study, using bone marrow chimeras we have determined the involvement of brain-derived or bone marrow-derived CCR5 in neuroprotection and brain repair after experimental stroke. CCR5-/- mice that received either wild-type (WT) or CCR5-/- bone marrow transplantation showed larger infarction sizes than the WT mice that received either WT or CCR5-/- bone marrow transplantation in both the acute (48h) and subacute (2 months) phases after cerebral cortical ischemia, suggesting that the lack of CCR5 in the brain leads to severe brain damage after stroke. However, the lack of CCR5 in the bone marrow-derived cells did not affect infarction size. The impairments of somatosensory-motor function and motor coordination were exacerbated in the mice lacking CCR5 in the brain. At 2 months post-stroke, increased degenerative neurons, decreased dendrites and synapses, decreased Iba1+ microglia/ macrophages, reduced myelination and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in the peri-infarct cortex were observed in the mice lacking CCR5 in the brain. These pathological changes are significantly correlated with the increased infarction size and exacerbated neurological deficits. These data suggest that brain-derived CCR5 plays a key role in neuroprotection and brain repair in the subacute phase of stroke. This study reveals a novel role of CCR5 in stroke, which sheds new light on post-stroke pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suning Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Xuecheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Michele Kyle
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
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13
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Laing KK, Simoes S, Baena-Caldas GP, Lao PJ, Kothiya M, Igwe KC, Chesebro AG, Houck AL, Pedraza L, Hernández AI, Li J, Zimmerman ME, Luchsinger JA, Barone FC, Moreno H, Brickman AM. Cerebrovascular disease promotes tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa132. [PMID: 33215083 PMCID: PMC7660042 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small vessel cerebrovascular disease, visualized as white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, contributes to the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease. However, the extent to which cerebrovascular disease represents an independent pathognomonic feature of Alzheimer's disease or directly promotes Alzheimer's pathology is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between white matter hyperintensities and plasma levels of tau and to determine if white matter hyperintensities and tau levels interact to predict Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. To confirm that cerebrovascular disease promotes tau pathology, we examined tau fluid biomarker concentrations and pathology in a mouse model of ischaemic injury. Three hundred ninety-one participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (74.5 ± 7.1 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Participants had measurements of plasma total-tau, cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid, and white matter hyperintensities, and were diagnosed clinically as Alzheimer's disease (n = 97), mild cognitive impairment (n = 186) or cognitively normal control (n = 108). We tested the relationship between plasma tau concentration and white matter hyperintensity volume across diagnostic groups. We also examined the extent to which white matter hyperintensity volume, plasma tau, amyloid positivity status and the interaction between white matter hyperintensities and plasma tau correctly classifies diagnostic category. Increased white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with higher plasma tau concentration, particularly among those diagnosed clinically with Alzheimer's disease. Presence of brain amyloid and the interaction between plasma tau and white matter hyperintensity volume distinguished Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment participants from controls with 77.6% and 63.3% accuracy, respectively. In 63 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants who came to autopsy (82.33 ± 7.18 age at death), we found that higher degrees of arteriosclerosis were associated with higher Braak staging, indicating a positive relationship between cerebrovascular disease and neurofibrillary pathology. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model, aged mice that received transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, but not sham surgery, had increased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tau concentrations, induced myelin loss, and hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cerebral hemisphere. These findings demonstrate a relationship between cerebrovascular disease, operationalized as white matter hyperintensities, and tau levels, indexed in the plasma, suggesting that hypoperfusive injury promotes tau pathology. This potential causal association is supported by the demonstration that transient cerebral artery occlusion induces white matter damage, increases biofluidic markers of tau, and promotes cerebral tau hyperphosphorylation in older-adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K Laing
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloria P Baena-Caldas
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, USA
| | - Patrick J Lao
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milankumar Kothiya
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kay C Igwe
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony G Chesebro
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander L Houck
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lina Pedraza
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - A Iván Hernández
- Department of Pathology. SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - José A Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank C Barone
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Newell EA, Todd BP, Luo Z, Evans LP, Ferguson PJ, Bassuk AG. A Mouse Model for Juvenile, Lateral Fluid Percussion Brain Injury Reveals Sex-Dependent Differences in Neuroinflammation and Functional Recovery. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:635-646. [PMID: 31621484 PMCID: PMC7045348 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability that lacks targeted therapies. Successful translation of promising neuroprotective therapies will likely require more precise identification of target populations through greater study of crucial biological factors like age and sex. A growing body of work supports the impact of these factors on response to and recovery from TBI. However, age and sex are understudied in TBI animal models. The first aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) in juvenile mice as a model of pediatric TBI. Subsequently, we were interested in examining the impact of young age and sex on TBI outcome. After adapting the lateral FPI model to 21-day-old male and female mice, we characterized the molecular, histological, and functional outcomes. Whereas similar tissue injury was observed in male and female juvenile mice exposed to TBI, we observed differences in neuroinflammation and neurobehavioral function. Overall, our findings revealed less acute inflammatory cytokine expression, greater subacute microglial/macrophage accumulation, and greater neurological recovery in juvenile male mice after TBI. Given that ongoing brain development may affect progression of and recovery from TBI, juvenile models are of critical importance. The sex-dependent differences we discovered after FPI support the necessity of also including this biological variable in future TBI studies. Understanding the mechanisms underlying age- and sex-dependent differences may result in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany P Todd
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Zili Luo
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lucy P Evans
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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15
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Liu J, Nolte K, Brook G, Liebenstund L, Weinandy A, Höllig A, Veldeman M, Willuweit A, Langen KJ, Rossaint R, Coburn M. Post-stroke treatment with argon attenuated brain injury, reduced brain inflammation and enhanced M2 microglia/macrophage polarization: a randomized controlled animal study. Crit Care 2019; 23:198. [PMID: 31159847 PMCID: PMC6547472 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, argon has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in an array of models. However, the mechanisms by which argon exerts its neuroprotective characteristics remain unclear. Accumulating evidence imply that argon may exert neuroprotective effects via modulating the activation and polarization of microglia/macrophages after ischemic stroke. In the present study, we analyzed the underlying neuroprotective effects of delayed argon application until 7 days after reperfusion and explored the potential mechanisms. METHODS Twenty-one male Wistar rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery randomly for 2 h using the endoluminal thread model. Three hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion induction and 1 h after reperfusion, animals received either 50% vol Argon/50% vol O2 or 50% vol N2/50% vol O2 for 1 h. The primary outcome was the 6-point neuroscore from 24 h to d7 after reperfusion. Histological analyses including infarct volume, survival of neurons (NeuN) at the ischemic boundary zone, white matter integrity (Luxol Fast Blue), microglia/macrophage activation (Iba1), and polarization (Iba1/Arginase1 double staining) on d7 were conducted as well. Sample size calculation was performed using nQuery Advisor + nTerim 4.0. Independent t test, one-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA were performed, respectively, for statistical analysis (SPSS 23.0). RESULTS The 6-point neuroscore from 24 h to d7 after reperfusion showed that tMCAO Ar group displayed significantly improved neurological performance compared to tMCAO N2 group (p = 0.026). The relative numbers of NeuN-positive cells in the ROIs of tMCAO Ar group significantly increased compared to tMCAO N2 group (p = 0.010 for cortex and p = 0.011 for subcortex). Argon significantly suppressed the microglia/macrophage activation as revealed by Iba1 staining (p = 0.0076) and promoted the M2 microglia/macrophage polarization as revealed by Iba1/Arginase 1 double staining (p = 0.000095). CONCLUSIONS Argon administration with a 3 h delay after stroke onset and 1 h after reperfusion significantly alleviated neurological deficit within the first week and preserved the neurons at the ischemic boundary zone 7 days after stroke. Moreover, argon reduced the excessive microglia/macrophage activation and promoted the switch of microglia/macrophage polarization towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Studies making efforts to further elucidate the protective mechanisms and to benefit the translational application are of great value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Nolte
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gary Brook
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Liebenstund
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Weinandy
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Veldeman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Barone FC, Marcinkiewicz C, Li J, Feng Y, Sternberg M, Lelkes PI, Rosenbaum-Halevi D, Gerstenhaber JA, Feuerstein GZ. Long-term biocompatibility of fluorescent diamonds-(NV)-Z~800 nm in rats: survival, morbidity, histopathology, particle distribution and excretion studies (part IV). Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1163-1175. [PMID: 30863052 PMCID: PMC6391148 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s189048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolic events are a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. However, diagnosis of the location of high risk vascular clots is hampered by lack of proper technologies for their detection. We recently reported on bio-engineered fluorescent diamond-(NV)-Z~800nm (FNDP-(NV)) conjugated with bitistatin (Bit) and proven its ability to identify iatrogenic blood clots in the rat carotid artery in vivo by Near Infra-Red (NIR) monitored by In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS). PURPOSE The objective of the present research was to assess the in vivo biocompatibility of FNDP-(NV)-Z~800nm infused intravenously to rats. Multiple biological variables were assessed along this 12 week study commissioned in anticipation of regulatory requirements for a long-term safety assessment. METHODS Rats were infused under anesthesia with aforementioned dose of the FNDP-(NV), while equal number of animals served as control (vehicle treated). Over the 12 week observation period rats were tested for thriving, motor, sensory and cognitive functions. At the termination of study, blood samples were obtained under anesthesia for comprehensive hematology and biochemical assays. Furthermore, 6 whole organs (liver, spleen, brain, heart, lung and kidney) were collected and examined ex vivo for FNDP-NV) via NIR monitored by IVIS and histochemical inspection. RESULTS All animals survived, thrived (no change in body and organ growth). Neuro-behavioral functions remain intact. Hematology and biochemistry (including liver and kidney functions) were normal. Preferential FNDP-(NV) distribution identified the liver as the main long-term repository. Certified pathology reports indicated no outstanding of finding in all organs. CONCLUSION The present study suggests outstanding biocompatibility of FNDP-(NV)-Z~800nm after long-term exposure in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Barone
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Debina Diagnostic Inc., Newtown Square, PA, USA,
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
| | - Jie Li
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yi Feng
- WuXi AppTec (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., China
| | | | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
| | | | - Jonathan A Gerstenhaber
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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17
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Mottahedin A, Zhang X, Zelco A, Ardalan M, Lai JCY, Mallard C, Wang X, Ahmady Phoulady H. A novel image segmentation method for the evaluation of inflammation-induced cortical and hippocampal white matter injury in neonatal mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 96:79-85. [PMID: 30586607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The developing brain is very susceptible to environmental insults, and very immature infants often suffer from long-term neurological syndromes associated with white matter injuries such as periventricular leukomalacia. Infection and inflammation are important risk factors for neonatal brain white matter injuries, but the evaluation of white matter injury in animal models, especially the quantification of myelinated axons, has long been problematic due to the lack of ideal measurement methods. Here, we present an automated segmentation method, which we call MyelinQ, for the quantification of myelinated white matter in immunohistochemical DAB-stained sections of the neonatal mouse brain. Using MyelinQ, we show that a viral infection mimic agent, the Toll-like receptor 3 ligand Poly I:C, causes significant hypomyelination of white matter in the cortical and hippocampal fimbria regions, but not in the striatal caudoputamen region. We showed that MyelinQ can reliably produce results that are comparable to a method used in our previous publications. However, in comparison to the conventional method, MyelinQ has the advantages of being automated, objective and accurate. MyelinQ can analyze white matter in various specific brain regions and therefore provides a useful platform for the quantification of myelin and the evaluation of white matter injuries in animal models. MyelinQ and its code together with instructions for use can be found at: https://github.com/parham-ap/myelinq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mottahedin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aura Zelco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hady Ahmady Phoulady
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA.
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18
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Zhang Q, Li Q, Ma J, Zhao Y. PM2.5 impairs neurobehavior by oxidative stress and myelin sheaths injury of brain in the rat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:994-1001. [PMID: 30373045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air particulate matter (PM) is a serious environmental problem that has been found to cause neuropathological disorders. Although the general toxicity of PM2.5 has been intensively studied, its neurobehavior effects are poorly discussed. In this study, we aim to investigate whether different exposure time of PM2.5 influence neurobehavior of rats, induce oxidative stress, histopathologic abnormalities, apoptosis, or changes of mitochondria and myelin. The results reveal that exposure to PM2.5 impaired spatial learning and memory, inquiring ability, as well as sensory function. These alterations were related to ultrastructure changes of mitochondria and myelin sheaths, abnormal expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-3, Caspase-9). These results provide a basis for a better understanding of myelin abnormality-related neurobehavior impairment in response to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, PR China
| | - Jincai Ma
- School of Environment and Resources, Ji Lin University, Ji Lin, 130021, PR China.
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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19
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Barone FC, Marcinkiewicz C, Li J, Sternberg M, Lelkes PI, Dikin DA, Bergold PJ, Gerstenhaber JA, Feuerstein G. Pilot study on biocompatibility of fluorescent nanodiamond-(NV)-Z~800 particles in rats: safety, pharmacokinetics, and bio-distribution (part III). Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:5449-5468. [PMID: 30271140 PMCID: PMC6149985 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We hereby report on studies aimed to characterize safety, pharmacokinetics, and bio-distribution of fluorescent nanodiamond particles (NV)-Z~800 (FNDP-(NV)) administered to rats by intravenous infusion in a single high dose. Methods Broad scale biological variables were monitored following acute (90 minutes) and subacute (5 or 14 days) exposure to FNDP-(NV). Primary endpoints included morbidity and mortality, while secondary endpoints focused on hematology and clinical biochemistry biomarkers. Particle distribution (liver, spleen, lung, heart, and kidney) was assessed by whole organ near infrared imaging using an in vivo imaging system. This was validated by the quantification of particles extracted from the same organs and visualized by fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. FNDP-(NV)-treated rats showed no change in morbidity or mortality and preserved normal motor and sensory function, as assessed by six different tests. Results Blood cell counts and plasma biochemistry remained normal. The particles were principally distributed in the liver and spleen. The liver particle load accounted for 51%, 24%, and 18% at 90 minutes, 5 days, and 14 days, respectively. A pilot study of particle clearance from blood indicated 50% clearance 33 minutes following the end of particle infusion. Conclusion We concluded that systemic exposure of rats to a single high dose of FDNP-(NV)-Z~800 (60 mg/kg) appeared to be safe and well tolerated over at least 2 weeks. These data suggest that FNDP-(NV) should proceed to preclinical development in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Barone
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA, .,Debina Diagnostics Inc, Newtown Square, PA, USA,
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
| | - Dmitriy A Dikin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Gerstenhaber
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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20
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Khodanovich MY, Kisel AA, Akulov AE, Atochin DN, Kudabaeva MS, Glazacheva VY, Svetlik MV, Medvednikova YA, Mustafina LR, Yarnykh VL. Quantitative assessment of demyelination in ischemic stroke in vivo using macromolecular proton fraction mapping. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:919-931. [PMID: 29372644 PMCID: PMC5987939 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18755203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recent MRI method, fast macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping, was used to quantify demyelination in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat stroke model. MPF and other quantitative MRI parameters (T1, T2, proton density, and apparent diffusion coefficient) were compared with histological and immunohistochemical markers of demyelination (Luxol Fast Blue stain, (LFB)), neuronal loss (NeuN immunofluorescence), axonal loss (Bielschowsky stain), and inflammation (Iba1 immunofluorescence) in three animal groups ( n = 5 per group) on the 1st, 3rd, and 10th day after MCAO. MPF and LFB optical density (OD) were significantly reduced in the ischemic lesion on all days after MCAO relative to the symmetrical regions of the contralateral hemisphere. Percentage changes in MPF and LFB OD in the ischemic lesion relative to the contralateral hemisphere significantly differed on the first day only. Percentage changes in LFB OD and MPF were strongly correlated (R = 0.81, P < 0.001) and did not correlate with other MRI parameters. MPF also did not correlate with other histological variables. Addition of T2 into multivariate regression further improved agreement between MPF and LFB OD (R = 0.89, P < 0.001) due to correction of the edema effect. This study provides histological validation of MPF as an imaging biomarker of demyelination in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena A Kisel
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey E Akulov
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,2 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,3 Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,4 RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina S Kudabaeva
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Michael V Svetlik
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yana A Medvednikova
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lilia R Mustafina
- 5 Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytology, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily L Yarnykh
- 1 Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,6 Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Pentón-Rol G, Marín-Prida J, Falcón-Cama V. C-Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin as Remyelination Therapies for Enhancing Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke: A Preclinical Perspective. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8010015. [PMID: 29346320 PMCID: PMC5791033 DOI: 10.3390/bs8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss has a crucial impact on behavior disabilities associated to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Ischemic Stroke (IS). Although several MS therapies are approved, none of them promote remyelination in patients, limiting their ability for chronic recovery. With no available therapeutic options, enhanced demyelination in stroke survivors is correlated with a poorer behavioral recovery. Here, we show the experimental findings of our group and others supporting the remyelinating effects of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), the main biliprotein of Spirulina platensis and its linked tetrapyrrole Phycocyanobilin (PCB), in models of these illnesses. C-PC promoted white matter regeneration in rats and mice affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Electron microscopy analysis in cerebral cortex from ischemic rats revealed a potent remyelinating action of PCB treatment after stroke. Among others biological processes, we discussed the role of regulatory T cell induction, the control of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators, gene expression modulation and COX-2 inhibition as potential mechanisms involved in the C-PC and PCB effects on the recruitment, differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in demyelinated lesions. The assembled evidence supports the implementation of clinical trials to demonstrate the recovery effects of C-PC and PCB in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Pentón-Rol
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacan, P.O. Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10600, Cuba.
| | - Javier Marín-Prida
- Center for Research and Biological Evaluations (CEIEB), Institute of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Ave. 23 e/214 y 222, La Lisa, PO Box 430, Havana 13600, Cuba.
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Ave. 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacan, P.O. Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10600, Cuba.
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22
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Dong YX, Zhang HY, Li HY, Liu PH, Sui Y, Sun XH. Association between Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and early demyelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:908-914. [PMID: 29863022 PMCID: PMC5998637 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The APPSwe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model is an Alzheimer's disease mouse model exhibiting symptoms of dementia, and is commonly used to explore pathological changes in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Previous clinical autopsy and imaging studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease patients have white matter and oligodendrocyte damage, but the underlying mechanisms of these have not been revealed. Therefore, the present study used APP/PS1 mice to assess cognitive change, myelin loss, and corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Morris water maze tests were performed to evaluate cognitive change in APP/PS1 mice and normal C57BL/6 mice aged 3 and 6 months. Luxol fast blue staining of the corpus callosum and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA were carried out to quantify myelin damage. Immunohistochemistry staining for NG2 and qRT-PCR for monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) mRNA were conducted to assess corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that compared with C57BL/6 mice, there was a downregulation of MBP mRNA in APP/PS1 mice aged 3 months. This became more obvious in APP/PS1 mice aged 6 months accompanied by other abnormalities such as prolonged escape latency in the Morris water maze test, shrinkage of the corpus callosum, upregulation of NG2-immunoreactive cells, and downregulation of MCT1 mRNA. These findings indicate that the involvement of early demyelination at 3 months and the oligodendrocyte dysfunction at 6 months in APP/PS1 mice are in association with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Department of Neurology, Fushun Second Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pei-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Department of Neurology, Huludao Central Hospital, Huludao, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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23
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Delattre C, Bournonville C, Auger F, Lopes R, Delmaire C, Henon H, Mendyk AM, Bombois S, Devedjian JC, Leys D, Cordonnier C, Bordet R, Bastide M. Hippocampal Deformations and Entorhinal Cortex Atrophy as an Anatomical Signature of Long-Term Cognitive Impairment: from the MCAO Rat Model to the Stroke Patient. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:294-305. [PMID: 29034421 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke patients have an elevated risk of developing long-term cognitive disorders or dementia. The latter is often associated with atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. However, it is not clear whether hippocampal and entorhinal cortex atrophy is the sole predictor of long-term post-stroke dementia. We hypothesized that hippocampal deformation (rather than atrophy) is a predictive marker of long-term post-stroke dementia on a rat model and tested this hypothesis in a prospective cohort of stroke patients.Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and assessed 6 months later. Ninety initially dementia-free patients having suffered a first-ever ischemic stroke were prospectively included in a clinical study. In the rat model, significant impairments in hippocampus-dependent memories were observed. MRI studies did not reveal significant atrophy of the hippocampus volume, but significant deformations were indeed observed-particularly on the ipsilateral side. There, the neuronal surface area was significantly lower in ischemic rats and was associated with a lower tissue density and a markedly thinner entorhinal cortex. At 6 months post-stroke, 49 of the 90 patients displayed cognitive impairment (males 55.10%). Shape analysis revealed marked deformations of their left hippocampus, a significantly lower entorhinal cortex surface area, and a wider rhinal sulcus but no hippocampal atrophy. Hence, hippocampal deformations and entorhinal cortex atrophy were associated with long-term impaired cognitive abilities in a stroke rat model and in stroke patients. When combined with existing biomarkers, these markers might constitute sensitive new tools for the early prediction of post-stroke dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delattre
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - C Bournonville
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - F Auger
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - R Lopes
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - C Delmaire
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - H Henon
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - A M Mendyk
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - S Bombois
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - J C Devedjian
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - D Leys
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - C Cordonnier
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - M Bastide
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France.
- U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59045, Lille cedex, France.
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24
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Zhou J, Li J, Rosenbaum DM, Zhuang J, Poon C, Qin P, Rivera K, Lepore J, Willette RN, Hu E, Barone FC. The prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor GSK360A decreases post-stroke brain injury and sensory, motor, and cognitive behavioral deficits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184049. [PMID: 28880966 PMCID: PMC5589177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is interest in pharmacologic preconditioning for end-organ protection by targeting the HIF system. This can be accomplished by inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PHD). GSK360A is an orally active PHD inhibitor that has been previously shown to protect the failing heart. We hypothesized that PHD inhibition can also protect the brain from injuries and resulting behavioral deficits that can occur as a result of surgery. Thus, our goal was to investigate the effect of pre-stroke surgery brain protection using a verified GSK360A PHD inhibition paradigm on post-stroke surgery outcomes. Vehicle or an established protective dose (30 mg/kg, p.o.) of GSK360A was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Initially, GSK360A pharmacokinetics and organ distribution were determined, and then PHD-HIF pharmacodynamic markers were measured (i.e., to validate the pharmacological effects of the GSK360A administration regimen). Results obtained using this validated PHD dose-regimen indicated significant improvement by GSK360A (30mg/kg); administered at 18 and 5 hours prior to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (stroke). GSK360A exposure and plasma, kidney and brain HIF-PHD pharmacodynamics endpoints (e.g., erythropoietin; EPO and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; VEGF) were measured. GSK360A provided rapid exposure in plasma (7734 ng/ml), kidney (45–52% of plasma level) and brain (1–4% of plasma level), and increased kidney EPO mRNA (80-fold) and brain VEGF mRNA (2-fold). We also observed that GSK360A increased plasma EPO (300-fold) and VEGF (2-fold). Further assessments indicated that GSK360A reduced post-stroke surgery neurological deficits (47–64%), cognitive dysfunction (60–75%) and brain infarction (30%) 4 weeks later. Thus, PHD inhibition using GSK360A pretreatment produced long-term post-stroke brain protection and improved behavioral functioning. These data support PHD inhibition, specifically by GSK360A, as a potential strategy for pre-surgical use to reduce brain injury and functional decline due to surgery-related cerebral injury.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Injuries/blood
- Brain Injuries/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries/etiology
- Brain Injuries/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/drug therapy
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Erythropoietin/blood
- Erythropoietin/genetics
- Glycine/administration & dosage
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/pharmacokinetics
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Glycine/therapeutic use
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Prolyl Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Quinolones/administration & dosage
- Quinolones/pharmacokinetics
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Quinolones/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sensation/drug effects
- Stroke/blood
- Stroke/complications
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Carrie Poon
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Pu Qin
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina Rivera
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Lepore
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erding Hu
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Barone
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Mršić-Pelčić J, Pilipović K, Pelčić G, Vitezić D, Župan G. Decrease in Oxidative Stress Parameters after Post-Ischaemic Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration in the Hippocampus of Rats Exposed to Focal Cerebral Ischaemia. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Goran Pelčić
- Clinics for Ophthalmology; Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Dinko Vitezić
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Gordana Župan
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
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26
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Ribeiro MC, Bezerra TDS, Soares AC, Boechat-Ramos R, Carneiro FP, Vianna LMDS, Faro LRF, Silva MVD, Vieira MP, Monteiro IDO, Ferreira VM. Hippocampal and cerebellar histological changes and their behavioural repercussions caused by brain ischaemic hypoxia experimentally induced by sodium nitrite. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:223-232. [PMID: 28606628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain ischaemic hypoxia can produce severe neurological damage that leads to behavioural disorders. This research analysed the hippocampal and cerebellar histological alterations caused by brain ischaemic hypoxia experimentally induced by sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and possible direct repercussions of this hypoxia on behaviour. METHODOLOGY An experimental study was carried out by administering 60mg/kg NaNO2 to 10 Wistar rats at 3 months of age for 15 consecutive days. Ten control rats did not receive NaNO2. To assess behavioural repercussions, the animals were evaluated in Open Field, Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM), and Forced Swim tests before and after injury to evaluate locomotion, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Markers of stress were evaluated by measuring the blood levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, and lactate. The presence of hippocampal lesions was verified by histologically studying the CA1-CA4 areas. Sections of the cerebellum were also evaluated because Purkinje cells are highly sensitive to ischaemic hypoxia and may serve as markers for this process. RESULTS The number of neurons with lesions was significantly higher in animals exposed to NaNO2 in the hippocampus areas CA2, CA3, and CA4. The cerebellum was also very vulnerable to hypoxia, presenting extensive lesion áreas. These results are correlated with the parameters of the anxiety and depression tests. CONCLUSION NaNO2 promoted brain damage due to ischaemic hypoxia in rats. Intoxicated animals showed decreased brain weights; damage in hippocampus and cerebellum; and anxiogenic and depressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cláudia Ribeiro
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Aluízio Carlos Soares
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Boechat-Ramos
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Rosana Ferreira Faro
- University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mônica Valero da Silva
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Papa Vieira
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Vania Moraes Ferreira
- University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, s/n, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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27
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Li Q, Han X, Lan X, Gao Y, Wan J, Durham F, Cheng T, Yang J, Wang Z, Jiang C, Ying M, Koehler RC, Stockwell BR, Wang J. Inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis protects hemorrhagic brain. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90777. [PMID: 28405617 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes high mortality and morbidity, but our knowledge of post-ICH neuronal death and related mechanisms is limited. In this study, we first demonstrated that ferroptosis, a newly identified form of cell death, occurs in the collagenase-induced ICH model in mice. We found that administration of ferrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis, prevented neuronal death and reduced iron deposition induced by hemoglobin in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Mice treated with ferrostatin-1 after ICH exhibited marked brain protection and improved neurologic function. Additionally, we found that ferrostatin-1 reduced lipid reactive oxygen species production and attenuated the increased expression level of PTGS2 and its gene product cyclooxygenase-2 ex vivo and in vivo. Moreover, ferrostatin-1 in combination with other inhibitors that target different forms of cell death prevented hemoglobin-induced cell death in OHSCs and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons better than any inhibitor alone. These results indicate that ferroptosis contributes to neuronal death after ICH, that administration of ferrostatin-1 protects hemorrhagic brain, and that cyclooxygenase-2 could be a biomarker of ferroptosis. The insights gained from this study will advance our knowledge of the post-ICH cell death cascade and be essential for future preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
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28
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Cerina M, Narayanan V, Göbel K, Bittner S, Ruck T, Meuth P, Herrmann AM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Skripuletz T, Daldrup T, Wiendl H, Seidenbecher T, Ehling P, Kleinschnitz C, Pape HC, Budde T, Meuth SG. The quality of cortical network function recovery depends on localization and degree of axonal demyelination. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:103-117. [PMID: 27569659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss is a severe pathological hallmark common to a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelination in the central nervous system appears in the form of lesions affecting both white and gray matter structures. The functional consequences of demyelination on neuronal network and brain function are not well understood. Current therapeutic strategies for ameliorating the course of such diseases usually focus on promoting remyelination, but the effectiveness of these approaches strongly depends on the timing in relation to the disease state. In this study, we sought to characterize the time course of sensory and behavioral alterations induced by de- and remyelination to establish a rational for the use of remyelination strategies. By taking advantage of animal models of general and focal demyelination, we tested the consequences of myelin loss on the functionality of the auditory thalamocortical system: a well-studied neuronal network consisting of both white and gray matter regions. We found that general demyelination was associated with a permanent loss of the tonotopic cortical organization in vivo, and the inability to induce tone-frequency-dependent conditioned behaviors, a status persisting after remyelination. Targeted, focal lysolecithin-induced lesions in the white matter fiber tract, but not in the gray matter regions of cortex, were fully reversible at the morphological, functional and behavioral level. These findings indicate that remyelination of white and gray matter lesions have a different functional regeneration potential, with the white matter being able to regain full functionality while cortical gray matter lesions suffer from permanently altered network function. Therefore therapeutic interventions aiming for remyelination have to consider both region- and time-dependent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Venu Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School and Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thiemo Daldrup
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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29
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Qi B, Hu L, Zhu L, Shang L, Sheng L, Wang X, Liu N, Wen N, Yu X, Wang Q, Yang Y. Metformin Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Hypoxia–Ischemia Neonatal Rats via Improving Remyelination. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1269-1278. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Ahrendsen JT, Grewal HS, Hickey SP, Culp CM, Gould EA, Shimizu T, Strnad FA, Traystman RJ, Herson PS, Macklin WB. Juvenile striatal white matter is resistant to ischemia-induced damage. Glia 2016; 64:1972-86. [PMID: 27463063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury following ischemic stroke is a major cause of functional disability. Injury to both myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system, occurs in experimental models of ischemic stroke. Age-related changes in white matter vulnerability to ischemia have been extensively studied and suggest that both the perinatal and the aged periods are times of increased white matter vulnerability. However, sensitivity of white matter following stroke in the juvenile brain has not been evaluated. Interestingly, the late pediatric period is an important developmental stage, as it is the time of maximal myelination. The current study demonstrates that neurons in late pediatric/juvenile striatum are vulnerable to ischemic damage, with neuronal injury being comparable in juvenile and adult mice following ischemia. By contrast, actively myelinating striatal oligodendrocytes in the juvenile brain are resistant to ischemia, whereas adult oligodendrocytes are quite sensitive. As a result, myelin sheaths are remarkably intact and axons survive well in the injured striatum of juvenile mice. In addition to relative resistance of juvenile white matter, other glial responses were very different in juvenile and adult mice following cerebral ischemia, including differences in astrogliosis, fibrosis, NG2-cell reactivity, and vascular integrity. Together, these responses lead to long-term preservation of brain parenchyma in juvenile mice, compared to severe tissue loss and scarring in adult mice. Overall, the current study suggests that equivalent ischemic insults may result in less functional deficit in children compared to adults and an environment more conducive to long-term recovery. GLIA 2016;64:1972-1986.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Himmat S Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean P Hickey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cecilia M Culp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Takeru Shimizu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Frank A Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paco S Herson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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Effects of Chronic Scopolamine Treatment on Cognitive Impairments and Myelin Basic Protein Expression in the Mouse Hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:579-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ritzel RM, Pan SJ, Verma R, Wizeman J, Crapser J, Patel AR, Lieberman R, Mohan R, McCullough LD. Early retinal inflammatory biomarkers in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. Mol Vis 2016; 22:575-88. [PMID: 27293375 PMCID: PMC4893077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke is one of the most commonly used models to study focal cerebral ischemia. This procedure also results in the simultaneous occlusion of the ophthalmic artery that supplies the retina. Retinal cell death is seen days after reperfusion and leads to functional deficits; however, the mechanism responsible for this injury has not been investigated. Given that the eye may have a unique ocular immune response to an ischemic challenge, this study examined the inflammatory response to retinal ischemia in the MCAO model. METHODS Young male C57B/6 mice were subjected to 90-min transient MCAO and were euthanized at several time points up to 7 days. Transcription of inflammatory cytokines was measured with quantitative real-time PCR, and immune cell activation (e.g., phagocytosis) and migration were assessed with ophthalmoscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Observation of the affected eye revealed symptoms consistent with Horner's syndrome. Light ophthalmoscopy confirmed the reduced blood flow of the retinal arteries during occlusion. CX3CR1-GFP reporter mice were then employed to evaluate the extent of the ocular microglia and monocyte activation. A significant increase in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive macrophages was seen throughout the ischemic area compared to the sham and contralateral control eyes. RT-PCR revealed enhanced expression of the monocyte chemotactic molecule CCL2 early after reperfusion followed by a delayed increase in the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Further analysis of peripheral leukocyte recruitment by flow cytometry determined that monocytes and neutrophils were the predominant immune cells to infiltrate at 72 h. A transient reduction in retinal microglia numbers was also observed, demonstrating the ischemic sensitivity of these cells. Blood-eye barrier permeability to small and large tracer molecules was increased by 72 h. Retinal microglia exhibited enhanced phagocytic activity following MCAO; however, infiltrating myeloid cells were significantly more efficient at phagocytizing material at all time points. Immune homeostasis in the affected eye was largely restored by 7 days. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that there is a robust inflammatory response in the eye following MCAO, which may contribute to a worsening of retinal injury and visual impairment. These results mirror what has been observed in the brain after MCAO, suggesting a conserved inflammatory signaling response to ischemia in the central nervous system. Imaging of the eye may therefore serve as a useful non-invasive prognostic indicator of brain injury after MCAO. Future studies are needed to determine whether this inflammatory response is a potential target for therapeutic manipulation in retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Sarah J. Pan
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - John Wizeman
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Joshua Crapser
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Anita R. Patel
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Richard Lieberman
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Royce Mohan
- Neuroscience Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Neurology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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Kremer D, Göttle P, Hartung HP, Küry P. Pushing Forward: Remyelination as the New Frontier in CNS Diseases. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:246-263. [PMID: 26964504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary acquisition of myelin sheaths around large caliber axons in the central nervous system (CNS) represented a milestone in the development of vertebrate higher brain function. Myelin ensheathment of axons enabled saltatory conduction and thus accelerated information processing. However, a number of CNS diseases harm or destroy myelin and oligodendrocytes (myelin-producing cells), ultimately resulting in demyelination. In the adult CNS, new oligodendrocytes can be generated from a quiescent pool of precursor cells, which - upon differentiation - can replace lost myelin sheaths. The efficiency of this spontaneous regeneration is limited, which leads to incomplete remyelination and residual clinical symptoms. Here, we discuss CNS pathologies characterized by white matter degeneration and regeneration and highlight drugs that could potentially serve as remyelination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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34
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Feuerstein GZ. Pharmacology in cerebrovascular disease research: Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics to the rescue. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:639-44. [PMID: 26661248 PMCID: PMC4794107 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15619429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological tools (compounds) have an important role in validation of biological molecular targets for their role in disease processes and their prospective development for therapeutic objectives. Effective utilization of such pharmacological tools impacts on the veracity of the information by which decisions regarding target validation is reached, and investment in clinical development is committed. This commentary addresses frequent gaps in effective utilization of pharmacological principles and practices of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in experimental pre-clinical research, which if more rigorously implemented could contribute to eventual success in drug development for stroke and neurotrauma.
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35
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Begum G, Yuan H, Kahle KT, Li L, Wang S, Shi Y, Shmukler BE, Yang SS, Lin SH, Alper SL, Sun D. Inhibition of WNK3 Kinase Signaling Reduces Brain Damage and Accelerates Neurological Recovery After Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1956-1965. [PMID: 26069258 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE WNK kinases, including WNK3, and the associated downstream Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1) kinases, comprise an important signaling cascade that regulates the cation-chloride cotransporters. Ischemia-induced stimulation of the bumetanide-sensitive Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of experimental stroke, but the mechanism of its regulation in this context is unknown. Here, we investigated the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a regulator of NKCC1 stimulation and their collective role in ischemic brain damage. METHOD Wild-type WNK3 and WNK3 knockout mice were subjected to ischemic stroke via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume, brain edema, blood brain barrier damage, white matter demyelination, and neurological deficits were assessed. Total and phosphorylated forms of WNK3 and SPAK/OSR1 were assayed by immunoblotting and immunostaining. In vitro ischemia studies in cultured neurons and immature oligodendrocytes were conducted using the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation method. RESULTS WNK3 knockout mice exhibited significantly decreased infarct volume and axonal demyelination, less cerebral edema, and accelerated neurobehavioral recovery compared with WNK3 wild-type mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neuroprotective phenotypes conferred by WNK3 knockout were associated with a decrease in stimulatory hyperphosphorylations of the SPAK/OSR1 catalytic T-loop and of NKCC1 stimulatory sites Thr(203)/Thr(207)/Thr(212), as well as with decreased cell surface expression of NKCC1. Genetic inhibition of WNK3 or small interfering RNA knockdown of SPAK/OSR1 increased the tolerance of cultured primary neurons and oligodendrocytes to in vitro ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a novel role for the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC1 signaling pathway in ischemic neuroglial injury and suggest the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1 kinase pathway as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Liaoliao Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Boris E Shmukler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
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Brown AT, Arthur MC, Nix JS, Montgomery JA, Skinner RD, Roberson PK, Borrelli M, Culp WC. Dodecafluoropentane Emulsion (DDFPe) Decreases Stroke Size and Improves Neurological Scores in a Permanent Occlusion Rat Stroke Model. Open Neurol J 2014; 8:27-33. [PMID: 25674164 PMCID: PMC4321204 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01408010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe), given IV one hour after stroke, has been shown to greatly reduce the percent stroke volume (%SV) in rabbits. With repeated doses its effect continued for 24 hours. Purpose: Test DDFPe as neuroprotective agent in permanent occlusion rat stroke models in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) measuring both %SV and neurological assessment scores (NAS). Methods:
The male rats received either saline (control), or one or four doses (1x or 4x) of DDFPe (0.6ml/kg IV) one hour post stroke. Treatment groups were SD (n=26) (control, 1x and 4x; n=12, 7 and 7) and SHR (n=14) (control, 1x and 4x; n=7, 3 and 4). The 4x doses were given at 1.5 hour intervals. At six hours post stroke, the rats received a NAS using standard tests for balance, reflexes, and motor performance. Then rats were euthanized and brains removed for TTC evaluation of %SV. Results:
For %SV analysis strain differences were not significant therefore strains were combined. DDFPe significantly decreased %SV in 1x and 4xDDFPe groups compared to control groups (2.59±1.81 and 0.98±0.88 vs. 9.24±6.06, p≤0.001 each; p≤0.0001 for the overall test for treatment effect). The 1x versus 4xDDFPe groups were not significantly different (p=0.40). In NAS analysis both strains showed significant improvement with 4xDDFPe therapy vs. controls, (SD: 5.00+2.45 vs. 9.36+3.56, p=0.01; SHR: 7.75+4.43 vs. 12.14+3.08, p=0.05). Differences between the 1x DDFPe group and controls were not significant (SD: 8.43+3.69; SHR: 9. 33+3.51). Conclusion:
DDFPe treatment provides significant neuroprotection when assessed six hours post stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Brown
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - M C Arthur
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - J S Nix
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - J A Montgomery
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - R D Skinner
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - P K Roberson
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - Michael Borrelli
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
| | - W C Culp
- Department of Radiology, UAMS, 4300 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
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Tan F, Chen J, Liang Y, Gu M, Li Y, Wang X, Meng DI. Electroacupuncture attenuates cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1529-1534. [PMID: 24926338 PMCID: PMC4043606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces injury, not only in the ischemic core and surrounding penumbra tissues, but also in remote areas such as the cervical spinal cord. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive (RHRSP) rats. The results demonstrated that neuronal loss, which was assayed by Nissl staining in the cervical spinal cords of RHRSP rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), was markedly decreased by EA stimulation at the GV20 (Baihui) and GV14 (Dazhui) acupoints compared with that in rats undergoing sham stimulation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis demonstrated that EA stimulation blocked the MCAO-induced elevated protein expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and amyloid precursor protein in the cervical spinal cord at days 24 and 48. To further investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective role of EA stimulation, the protein expression levels of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 receptor-1 (NgR1), two key regulatory molecules for neurite growth, were recorded in each group. The results revealed that EA stimulation reduced the MCAO-induced elevation of Nogo-A and NgR1 protein levels at day 14 and 28 in RHRSP rats. Therefore, the results demonstrated that EA reduced cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia in RHRSP rats, indicating that EA has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic treatment agent for cervical spinal cord injury following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yangui Liang
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Gu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dongsheng Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - DI Meng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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38
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Qu X, Qi D, Dong F, Wang B, Guo R, Luo M, Yao R. Quercetin improves hypoxia-ischemia induced cognitive deficits via promoting remyelination in neonatal rat. Brain Res 2014; 1553:31-40. [PMID: 24480472 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelination failure is associated with perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (PHI) induced brain injury in premature infants. How to efficiently promote remyelination is crucial for improving cognitive deficits caused by brain injury. Here, we demonstrated that quercetin (Que), a kind of flavonoids, significantly improved cognitive deficits and the behavior of PHI-rat in Morris water maze and open field tasks. After administration of Que to PHI-rat, the number of neogenetic Olig2⁺ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) was evidently increased in the subventricular zone. Additionally, in corpus callosum (CC), the expression of MBP (myelin basic protein) was increased, and the myelin sheaths reached normal level at 30 days with more compact while less damaged myelin sheaths and more mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) repopulating the CC compared with PHI groups. In a word, our findings indicated that Que could remarkably improve both cognition performance and myelination in the context of PHI-induced brain injury by promoting the proliferation of OPCs and strengthening survival of OLs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Qu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dashi Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fuxing Dong
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, PR China.
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