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Corley C, Craig A, Sadek S, Marusich JA, Chehimi SN, White AM, Holdiness LJ, Reiner BC, Gipson CD. Enhancing translation: A need to leverage complex preclinical models of addictive drugs to accelerate substance use treatment options. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024:173836. [PMID: 39067531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models of addictive drugs have been developed for decades to model aspects of the clinical experience in substance use disorders (SUDs). These include passive exposure as well as volitional intake models across addictive drugs and have been utilized to also measure withdrawal symptomatology and potential neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking or taking. There are a number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for SUDs, however, many demonstrate low clinical efficacy as well as potential sex differences, and we also note gaps in the continuum of care for certain aspects of clinical experiences in individuals who use drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on both frequently utilized and novel behavioral models of addiction with a focus on translational value to the clinical experience and highlight the need for preclinical research to follow epidemiological trends in drug use patterns to stay abreast of clinical treatment needs. We then note areas in which models could be improved to enhance the medications development pipeline through efforts to enhance translation of preclinical models. Next, we describe neuroscience efforts that can be leveraged to identify novel biological mechanisms to enhance medications development efforts for SUDs, focusing specifically on advances in brain transcriptomics approaches that can provide comprehensive screening and identification of novel targets. Together, the confluence of this review demonstrates the need for careful selection of behavioral models and methodological parameters that better approximate the clinical experience combined with cutting edge neuroscience techniques to advance the medications development pipeline for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Corley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Safiyah Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Samar N Chehimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley M White
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lexi J Holdiness
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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2
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Walker-Franklin I, Onyenwoke RU, Leung T, Huang X, Shipman JG, Kovach A, Sivaraman V. GC/HRMS Analysis of E-Liquids Complements In Vivo Modeling Methods and can Help to Predict Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26641-26650. [PMID: 38911720 PMCID: PMC11191570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for disease development, with the user inhaling various chemicals known to be toxic. However, many of these chemicals are absent before tobacco is "burned". Similar, detailed data have only more recently being reported for the e-cigarette with regards to chemicals present before and after the e-liquid is "vaped." Here, zebrafish were dosed with vaped e-liquids, while C57-BL/6J mice were vaped using nose-cone only administration. Preliminary assessments were made using e-liquids and GC/HRMS to identify chemical signatures that differ between unvaped/vaped and flavored/unflavored samples. Oxidative stress and inflammatory immune cell response assays were then performed using our in vivo models. Chemical signatures differed, e.g., between unvaped/vaped samples and also between unflavored/flavored e-liquids, with known chemical irritants upregulated in vaped and unvaped flavored e-liquids compared with unflavored e-liquids. However, when possible respiratory irritants were evaluated, these agents were predominantly present in only the vaped e-liquid. Both oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were induced by a menthol-flavored but not a tobacco-flavored e-liquid. Thus, chemical signatures differ between unvaped versus vaped e-liquid samples and also between unflavored versus flavored e-liquids. These flavors also likely play a significant role in the variability of e-liquid characteristics, e.g., pro-inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob U. Onyenwoke
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- Biomanufacturing
Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - TinChung Leung
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
- The
Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina
Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The
Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina
Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Shipman
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Alex Kovach
- RTI
International, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27704, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department
of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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3
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Han H, Meister M, Peng G, Yuan Y, Qiao J, Yang JJ, Liu ZR, Ji X. Inhalation of nicotine-containing electronic cigarette vapor exacerbates the features of COPD by inducing ferroptosis in βENaC-overexpressing mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1429946. [PMID: 38947318 PMCID: PMC11211252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1429946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently listed as the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States. Accumulating data shows the association between COPD occurrence and the usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in patients. However, the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of COPD have not been fully understood. Methods In the current study, bENaC-overexpressing mice (bENaC mice) were subjected to whole-body ENDS exposure. COPD related features including emphysema, mucus accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis are examined by tissue staining, FACS analysis, cytokine measurement. Cell death and ferroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells were further evaluated by multiple assays including staining, FACS analysis and lipidomics. Results ENDS-exposed mice displayed enhanced emphysema and mucus accumulation, suggesting that ENDS exposure promotes COPD features. ENDS exposure also increased immune cell number infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage and levels of multiple COPD-related cytokines in the lungs, including CCL2, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, M-CSF, and TNF-α. Moreover, we observed increased fibrosis in ENDS-exposed mice, as evidenced by elevated collagen deposition and a-SMA+ myofibroblast accumulation. By investigating possible mechanisms for how ENDS promoted COPD, we demonstrated that ENDS exposure induced cell death of alveolar epithelial cells, evidenced by TUNEL staining and Annexin V/PI FACS analysis. Furthermore, we identified that ENDS exposure caused lipid dysregulations, including TAGs (9 species) and phospholipids (34 species). As most of these lipid species are highly associated with ferroptosis, we confirmed ENDS also enhanced ferroptosis marker CD71 in both type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Discussion Overall, our data revealed that ENDS exposure exacerbates features of COPD in bENaC mice including emphysema, mucus accumulation, abnormal lung inflammation, and fibrosis, which involves the effect of COPD development by inducing ferroptosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maureen Meister
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Guangda Peng
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jingjuan Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhi-Ren Liu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiangming Ji
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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4
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Allbright K, Villandre J, Crotty Alexander LE, Zhang M, Benam KH, Evankovich J, Königshoff M, Chandra D. The paradox of the safer cigarette: understanding the pulmonary effects of electronic cigarettes. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2301494. [PMID: 38609098 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01494-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to rise globally. E-cigarettes have been presented as safer alternatives to combustion cigarettes that can mitigate the harm associated with tobacco products; however, the degree to which e-cigarette use itself can lead to morbidity and mortality is not fully defined. Herein we describe how e-cigarettes function; discuss the current knowledge of the effects of e-cigarette aerosol on lung cell cytotoxicity, inflammation, antipathogen immune response, mucociliary clearance, oxidative stress, DNA damage, carcinogenesis, matrix remodelling and airway hyperresponsiveness; and summarise the impact on lung diseases, including COPD, respiratory infection, lung cancer and asthma. We highlight how the inclusion of nicotine or flavouring compounds in e-liquids can impact lung toxicity. Finally, we consider the paradox of the safer cigarette: the toxicities of e-cigarettes that can mitigate their potential to serve as a harm reduction tool in the fight against traditional cigarettes, and we summarise the research needed in this underinvestigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Allbright
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Villandre
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Evankovich
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divay Chandra
- Department of Medicine and the Electronic Cigarette Research Initiative, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Hamon R, Thredgold L, Wijenayaka A, Bastian NA, Ween MP. Dual Exposure to E-Cigarette Vapour and Cigarette Smoke Results in Poorer Airway Cell, Monocyte, and Macrophage Function Than Single Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6071. [PMID: 38892256 PMCID: PMC11173218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette users predominantly also continue to smoke cigarettes. These Dual Users either consume e-cigarettes in locations where smoking is not allowed, but vaping is, or to reduce their consumption of cigarettes, believing it will lead to harm reduction. Whilst it is known that e-cigarette vapour is chemically less complex than cigarette smoke, it has a distinct chemical profile, and very little is known about the health impacts of exposure to both chemical profiles vs. either alone. We simultaneously exposed cells in vitro to non-toxic levels of e-cigarette vapour extract (EVE) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to determine their effects on 16HBE14o- airway epithelial cell metabolism and inflammatory response, as well as immune cell (THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from healthy volunteers) migration, phagocytosis, and inflammatory response. We observed increased toxicity, reduced metabolism (a marker of proliferation) in airway epithelial cells, and reduced monocyte migration, macrophage phagocytosis, and altered chemokine production after exposure to either CSE or EVE. These cellular responses were greater after dual exposure to CSE and EVE. The airway epithelial cells from smokers showed reduced metabolism after EVE (the Switcher model) and dual CSE and EVE exposure. When EVE and CSE were allowed to interact, the chemicals were found to be altered, and new chemicals were also found compared to the CSE and EVE profiles. Dual exposure to e-cigarette vapour and cigarette smoke led to worse functional outcomes in cells compared to either single exposure alone, adding to limited data that dual use may be more dangerous than smoking only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hamon
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Asiri Wijenayaka
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nicole Anne Bastian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Miranda P. Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Andreozzi P, Gussoni G, Sesti G, Montano N, Pietrangelo A. Impact of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and heat-not-burn/heated tobacco products (HnB/HTP) on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a viewpoint of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine. Intern Emerg Med 2024:10.1007/s11739-024-03648-x. [PMID: 38806787 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The association of cigarette smoking with several severe and very severe diseases (oncological, cardiovascular, respiratory) which have dramatic epidemiological, medical, and financial impact, is a well-known public threat. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly prevalent diseases in Italy, posing significant public health challenges. Tobacco smoking, a primary risk factor for COPD and a common asthma trigger, remains a critical preventable public health issue. While universally acknowledged that quitting smoking drastically reduces the risk of smoking-related health issues, a significant portion of smokers and patients find quitting challenging or undesirable, hence a need for new ways to deal with it. A worth considering alternative might be the switch to electronic cigarettes (e-cig), and heat-not-burn/heated tobacco products (HnB/HTP). Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits in asthma and COPD management when transitioning from traditional smoking to e-cigs or HnB devices. However, the effectiveness of these products in facilitating smoking cessation is still debated, alongside concerns about their role in promoting smoking initiation among non-smokers. Internists are among the physicians who most frequently assist patients with smoking-related diseases, and in this perspective they cannot avoid paying attention to the progressive diffusion of smoking products alternative to the traditional cigarette, and to the controversies with respect to their use. In this context, the Italian Society of Internal Medicine, also recognizing a growing need for clarity for healthcare providers, has undertaken a comprehensive analysis of existing literature to offer an informed perspective on the health impact of e-cigs and HnB/HTP on asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andreozzi
- Predictive Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome-Sapienza, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Clinical Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Pietrangelo
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy.
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7
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Cai J, Bidulescu A. E-cigarette use or dual use of E-cigarette and combustible cigarette and mental health and cognitive impairment: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 2020-2021. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:878-887. [PMID: 38211743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between e-cigarette use and mental health are mostly among adolescents and young adults, leaving limited evidence of this association among general US adults. Besides, few studies have examined how e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette is related to cognitive function. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 56,734 adults from the 2020-2021 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the independent association between e-cigarette use or dual use and anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, serious psychological distress (SPD), and cognitive impairment. RESULTS Compared with never e-cigarette users, current e-cigarette users had 2.10-fold (95 % CI: 1.84, 2.39), 2.53-fold (95 % CI: 2.13, 3.00), 2.02-fold (95 % CI: 1.47, 2.76), and 2.00-fold (95 % CI: 1.47, 2.72) higher odds of reporting anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, SPD, and cognitive impairment, respectively. Former e-cigarette use was also associated with all three mental conditions and cognitive impairment (AOR ranged from 1.38 to 2.53, all P < 0.01). Dual users were more likely to report all three mental conditions and cognitive impairment than those who never used combustible cigarette and e-cigarette (AOR ranged from 1.89 to 2.83, all P < 0.01). Dual users also had a greater likelihood of having anxiety or depression symptoms than exclusive combustible cigarette users (AOR ranged from 1.46 to 1.47, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use or dual use is associated with poor mental health and cognitive impairment among US adults. Regulations on e-cigarette use are needed to prevent mental illness and improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States of America.
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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8
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Ndeke JM, Klaunig JE, Commodore S. Nicotine or marijuana vaping exposure during pregnancy and altered immune responses in offspring. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2024; 3:10.20517/jeea.2024.03. [PMID: 38840831 PMCID: PMC11152453 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2024.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) - which include electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, or simply e-cigs, and marijuana vaping have become increasingly popular. ENDS devices have been established as one of the tobacco quit methods and promoted to be safer compared to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that e-cigarette and marijuana vape use can be harmful, with potential associations with cancer. Herein, we summarize the level of evidence to date for altered immune response, with a focus on cancer risks in the offspring after maternal use of, or aerosol exposures from, ENDS or marijuana vape during pregnancy. From 27 published articles retrieved from PubMed, we sought to find out identified carcinogens in ENDS aerosols and marijuana vapor, which cross the placental barrier and can increase cancer risk in the offspring. Carcinogens in vaping aerosols include aldehydes, metals, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, tobacco alkaloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Additionally, there was only one passive vaping exposure case study on a human fetus, which noted that glycerol, aluminum, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, and lead crossed from the mother to the offspring's cord blood. The carcinogens (metals) in that study were at lower concentrations compared to the mother's biological matrices. Lastly, we observed that in utero exposures to ENDS-associated chemicals can occur in vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, brain, bladder, and heart. Any resulting DNA damage increases the risk of tumorigenesis. Future epidemiological studies are needed to examine the effects of passive aerosol exposures from existing and emerging electronic nicotine and marijuana products on developing offspring to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M. Ndeke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James E. Klaunig
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
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9
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Emma Sarles S, Hensel EC, Terry J, Nuss C, Robinson RJ. Flow Rate and Wall Shear Stress Characterization of a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:045001. [PMID: 38270928 PMCID: PMC10983703 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Current in vitro emissions and exposure systems lack biomimicry, use unrealistic flow conditions, produce unrealistic dose, and provide inaccurate biomechanical cues to cell cultures, limiting ability to correlate in vitro outcomes with in vivo health effects. A biomimetic in vitro system capable of puffing aerosol and clean air inhalation may empower researchers to investigate complex questions related to lung injury and disease. A biomimetic aerosol exposure system (BAES), including an electronic cigarette adapter, oral cavity module (OCM), and bifurcated exposure chamber (BEC) was designed and manufactured. The fraction of aerosol deposited in transit to a filter pad or lost as volatiles was 0.116±0.021 in a traditional emissions setup versus 0.098 ± 0.015 with the adapter. The observed flowrate was within 5% of programed flowrate for puffing (25 mL/s), puff-associated respiration (450 mL/s), and tidal inhalation (350 mL/s). The maximum flowrate observed in the fabricated BAES was 450 mL/s, exceeding the lower target nominal wall shear stress of 0.025 Pa upstream of the bifurcation and fell below the target of 0.02 Pa downstream. This in vitro system addresses several gaps observed in commercially available systems and may be used to study many inhaled aerosols. The current work illustrates how in silico models may be used to correlate results of an in vitro study to in vivo conditions, rather than attempting to design an in vitro system that performs exactly as the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Emma Sarles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Edward C. Hensel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Janessa Terry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Caleb Nuss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Risa J. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 77 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623
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10
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Mercier C, Pourchez J, Leclerc L, Forest V. In vitro toxicological evaluation of aerosols generated by a 4th generation vaping device using nicotine salts in an air-liquid interface system. Respir Res 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38317149 PMCID: PMC10845662 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (EC) have gained popularity, especially among young people, with the introduction of fourth-generation devices based on e-liquids containing nicotine salts that promise a smoother vaping experience than freebase nicotine. However, the toxicological effects of nicotine salts are still largely unknown, and the chemical diversity of e-liquids limits the comparison between different studies to determine the contribution of each compound to the cytotoxicity of EC aerosols. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of controlled composition e-liquid aerosols to accurately determine the effects of each ingredient based on exposure at the air-liquid interface. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to undiluted aerosols of controlled composition e-liquids containing various ratios of propylene glycol (PG)/vegetable glycerin (VG) solvents, freebase nicotine, organic acids, nicotine salts, and flavoured commercial e-liquids. Exposure of 20 puffs was performed at the air-liquid interface following a standard vaping regimen. Toxicological outcomes, including cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were assessed 24 h after exposure. RESULTS PG/VG aerosols elicited a strong cytotoxic response characterised by a 50% decrease in cell viability and a 200% increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production, but had no effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects occurred only at a ratio of 70/30 PG/VG, suggesting that PG is the major contributor to aerosol cytotoxicity. Both freebase nicotine and organic acids had no greater effect on cell viability and LDH release than at a 70/30 PG/VG ratio, but significantly increased inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, the protonated form of nicotine in salt showed a stronger proinflammatory effect than the freebase nicotine form, while benzoic acid-based nicotine salts also induced significant oxidative stress. Flavoured commercial e-liquids was found to be cytotoxic at a threshold dose of ≈ 330 µg/cm². CONCLUSION Our results showed that aerosols of e-liquids consisting only of PG/VG solvents can cause severe cytotoxicity depending on the concentration of PG, while nicotine salts elicit a stronger pro-inflammatory response than freebase nicotine. Overall, aerosols from fourth-generation devices can cause different toxicological effects, the nature of which depends on the chemical composition of the e-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mercier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
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11
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Kang W, Malvaso A. Understanding the longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and general mental health, social dysfunction and anhedonia, depression and anxiety, and loss of confidence in a sample from the UK: A linear mixed effect examination. J Affect Disord 2024; 346:200-205. [PMID: 37956830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to the longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use and general mental health, social dysfunction & anhedonia, depression & anxiety, and loss of confidence in a sample from the UK. METHODS We analyzed data of 19,706 participants from Wave 9 (collected from 2017 to 2018) and Wave 10 (collected from 2018 to 2019) of the Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study using a confirmatory factor analysis, linear mixed effect model, and one-sample t-tests. RESULTS We found that there is a significant time by e-cigarette use status interaction on mental health issues (b = 0.32, p < 0.001, 95 % C.I. [0.15, 0.49]), social dysfunction & anhedonia (b = 0.36, p < 0.001, 95 % C.I. [0.18, 0.54]), and loss of confidence (b = 0.24, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.06, 0.41]). Indeed, participants who became e-cigarette smokers at Wave 10 had worse mental health (t(107) = 2.64, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.07, 0.48], Cohen's d = 0.28), social dysfunction & anhedonia (t(107) = 3.16, p < 0.01, 95 % C.I. [0.12, 0.52], Cohen's d = 0.32), and loss of confidence (t(107) = 2.08, p < 0.05, 95 % C.I. [0.01, 0.37], Cohen's d = 0.19) comparing to one year ago. LIMITATION Limitations of this study included its self-report measures, unclassified e-cigarette type, limited generalizability to other populations, and lack of experimental manipulations. CONCLUSION We revealed longitudinal associations between e-cigarette initiation and adverse general and dimensions of mental health except for depression and anxiety, which have significant implications for public health, specifically in terms of e-cigarette product regulation and advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Kang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonio Malvaso
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Shipman JG, Onyenwoke RU, Sivaraman V. Vaping-Dependent Pulmonary Inflammation Is Ca 2+ Mediated and Potentially Sex Specific. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1785. [PMID: 38339063 PMCID: PMC10855597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we use the SCIREQ InExpose system to simulate a biologically relevant vaping model in mice to investigate the role of calcium signaling in vape-dependent pulmonary disease as well as to investigate if there is a gender-based difference of disease. Male and female mice were vaped with JUUL Menthol (3% nicotine) using the SCIREQ InExpose system for 2 weeks. Additionally, 2-APB, a known calcium signaling inhibitor, was administered as a prophylactic for lung disease and damage caused by vaping. After 2 weeks, mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic a bacterial infection. Post-infection (24 h), mice were sacrificed, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were taken. Vaping primed the lungs for worsened disease burden after microbial challenge (LPS) for both males and females, though females presented increased neutrophilia and inflammatory cytokines post-vape compared to males, which was assessed by flow cytometry, and cytokine and histopathological analysis. This increased inflammatory burden was controlled by calcium signaling inhibition, suggesting that calcium dysregulation may play a role in lung injury caused by vaping in a gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shipman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
| | - Rob U. Onyenwoke
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (J.G.S.); (R.U.O.)
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Li D, Xie Z, Shaikh SB, Rahman I. Abnormal expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3877316. [PMID: 38343804 PMCID: PMC10854321 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3877316/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has been linked to several health concerns, including DNA damage, elevated oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory cytokine, and dysfunctions in epithelial barriers. However, little is known about the effect of exclusive e-cigarette use on expression profiles of exosomal miRNAs, which play critical regulatory roles in many inflammatory responses and disease processes including cancer. We aim to compare the exosomal microRNA expression profile between exclusive e-cigarette users and normal controls without any tobacco product use (non-users). Methods Using plasma samples from 15 exclusive e-cigarette users and 15 non-users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Wave 1 study (2013-2014), we examined exosomal microRNAs expression levels through Illumina NextSeq 500/550 sequencing. The differential analyses between exclusive e-cigarette users and non-users were examined using the generalized linear model approach in the DESeq2 package in R/Bioconductor after adjusting the significant confounding effect from race. Gene enrichment analyses were conducted on target genes regulated by significant microRNAs in the differential analyses. Further, molecular-based techniques using the micro RNA mimics and inhibitors were applied for the validation of the expressions of the micro RNAs in vitro. Results We identified four microRNAs that have significantly higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users including hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p. GO enrichment analysis on the target genes regulated by the four microRNAs showed that dysregulation of the four microRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in multiple cell processes such as protein kinase binding and miRNA metabolic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found the four upregulated miRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in many cancer pathways such as the non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, p53 signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Overexpression of miRNA hsa-miR-125b-5p was shown to promote DNA damage in bronchial epithelia cells. Conclusions Four plasma exosomal microRNAs involved in cancer development had higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users, which might indicate a potentially elevated risk of cancer among exclusive e-cigarette users.
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Hussen E, Aakel N, Shaito AA, Al-Asmakh M, Abou-Saleh H, Zakaria ZZ. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:194. [PMID: 38203365 PMCID: PMC10779276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as an alternative to conventional tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects. The cardiovascular system undergoes intricate processes forming the heart and blood vessels during fetal development. However, the precise impact of e-cigarette smoke and aerosols on these delicate developmental processes remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed changes in gene expression patterns, disruptions in cellular signaling pathways, and increased oxidative stress resulting from e-cigarette exposure. These findings indicate the potential for e-cigarettes to cause developmental and cardiovascular harm. This comprehensive review article discusses various aspects of electronic cigarette use, emphasizing the relevance of cardiovascular studies in Zebrafish for understanding the risks to human health. It also highlights novel experimental approaches and technologies while addressing their inherent challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hussen
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Nada Aakel
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Zain Z. Zakaria
- Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Meister ML, Feresin RG. Blackberry consumption protects against e-cigarette-induced vascular oxidative stress in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:10709-10730. [PMID: 37937402 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity; however, evidence for their safety with chronic use is lacking. Acute e-cigarette exposure induces systemic oxidative stress in users and contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction through reduction in nitric oxide (NO). Polyphenols, abundant in blackberries (BL), mitigate cardiovascular damage. We aimed to determine whether BL was protective against e-cigarette-induced cardiopulmonary detriments. Mice were fed a diet supplemented with or without 5% freeze-dried BL (w/w) for 16 weeks. E-cigarette exposure (1 h, 5 days per week) began at week 4. Additionally, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were treated with BL polyphenol extract (200 μg mL-1) and e-cigarette condensate (0.5% v/v). Twelve weeks of e-cigarette exposure induced multi-organ oxidative stress. E-cigarette exposure increased expression of pro-oxidant enzymes in the endothelium resulting in increased superoxide production diminishing NO bioavailability. Additionally, e-cigarettes reduced the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase, contributing to decreases in NO. Mice supplemented with BL were protected against decreases in NO and BL pre-treatment in vitro reduced superoxide production. However, BL was not able to attenuate oxidative stress responses in the heart or lungs. These studies demonstrate the contribution of e-cigarettes to vascular pathologies through an increase in superoxide-producing enzymes and the ability of BL polyphenols to mitigate these deleterious effects in the vasculature. Further studies should explore the role of polyphenol-rich foods in protecting against cardiopulmonary conditions induced by chronic e-cigarette use and explore their use in the recovery period post-e-cigarette cessation to properly align with current public health messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Meister
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30367, USA
| | - Rafaela G Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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Pinkston R, Penn AL, Noël A. Increased oxidative stress responses in murine macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface to third- and fourth-generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) aerosols. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:40-57. [PMID: 37405056 PMCID: PMC10315815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New fourth generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices contain high levels of nicotine salt (up to 60 mg/mL), whose cellular and molecular effects on immune cells are currently unknown. Here, we used a physiologically-relevant in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure model to assess the toxicity of distinct ENDS, a 3rd-generation electronic-cigarette (e-cig) and two 4th-generation ENDS devices (JUUL and Posh Plus). Methods Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were exposed at the ALI to either air, Menthol or Crème Brûlée-flavored ENDS aerosols generated from those devices for 1-hour per day for 1 or 3 consecutive days. Cellular and molecular toxicity was evaluated 24 h post-exposure. Results 1-day of Menthol-flavored JUUL aerosol exposure significantly decreased cell viability and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels compared to air controls. Further, JUUL Menthol elicited significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production compared to air controls. Posh Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosols displayed significant cytotoxicity - decreased cell viability and increased LDH levels -after 1- and 3-day exposures, while the Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol produced by the 3rd-generation e-cig device only displayed significant cytotoxicity after 3 days compared to air controls. Further, both Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited significantly increased ROS plus high levels of 8-isoprostane after 1 and 3 days compared to air controls, indicating increased oxidative stress. Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited reduction in NO levels after one day, but elicited increase in NO after 3 days. Genes in common dysregulated by both devices after 1 day included α7nAChR, Cyp1a1, Ahr, Mmp12, and iNos. Conclusion Our results suggest that ENDS Menthol and Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol exposures from both 3rd- and 4th-generation ENDS devices are cytotoxic to macrophages and cause oxidative stress. This can translate into macrophage dysfunction. Although 4th-generation disposable ENDS devices have no adjustable operational settings and are considered low-powered ENDS devices, their aerosols can induce cellular toxicity compared to air-exposed control cells. This study provides scientific evidence for regulation of nicotine salt-based disposable ENDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeysha Pinkston
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Borkar NA, Thompson MA, Bartman CM, Sathish V, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Nicotine affects mitochondrial structure and function in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L803-L818. [PMID: 37933473 PMCID: PMC11068407 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke and e-cigarettes, with nicotine as the active constituent, contributes to increased health risks associated with asthma. Nicotine exerts its functional activity via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and the alpha7 subtype (α7nAChR) has recently been shown to adversely affect airway dynamics. The mechanisms of α7nAChR action in airways, particularly in the context of airway smooth muscle (ASM), a key cell type in asthma, are still under investigation. Mitochondria have garnered increasing interest for their role in regulating airway tone and adaptations to cellular stress. Here mitochondrial dynamics such as fusion versus fission, and mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m), play an important role in mitochondrial homeostasis. There is currently no information on effects and mechanisms by which nicotine regulates mitochondrial structure and function in ASM in the context of asthma. We hypothesized that nicotine disrupts mitochondrial morphology, fission-fusion balance, and [Ca2+]m regulation, with altered mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetics in the context of asthmatic ASM. Using human ASM (hASM) cells from nonasthmatics, asthmatics, and smokers, we examined the effects of nicotine on mitochondrial dynamics and [Ca2+]m. Fluorescence [Ca2+]m imaging of hASM cells with rhod-2 showed robust responses to 10 μM nicotine, particularly in asthmatics and smokers. In both asthmatics and smokers, nicotine increased the expression of fission proteins while decreasing fusion proteins. Seahorse analysis showed blunted oxidative phosphorylation parameters in response to nicotine in these groups. α7nAChR siRNA blunted nicotine effects, rescuing [Ca2+]m, changes in mitochondrial structural proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These data highlight mitochondria as a target of nicotine effects on ASM, where mitochondrial disruption and impaired buffering could permit downstream effects of nicotine in the context of asthma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Asthma is a major healthcare burden, which is further exacerbated by smoking. Recognizing the smoking risk of asthma, understanding the effects of nicotine on asthmatic airways becomes critical. Surprisingly, the mechanisms of nicotine action, even in normal and especially asthmatic airways, are understudied. Accordingly, the goal of this research is to investigate how nicotine influences asthmatic airways in terms of mitochondrial structure and function, via the a7nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Sachdeva J, Karunananthan A, Shi J, Dai W, Kleinman MT, Herman D, Kloner RA. Flavoring Agents in E-cigarette Liquids: A Comprehensive Analysis of Multiple Health Risks. Cureus 2023; 15:e48995. [PMID: 38111420 PMCID: PMC10726647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of a wide range of flavored e-cigarettes is one of the primary reasons for vaping initiation and persistent use among adolescents and young people. This plethora of flavors available on the market are crafted using different flavoring agents such as cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, benzaldehyde, ethyl maltol, menthol, and dimethylpyrazine. Recent studies have brought to light the potential risks associated with e-cigarette flavoring agents and their effects on various organ systems, both with and without nicotine. Research has demonstrated that flavoring agents can induce inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, epithelial barrier disruption, oxidative stress, DNA damage, electrophysiological alterations, immunomodulatory effects, and behavioral changes, even independently of nicotine. Notably, these negative outcomes adversely affect cardiovascular system by reducing cell viability, decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide bioavailability, soluble guanylyl cyclase activity and cyclic guanosine monophosphate accumulation, impairing endothelial proliferation and tube formation, and altering vasoreactivity resulting in vascular dysfunction. In the heart, these agents decrease parasympathetic activity, induce depolarization of resting membrane potential, loss of rhythmicity, increase isovolumic relaxation time, and change in ventricular repolarization and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It is found that the specific response elicited by flavoring agents in different organ systems varies depending on the flavor used, the concentration of the flavoring agent, and the duration of exposure. However, the literature on the effects of flavoring agents is currently limited, emphasizing the need for more preclinical and randomized clinical trials to gain a deeper understanding and provide further evidence of the harmful effects of flavored e-cigarette use. In summary, recent research suggests that flavoring agents themselves can have detrimental effects on the body. To fully comprehend these effects, additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to explore the risks associated with flavored e-cigarette usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Sachdeva
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | | | - Jianru Shi
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Wangde Dai
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David Herman
- Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Robert A Kloner
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
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Raduka A, Gao N, Chatburn RL, Rezaee F. Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates viral infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L580-L593. [PMID: 37698113 PMCID: PMC11068398 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), especially among teenagers, has reached alarming and epidemic levels, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the short- and long-term effects of vaping on the airway epithelial barrier are unclear. Airway epithelial cells are the forefront protectors from viruses and pathogens. They contain apical junctional complexes (AJCs), which include tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) formed between adjacent cells. Previously, we reported respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection-related hospitalization in children and high-risk adults, induces a "leaky airway" by disrupting the epithelial AJC structure and function. We hypothesized chemical components of e-cigs disrupt airway epithelial barrier and exacerbate RSV-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Using confluent human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells and well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, we found that exposure to extract and aerosol e-cig nicotine caused a significant decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the structure of the AJC even at noncytotoxic concentrations. Western blot analysis of 16HBE cells exposed to e-cig nicotine extract did not reveal significant changes in AJC proteins. Exposure to aerosolized e-cig cinnamon or menthol flavors also induced barrier disruption and aggravated nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Moreover, preexposure to nicotine aerosol increased RSV infection and the severity of RSV-induced airway barrier disruption. Our findings demonstrate that e-cig exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and exacerbates RSV-induced damage. Knowledge gained from this study will provide awareness of adverse e-cig respiratory effects and positively impact the mitigation of e-cig epidemic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, especially in teens, is alarming and at epidemic proportions, threatening public health. Our study shows that e-cig nicotine exposure disrupts airway epithelial tight junctions and increases RSV-induced barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, exposure to aerosolized flavors exaggerates e-cig nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Our study confirms that individual and combined components of e-cigs deleteriously impact the airway barrier and that e-cig exposure increases susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert L Chatburn
- Enterprise Respiratory Care Research Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Alzahrani T. Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction. Cureus 2023; 15:e48402. [PMID: 38073929 PMCID: PMC10700683 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is associated with myocardial infarction, controlling whether the subjects smoke cigarettes. However, no studies have been conducted on subjects who never smoked cigarettes. This study aimed to determine the association between e-cigarette use and myocardial infarction among subjects who have never smoked cigarettes. METHODS The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2014 to 2021 was used to evaluate the relationship between e-cigarette use and myocardial infarction in subjects who have never smoked cigarettes after adjusting for risk factors, including age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity/overweight, using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 139,697 subjects were never users, and 1,237 subjects were current e-cigarette users. E-cigarette users were significantly younger than never users. E-cigarette users were less likely to be female (40% vs. 60%, p <0.01), or have diabetes (3% vs. 10%, p <0.01), have hypertension (11% vs. 32%, p <0.01), have hypercholesterolemia (8% vs. 27%, p <0.01), or be overweight or obese (56% vs. 65%, p <0.01) compared to never users. The current e-cigarette users had a 2.6-fold increase in the odds of having a myocardial infarction (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.44-4.77; p <0.01) after adjusting for sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity/overweight. Conclusions: This study suggests that current e-cigarette use increases the risks of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke, in subjects who never smoked cigarettes. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Alzahrani
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
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Auschwitz E, Almeda J, Andl CD. Mechanisms of E-Cigarette Vape-Induced Epithelial Cell Damage. Cells 2023; 12:2552. [PMID: 37947630 PMCID: PMC10650279 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has been reported to affect cell viability, induce DNA damage, and modulate an inflammatory response resulting in negative health consequences. Most studies focus on oral and lung disease associated with e-cigarette use. However, tissue damage can be found in the cardio-vascular system and even the bladder. While the levels of carcinogenic compounds found in e-cigarette aerosols are lower than those in conventional cigarette smoke, the toxicants generated by the heat of the vaping device may include probable human carcinogens. Furthermore, nicotine, although not a carcinogen, can be metabolized to nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens and have been shown to be present in the saliva of e-cig users, demonstrating the health risk of e-cigarette vaping. E-cig vape can induce DNA adducts, promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage and NF-kB-driven inflammation. Together, these processes increase the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This creates a microenvironment thought to play a key role in tumorigenesis, although it is too early to know the long-term effects of vaping. This review considers different aspects of e-cigarette-induced cellular changes, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, DNA repair, inflammation, and the possible tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia D. Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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23
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Goros RA, Xu X, Li G, Zuo YY. Adverse Biophysical Impact of e-Cigarette Flavors on Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15882-15891. [PMID: 37824199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The attractiveness and abundance of flavors are primary factors eliciting youth to use e-cigarettes. Emerging studies in recent years revealed the adverse health impact of e-cigarette flavoring chemicals, including disruption of the biophysical function of pulmonary surfactants in the lung. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical impact of various flavoring chemicals is still lacking. We used constrained drop surfactometry as a new alternative method to study the biophysical impact of flavored e-cigarette aerosols on an animal-derived natural pulmonary surfactant. The dose of exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was quantified with a quartz crystal microbalance, and alterations to the ultrastructure of the surfactant film were visualized using atomic force microscopy. We have systematically studied eight representative flavoring chemicals (benzyl alcohol, menthol, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate) and six popular recombinant flavors (coffee, vanilla, tobacco, cotton candy, menthol/mint, and chocolate). Our results suggested a flavor-dependent inhibitory effect of e-cigarette aerosols on the biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant. A qualitative phase diagram was proposed to predict the hazardous potential of various flavoring chemicals. These results provide novel implications in understanding the environmental, health, and safety impacts of e-cigarette aerosols and may contribute to better regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria A Goros
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
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24
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Jaafar A, Albarazanchi A, Kadhim MJ, Darvin ME, Váczi T, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Impact of e-cigarette liquid on porcine lung tissue-Ex vivo confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023:e202300336. [PMID: 37851480 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo porcine lung immersed in e-liquid was investigated in-depth using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy to assess the e-liquid influence on the lung. It was found that lung-related Raman band intensities at 1002, 1548, 1618 and 1655 cm-1 increased after first and second treatments except the surface, which was attributed to the well-known optical clearing (OC) effect due to alveoli filling with e-liquid resulting in light scattering reduction. The autofluorescence enhancement was explained by oxidative stress induced in lung during exposure to e-liquid. Moreover, e-liquid induced collagen dehydration was revealed by the I937 /I926 Raman band intensity ratio change. The effect was enhanced after the second treatment of the same lung tissue that indicates the possibility of multi-step OC treatment. We hypothesize that the nicotine-flavour-free e-liquids containing glycerol and propylene glycol could potentially be used in clinical protocols as OC agent for enhanced in-depth Raman-guided bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abbas Albarazanchi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Tamás Váczi
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics and Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC "Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Jones CA, Wallace MJ, Bandaru P, Woodbury ED, Mohler PJ, Wold LE. E-cigarettes and arrhythmogenesis: a comprehensive review of pre-clinical studies and their clinical implications. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2157-2164. [PMID: 37517059 PMCID: PMC10578912 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use has grown exponentially in recent years, and while their popularity has increased, the long-term effects on the heart are yet to be fully studied and understood. Originally designed as devices to assist with those trying to quit traditional combustible cigarette use, their popularity has attracted use by teens and adolescents who traditionally have not smoked combustible cigarettes. Acute effects on the heart have been shown to be similar to traditional combustible cigarettes, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. The main components of electronic cigarettes that contribute to these arrhythmic effects are found in the e-liquid that is aerosolized and inhaled, comprised of nicotine, flavourings, and a combination of vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG). Nicotine can potentially induce both ventricular and atrial arrhythmogenesis, with both the atrial and ventricular effects resulting from the interactions of nicotine and the catecholamines they release via potassium channels. Atrial arrhythmogenesis, more specifically atrial fibrillation, can also occur due to structural alterations, which happens because of nicotine downregulating microRNAs 133 and 590, both post-transcriptional growth factor repressors. Liquid flavourings and the combination of PG and VG can possibly lead to arrhythmic events by exposing users to acrolein, an aldehyde that stimulates TRPA1 that in turn causes a change towards sympathetic activation and autonomic imbalance. The design of these electronic delivery devices is constantly changing; therefore, it has proven extremely difficult to study the long-term effects on the heart caused by electronic cigarettes but will be important to understand given their rising popularity. The arrhythmic effects of electronic cigarettes appear similar to traditional cigarettes as well; however, a comprehensive review has not been compiled and is the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson A Jones
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael J Wallace
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Priya Bandaru
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emerson D Woodbury
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Avenue, Room 603, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Dai Y, Duan K, Huang G, Yang X, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P. Inhalation of electronic cigarettes slightly affects lung function and inflammation in mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1232040. [PMID: 37731664 PMCID: PMC10507352 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1232040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular, but the results of previous studies on electronic cigarette exposure in animals have been equivocal. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electronic cigarette smoke (ECS) and cigarette smoke (CS) on lung function and pulmonary inflammation in mice to investigate whether electronic cigarettes are safer when compared to cigarettes. 32 specific pathogen-free BALB/c male mice were randomly grouped and exposed to fresh air (control), mint-flavored ECS (ECS1, 6 mg/kg), cheese-flavored ECS (ECS2, 6 mg/kg), and CS (6 mg/kg). After 3 weeks exposure to ECS or CS, we measured lung function (PIF and Penh) and blood oxygen saturation. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were measured using ELISA. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissues. The levels of IL-6 in BALF and serum, and TNF-α in BALF, were elevated similarly in the ECS and CS groups compared to the control group. Significant elevation was observed in serum TNF-α levels in the CS group. The total count of cells in BALF were increased after ECS1 exposure and CS exposure. PIF and oxygen saturation decreased, and Penh increased markedly in the CS group but not in the ECS groups. Compared with the ECS groups, mice in the CS group had widened lung tissue septa and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. However, we did not detect significant differences between mint-flavored and cheese-flavored e-cigarettes in our study. Overall, our findings suggested that both ECS and CS impair lung function and histopathology while promoting inflammation. In contrast, ECS has a less negative impact than CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangye Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Gaur S, Agnihotri R. The Role of Electronic Cigarettes in Dental Caries: A Scoping Review. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:9980011. [PMID: 37680743 PMCID: PMC10482527 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9980011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries, a predominant childhood and adolescence affliction, has numerous factors implicated in its pathogenesis. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently gained popularity among the younger population. Various factors, such as the EC liquid composition and aerosols, are associated with the development of dental caries. This review explains numerous EC-related factors which may lead to dental caries. An electronic search was conducted in Medline (Pubmed), Scopus, and Embase databases to evaluate the original research investigating the role of ECs in developing dental caries. About 12 included studies in the review indicated that factors such as the composition of e-liquids and aerosols are significant in the progression of dental caries. Specifically, cariogenic sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, aldehydes, and flavors such as menthol, cinnamon, and strawberry in the e-liquids contribute to dental caries. They are toxic to oral commensals such as Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus oralis and promote the proliferation of cariogenic pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) which causes dental caries. However, further validation of the effects of ECs on the development of dental caries is warranted through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gaur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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28
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Silver NA, Pearson G, Kucherlapaty P, Kalla S, Schillo B. To Tweet or Not to Tweet: Tweets About Tobacco Regulation can Help Disseminate Anti-regulatory Messages. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1603-1609. [PMID: 37209413 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Twitter enables public organizations to engage the public in health policy discourse. However, documented hostility towards tobacco control proposals on Twitter suggests that a closer examination of the nature of interaction with such content is warranted. AIMS AND METHODS We scraped tweets from government bodies with tobacco control interests between July and November of 2021 (N = 3889), 2 months before and after the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Premarket Tobacco Authorization Act's (PMTA) September deadline. PMTA is a review process for authorizing the sale of new and existing e-cigarette or vaping products. Tweets related to PMTA were identified (n = 52) using a keyword filter. A content analysis of quote tweets and replies examined the amplification of pro and anti-policy sentiment via likes and retweets. RESULTS Replies were overwhelmingly anti-policy (96.7%). Moreover, the amplification of these replies, including 83.3% of likes and 65.6% of retweets, amplified anti-policy replies. Quote tweets, which allow users to add their own commentary to an existing tweet, were 77.9% (n = 120) anti-policy, receiving 87.7% of likes (n = 1708) and 86.2% of retweets (n = 726) compared to pro-policy quote tweets (n = 240 likes and n = 116 retweets). Regression analyses showed a significantly greater amplification of anti-policy content. CONCLUSIONS Communicating about tobacco policy on Twitter carries risks. Anti-policy advocates can weaponize quote tweets for easy construction of messages designed in accordance with evidence-based guidelines for conferring resistance to persuasion. Future research should examine whether public health organizations can adapt this strategy to counter anti-regulatory advocates on Twitter. IMPLICATIONS The primary implications of this research are that communication about tobacco policy on Twitter should be part of a broader public engagement strategy with quantifiable metrics of success. The information environment on Twitter is demonstrably hostile to pro-tobacco regulatory policy positions. As a result, efforts to engage on the platform by regulatory institutions like the FDA can inadvertently provide materials that are easily leveraged as effective counter-messaging. Moreover, this counter-messaging can disseminate more broadly than the original message.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Pearson
- Schroeder Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Swetha Kalla
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
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29
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Xu A, Duan K, Yang W, Feng G, Wu Z, Jiang X, Li M, Liu P, Chen J. The toxic effects of electronic cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal systems in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12366. [PMID: 37524767 PMCID: PMC10390502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) has been suggested to be less harmful than cigarette smoking, but the research on the full extent of their harm reduction potential is still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of EC aerosol and cigarette smoke (CS) on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal functions in mice after prolonged exposure. Forty-eight C57BL/6J male mice were randomly grouped and then exposed to fresh air (control), mung bean-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC1L, 6 mg/kg; EC1H, 12 mg/kg), watermelon-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC2L, 6 mg/kg; EC2H, 12 mg/kg), and finally a cigarette smoke (CS, 6 mg/kg), respectively. After 10 weeks of exposure, the heart rate increased for both the EC and CS groups, and the effect of CS on blood oxygen saturation was significantly higher than that of the EC group (P < 0.01). Proteomic analysis of the heart tissue showed that the overlapped differential expression protein from the EC and CS exposures was Crip2. For the gastrointestinal system, oral mucosa was significantly damaged in CS group. Compare with CS, EC had significantly fewer negative effects on most of the indictors which focused on in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Khalfaoui L, Mukhtasimova N, Kelley B, Wells N, Teske JJ, Roos BB, Borkar NA, Zhang EY, Sine SM, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Functional α7 nicotinic receptors in human airway smooth muscle increase intracellular calcium concentration and contractility in asthmatics. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L17-L29. [PMID: 37192375 PMCID: PMC10292984 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00260.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are commonly associated with neurons in the brain and periphery, recent data indicate that they are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues. We recently found the alpha7 (α7nAChR) subunit is highly expressed in human airway smooth muscle (hASM) with substantial increase in asthmatics, but their functionality remains unknown. We investigated the location and functional role of α7nAChRs in hASM cells from normal versus mild-moderate asthmatic patients. Immunostaining and protein analyses showed α7nAChR in the plasma membrane including in asthmatics. In asthmatic hASM, patch-clamp recordings revealed significantly higher functional homomeric α7nAChR channels. Real-time fluorescence imaging showed nicotine, via α7nAChR, increases intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) independent of ACh effects, particularly in asthmatic hASM, while cellular traction force microscopy showed nicotine-induced contractility including in asthmatics. These results indicate functional homomeric and heteromeric nAChRs that are increased in asthmatic hASM, with pharmacology that likely differ owing to different subunit interfaces that form the orthosteric sites. nAChRs may represent a novel target in alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cigarette smoking and vaping exacerbate asthma. Understanding the mechanisms of nicotine effects in asthmatic airways is important. This study demonstrates that functional alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are expressed in human airway smooth muscle, including from asthmatics, and enhance intracellular calcium and contractility. Although a7nAChRs are associated with neuronal pathways, α7nAChR in smooth muscle suggests inhaled nicotine (e.g., vaping) can directly influence airway contractility. Targeting α7nAChR may represent a novel approach to alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Nuriya Mukhtasimova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brian Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Natalya Wells
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jacob J Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Benjamin B Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Emily Y Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Steven M Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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31
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Fountoulakis P, Theofilis P, Tsalamandris S, Antonopoulos AS, Tsioufis P, Toutouzas K, Oikonomou E, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. The cardiovascular consequences of electronic cigarette smoking: a narrative review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:651-661. [PMID: 37755116 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2264179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have emerged as a popular alternative to traditional tobacco smoking in recent years. Despite their growing popularity, concerns have arisen regarding the cardiovascular implications of e-cigarette use. AREAS COVERED This narrative review aims to highlight the latest evidence on the impact of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular health. EXPERT OPINION Numerous studies have demonstrated that e-cigarette use can lead to acute adverse cardiovascular effects. Inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols exposes users to a wide range of potentially harmful substances that have been implicated in critical pathophysiologic pathways of cardiovascular disease, namely endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, sympathetic overdrive, and arterial stiffness. While long-term epidemiological studies specifically focusing on the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes are still relatively scarce, early evidence suggests a potential association between e-cigarette use and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it is essential to recognize that e-cigarettes are relatively new products, and the full extent of their long-term cardiovascular impact has not been fully elucidated. In the meantime, promoting tobacco cessation strategies that are evidence-based and regulated, along with rigorous monitoring of e-cigarette use patterns and associated health outcomes, are essential steps in safeguarding cardiovascular health in the face of this emerging public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Fountoulakis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiris Tsalamandris
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios S Antonopoulos
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Cardiology Department, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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32
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Rodriguez J, Liang D, Tchen R, Yang I. Saliva and Exhaled Breath Condensate Correlate With Serum in 4-12-Year-Olds Exposed to Secondhand Electronic Cigarette Vapors: A Pilot Study. Biol Res Nurs 2023; 25:417-425. [PMID: 36637872 PMCID: PMC10404906 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221149959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use is highest among adults of child-bearing age. Many parents that use electronic cigarettes believe that secondhand exposure of electronic cigarette vapors for their children is not dangerous and is less harmful than secondhand exposure to traditional cigarette smoke. These beliefs may prompt excessive secondhand exposure to electronic cigarette vapors for their children. Little research has been done to document exposure in children. The traditional biological method of exposure detection is through a blood draw, which is difficult and undesirable in children. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using saliva and exhaled breath condensate as non-invasive biomatrices for detecting secondhand electronic cigarette vapor exposure in children. In this cross-sectionally designed study, we recruited 22 children exposed to electronic cigarette vapors and 26 non-exposed between the ages of 4-12 years. We compared metabolic features across three biomatrices, blood, saliva, and exhaled breath condensate. We noted moderate to strong pairwise, sample-specific, and feature-specific adjusted correlations. Annotated features associated with direct and secondhand electronic cigarette exposure were noted. These results demonstrate that less invasive biomatrices may be used to detect features associated with secondhand electronic cigarette vapor exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghai Liang
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Tchen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Irene Yang
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kuntic I, Kuntic M, Oelze M, Stamm P, Karpi A, Kleinert H, Hahad O, Münzel T, Daiber A. The role of acrolein for E-cigarette vapour condensate mediated activation of NADPH oxidase in cultured endothelial cells and macrophages. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02825-9. [PMID: 37285062 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have recently become a popular alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Despite being marketed as a healthier alternative, increasing evidence shows that E-cigarette vapour could cause adverse health effects. It has been postulated that degradation products of E-cigarette liquid, mainly reactive aldehydes, are responsible for those effects. Previously, we have demonstrated that E-cigarette vapour exposure causes oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension by activating NADPH oxidase in a mouse model. To better understand oxidative stress mechanisms, we have exposed cultured endothelial cells and macrophages to condensed E-cigarette vapour (E-cigarette condensate) and acrolein. In both endothelial cells (EA.hy 926) and macrophages (RAW 264.7), we have observed that E-cigarette condensate incubation causes cell death. Since recent studies have shown that among toxic aldehydes found in E-cigarette vapour, acrolein plays a prominent role, we have incubated the same cell lines with increasing concentrations of acrolein. Upon incubation with acrolein, a translocation of Rac1 to the plasma membrane has been observed, accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. Whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by acrolein in cultured endothelial cells was mainly intracellular, the release of ROS in cultured macrophages was both intra- and extracellular. Our data also demonstrate that acrolein activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and, in general, could mediate E-cigarette vapour-induced oxidative stress and cell death. More mechanistic insight is needed to clarify the toxicity associated with E-cigarette consumption and the possible adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kuntic
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelica Karpi
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kleinert
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department for Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Molecular Cardiology, Geb. 605, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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Roxlau ET, Pak O, Hadzic S, Garcia-Castro CF, Gredic M, Wu CY, Schäffer J, Selvakumar B, Pichl A, Spiegelberg D, Deutscher J, Bednorz M, Schäfer K, Kraut S, Kosanovic D, Zeidan EM, Kojonazarov B, Herold S, Strielkov I, Guenther A, Wilhelm J, Khalifa MMA, Taye A, Brandes RP, Hecker M, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Sommer N, Weissmann N. Nicotine promotes e-cigarette vapour-induced lung inflammation and structural alterations. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:2200951. [PMID: 37105573 PMCID: PMC10285110 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00951-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapour is gaining popularity as an alternative to tobacco smoking and can induce acute lung injury. However, the specific role of nicotine in e-cigarette vapour and its long-term effects on the airways, lung parenchyma and vasculature remain unclear. RESULTS In vitro exposure to nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapour extract (ECVE) or to nicotine-free e-cigarette vapour extract (NF ECVE) induced changes in gene expression of epithelial cells and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), but ECVE in particular caused functional alterations (e.g. a decrease in human and mouse PASMC proliferation by 29.3±5.3% and 44.3±8.4%, respectively). Additionally, acute inhalation of nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapour (ECV) but not nicotine-free e-cigarette vapour (NF ECV) increased pulmonary endothelial permeability in isolated lungs. Long-term in vivo exposure of mice to ECV for 8 months significantly increased the number of inflammatory cells, in particular lymphocytes, compared to control and NF ECV in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) (ECV: 853.4±150.8 cells·mL-1; control: 37.0±21.1 cells·mL-1; NF ECV: 198.6±94.9 cells·mL-1) and in lung tissue (ECV: 25.7±3.3 cells·mm-3; control: 4.8±1.1 cells·mm-3; NF ECV: 14.1±2.2 cells·mm-3). BALF cytokines were predominantly increased by ECV. Moreover, ECV caused significant changes in lung structure and function (e.g. increase in airspace by 17.5±1.4% compared to control), similar to mild tobacco smoke-induced alterations, which also could be detected in the NF ECV group, albeit to a lesser degree. In contrast, the pulmonary vasculature was not significantly affected by ECV or NF ECV. CONCLUSIONS NF ECV components induce cell type-specific effects and mild pulmonary alterations, while inclusion of nicotine induces significant endothelial damage, inflammation and parenchymal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa T Roxlau
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Joint first authors
| | - Oleg Pak
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Joint first authors
| | - Stefan Hadzic
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia F Garcia-Castro
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Marija Gredic
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Schäffer
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Balachandar Selvakumar
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research (SIMR), College of Medicine - University of Sharjah (UoS), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexandra Pichl
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - David Spiegelberg
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Janik Deutscher
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schäfer
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Esraa M Zeidan
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ievgen Strielkov
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohamed M A Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Taye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Rodriguez-Herrera AJ, de Souza ABF, Castro TDF, Machado-Junior PA, Gomez ECM, Menezes TP, da Cruz Castro ML, Talvani A, Costa DC, Cangussú SD, Bezerra FS. Long-term e-cigarette aerosol exposure causes pulmonary emphysema in adult female and male mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105412. [PMID: 37247649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate long-term exposure to conventional cigarette smoke (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were used, male (n = 24) and female (n = 24), both were divided into three groups: control, CC and EC. The CC and EC groups were exposed to cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette aerosol, respectively, 3 times a day for 60 consecutive days. Afterwards, they were maintained for 60 days without exposure to cigarettes or electronic cigarette aerosol. Both cigarettes promoted an influx of inflammatory cells to the lung in males and females. All animals exposed to CC and EC showed an increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. There was an increase of IL-6 in males and females exposed to EC. The IL-13 levels were higher in the females exposed to EC and CC. Both sexes exposed to EC and CC presented tissue damage characterized by septal destruction and increased alveolar spaces compared to control. Our results demonstrated that exposure to CC and EC induced pulmonary emphysema in both sexes, and females seem to be more susceptible to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jazel Rodriguez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Freitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Machado-Junior
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Elena Cecilia Marcano Gomez
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prata Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura da Cruz Castro
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Scieszka DP, Garland D, Hunter R, Herbert G, Lucas S, Jin Y, Gu H, Campen MJ, Cannon JL. Multi-omic assessment shows dysregulation of pulmonary and systemic immunity to e-cigarette exposure. Respir Res 2023; 24:138. [PMID: 37231407 PMCID: PMC10209577 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) alerted the community to the potential for incorporation of deleterious ingredients such as vitamin E acetate into products without adequate safety testing. Understanding Ecig induced molecular changes in the lung and systemically can provide a path to safety assessment and protect consumers from unsafe formulations. While vitamin E acetate has been largely removed from commercial and illicit products, many Ecig products contain additives that remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we determined the lung-specific effects as well as systemic immune effects in response to exposure to a common Ecig base, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PGVG), with and without a 1% addition of phytol, a diterpene alcohol that has been found in commercial products. We exposed animals to PGVG with and without phytol and assessed metabolite, lipid, and transcriptional markers in the lung. We found both lung-specific as well as systemic effects in immune parameters, metabolites, and lipids. Phytol drove modest changes in lung function and increased splenic CD4 T cell populations. We also conducted multi-omic data integration to better understand early complex pulmonary responses, highlighting a central enhancement of acetylcholine responses and downregulation of palmitic acid connected with conventional flow cytometric assessments of lung, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that Ecig exposure not only leads to changes in pulmonary function but also affects systemic immune and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devon Garland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Russell Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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37
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Day NJ, Wang J, Johnston CJ, Kim SY, Olson HM, House EL, Attah IK, Clair GC, Qian WJ, McGraw MD. Rat bronchoalveolar lavage proteome changes following e-cigarette aerosol exposures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L571-L583. [PMID: 36881561 PMCID: PMC10085554 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00016.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette liquids are complex mixtures of chemicals consisting of humectants, such as propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), with nicotine or flavorings added. Published literature emphasizes the toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols with flavorings whereas much less attention has been given to the biologic effects of humectants. The purpose of the current study was to provide a comprehensive view of the acute biologic effects of e-cigarette aerosols on rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using mass spectrometry-based global proteomics. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to e-cigarette aerosol for 3 h/day for three consecutive days. Groups included: PG/VG alone, PG/VG + 2.5% nicotine (N), or PG/VG + N + 3.3% vanillin (V). Right lung lobes were lavaged for BAL and supernatants prepared for proteomics. Extracellular BAL S100A9 concentrations and BAL cell staining for citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) were also performed. From global proteomics, ∼2,100 proteins were identified from rat BAL. The greatest change in number of BAL proteins occurred with PG/VG exposures alone compared with controls with biological pathways enriched for acute phase responses, extracellular trap formation, and coagulation. Extracellular BAL S100A9 concentrations and the number of citH3 + BAL cells also increased significantly in PG/VG and PG/VG + 2.5% N. In contrast to PG/VG or PG/VG + N, the addition of vanillin to PG/VG + N increased BAL neutrophilia and downregulated lipid transport proteins. In summary, global proteomics support e-cigarette aerosol exposures to PG/VG alone as having a significant biologic effect on the lung independent of nicotine or flavoring with increased markers of extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Day
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Carl J Johnston
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Heather M Olson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Emma L House
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Isaac Kwame Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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38
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Liu CW, Le HHT, Denaro P, Dai Z, Shao NY, Ong SG, Lee WH. E-cigarettes Induce Dysregulation of Autophagy Leading to Endothelial Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Stem Cells 2023; 41:328-340. [PMID: 36640125 PMCID: PMC10128958 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), it is imperative to evaluate the potential health risks of e-cigs, especially in users with preexisting health concerns such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether differential susceptibility exists between healthy and patients with PAH to e-cig exposure and the molecular mechanisms contributing to it. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs) from healthy individuals and patients with PAH were used to investigate whether e-cig contributes to the pathophysiology of PAH and affects EC homeostasis in PAH. Our results showed that PAH iPSC-ECs showed a greater amount of damage than healthy iPSC-ECs upon e-cig exposure. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that differential expression of Akt3 may be responsible for increased autophagic flux impairment in PAH iPSC-ECs, which underlies increased susceptibility upon e-cig exposure. Moreover, knockdown of Akt3 in healthy iPSC-ECs significantly induced autophagic flux impairment and endothelial dysfunction, which further increased with e-cig treatment, thus mimicking the PAH cell phenotype after e-cig exposure. In addition, functional disruption of mTORC2 by knocking down Rictor in PAH iPSC-ECs caused autophagic flux impairment, which was mediated by downregulation of Akt3. Finally, pharmacological induction of autophagy via direct inhibition of mTORC1 and indirect activation of mTORC2 with rapamycin reverses e-cig-induced decreased Akt3 expression, endothelial dysfunction, autophagic flux impairment, and decreased cell viability, and migration in PAH iPSC-ECs. Taken together, these data suggest a potential link between autophagy and Akt3-mediated increased susceptibility to e-cig in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-wei Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hoai Huong Thi Le
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Philip Denaro
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiyu Dai
- Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Translational Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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39
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Thoonen KAHJ, Jongenelis MI. Perceptions of e-cigarettes among Australian adolescents, young adults, and adults. Addict Behav 2023; 144:107741. [PMID: 37121085 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increases in e-cigarette use are of concern to public health authorities given the harms associated with vaping. Understanding people's perceptions of the risks and benefits of e-cigarette use has the potential to assist with prevention efforts. However, research assessing the perceptions of Australian adolescents and any differences in perceptions between adolescents, young adults, and adults is limited. Additionally, research exploring perceptions of various types of e-cigarettes is lacking. To inform the development of prevention and intervention programs and policies, this study aimed to explore Australians' perceptions of the risks and benefits associated with e-cigarette use and whether perceptions differ by age and user status. A sample of 4,617 Australians aged 12 + years completed an online survey that assessed (i) smoking and e-cigarette user status, (ii) e-cigarette risk perceptions, (iii) beliefs about e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, and (iv) positive e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Across all age groups, respondents perceived non-nicotine and flavoured e-cigarettes as less harmful than nicotine e-cigarettes. Significantly more adolescents and young adults than adults held positive outcome expectancies, and a substantial minority of non-users and never users in all age groups believed that using e-cigarettes confers social and mental health benefits. Given the potential benefits they perceived to be associated with e-cigarette use, a substantial proportion of adolescent and young adult never users may be vulnerable to initiation. These findings highlight the importance of (i) adequately communicating the risks associated with non-nicotine e-cigarette use and (ii) addressing misperceptions about use, especially among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn A H J Thoonen
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle I Jongenelis
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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40
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Snoderly HT, Alkhadrawi H, Panchal DM, Weaver KL, Vito JN, Freshwater KA, Santiago SP, Olfert IM, Nurkiewicz TR, Bennewitz MF. Short-term exposure of female BALB/cJ mice to e-cigarette aerosol promotes neutrophil recruitment and enhances neutrophil-platelet aggregation in pulmonary microvasculature. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:246-262. [PMID: 36859793 PMCID: PMC10081729 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2184738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the perception that e-cigarettes are safer than conventional cigarettes, numerous findings demonstrated that e-cigarette aerosol (EC) exposure induced compromised immune functionality, vascular changes even after acute exposure, and lung injury. Notably, altered neutrophil functionality and platelet hemodynamics have been observed post-EC exposure. It was hypothesized that EC exposure initiates an inflammatory response resulting in altered neutrophil behavior and increased neutrophil-platelet interaction in the pulmonary microvasculature. Neutrophil and platelet responses were examined up to 48 hrs following whole-body, short-term EC exposure without flavorants or nicotine in a murine model, which most closely modeled secondhand exposure. This study is the first to investigate the impact of EC exposure through lung intravital imaging. Compared to room air-exposed mice, EC-exposed mice displayed significantly increased 1.7‒1.9-fold number of neutrophils in the pulmonary microvasculature associated with no marked change in neutrophils within whole blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Neutrophil-platelet interactions were also significantly elevated 1.9‒2.5-fold in exposed mice. Plasma concentration of myeloperoxidase was markedly reduced 1.5-fold 48 hr following exposure cessation, suggesting suppressed neutrophil antimicrobial activity. Cytokine expression exhibited changes indicating vascular damage. Effects persisted for 48 hr post-EC exposure. Data demonstrated that EC exposure repeated for 3 consecutive days in 2.5 hr intervals in the absence of flavorants or nicotine resulted in modified pulmonary vasculature hemodynamics, altered immune functionality, and a pro-inflammatory state in female BALB/cJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter T. Snoderly
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hassan Alkhadrawi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dhruvi M. Panchal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly L. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenna N. Vito
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kasey A. Freshwater
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stell P. Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Margaret F. Bennewitz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Kim MD, Chung S, Baumlin N, Sun L, Silswal N, Dennis JS, Yoshida M, Sabater J, Horrigan FT, Salathe M. E-cigarette aerosols of propylene glycol impair BK channel activity and parameters of mucociliary function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L468-L479. [PMID: 36809074 PMCID: PMC10042605 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) is a common delivery vehicle for nicotine and flavorings in e-cigarette (e-cig) liquids and is largely considered safe for ingestion. However, little is known about its effects as an e-cig aerosol on the airway. Here, we investigated whether pure PG e-cig aerosols in realistic daily amounts impact parameters of mucociliary function and airway inflammation in a large animal model (sheep) in vivo and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in vitro. Five-day exposure of sheep to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG increased mucus concentrations (% mucus solids) of tracheal secretions. PG e-cig aerosols further increased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tracheal secretions. In vitro exposure of HBECs to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG decreased ciliary beating and increased mucus concentrations. PG e-cig aerosols further reduced the activity of large conductance, Ca2+-activated, and voltage-dependent K+ (BK) channels. We show here for the first time that PG can be metabolized to methylglyoxal (MGO) in airway epithelia. PG e-cig aerosols increased levels of MGO and MGO alone reduced BK activity. Patch-clamp experiments suggest that MGO can disrupt the interaction between the major pore-forming BK subunit human Slo1 (hSlo1) and the gamma regulatory subunit LRRC26. PG exposures also caused a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of MMP9 and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). Taken together, these data show that PG e-cig aerosols cause mucus hyperconcentration in sheep in vivo and HBECs in vitro, likely by disrupting the function of BK channels important for airway hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Samuel Chung
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Neerupma Silswal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John S Dennis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Juan Sabater
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Frank T Horrigan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
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Montes de Oca M, Laucho-Contreras ME. Smoking cessation and vaccination. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/167/220187. [PMID: 36948500 PMCID: PMC10032588 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0187-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of COPD patients (∼40%) continue smoking despite knowing that they have the disease. Smokers with COPD exhibit higher levels of nicotine dependence, and have lower self-efficacy and self-esteem, which affects their ability to quit smoking. Treatment should be adapted to the needs of individual patients with different levels of tobacco dependence. The combination of counselling plus pharmacotherapy is the most effective cessation treatment for COPD. In patients with severe COPD, varenicline and bupropion have been shown to have the highest abstinence rates compared with nicotine replacement therapy. There is a lack of evidence to support that smoking cessation reduction or harm reduction strategies have benefits in COPD patients. The long-term efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation need to be evaluated in high-risk populations; therefore, it is not possible to recommend their use for smoking cessation in COPD. Future studies with the new generation of nicotine vaccines are necessary to determine their effectiveness in smokers in general and in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montes de Oca
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela and Hospital Centro Médico de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
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43
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Han SG, Sillé FC, Mihalic JN, Rule AM. The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses-a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115234. [PMID: 36634896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or vaping, is a relatively recent phenomenon, and there are various gaps in our current knowledge regarding the specific effects of e-cigarettes, such as their immunological effects. The importance of this question became even more relevant in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE This literature review examines the relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and immunological effects to examine available information and identify gaps in the current knowledge. Our search strategy included studies focusing on the effects of ENDS on the immune response during infectious respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and pneumonia. METHODS Peer-reviewed studies presenting quantitative data published from 2007, the year that e-cigarettes were introduced to the US market until 2022 have been included. All studies were indexed in PubMed. We excluded papers on THC and EVALI (E-cigarette, or Vaping Product, Use Associated Lung Injury) as we wanted to focus on the effects of nicotine devices. RESULTS Among the 21 articles that assessed the relationship between ENDS and immunological health effects, we found eight studies based on cell models, two articles based on both cell and mouse models, five articles based on mouse models, and six studies of human populations. Most of the articles identified in our review demonstrated a potential association between vaping and adverse immunological health effects. DISCUSSION Overall, the evidence from the cell and animal studies indicates that there is a positive, statistically significant association between vaping and adverse immune response during infectious respiratory diseases. The evidence from human studies is not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Gyu Han
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Fenna Cm Sillé
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Jana N Mihalic
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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Maishan M, Sarma A, Chun LF, Caldera S, Fang X, Abbott J, Christenson SA, Langelier CR, Calfee CS, Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Aerosolized nicotine from e-cigarettes alters gene expression, increases lung protein permeability, and impairs viral clearance in murine influenza infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1076772. [PMID: 36999019 PMCID: PMC10043316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1076772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has rapidly increased as an alternative means of nicotine delivery by heated aerosolization. Recent studies demonstrate nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosols can have immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory effects, but it remains unclear how e-cigarettes and the constituents of e-liquids may impact acute lung injury and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by viral pneumonia. Therefore, in these studies, mice were exposed one hour per day over nine consecutive days to aerosol generated by the clinically-relevant tank-style Aspire Nautilus aerosolizing e-liquid containing a mixture of vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol (VG/PG) with or without nicotine. Exposure to the nicotine-containing aerosol resulted in clinically-relevant levels of plasma cotinine, a nicotine-derived metabolite, and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, CXCL1, and MCP-1 in the distal airspaces. Following the e-cigarette exposure, mice were intranasally inoculated with influenza A virus (H1N1 PR8 strain). Exposure to aerosols generated from VG/PG with and without nicotine caused greater influenza-induced production in the distal airspaces of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1 at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). Compared to the aerosolized carrier VG/PG, in mice exposed to aerosolized nicotine there was a significantly lower amount of Mucin 5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) in the distal airspaces and significantly higher lung permeability to protein and viral load in lungs at 7 dpi with influenza. Additionally, nicotine caused relative downregulation of genes associated with ciliary function and fluid clearance and an increased expression of pro-inflammatory pathways at 7 dpi. These results show that (1) the e-liquid carrier VG/PG increases the pro-inflammatory immune responses to viral pneumonia and that (2) nicotine in an e-cigarette aerosol alters the transcriptomic response to pathogens, blunts host defense mechanisms, increases lung barrier permeability, and reduces viral clearance during influenza infection. In conclusion, acute exposure to aerosolized nicotine can impair clearance of viral infection and exacerbate lung injury, findings that have implications for the regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazharul Maishan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aartik Sarma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren F. Chun
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Xiaohui Fang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Abbott
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles R. Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Gotts
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Silva-Ribeiro T, Coelho E, Genisheva Z, Oliveira JM, Correia-Pinto J, Sampaio P, Moura RS. Comparative study of e-cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke effect on ex vivo embryonic chick lung explants. Toxicol Lett 2023; 376:13-19. [PMID: 36638931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette usage has significantly expanded among young people and pregnant women in the last decade. Although there are already some data regarding the short- and long-term consequences of e-cigarettes on human health, their effect on embryo and lung development still needs to be fully disclosed. In this sense, this study describes, for the first time, the impact of electronic cigarette aerosol on early lung development. For this purpose, ex vivo chick (Gallus gallus) embryonic lungs were cultured in vitro for 48 h in e-cigarette aerosol exposed-medium or unexposed medium. Chick lung explants were also cultured in a cigarette smoke-exposed medium for comparison purposes. Lung explants were morphologically analyzed to assess the impact on lung growth. Additionally, TNF-α levels were determined in the supernatant as a marker of pro-inflammatory response. The results suggest that electronic cigarette aerosol impairs lung growth and promotes lung inflammation. However, its impact on early lung growth seems less detrimental than conventional cigarette smoke. This work provides significant data regarding the impact of e-cig aerosol, adding to the efforts to fully understand its effect on embryo development. The validation of these effects may eventually lead to new tobacco control recommendations for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Coelho
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Zlatina Genisheva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rute S Moura
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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Luca AC, Curpăn AȘ, Iordache AC, Mîndru DE, Țarcă E, Luca FA, Pădureț IA. Cardiotoxicity of Electronic Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products-A Problem for the Modern Pediatric Cardiologist. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040491. [PMID: 36833024 PMCID: PMC9957306 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have become increasingly popular among adolescents, either as an alternative to conventional cigarettes (CCs) or as a newly acquired recreational habit. Although considered by most users as a safer option for nicotine intake, these devices pose significant health risks, resulting in multisystem damage. Heat-not-burn products, which, unlike ENDS, contain tobacco, are also alternatives to CCs that consumers use based on the idea that their safety profile is superior to that of cigarettes. Recent studies in the USA and EU show that adolescents are particularly prone to using these devices. Pediatric cardiologists, as well as other healthcare professionals, should be aware of the complications that may arise from acute and chronic consumption of these substances, considering the cardiovascular damage they elicit. This article summarized the known data about the impact of ENDS on the cardiovascular system, with emphasis on the pathophysiological and molecular changes that herald the onset of systemic lesions alongside the clinical cardiovascular manifestations in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Costina Luca
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandrina-Ștefania Curpăn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Bd. Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Alin-Constantin Iordache
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine–Pediatric Cardiology, “Grigore T. Popa”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Surgery II—Pediatric Surgery, Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Florin-Alexandru Luca
- Department BMTM, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iaşi, Romania
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Wang L, Wang Y, Yang X, Duan K, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P, Li M. Cytotoxicity and cell injuries of flavored electronic cigarette aerosol and mainstream cigarette smoke: A comprehensive in vitro evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 374:96-110. [PMID: 36572074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention due to their claimed harm-reduction effects compared with conventional cigarettes, the adverse effects of e-cigarette aerosol exposure on human health are still unclear. In this work we compared the cytotoxic effects of combustion cigarettes with four commercially available flavored electronic cigarettes and their main components on ten cell lines. Cell injury mechanism of e-cigarette aerosol and combustible cigarette smoke was also explored using cellular models. METHODS Eleven kinds of e-cigarettes aerosol condensates (ECSCs) and cigarette smoke constituent's condensates (CSC) were collected by Cambridge filter pad, and the nicotine contents were determined by UPLC to provide an equivalent nicotine dosage. The CCK-8 assay was used to measure the cell viability differences between ECSC and CSC. Based on RNA-seq results, we compared the effects of ECSC and CSC on various cell injury pathways. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were further tested by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR assays. RESULTS CSC was found to be more cytotoxic than flavored ECSC and their main components, and BEAS-2B cell line was the most sensitive cells by comparing the IC50 value. With prolonged exposure duration and higher doses, ECSC began to exhibit cytotoxicity at and above 72 µg/mL. The IC50 values of ECSC were 15-fold higher than that of CSC. Transcriptome analyses indicated that cell injury-related processes were enriched after the treatment of CSC. CSC could significantly induce more oxidative stress and inflammatory signals than ECSC. CONCLUSION ECSCs and their components induced significantly less cytotoxicity than CSC under the laboratory exposure conditions, and CSC caused much severe cell injuries. Our study adds to the body of scientific evidence for a more comprehensive safety evaluation of e-cigarette products as compared to cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Lab, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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48
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Been T, Alakhtar B, Traboulsi H, Tsering T, Bartolomucci A, Heimbach N, Paoli S, Burnier J, Mann KK, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Chronic low-level JUUL aerosol exposure causes pulmonary immunologic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22732. [PMID: 36694994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes currently divide public opinion, with some considering them a useful tool for smoking cessation and while others are concerned with potentially adverse health consequences. However, it may take decades to fully understand the effects of e-cigarette use in humans given their relative newness on the market. This highlights the need for comprehensive preclinical studies investigating the effects of e-cigarette exposure on health outcomes. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic, low-level JUUL aerosol exposure on multiple lung outcomes. JUUL is a brand of e-cigarettes popular with youth and young adults. To replicate human exposures, 8- to 12-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to commercially available JUUL products (containing 59 mg/ml nicotine). Mice were exposed to room air, PG/VG, or JUUL daily for 4 weeks. After the exposure period, inflammatory markers were assessed via qRT-PCR, multiplex cytokine assays, and differential cell count. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were also performed on samples isolated from the lavage of the lungs; this included unbiased analysis of proteins contained within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mice exposed to JUUL aerosols for 4 weeks had significantly increased neutrophil and lymphocyte populations in the BAL and some changes in cytokine mRNA expression. However, BAL cytokines did not change. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in numerous biological pathways including neutrophil degranulation, PPAR signaling, and xenobiotic metabolism. Thus, e-cigarettes are not inert and can cause significant cellular and molecular changes in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Been
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bartolomucci
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Heimbach
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sofia Paoli
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Burnier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gajendra S, McIntosh S, Ghosh S. Effects of tobacco product use on oral health and the role of oral healthcare providers in cessation: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:12. [PMID: 36741542 PMCID: PMC9875717 DOI: 10.18332/tid/157203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use has detrimental effects on health, including oral health. The emergence and increasing popularity of newer tobacco and nicotine products make tobacco use one of the major public health problems in the world. Tobacco use increases the risk of oral diseases such as oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease, and dental caries, among many other oral diseases and conditions. The dental office is an excellent venue for providing cessation intervention. However, there is a lack of knowledge and training in tobacco use prevention among dental professionals. More efforts are needed for smoking cessation interventions in the dental office. Smoking cessation interventions provided by oral healthcare providers include brief educational, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions. This review provides an overview of the ill effects of tobacco use on oral health and the role of oral healthcare providers in managing and preventing tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Gajendra
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Scott McIntosh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Sucharu Ghosh
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
- Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, United States
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50
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Zhang J, Cheng H, Xue M, Xiong Y, Zhu Y, Björkegren JLM, Zhang Z, Chen J, Shi Z, Hao K. Effects of chronic electronic cigarettes exposure in inducing respiratory function decline and pulmonary tissue injury - A direct comparison to combustible cigarettes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114426. [PMID: 36525947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is increasing worldwide, especially among young individuals. Spirometry measures airflow obstruction and is the primary tool for diagnosing/monitoring respiratory diseases in clinical settings. This study aims to assess the effects of chronic e-cig exposure on spirometric traits, and directly compare to conventional combustible-cigarette (c-cig). METHODS We employed an e- and c-cig aerosol generation system that resembled human smoking/vaping scenario. Fifty 6-week old C57BL/6 mice were equally divided into five groups and exposed to clean air (control), e-cig aerosol (low- and high-dose), and c-cig aerosol (low- and high-dose), respectively, for 10 weeks. Afterwards, growth trajectory, spirometry and pulmonary pathology were analyzed. RESULTS Both e- and c-cig exposure slowed down growth and weight gain. Low dose e-cig exposure (1 h exposure per day) resulted in minimal respiratory function damage. At high dose (2 h exposure per day), e-cig exposure deteriorated 7 spirometry traits but by a smaller magnitude than c-cig exposure. For example, comparing to clean air controls, high dose e- and c-cig exposure increased inspiratory resistance by 24.3% (p = 0.026) and 66.7% (p = 2.6e-5), respectively. Low-dose e-cig exposure increased alveolar macrophage count but did not lead to airway remodeling. In contrast, even low-dose c-cig caused alveoli break down and thickening of the small airway, hallmarks of airway obstructive disease. CONCLUSIONS We conducted well-controlled animal exposure experiments assessing chronic e-cig exposure's effects on spirometry traits. Further, mechanistic study characterized airway remodeling, alveolar tissue lesion and inflammation induced by e- and c-cig exposure. Our findings provided scientific and public health insights on e-cig's health consequences, especially in adolescent users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jushan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mo Xue
- Smoore Research Institute, Smoore International, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuming Xiong
- Smoore Research Institute, Smoore International, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Smoore Research Institute, Smoore International, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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