1
|
Shafiei-Jahani P, Yan S, Kazemi MH, Li X, Akbari A, Sakano K, Sakano Y, Hurrell BP, Akbari O. CB2 stimulation of adipose resident ILC2s orchestrates immune balance and ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114434. [PMID: 38963763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with low-grade chronic type 2 inflammation and disturbance of glucose homeostasis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in maintaining adipose homeostasis via the production of type 2 cytokines. Here, we demonstrate that CB2, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and member of the endocannabinoid system, is expressed on both visceral adipose tissue (VAT)-derived murine and human ILC2s. Moreover, we utilize a combination of ex vivo and in vivo approaches to explore the functional and therapeutic impacts of CB2 engagement on VAT ILC2s in a T2DM model. Our results show that CB2 stimulation of ILC2s protects against insulin-resistance onset, ameliorates glucose tolerance, and reverses established insulin resistance. Our mechanistic studies reveal that the therapeutic effects of CB2 are mediated through activation of the AKT, ERK1/2, and CREB pathways on ILC2s. The results reveal that the CB2 agonist can serve as a candidate for the prevention and treatment of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mohammad H Kazemi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amitis Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kei Sakano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Sakano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sotzen M, Ahmed A, Olson LK, Alshaarawy O. Characterization of the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on energy metabolism in female C57BL mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1386230. [PMID: 38962676 PMCID: PMC11221337 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1386230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the evidence that energy balance is regulated differently in females and that the endocannabinoid system is sexually dimorphic, previous studies on the endocannabinoid system and energy balance predominantly used male models. Here, we characterize the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on body weight gain and glucose metabolism in female C57BL mice. Methods Female mice lacking the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R-/-), cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R-/-), or both receptors (CB1R-/-/CB2R-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a low (LFD; 10% of calories from fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% of calories from fat) for six weeks. Results Female WT mice fed with HFD gained significantly more weight than WT mice fed with LFD (p < 0.001). Similar pattern was observed for CB2/- mice fed with HFD compared to CB2R-/- mice fed with LFD (p < 0.001), but not for CB1R-/- fed with HFD vs. LFD (p = 0.22) or CB1R-/-/CB2R-/- fed with HFD vs. LFD (p = 0.96). Comparing the 4 groups on LFD, weight gain of CB1R-/- mice was greater than all other genotypes (p < 0.05). When fed with HFD, the deletion of CB1R alone in females did not attenuate weight gain compared to WT mice (p = 0.72). Female CB1R-/-/CB2R-/- mice gained less weight than WT mice when fed with HFD (p = 0.007) despite similar food intake and locomotor activity, potentially owing to enhanced thermogenesis in the white adipose tissue. No significant difference in weight gain was observed for female CB2R-/- and WT mice on LFD or HFD. Fasting glucose, however, was higher in CB2R-/- mice fed with LFD than all other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on glucose metabolism in female mice were similar to previously published findings on male mice, yet the effects on body weight gain and thermogenesis were attenuated in CB1R-/- mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Energy Metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/deficiency
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Mice, Knockout
- Weight Gain/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/deficiency
- Body Weight
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sotzen
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - L. Karl Olson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han J, Lee C, Jeong H, Jeon S, Lee M, Lee H, Choi YH, Jung Y. Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein and its derived peptide ameliorate liver fibrosis by repressing CD44 activation in mice with alcohol-related liver disease. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:54. [PMID: 38790021 PMCID: PMC11127441 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is a major health concern worldwide, but effective therapeutics for ALD are still lacking. Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), a cytokine released from mesenchymal stem cells, was shown to reduce liver fibrosis and promote successful liver repair in mice with chronically damaged livers. However, the effect of TSG-6 and the mechanism underlying its activity in ALD remain poorly understood. METHODS To investigate its function in ALD mice with fibrosis, male mice chronically fed an ethanol (EtOH)-containing diet for 9 weeks were treated with TSG-6 (EtOH + TSG-6) or PBS (EtOH + Veh) for an additional 3 weeks. RESULTS Severe hepatic injury in EtOH-treated mice was markedly decreased in TSG-6-treated mice fed EtOH. The EtOH + TSG-6 group had less fibrosis than the EtOH + Veh group. Activation of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) was reported to promote HSC activation. CD44 and nuclear CD44 intracellular domain (ICD), a CD44 activator which were upregulated in activated HSCs and ALD mice were significantly downregulated in TSG-6-exposed mice fed EtOH. TSG-6 interacted directly with the catalytic site of MMP14, a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves CD44, inhibited CD44 cleavage to CD44ICD, and reduced HSC activation and liver fibrosis in ALD mice. In addition, a novel peptide designed to include a region that binds to the catalytic site of MMP14 suppressed CD44 activation and attenuated alcohol-induced liver injury, including fibrosis, in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TSG-6 attenuates alcohol-induced liver damage and fibrosis by blocking CD44 cleavage to CD44ICD and suggest that TSG-6 and TSG-6-mimicking peptide could be used as therapeutics for ALD with fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeong Jeong
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Jeon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggyo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Pusan, 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Chávez-Hernández ME. Role of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor in the Regulation of Food Intake: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17516. [PMID: 38139344 PMCID: PMC10743788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The CB2 cannabinoid receptor has been found in brain areas that are part of the reward system and has been shown to play a role in food intake regulation. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake regulation. Records from the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were screened, resulting in 13 studies that were used in the present systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines. A risk of bias assessment was carried out using the tool of the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The studies analyzed used two main strategies: (1) the intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular administration of a CB2 agonist/antagonist; and (2) depletion of CB2 receptors via knockout in mice. Both strategies are useful in identifying the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake in standard and palatable diets. The conclusions derived from animal models showed that CB2 receptors are necessary for modulating food intake and mediating energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac México, Universidad Anáhuac Avenue #46, Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico;
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nikbin S, Fardad G, Yazdi S, Bahman MH, Ettefagh P, Khalegi F, Molaei M, Azizbeigi K, Guerra-Balic M, Montané J, Zargani M, Azarbayjani MA. Aerobic exercise training reduces deep-frying oil-induced apoptosis of hippocampal tissue by reducing oxidative stress in male rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102328. [PMID: 37652270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep-frying oil (DFO) contains high amounts of free radicals, and consuming foods prepared with this method causes damage to nervous tissue due to oxidative stress (OS). Since moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training (AT) reduces OS, the current search investigated the effects of AT on OS, apoptosis, and neurogenesis markers in the hippocampal tissue of DFO-fed rats. Eighteen Wistar male rats (200-280 gr) were randomly allocated to a control group fed with normal food (Con-ND), a control group receiving DFO (Con-DFO), and a group receiving DFO-aerobic exercise (EX-DFO) (n = 6 in each). DFO was gavaged for four weeks, five days a week, with a dose of 2 ml. AT included running on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions per week (40 min per session). The expression of genes B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Protein X associated with Bcl-2 (BAX), Caspase-3 (Casp-3), and Caspase-9 (Casp-9) was measured by PCR method. The ELISA method was used to calculate levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Also, the expression of the proteins Cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1), Cannabinoid receptor type2 (CB2), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and DNA fragmentation was evaluated by Immunohistochemical and TUNEL staining. DFO feeding led to a significant increase in apoptotic markers, such as BAX, Casp-3, and Casp-9 gene expression, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05) while decreasing BDNF concentration SOD activity (p ≤ 0.05). AT significantly reduced the BAX, Casp-3, Casp-9, MDA, CB1, GFAP, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, AT can reduce the harmful effects of feeding with DFO on the hippocampal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Nikbin
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Fardad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Yazdi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Hosseini Bahman
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Ettefagh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khalegi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mino Molaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Azizbeigi
- Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity and Sport (SAFE), Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Montané
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity and Sport (SAFE), Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mehdi Zargani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alfei S, Schito GC, Schito AM. Synthetic Pathways to Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids as Promising Molecules to Develop Novel Antibiotics: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1889. [PMID: 37514074 PMCID: PMC10384972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid emergence of multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogens against which current antibiotics are no longer functioning, severe infections are becoming practically untreatable. Consequently, the discovery of new classes of effective antimicrobial agents with novel mechanism of action is becoming increasingly urgent. The bioactivity of Cannabis sativa, an herbaceous plant used for millennia for medicinal and recreational purposes, is mainly due to its content in phytocannabinoids (PCs). Among the 180 PCs detected, cannabidiol (CBD), Δ8 and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN) and some of their acidic precursors have demonstrated from moderate to potent antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria (MICs 0.5-8 µg/mL), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), epidemic MRSA (EMRSA), as well as fluoroquinolone and tetracycline-resistant strains. Particularly, the non-psychotropic CBG was also capable to inhibit MRSA biofilm formation, to eradicate even mature biofilms, and to rapidly eliminate MRSA persiter cells. In this scenario, CBG, as well as other minor non-psychotropic PCs, such as CBD, and CBC could represent promising compounds for developing novel antibiotics with high therapeutic potential. Anyway, further studies are necessary, needing abundant quantities of such PCs, scarcely provided naturally by Cannabis plants. Here, after an extensive overture on cannabinoids including their reported antimicrobial effects, aiming at easing the synthetic production of the necessary amounts of CBG, CBC and CBD for further studies, we have, for the first time, systematically reviewed the synthetic pathways utilized for their synthesis, reporting both reaction schemes and experimental details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grabon W, Rheims S, Smith J, Bodennec J, Belmeguenai A, Bezin L. CB2 receptor in the CNS: from immune and neuronal modulation to behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105226. [PMID: 37164044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite low levels of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) expression in the central nervous system in human and rodents, a growing body of evidence shows CB2R involvement in many processes at the behavioral level, through both immune and neuronal modulations. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidence have highlighted the complex role of CB2R under physiological and inflammatory conditions. Under neuroinflammatory states, its activation seems to protect the brain and its functions, making it a promising target in a wide range of neurological disorders. Here, we provide a complete and updated overview of CB2R function in the central nervous system of rodents, spanning from modulation of immune function in microglia but also in other cell types, to behavior and neuronal activity, in both physiological and neuroinflammatory contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Grabon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France; Epilepsy Institute IDEE, 59 boulevard Pinel - F-69500 Bron, France.
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France; Epilepsy Institute IDEE, 59 boulevard Pinel - F-69500 Bron, France; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon - France
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France; Epilepsy Institute IDEE, 59 boulevard Pinel - F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Jacques Bodennec
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France; Epilepsy Institute IDEE, 59 boulevard Pinel - F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Amor Belmeguenai
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France; Epilepsy Institute IDEE, 59 boulevard Pinel - F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U10208 UMR5292, TIGER Team - F-69500 Bron, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Keefe L, Vu T, Simcocks AC, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hutchinson DS, Hryciw DH. Treatment of Diet-Induced Obese Rats with CB 2 Agonist AM1241 or CB 2 Antagonist AM630 Reduces Leptin and Alters Thermogenic mRNA in Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087601. [PMID: 37108770 PMCID: PMC10147021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a contributor to co-morbidities, resulting in alterations in hormones, lipids, and low-grade inflammation, with the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2) contributing to the inflammatory response. The effects of modulating CB2 with pharmacological treatments on inflammation and adaptations to the obese state are not known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue of CB2 agonism and CB2 antagonism treatment in a DIO model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) (21% fat) for 9 weeks, then received daily intraperitoneal injections with a vehicle, AM630 (0.3 mg/kg), or AM1241 (3 mg/kg), for a further 6 weeks. AM630 or AM1241 treatment in DIO rats did not alter their body weight, food intake, or liver weight, and it had no effect on their numerous circulating cytokines or peri-renal fat pad mass. AM1241 decreased heart weight and BAT weight; both treatments (AM630 or AM1241) decreased plasma leptin levels, while AM630 also decreased plasma ghrelin and GLP-1 levels. Both treatments decreased Adrb3 and TNF-α mRNA levels in eWAT and TNF-α levels in pWAT. AM630 treatment also decreased the mRNA levels of Cnr2, leptin, and Slc2a4 in eWAT. In BAT, both treatments decreased leptin, UCP1, and Slc2a4 mRNA levels, with AM1241 also decreasing Adrb3, IL1β, and PRDM16 mRNA levels, and AM630 increasing IL6 mRNA levels. In DIO, CB2 agonist and CB2 antagonist treatment reduces circulating leptin in the absence of weight loss and modulates the mRNA responsible for thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lannie O'Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Teresa Vu
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna C Simcocks
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
García-Blanco A, Ramírez-López Á, Navarrete F, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Martín-García E, Maldonado R. Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in the development of food addiction in male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106034. [PMID: 36775043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in multiple behavioral responses due to its wide distribution in the central nervous system. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor was associated to the loss of behavioral control over food intake occurring during food addiction. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) is expressed in brain areas canonically associated with addictive-like behavior and was linked to drug-addictive properties. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the specific role of the CB2R in food addiction by using a well-validated operant mouse model of long-term training to obtain highly palatable food. We have compared in this model the behavioral responses of wild-type mice, mutant mice constitutively lacking CB2R, and transgenic mice overexpressing CB2R. The lack of CB2R constitutes a protective factor for the development of food addiction and the impulsive and depressive-like behavior associated. In contrast, the overexpression of CB2R induces a vulnerable phenotype toward food addiction after long-term exposure to highly palatable chocolate pellets. Relevant transcriptomic changes were associated to resilience and vulnerability to food addiction depending on the genotype, which provides a mechanistic explanation for these behavioral changes. Therefore, CB2R may constitute a potential therapeutic target for the loss of eating control and the comorbid emotional effects associated to food addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A García-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Ramírez-López
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Navarrete
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - M S García-Gutiérrez
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - J Manzanares
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - E Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - R Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Agonist ACEA and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist GW833972A Attenuates Cell-Mediated Immunity by Different Biological Mechanisms. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060848. [PMID: 36980189 PMCID: PMC10047765 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) are components in the endocannabinoid system that play significant roles in regulating immune responses. There are many agonists for the cannabinoid receptors; however, their effects on T cell regulation have not been elucidated. In the present study, we determined the effects of the CB1 selective agonist ACEA and the CB2 selective agonist GW833972A on T cell responses. It was found that both agonists impaired anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induced T cell proliferation. However, ACEA and GW833972A agonists down-regulated the expression of activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and co-stimulatory molecules on B cells and monocytes in different manners. Moreover, only GW833972A suppressed the cytotoxic activities of CD8+ T cells without interfering in the cytotoxic activities of CD4+ T cells and NK cells. In addition, the CB2 agonist, but not CB1 agonist, caused the reduction of Th1 cytokine production. Our results demonstrated that the CB1 agonist ACEA and CB2 agonist GW833972A attenuated cell-mediated immunity in different mechanisms. These agonists may be able to be used as therapeutic agents for inducing T cell hypofunction in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
McCloskey AG, Miskelly MG, Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. Antidiabetic actions of GPR55 agonist Abn-CBD and sitagliptin in obese-diabetic high fat fed mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115398. [PMID: 36581052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 has been recognized as a novel anti-diabetic target exerting positive effects on beta cell function and mass. This study evaluated the metabolic actions and therapeutic efficacy of GPR55 agonist abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) administered alone and in combination with sitagliptin in diet-induced obese-diabetic mice. Chronic effects of 21-day oral administration of Abn-CBD (0.1 µmol/kg BW) monotherapy and in combination with sitagliptin (50 mg/kg BW) were assessed in obese-diabetic HFF mice (n = 8). Assessments of plasma glucose, circulating insulin, DPP-IV activity, CRP, amylase, lipids, body weight and food intake were undertaken. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, DEXA scanning and islet morphology analysis were performed at 21-days. Sitagliptin, Abn-CBD alone and in combination with sitagliptin attenuated plasma glucose by 37-53 % (p < 0.01 - p < 0.001) and enhanced circulating insulin concentrations by 23-31 % (p < 0.001). Abn-CBD alone and with sitagliptin reduced bodyweight by 9-10 % (p < 0.05). After 21-days, Abn-CBD in combination with sitagliptin (44 %; p < 0.01) improved glucose tolerance, whilst enhancing insulin sensitivity by 79 % (p < 0.01). Abn-CBD increased islet area (86 %; p < 0.05), beta cell mass (p < 0.05) and beta cell proliferation (164 %; p < 0.001), whilst in combination with sitagliptin islet area was decreased (50 %; p < 0.01). Abn-CBD alone, in combination with sitagliptin or sitagliptin alone decreased triglycerides by 34-65 % (p < 0.001) and total cholesterol concentrations by 15-25 % (p < 0.001). In addition, Abn-CBD in combination with sitagliptin reduced fat mass by 19 % (p < 0.05) and reduced CRP concentrations (39 %; p < 0.05). These findings advocate Abn-CBD monotherapy and in combination with sitagliptin as a novel and effective approach for bodyweight control and the treatment of glucose intolerance and dyslipidaemia in type-2-diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McCloskey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, U.K; Health and Biomedical Research Centre (HEAL), Atlantic Technological University, ATU Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Michael G Miskelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Ryan A Lafferty
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Aine M McKillop
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dos Santos Barbosa LA, Dutra RC, Moreira ELG, de Carvalho CR. β-caryophyllene, a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, decreases the motivational salience and conditioning place preference for palatable food in female mice. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13249. [PMID: 36577722 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a cannabinoid receptor CB2 agonist plant-derived terpenoid found in different essential oil plants, including rosemary, black pepper, copaiba and cannabis. It has GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status and is approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for food use. BCP displays agonist activity on the CB2 receptor and is a potential therapeutic target in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and drug addiction. Unlike CB1 receptors, activation of the CB2 receptors is devoid of psychotomimetic and addictive properties. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of BCP on incentive salience ("wanting") performance and motivational properties elicited by sweetened palatable foods in female Swiss mice. After 9 days of training for incentive salience performance for a sweet reward (hazelnut cream with chocolate), food-restricted mice received a systemic injection of BCP (50 and 100 mg/kg) before testing over 3 days. Moreover, independent groups of female mice were tested on sweet reward-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) for 22 consecutive days. To evaluate BCP effects on the expression of seeking behaviour for sweetened food, mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of BCP (50 mg/kg) 30 min before testing on the CPP task. BCP significantly decreased the incentive performance for a sweet reward compared with the control group in a CB2 receptor-dependent manner. Also, BCP suppressed the expression of sweet reward-CPP. Altogether, these preclinical data demonstrate the potential role of BCP in treating disorders associated with food addiction-like behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Cypriano Dutra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imunofarmacologia (LAIF), Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gómez-Cañas M, Rodríguez-Cueto C, Satta V, Hernández-Fisac I, Navarro E, Fernández-Ruiz J. Endocannabinoid-Binding Receptors as Drug Targets. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:67-94. [PMID: 36152178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis plant has been used from ancient times with therapeutic purposes for treating human pathologies, but the identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic properties of the phytocannabinoids, the active compounds in this plant, occurred in the last years of the past century. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, seminal studies demonstrated the existence of cannabinoid receptors and other elements of the so-called endocannabinoid system. These G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a key element in the functions assigned to endocannabinoids and appear to serve as promising pharmacological targets. They include CB1, CB2, and GPR55, but also non-GPCRs can be activated by endocannabinoids, like ionotropic receptor TRPV1 and even nuclear receptors of the PPAR family. Their activation, inhibition, or simply modulation have been associated with numerous physiological effects at both central and peripheral levels, which may have therapeutic value in different human pathologies, then providing a solid experimental explanation for both the ancient medicinal uses of Cannabis plant and the recent advances in the development of cannabinoid-based specific therapies. This chapter will review the scientific knowledge generated in the last years around the research on the different endocannabinoid-binding receptors and their signaling mechanisms. Our intention is that this knowledge may help readers to understand the relevance of these receptors in health and disease conditions, as well as it may serve as the theoretical basis for the different experimental protocols to investigate these receptors and their signaling mechanisms that will be described in the following chapters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Cañas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cueto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Satta
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Hernández-Fisac
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Navarro
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vidlarova M, Berta E, Prasil P, Prokopova A, Gurska S, Khoylou M, Rehulkova A, Kourilova P, Chudacek J, Szkorupa M, Klein J, Skarda J, Srovnal J, Hajduch M. Cannabinoid receptor 2 expression in early-stage non-small cell lung cancers identifies patients with good prognosis and longer survival. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2022; 11:2040-2050. [PMID: 36386452 PMCID: PMC9641041 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death with a 5-year survival of only 21%. Reliable prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers are needed to improve NSCLC patient stratification, particularly in curative disease stages. Since the endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in both carcinogenesis and anticancer immune defense, we hypothesized that tumor tissue expression of cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2) may affect survival. METHODS Tumor tissue samples collected from 100 NSCLC patients undergoing radical surgery were analyzed for CB1 and CB2 gene and protein expression using the quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The gene and protein expression data were correlated with disease stage, histology, tumor grading, application of chemotherapy, and survival. Additional paired tumor and normal tissue samples of 10 NSCLC patients were analyzed independently for comparative analysis of CB1 and CB2 gene expression. RESULTS Patients with tumors expressing the CB2 gene had significantly longer overall survival (OS) (P<0.001), cancer specific survival (CSS) (P=0.002), and disease-free survival (DFS) (P<0.001). They also presented with fewer lymph node metastases at the time of surgery (P=0.011). A multivariate analysis identified CB2 tumor tissue gene expression as a positive prognostic factor for CSS [hazard ratio (HR) =0.274; P=0.013] and DFS (HR =0.322; P=0.009), and increased CSS. High CB2 gene and protein expression were detected in 79.6% and 31.5% of the tested tumor tissue samples, respectively. Neither CB1 gene nor CB1 or CB2 protein expression affected survival. When comparing paired tumor and tumor-free lung tissue samples, we observed reduced CB1 (P=0.008) and CB1 (P=0.056) gene expression in tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS In NSCLC patients undergoing radical surgery, expression of the CB1 and CB2 receptor genes is significantly decreased in neoplastic versus tumor-free lung tissue. CB2 tumor tissue gene expression is strongly associated with longer survival (OS, CSS, DFS) and fewer lymph node metastases at the time of surgery. More studies are needed to evaluate its role as a biomarker in NSCLC and to investigate the potential use of CB2 modulators to treat or prevent lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vidlarova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Berta
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic;,Ringerike Hospital, Hønefoss, Norway
| | - Petr Prasil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Landesklinikum Amstetten, Amstetten, Austria
| | - Andrea Prokopova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Gurska
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Khoylou
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alona Rehulkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Kourilova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Chudacek
- I. Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Szkorupa
- I. Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klein
- Tomas Bata Regional Hospital in Zlin, Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Skarda
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic;,Cancer Research Czech Republic, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic;,Cancer Research Czech Republic, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez-Mejía UU, Viveros-Paredes JM, Zepeda-Morales ASM, Carrera-Quintanar L, Zepeda-Nuño JS, Velázquez-Juárez G, Delgado-Rizo V, García-Iglesias T, Camacho-Padilla LG, Varela-Navarro E, Anguiano-Sevilla LA, Franco-Torres EM, López-Roa RI. β-Caryophyllene: A Therapeutic Alternative for Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Caused by Obesity. Molecules 2022; 27:6156. [PMID: 36234691 PMCID: PMC9570618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat that exacerbates the metabolic and inflammatory processes. Studies associate these processes with conditions and dysregulation in the intestinal tract, increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the blood, differences in the abundance of intestinal microbiota, and the production of secondary metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural sesquiterpene with anti-inflammatory properties and with the potential purpose of fighting metabolic diseases. A diet-induced obesity model was performed in 16-week-old C57BL/6 mice administered with BCP [50 mg/kg]. A reduction in the expression of Claudin-1 was observed in the group with a high-fat diet (HFD), which was caused by the administration of BCP; besides BCP, the phylaAkkermansia and Bacteroidetes decreased between the groups with a standard diet (STD) vs. HFD. Nevertheless, the use of BCP in the STD increased the expression of these phyla with respect to fatty acids; a similar effect was observed, in the HFD group that had a decreasing concentration that was restored with the use of BCP. The levels of endotoxemia and serum leptin increased in the HFD group, while in the HFD + BCP group, similar values were found to those of the STD group, attributing the ability to reduce these in conditions of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Ulises Rodríguez-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adelaida Sara Minia Zepeda-Morales
- Laboratorio de Análisis Quimícos Clínicos y Bacteriológicos Vinculación, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44350, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Sergio Zepeda-Nuño
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44350, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Bioquimíca Estructural, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vidal Delgado-Rizo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44350, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer de la Infancia y Adolescencia, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44350, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luisa Guadalupe Camacho-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Varela-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Análisis Quimícos Clínicos y Bacteriológicos Vinculación, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Anguiano-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Genética y Proteómica, Instituto Transdiciplinar de Investigación y Servicios, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45150, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Marisol Franco-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rocio Ivette López-Roa
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miranda K, Becker W, Busbee PB, Dopkins N, Abdulla OA, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Yin and yang of cannabinoid CB1 receptor: CB1 deletion in immune cells causes exacerbation while deletion in non-immune cells attenuates obesity. iScience 2022; 25:104994. [PMID: 36093055 PMCID: PMC9460165 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While blockade of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has been shown to attenuate diet-induced obesity (DIO), its relative role in different cell types has not been tested. The current study investigated the role of CB1 in immune vs non-immune cells during DIO by generating radiation-induced bone marrow chimeric mice that expressed functional CB1 in all cells except the immune cells or expressed CB1 only in immune cells. CB1−/− recipient hosts were resistant to DIO, indicating that CB1 in non-immune cells is necessary for induction of DIO. Interestingly, chimeras with CB1−/− in immune cells showed exacerbation in DIO combined with infiltration of bone-marrow-derived macrophages to the brain and visceral adipose tissue, elevated food intake, and increased glucose intolerance. These results demonstrate the opposing role of CB1 in hematopoietic versus non-hematopoietic cells during DIO and suggests that targeting immune CB1 receptors provides a new pathway to ameliorate obesity and related metabolic disorders. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1), and not CB2, regulates diet-induced obesity (DIO) CB1 deficiency in non-immune cell types promotes DIO resistance CB1 deficiency in immune cells exacerbates DIO disease phenotype CB1 activation in immune cells is a potential therapeutic target for DIO attenuation
Collapse
|
17
|
Worrest T, Malibiran CC, Welshans J, Dewey E, Husain F. Marijuana use does not affect weight loss or complication rate after bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:6931-6936. [PMID: 35024935 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marijuana use has been legalized in several states. It is unclear if marijuana use affects weight loss outcomes or complication rates following bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine if patients who use marijuana had higher complication rates or lower weight loss compared with non-users. METHODS All patients at a single institution who underwent primary bariatric surgery between July 2015 and July 2020 at a single institution after the legalization of marijuana within the jurisdiction were included. Data regarding marijuana use, weight and complications were abstracted retrospectively. Differences between groups were evaluated with Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests and Fisher Freeman Halton test. Trends for marijuana use over time was evaluated with simple linear regression on summary data. RESULTS 1107 patients met inclusion criteria. 798 (73.3%) were never users, 225 (19.4%) were previous users, and 84 (7.2%) were active users. The proportion of active users and previous users increased over time, with significantly more prior marijuana use reported in more recent years (p = 0.014). Active users had significantly higher pre-procedural BMIs than never users: 48.7 vs. 46.3 (p = 0.03). Any marijuana use (active and previous users) was associated with higher preoperative weight compared to never: 136.4 kg vs. 130.6 kg (p = 0.001). Overall complication rate was low in all groups, and there was no difference in the rates of any complications. Active and previous users tended to lose less weight than never users, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Active and prior marijuana users tend to have higher BMIs on presentation, but use was not associated with complications or percent weight loss. The incidence of patient reported marijuana use is increasing in the study population. More studies on the effects of marijuana use in this patient population are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarin Worrest
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - C Cole Malibiran
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jill Welshans
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dewey
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Farah Husain
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prolonged Activation of Brain CB2 Signaling Modulates Hypothalamic Microgliosis and Astrogliosis in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105527. [PMID: 35628338 PMCID: PMC9141740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation of the hypothalamus is associated with the disturbance of energy balance. The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity as well as in the control of immune responses. The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) signaling has been associated with anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, we modulated CB2 signaling and investigated its effects on energy homeostasis and hypothalamic microgliosis/astrogliosis. We observed no effect on caloric intake and body weight gain in control diet-fed animals that received prolonged icv infusion of the CB2 receptor agonist HU308. Interestingly, we observed a decrease in glucose tolerance in HFD-fed animals treated with HU308. Prolonged icv infusion of HU308 increases astrogliosis in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) of obese animals and reduced HFD-induced microgliosis in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) but not in the paraventricular (PVN) or VMH nuclei. These data indicate that central CB2 signaling modulates glucose homeostasis and glial reactivity in obesogenic conditions, irrespective of changes in body weight.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Activity—A Robust Duo in the Novel Therapeutic Approach against Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063083. [PMID: 35328503 PMCID: PMC8948925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity and related pathologies encompassing coronary heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes constitute serious threats to global health and are associated with a significantly elevated risk of premature death. Considering the enormous burden of these pathologies, novel therapeutic and preventive patterns are indispensable. Dysregulation of one of the most complex biological systems in the human body namely, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may result in metabolic imbalance and development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, many studies showed that physical exercises, depending on their type, intensity, and frequency, exert various alterations within the ECS. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting the ECS via physical activity may produce robust beneficial effects on the course of metabolic pathologies. However, the data showing a direct correlation between the ECS and physical activity in the aspect of metabolic health are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide the most up-to-date state of knowledge about the interplay between the ECS activity and physical exercises in the novel therapeutic and preventive approach toward metabolic pathologies. We believe that this paper, at least in part, will fulfill the existing gap in knowledge and encourage researchers to further explore this very complex yet interesting link between the ECS, its action in physical activity, and subsequent positive outcomes for metabolic health.
Collapse
|
21
|
El-Atawneh S, Goldblum A. Candidate Therapeutics by Screening for Multitargeting Ligands: Combining the CB2 Receptor With CB1, PPARγ and 5-HT4 Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:812745. [PMID: 35295337 PMCID: PMC8918518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.812745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) has become a major target for treating many disease conditions. The old therapeutic paradigm of “one disease-one target-one drug” is being transformed to “complex disease-many targets-one drug.” Multitargeting, therefore, attracts much attention as a promising approach. We thus focus on designing single multitargeting agents (MTAs), which have many advantages over combined therapies. Using our ligand-based approach, the “Iterative Stochastic Elimination” (ISE) algorithm, we produce activity models of agonists and antagonists for desired therapeutic targets and anti-targets. These models are used for sequential virtual screening and scoring large libraries of molecules in order to pick top-scored candidates for testing in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we built activity models for CB2R and other targets for combinations that could be used for several indications. Those additional targets are the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R). All these models have high statistical parameters and are reliable. Many more CB2R/CBIR agonists were found than combined CB2R agonists with CB1R antagonist activity (by 200 fold). CB2R agonism combined with PPARγ or 5-HT4R agonist activity may be used for treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Combining CB2R agonism with 5-HT4R generates more candidates (14,008) than combining CB2R agonism with agonists for the nuclear receptor PPARγ (374 candidates) from an initial set of ∼2.1 million molecules. Improved enrichment of true vs. false positives may be achieved by requiring a better ISE score cutoff or by performing docking. Those candidates can be purchased and tested experimentally to validate their activity. Further, we performed docking to CB2R structures and found lower statistical performance of the docking (“structure-based”) compared to ISE modeling (“ligand-based”). Therefore, ISE modeling may be a better starting point for molecular discovery than docking.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is found in most, if not all, mammalian organs and is involved in a variety of physiological functions, ranging from the control of synaptic plasticity in the brain to the modulation of smooth muscle motility in the gastrointestinal tract. This signaling complex consists of G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands for those receptors (endocannabinoids) and enzymes/transporters responsible for the formation and deactivation of these ligands. There are two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and two major endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which are produced upon demand through cleavage of distinct phospholipid precursors. All molecular components of the endocannabinoid system are represented in the adipose organ, where endocannabinoid signals are thought to regulate critical homeostatic processes, including adipogenesis, lipogenesis and thermogenesis. Importantly, obesity was found to be associated with excess endocannabinoid activity in visceral fat depots, and the therapeutic potential of normalizing such activity by blocking CB1 receptors has been the focus of substantial preclinical and clinical research. Results have been mixed thus far, mostly owing to the emergence of psychiatric side effects rooted in the protective functions served by brain endocannabinoids in mood and affect regulation. Further studies about the roles played by the endocannabinoid system in the adipose organ will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and might help identify new ways to leverage this signaling complex for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA, 92697-1275, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang ZY, Wu YY, Zhou Y, Yang YQ, Zhang JH, He T, Liu S. N-linoleyltyrosine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice via cannabinoid receptor regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938527. [PMID: 36111301 PMCID: PMC9468927 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N-linoleyltyrosine (NITyr) showed mild effects in preclinical studies. The research discussed the effect of NITyr on a high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese (DIO) mice, and preliminarily explored its mechanism. METHODS The DIO mice were established by feeding an HFD for 12 weeks and subsequently administrated orally with NITyr (30, 60 and 100 mg/kg) for four weeks. The indexes of serum and liver samples were determined by ELISA kit. The pathological status of adipose and liver were detected by HE staining. The factors related to energy and lipid metabolism were measured via western blot. RESULTS NITyr at 60 and 100 mg/kg/day suppressed the weight gain without affecting water and food intake. Accordingly, NITyr reduced adipose weight and the area of individual adipocytes and increased the number of adipocytes. Moreover, NITyr didn't affect the appetite-related indexes such as ghrelin, peptide YY and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Besides, NITyr didn't affect other organ coefficients except for the liver. Correspondingly, NITyr reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, yet didn't influence IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and the liver injury. The levels of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, insulin, adiponectin and leptin in serum were assessed to evaluate the effect of NITyr on glucose and lipid metabolism. NITyr decreased the levels of TG, TC and glucose, and didn't affect insulin, adiponectin and leptin levels. Meanwhile, NITyr up-regulated p-AMPK and the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) expressions, and down-regulated PPAR, FAS and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) expressions.Overall, NITyr suppressed lipid accumulation via improving lipid and glucose metabolism involving CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-ying Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Research and Development Center, Sichuan Yuanda Shuyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Tao He,
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Tao He,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sayed TS, Balasinor NH, Nishi K. Diverse role of endocannabinoid system in mammalian male reproduction. Life Sci 2021; 286:120035. [PMID: 34637799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known for its modulatory role in numerous physiological processes in the body. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous lipid molecules which function both centrally and peripherally. The ECS is best studied in the central nervous system (CNS), immune system as well as in the metabolic system. The role of ECS in male reproductive system is emerging and the presence of a complete enzymatic machinery to synthesize and metabolize eCBs has been demonstrated in male reproductive tract. Endocannabinoid concentrations and alterations in their levels have been reported to affect the functioning of spermatozoa. A dysfunctional ECS has also been linked to the development of prostate cancer, the leading cause of cancer related mortality among male population. This review is an attempt to provide an insight into the significant role of endocannabinoids in male reproduction and further summarize recent findings that demonstrate the manner in which the endocannabinoid system impacts male sexual behavior and fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen S Sayed
- Department of Biotechnology, R.D. and S.H. National College and S.W.A Science College, Mumbai 400050, India
| | - Nafisa H Balasinor
- Neuroendocrinology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Kumari Nishi
- Neuroendocrinology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Melo Reis RA, Isaac AR, Freitas HR, de Almeida MM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Trevenzoli IH. Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747229. [PMID: 34776851 PMCID: PMC8581450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an important brain modulatory network. ECS regulates brain homeostasis throughout development, from progenitor fate decision to neuro- and gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and circuit repair, up to learning, memory, fear, protection, and death. It is a major player in the hypothalamic-peripheral system-adipose tissue in the regulation of food intake, energy storage, nutritional status, and adipose tissue mass, consequently affecting obesity. Loss of ECS control might affect mood disorders (anxiety, hyperactivity, psychosis, and depression), lead to drug abuse, and impact neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson, Huntington, Multiple, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum) disorders. Practice of regular physical and/or mind-body mindfulness and meditative activities have been shown to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, in addition to other players as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ECS is involved in pain, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, general immune responses (asthma, allergy, and arthritis) and tumor expansion, both/either in the brain and/or in the periphery. The reason for such a vast impact is the fact that arachidonic acid, a precursor of eCBs, is present in every membrane cell of the body and on demand eCBs synthesis is regulated by electrical activity and calcium shifts. Novel lipid (lipoxins and resolvins) or peptide (hemopressin) players of the ECS also operate as regulators of physiological allostasis. Indeed, the presence of cannabinoid receptors in intracellular organelles as mitochondria or lysosomes, or in nuclear targets as PPARγ might impact energy consumption, metabolism and cell death. To live a better life implies in a vigilant ECS, through healthy diet selection (based on a balanced omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), weekly exercises and meditation therapy, all of which regulating eCBs levels, surrounded by a constructive social network. Cannabidiol, a diet supplement has been a major player with anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. Cognitive challenges and emotional intelligence might strengthen the ECS, which is built on a variety of synapses that modify human behavior. As therapeutically concerned, the ECS is essential for maintaining homeostasis and cannabinoids are promising tools to control innumerous targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Macedo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9472. [PMID: 34502379 PMCID: PMC8430969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as "C. sativa L." or "medical cannabis"), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702675. [PMID: 34393784 PMCID: PMC8363263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has attracted attention as a pharmacological target for several pathological conditions. Cannabinoid (CB2)-selective agonists have been the focus of pharmacological studies because modulation of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) can be useful in the treatment of pain, inflammation, arthritis, addiction, and cancer among other possible therapeutic applications while circumventing CNS-related adverse effects. Increasing number of evidences from different independent preclinical studies have suggested new perspectives on the involvement of CB2R signaling in inflammation, infection and immunity, thus play important role in cancer, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic diseases. JWH133 is a synthetic agonist with high CB2R selectivity and showed to exert CB2R mediated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Cumulative evidences suggest that JWH133 protects against hepatic injury, renal injury, cardiotoxicity, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer as well as against oxidative damage and inflammation, inhibits fibrosis and apoptosis, and acts as an immunosuppressant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of JWH133. This review also presents molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of JWH133 under various pathological conditions except neurological diseases. Based on the available data, this review proposes the possibilities of developing JWH133 as a promising therapeutic agent; however, further safety and toxicity studies in preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Han JH, Kim W. Peripheral CB1R as a modulator of metabolic inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21232. [PMID: 33715173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001960r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in insulin-sensitive tissues, including liver and adipose tissue, and causes hormonal/metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance. There is growing evidence that peripheral cannabinoid-type 1 receptor (CB1R) is a crucial participant in obesity-induced pro-inflammatory responses in insulin-target tissues, and its selective targeting could be a novel therapeutic strategy to break the link between insulin resistance and metabolic inflammation. In this review, we introduce the role of peripheral CB1R in metabolic inflammation and as a mediator of hormonal/metabolic complications that underlie metabolic syndrome, including fatty liver, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of second- and third-generation peripherally restricted CB1R antagonists for treating obesity-induced metabolic inflammation without eliciting central CB1R-mediated neurobehavioral effects, predictive of neuropsychiatric side effects, in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Han
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang H, Lipinski AA, Liktor-Busa E, Smith AF, Moutal A, Khanna R, Langlais PR, Largent-Milnes TM, Vanderah TW. The Effects of Repeated Morphine Treatment on the Endogenous Cannabinoid System in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632757. [PMID: 33953672 PMCID: PMC8090348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of opioids is diminished by their ability to induce rewarding behaviors that may lead to opioid use disorder. Recently, the endogenous cannabinoid system has emerged as a hot topic in the study of opioid reward but relatively little is known about how repeated opioid exposure may affect the endogenous cannabinoid system in the mesolimbic reward circuitry. In the present study, we investigated how sustained morphine may modulate the endogenous cannabinoid system in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of Sprague Dawley rats, a critical region in the mesolimbic reward circuitry. Studies here using proteomic analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) found that the VTA expresses 32 different proteins or genes related to the endogenous cannabinoid system; three of these proteins or genes (PLCγ2, ABHD6, and CB2R) were significantly affected after repeated morphine exposure (CB2R was only detected by qRT-PCR but not proteomics). We also identified that repeated morphine treatment does not alter either anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels in the VTA compared to saline treatment; however, there may be diminished levels of anandamide (AEA) production in the VTA 4 h after a single morphine injection in both chronic saline and morphine pretreated cohorts. Treating the animals with an inhibitor of 2-AG degradation significantly decreased repeated opioid rewarding behavior. Taken together, our studies reveal a potential influence of sustained opioids on the endocannabinoid system in the VTA, suggesting that the endogenous cannabinoid system may participate in the opioid-induced reward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Austin A. Lipinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angela F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rohbeck E, Eckel J, Romacho T. Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:102-113. [PMID: 33595385 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing effective drugs to combat the obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy homeostasis. It comprises the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes. Because the CB1 receptor is overactivated in metabolic alterations, pharmacological blockade of the CB1 receptor arose as a promising candidate to treat obesity. However, because of the wide distribution of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, their negative central effects halted further therapeutic use. Although the CB2 receptor is mostly peripherally expressed, its role in metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. This review discusses the potential of CB1 and CB2 receptors at the peripheral level to be therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases. We focus on the impact of pharmacological intervention and/or silencing on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in organs/tissues relevant for energy homeostasis. Moreover, we provide a perspective on novel therapeutic strategies modulating these receptors. Targeting CB1 with peripherally restricted antagonists, neutral antagonists, inverse agonists, or monoclonal antibodies could represent successful strategies. CB2 agonism has shown promising results at preclinical level. Beyond classic antagonism and agonism targeting orthosteric sites, the recently described crystal structures of CB1 and CB2 open new possibilities for therapeutic interventions with negative and positive allosteric modulators. The challenge of simultaneously targeting CB1 and CB2 might be possible by developing dual-steric ligands. The future will tell whether these promising strategies result in a renaissance of the cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
What Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020373. [PMID: 33530406 PMCID: PMC7911032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity. In this review, we try to explain the role of the ECS and the impact of genetic factors on endocannabinoid system modulation in the pathogenesis of obesity, which is a global and civilizational problem affecting the entire world population regardless of age. We also emphasize that the search for potential new targets for health assessment, treatment, and the development of possible therapies in obesity is of great importance.
Collapse
|
32
|
Laguerre A, Keutler K, Hauke S, Schultz C. Regulation of Calcium Oscillations in β-Cells by Co-activated Cannabinoid Receptors. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:88-96.e3. [PMID: 33147441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of pancreatic β cells targeting cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) has been shown to result in significant effects on insulin release, possibly by modulating intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). It is unclear how the interplay of CB1 and CB2 affects insulin secretion. Here, we demonstrate by the use of highly specific receptor antagonists and the recently developed photo-releasable endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol that both receptors have counteracting effects on cytosolic calcium oscillations. We further show that both receptors are juxtaposed in a way that increases [Ca2+]i oscillations in silent β cells but dampens them in active ones. This study highlights a functional role of CB1 and CB2 acting in concert as a compensator/attenuator switch for regulating β cell excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kaya Keutler
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7469-7490. [PMID: 34718828 PMCID: PMC8557709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of obesity is widely recognized, while the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are the focus of intense research. A disrupted endocannabinoid system, which critically modulates feeding and metabolic functions, through central and peripheral mechanisms, is a landmark indicator of obesity, as corroborated by investigations centered on the cannabinoid receptor CB1, considered to offer promise in terms of pharmacologically targeted treatment for obesity. In recent years, novel insights have been obtained, not only into relation to the mode of action of CB receptors, but also CB ligands, non-CB receptors, and metabolizing enzymes considered to be part of the endocannabinoid system (particularly the hypothalamus). The outcome has been a substantial expansion in knowledge of this complex signaling system and in drug development. Here we review recent literature, providing further evidence on the role of hypothalamic endocannabinoids in regulating energy balance and the implication for the pathophysiology of obesity. We discuss how these lipids are dynamically regulated in obesity onset, by diet and metabolic hormones in specific hypothalamic neurons, the impact of gender, and the role of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes as promising targets for tackling obesity and related diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Śledziński P, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Zeyland J. Cannabinoids in Medicine: Cancer, Immunity, and Microbial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E263. [PMID: 33383838 PMCID: PMC7795897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the medical applications of Cannabis plants. They owe their unique properties to a group of secondary metabolites known as phytocannabinoids, which are specific for this genus. Phytocannabinoids, and cannabinoids generally, can interact with cannabinoid receptors being part of the endocannabinoid system present in animals. Over the years a growing body of scientific evidence has been gathered, suggesting that these compounds have therapeutic potential. In this article, we review the classification of cannabinoids, the molecular mechanisms of their interaction with animal cells as well as their potential application in the treatment of human diseases. Specifically, we focus on the research concerning the anticancer potential of cannabinoids in preclinical studies, their possible use in cancer treatment and palliative medicine, as well as their influence on the immune system. We also discuss their potential as therapeutic agents in infectious, autoimmune, and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. We postulate that the currently ongoing and future clinical trials should be accompanied by research focused on the cellular and molecular response to cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts, which will ultimately allow us to fully understand the mechanism, potency, and safety profile of cannabinoids as single agents and as complementary drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Śledziński
- Department of Genome Engineering, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-032 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
CB2 Receptor in Microglia: The Guardian of Self-Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010019. [PMID: 33375006 PMCID: PMC7792761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are key to maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. These immune cells of the brain can be our biggest ally in fighting infections, but can worsen pathology or hinder recovery when uncontrolled. Thus, understanding how microglia contribute to neuroinflammatory processes and how their activity can be controlled is of great importance. It is known that activation of endocannabinoid system, and especially the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), decreases inflammation. Alongside its non-psychoactive effect, it makes the CB2R receptor a perfect target for treating diseases accompanied by neuroinflammation including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which CB2R regulates microglial activity are not yet understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on the roles of microglial CB2R from in vitro and in vivo studies. We look into CB2R function under physiological and pathological conditions and focus on four different disease models representing chronic and acute inflammation. We highlight open questions and controversies and provide an update on the latest discoveries that were enabled by the development of novel technologies. Also, we discuss the recent findings on the role of microglia CB2R in cognition and its role in neuron–microglia communication.
Collapse
|
36
|
CB2R agonist JWH-133 attenuates chronic inflammation by restraining M1 macrophage polarization via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci 2020; 260:118424. [PMID: 32949586 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) is an important regulator of immunoinflammatory responses. Interestingly, studies have demonstrated that CB2R was expressed in metabolically active tissue, so we speculated that CB2R might have a crucial impact on energy balance. We thus examined the anti-inflammatory activities of CB2R and a CB2R agonist, JWH-133, in diet-induced obese in mice as well as in cultured macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the in vivo effect of JWH-133 on diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation. We also assessed the in vitro effects of JWH-133 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages, with a focus on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway. KEY FINDINGS We found that JWH-133 reduced body weight gain, relieved glucose tolerance, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in a mouse model. It also down-regulated the expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, CC motif chemokine ligand 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10) in vivo and in vitro, but up-regulated levels of M2 macrophage biomarkers (IL-10 and arginase-1) in both mice and cultured macrophages. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms were studied in an LPS-treated RAW264.7 cell line. We found a role for JWH-133 in controlling M1 macrophage polarization by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, while the effect of JWH-133 was diminished by a HO-1 inhibitor, Sn(IV) protoporphyrin IX dichloride. SIGNIFICANCE JWH-133 showed anti-obesity effects that ameliorated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Therefore, our results provide a new proof for the potential use of the CB2R agonist, JWH-133, in the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ngueta G. Lifetime Average Cannabis Use in Relation to Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype in U.S. Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:246-254. [PMID: 32923661 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: With a growing number of states legalizing recreational or medical cannabis, prevalence of cannabis users is expected to markedly increase in the future. We aim to determine the association between lifetime cannabis use and the likelihood for hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW+/+) phenotype in U.S. adults. Methods: We abstracted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2016. We estimated the minimal lifetime cannabis use using the duration of regular exposure and the frequency of use. Outcomes were HTGW+/+ phenotype, defined as being waist circumference >90 cm (for men) or 85 cm (for women), and serum fasting triglycerides ≥177 mg/dL. We used multiple logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 47,364 adults included, 48.5% were women. The prevalence of HTGW+/+ phenotype was 11.7%. Current, but not former, users were less likely to show HTGW+/+ phenotype. Current cannabis users with greater or equal to four uses per week showed a significant lower likelihood for HTGW+/+ than those who never used cannabis (AOR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.22-0.97]). HTGW+/+ phenotype was associated with neither two to three uses per week (AOR 1.12 [95% CI, 0.40-3.12]) nor less than two uses per week (AOR 0.56 [95% CI, 0.18-1.73]). Conclusions: Average lifetime frequency of greater or equal to four cannabis uses per week is linked to lower odds of HTGW+/+ in current users. Former use is not associated with HTGW+/+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ngueta
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l'Université Laval (CERSSPL-UL), Quebec (Quebec), Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec (Quebec), Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
An D, Peigneur S, Hendrickx LA, Tytgat J. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors: Current Status and Prospects of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5064. [PMID: 32709050 PMCID: PMC7404216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), as part of the endocannabinoid system, play a critical role in numerous human physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to develop ligands for CB1 and CB2, resulting in hundreds of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids which have shown varying affinities relevant for the treatment of various diseases. However, only a few of these ligands are clinically used. Recently, more detailed structural information for cannabinoid receptors was revealed thanks to the powerfulness of cryo-electron microscopy, which now can accelerate structure-based drug discovery. At the same time, novel peptide-type cannabinoids from animal sources have arrived at the scene, with their potential in vivo therapeutic effects in relation to cannabinoid receptors. From a natural products perspective, it is expected that more novel cannabinoids will be discovered and forecasted as promising drug leads from diverse natural sources and species, such as animal venoms which constitute a true pharmacopeia of toxins modulating diverse targets, including voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors such as CB1 and CB2, with astonishing affinity and selectivity. Therefore, it is believed that discovering novel cannabinoids starting from studying the biodiversity of the species living on planet earth is an uncharted territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.A.); (S.P.); (L.A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Almeida MM, Dias-Rocha CP, Reis-Gomes CF, Wang H, Cordeiro A, Pazos-Moura CC, Joss-Moore L, Trevenzoli IH. Maternal high-fat diet up-regulates type-1 cannabinoid receptor with estrogen signaling changes in a sex- and depot- specific manner in white adipose tissue of adult rat offspring. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1313-1326. [PMID: 32671459 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity and high-fat (HF) diet are associated with over activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We have demonstrated that maternal HF diet induces early obesity and modulates cannabinoid signaling in visceral (VIS) and subcutaneous (SUB) white adipose tissue (WAT) in weanling rat offspring. We hypothesized that perinatal maternal HF diet would program the expression of ECS in adipose tissue in a long-term way in parallel to alterations in epigenetic markers and sex hormone signaling. METHODS Progenitor female rats received control diet (C, 9% fat) or isocaloric high-fat diet (HF, 28% fat) for 8 weeks before mating, gestation, and lactation. All pups were weaned to C diet and they were euthanized at 180 days old. RESULTS Maternal HF diet induced overweight and increased SUB WAT mass of male and female adult offspring. Maternal HF diet induced hypertrophy of VIS and SUB adipocytes only in female offspring associated with increased type 1 cannabinoid receptor protein (CB1) and mRNA (Cnr1) levels. These changes were associated with increased estrogen receptor α binding to Cnr1 promoter in SUB WAT of adult female offspring, which may contribute to higher expression of Cnr1. CONCLUSION Increased CB1 signaling in adipose tissue might contribute to higher adiposity programmed by maternal HF diet because endocannabinoids stimulate the accumulation of fat in the adipose tissue. Our findings provide molecular insights into sex-specific targets for anti-obesity therapies based on the endocannabinoid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macedo de Almeida
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Camilla P Dias-Rocha
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clara F Reis-Gomes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Haimei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lisa Joss-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Isis H Trevenzoli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gotfried J, Naftali T, Schey R. Role of Cannabis and Its Derivatives in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:62-80. [PMID: 32333910 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical and recreational cannabis use has increased dramatically over the last decade, resulting from mainstream cultural acceptance and legalization in several countries worldwide. Cannabis and its derivatives affect many gastrointestinal processes via the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS influences gastrointestinal homeostasis through anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-secretory effects. Some gastrointestinal disorders might therefore be treated with cannabinoids. Despite numerous studies in cell lines and animals, few human studies have evaluated the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids. Cannabis' schedule 1 drug status has limited its availability in research; cannabis has been legalized only recently, in some states, for medicinal and/or recreational use. Cannabinoids can alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis and chronic pain. Studies have demonstrated the important roles of the ECS in metabolism, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis have been investigated in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite its potential benefits, undesired or even detrimental effects of cannabis can limit its use. Side effects such as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome affect some users. We review the ECS and the effects of cannabis and its derivatives on gastrointestinal and hepatic function in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gotfried
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timna Naftali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Schey
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alves VL, Gonçalves JL, Aguiar J, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:359-382. [PMID: 32530350 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The word "cannabinoid" refers to every chemical substance, regardless of structure or origin, that joins the cannabinoid receptors of the body and brain and that have similar effects to those produced by the Cannabis plant and based on their source of production, cannabinoids can be classified into endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest class of drugs detected through the EU Early Warning System with a total of 190 substances notified from 2008 to 2018 and about 280 have been reported worldwide to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Sprayed on natural herb mixtures with the aim to mimic the euphoria effect of cannabis and sold as "herbal smoking blends" or "herbal incense" under brand names like "Spice" or "K2", synthetic cannabinoids are available from websites for the combination with herbal materials or more recently, for the use in e-cigarettes. Currently labeled as "not for human consumption" to circumvent legislation, their legal status varies by country with many government institutions currently pushing for their control. However, due to the emergence of new substances, it requires a constant update of the list of controlled drugs. Little is known about how these substances work and their toxic effects in humans and the same product could vary not only in the amount and in the type of substance added. In the last years, synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with deaths and acute intoxications in Europe and, despite a range of new measures introduced in this area, continue to represent a challenge to current drug policy models. These synthetic substances are much more potent than natural cannabis, as well as displayed greater efficacy, acting as full agonists at the cannabinoid receptors. It is possible that, along with being highly potent, some may also have long half-lives, potentially leading to a prolonged psychoactive effect. The present work provides a review on existing literature about the development of synthetic cannabinoids as substances of abuse, current patterns of abuse and their legal status, chemical classification, and some pharmacological and toxicological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - João L Gonçalves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Joselin Aguiar
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Helena M Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2: A Possible Target in SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-19) Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113809. [PMID: 32471272 PMCID: PMC7312493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-19) appeared in Wuhan, China, causing a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 causes mild to severe respiratory tract inflammation, often developing into lung fibrosis with thrombosis in pulmonary small vessels and causing even death. COronaVIrus Disease (COVID-19) patients manifest exacerbated inflammatory and immune responses, cytokine storm, prevalence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and increased levels of resident and circulating immune cells. Men show higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection than women, likely due to estrogens production. The protective role of estrogens, as well as an immune-suppressive activity that limits the excessive inflammation, can be mediated by cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). The role of this receptor in modulating inflammation and immune response is well documented in fact in several settings. The stimulation of CB2 receptors is known to limit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, shift the macrophage phenotype towards the anti-inflammatory M2 type and enhance the immune-modulating properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. For these reasons, we hypothesize that CB2 receptor can be a therapeutic target in COVID-19 pandemic emergency.
Collapse
|
43
|
Influence of Cannabinoid Receptor Deficiency on Parameters Involved in Blood Glucose Regulation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093168. [PMID: 32365865 PMCID: PMC7246639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are known to influence hormone secretion of pancreatic islets via G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). The present study was designed to further investigate the impact of cannabinoid receptors on the parameters involved in insulin secretion and blood glucose recognition. To this end, CB1 and CB2 receptor knockout mice (10–12 week old, both sexes) were characterised at basal state and compared to wild-type mice. The elimination of cannabinoid receptor signalling resulted in alterations of blood glucose concentrations, body weights and insulin levels. Changes were dependent on the deleted receptor type and on the sex. Analyses at mRNA and protein levels provided evidence for the impact of cannabinoid receptor deficiency on the glucose sensing apparatus in the pancreas. Both receptor knockout mouse lines showed decreased mRNA and protein amounts of glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut2, combined with alterations in immunostaining. In addition, pancreatic glucokinase expression was elevated and immunohistochemical labelling was modified in the pancreatic islets. Taken together, CB1 and CB2 signalling pathways seem to influence glucose sensing in β-cells by affecting glucose transporters and glucokinase. These alterations were more pronounced in CB2 knockout mice, resulting in higher blood glucose and lower plasma insulin levels.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ramírez-Orozco RE, García-Ruiz R, Morales P, Villalón CM, Villafán-Bernal JR, Marichal-Cancino BA. Potential metabolic and behavioural roles of the putative endocannabinoid receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in feeding. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:947-960. [PMID: 31146657 PMCID: PMC7052828 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190118143014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are ancient biomolecules involved in several cellular (e.g., metabolism) and physiological (e.g., eating behaviour) functions. Indeed, eating behaviour alterations in marijuana users have led to investigate the orexigen-ic/anorexigenic effects of cannabinoids in animal/human models. This increasing body of research suggests that the endo-cannabinoid system plays an important role in feeding control. Accordingly, within the endocannabinoid system, canna-binoid receptors, enzymes and genes represent potential therapeutic targets for dealing with multiple metabolic and behav-ioural dysfunctions (e.g., obesity, anorexia, etc.). Paradoxically, our understanding on the endocannabinoid system as a cel-lular mediator is yet limited. For example: (i) only two cannabinoid receptors have been classified, but they are not enough to explain the pharmacological profile of several experimental effects induced by cannabinoids; and (ii) several orphan G pro-tein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with cannabinoids and we do not know how to classify them (e.g., GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119; amongst others). On this basis, the present review attempts to summarize the lines of evidence supporting the potential role of GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in metabolism and feeding control that may explain some of the divergent effects and puzzling data re-lated to cannabinoid research. Moreover, their therapeutic potential in feeding behaviour alterations will be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Ramírez-Orozco
- Departamento de Nutricion y Cultura Fisica, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Ricardo García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiologia, Cinvestav- Coapa, Czda. Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, 14330 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Rafael Villafán-Bernal
- Departamento de Cirugia, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, CP 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tarragon E, Moreno JJ. Cannabinoids, Chemical Senses, and Regulation of Feeding Behavior. Chem Senses 2020; 44:73-89. [PMID: 30481264 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The herb Cannabis sativa has been traditionally used in many cultures and all over the world for thousands of years as medicine and recreation. However, because it was brought to the Western world in the late 19th century, its use has been a source of controversy with respect to its physiological effects as well as the generation of specific behaviors. In this regard, the CB1 receptor represents the most relevant target molecule of cannabinoid components on nervous system and whole-body energy homeostasis. Thus, the promotion of CB1 signaling can increase appetite and stimulate feeding, whereas blockade of CB1 suppresses hunger and induces hypophagia. Taste and flavor are sensory experiences involving the oral perception of food-derived chemicals and drive a primal sense of acceptable or unacceptable for what is sampled. Therefore, research within the last decades focused on deciphering the effect of cannabinoids on the chemical senses involved in food perception and consequently in the pattern of feeding. In this review, we summarize the data on the effect of cannabinoids on chemical senses and their influences on food intake control and feeding behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Tarragon
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Jaume I of Castellon, Castellon, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Ctra. de Húmera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Campus Torribera, Barcelona, Spain.,IBEROBN Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is a catabolic process that consumes energy-storing molecules and expends that energy as heat in response to environmental changes. This process occurs primarily in brown and beige adipose tissue. Thermogenesis is regulated by many factors, including lipid derived paracrine and endocrine hormones called lipokines. Recently, technologic advances for identifying new lipid biomarkers of thermogenic activity have shed light on a diverse set of lipokines that act through different pathways to regulate energy expenditure. In this review, we highlight a few examples of lipokines that regulate thermogenesis. The biosynthesis, regulation, and effects of the thermogenic lipokines in several families are reviewed, including oloeylethanolamine, endocannabinoids, prostaglandin E2, and 12,13-diHOME. These thermogenic lipokines present potential therapeutic targets to combat states of excess energy storage, such as obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean D Kodani
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Yu-Hua Tseng, PhD, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02215. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kumawat VS, Kaur G. Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid receptor 2 in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172628. [PMID: 31461639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of endocannabinoid system are mediated by two types of receptors, cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2). They play a pivotal role in the management of pain, inflammation, cancer, obesity and diabetes mellitus. CB2 receptor activity downregulation is hallmark of inflammation and oxidative stress. Strong evidence display the relation between activation of CB2 receptors with decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic factors. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been validated to confirm the role of CB2 receptor in the management of obesity, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Activation of CB2 receptor has led to reduction of inflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ) and also amelioration of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species playing role in apoptosis. Many studies confirmed the role of CB2 receptors in the insulin secretion via facilitating calcium entry into the pancreatic β-cells. CB2 receptors also displayed improvement in the neuronal and renal functions by decreasing the oxidative stress and downregulating inflammatory cascade. The present review addresses, potential role of CB2 receptor activation in management of diabetes and its complications. It also includes the role of CB2 receptors as an anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory for the treatment of DM and its complications. Also, an informative summary of CB2 receptor agonist drugs is provided with their potential role in the reduction of glucose levels, increment in the insulin levels, decrease in the hyperglycaemic oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Kumawat
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kim HJ, Choi EJ, Kim HS, Choi CW, Choi SW, Kim SL, Seo WD, Do SH. Soyasaponin Ab alleviates postmenopausal obesity through browning of white adipose tissue. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
49
|
Fechtner S, Singh AK, Srivastava I, Szlenk CT, Muench TR, Natesan S, Ahmed S. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonist JWH-015 Inhibits Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and in Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Rat via Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1027. [PMID: 31139184 PMCID: PMC6519139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of pain in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a priority that is not fully addressed by the conventional therapies. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist JWH-015 using RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) obtained from patients diagnosed with RA and in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model of RA. Pretreatment of human RASFs with JWH-015 (10–20 μM) markedly inhibited the ability of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to induce production of IL-6 and IL-8 and cellular expression of inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). JWH-015 was effective in reducing IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of TAK1 (Thr184/187) and JNK/SAPK in human RASFs. While the knockdown of CB2 in RASFs using siRNA method reduced IL-1β-induced inflammation, JWH-015 was still effective in eliciting its anti-inflammatory effects despite the absence of CB2, suggesting the role of non-canonical or an off-target receptor. Computational studies using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that JWH-105 favorably binds to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with the binding pose and interactions similar to its well-known ligand dexamethasone. Furthermore, knockdown of GR using siRNA abrogated JWH-015's ability to reduce IL-1β-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. In vivo, administration of JWH-015 (5 mg/kg, daily i.p. for 7 days at the onset of arthritis) significantly ameliorated AIA in rats. Pain assessment studies using von Frey method showed a marked antinociception in AIA rats treated with JWH-015. In addition, JWH-015 treatment inhibited bone destruction as evident from micro-CT scanning and bone analysis on the harvested joints and modulated serum RANKL and OPG levels. Overall, our findings suggest that CB2 agonist JWH-015 elicits anti-inflammatory effects partly through GR. This compound could further be tested as an adjunct therapy for the management of pain and tissue destruction as a non-opioid for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fechtner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Anil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Ila Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher T Szlenk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Tim R Muench
- Preclinical COE, ETHICON, Medical Device Business Services, Inc., DePuy Synthes, Somerville, NJ, United States
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rodrigues RS, Lourenço DM, Paulo SL, Mateus JM, Ferreira MF, Mouro FM, Moreira JB, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S. Cannabinoid Actions on Neural Stem Cells: Implications for Pathophysiology. Molecules 2019; 24:E1350. [PMID: 30959794 PMCID: PMC6480122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of life expectancy, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming not only a health but also a social burden worldwide. However, due to the multitude of pathophysiological disease states, current treatments fail to meet the desired outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies focusing on more integrated, personalized and effective approaches. The prospect of using neural stem cells (NSC) as regenerative therapies is very promising, however several issues still need to be addressed. In particular, the potential actions of pharmacological agents used to modulate NSC activity are highly relevant. With the ongoing discussion of cannabinoid usage for medical purposes and reports drawing attention to the effects of cannabinoids on NSC regulation, there is an enormous, and yet, uncovered potential for cannabinoids as treatment options for several neurological disorders, specifically when combined with stem cell therapy. In this manuscript, we review in detail how cannabinoids act as potent regulators of NSC biology and their potential to modulate several neurogenic features in the context of pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara L Paulo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel F Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francisco M Mouro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|