The Impact of Vitamin D Levels on Inflammatory Status: A Systematic Review of Immune Cell Studies

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 distinctly impacts the paracrine and cell-to-cell contact interactions between hPDL-MSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes

Introduction

Human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPDL-MSCs) possess a strong ability to modulate the immune response, executed via cytokine-boosted paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact mechanisms. This reciprocal interaction between immune cells and hPDL-MSCs is influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). In this study, the participation of different immunomodulatory mechanisms on the hPDL-MSCs-based effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on CD4+ T lymphocytes will be elucidated using different co-culture models with various cytokine milieus.

Material and methods

hPDL-MSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes were co-cultured indirectly and directly with inserts (paracrine interaction only) or directly without inserts (paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact interaction). They were stimulated with TNF-α or IL-1β in the absence/presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. After five days of co-cultivation, the CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, viability, and cytokine secretion were analyzed. Additionally, the gene expression of soluble and membrane-bound immunomediators was determined in hPDL-MSCs.

Results

In the indirect and direct co-culture model with inserts, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and viability. The direct co-culture model without inserts caused the opposite effect. 1,25(OH)2D3 mainly decreased the CD4+ T lymphocyte-associated secretion of cytokines via hPDL-MSCs. The degree of these inhibitions varied between the different co-culture setups. 1,25(OH)2D3 predominantly decreased the expression of the soluble and membrane-bound immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs to a different extent, depending on the co-culture models. The degree of all these effects depended on the absence and presence of exogenous TNF-α and IL-1β.

Conclusion

These data assume that 1,25(OH)2D3 differently affects CD4+ T lymphocytes via the paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact mechanisms of hPDL-MSCs, showing anti- or pro-inflammatory effects depending on the co-culture model type. The local cytokine microenvironment seems to be involved in fine-tuning these effects. Future studies should consider this double-edged observation by executing different co-culture models in parallel.

Vitamin D and Sarcopenia in the Senior People: A Review of Mechanisms and Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment Strategies

This article reviews the mechanisms and prevention strategies associated with vitamin D and sarcopenia in older adults. As a geriatric syndrome, sarcopenia is defined by a notable decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which increases the risk of adverse health outcomes such as falls and fractures. Vitamin D, an essential fat-soluble vitamin, is pivotal in skeletal muscle health. It affects muscle function through various mechanisms, including regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, promoting muscle protein synthesis, and modulation of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. A deficiency in vitamin D has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of sarcopenia in older adults. Many studies have demonstrated that low serum vitamin D levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia. While there is inconsistency in the findings, most studies support the importance of vitamin D in maintaining skeletal muscle health. Vitamin D influences the onset and progression of sarcopenia through various pathways, including the promotion of muscle protein synthesis, the regulation of mitochondrial function, and the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Regarding the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, a combination of nutritional, exercise, and pharmacological interventions is recommended. Further research should be conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of vitamin D in sarcopenia, to study genes related to sarcopenia, to perform large-scale clinical trials, to investigate special populations, and to examine the combined application of vitamin D with other nutrients or drugs. A comprehensive investigation of the interconnection between vitamin D and sarcopenia will furnish a novel scientific foundation and productive strategies for preventing and treating sarcopenia. This, in turn, will enhance the senior people's quality of life and health.

Longitudinal associations between vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in a pan-European cohort of children and adolescents

PURPOSE

To investigate longitudinal associations between the vitamin D status and inflammatory markers in children and adolescents.

METHODS

Children from eight European countries from the IDEFICS/I.Family cohort with repeated measurements were included in this study. A linear mixed-effect model was used to model the association of serum 25(OH)D as independent variable and z-scores of inflammatory markers [CRP, cytokines, adipokines, combined inflammation score] as dependent variables, where one level accounts for differences between individuals and the other for changes over age within individuals.

RESULTS

A total of 1,582 children were included in the study. In the adjusted model, 25(OH)D levels were positively associated with adiponectin (β = 0.11 [95% CI 0.07; 0.16]) and negatively with the inflammation score (β = - 0.24 [95% CI - 0.40; - 0.08]) indicating that the adiponectin z-score increased by 0.11 units and the inflammation score decreased by 0.24 units per 12.5 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D. In children with overweight or obesity, only a positive association between 25(OH)D and IP-10 was observed while in children with normal weight adiponectin was positively and the inflammation score was negatively associated. Associations of vitamin D with adiponectin and the inflammation score were stronger in girls than in boys and a positive association with TNF-α was observed only in girls.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that an increase in vitamin D concentrations may help to regulate inflammatory biomarkers. However, it seems to be no benefit of a better vitamin D status in children with overweight/obesity unless their weight is managed to achieve an improved inflammatory marker status.

Genetic variants in FCGR2A, PTPN2, VDR as predictive signatures of aggressive phenotypes in cerebral cavernous malformation

OBJECTIVE

The biological behavior of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is still controversial, lacking a clear-cut signature for a mechanistic explanation of lesion aggressiveness. In this study, we evaluated the predictive capacity of genetic variants concerning the aggressive behavior of CCM and their implications in biological processes.

METHODS

We genotyped the variants in VDRrs7975232, VDRrs731236, VDRrs11568820, PTPN2rs72872125 and FCGR2Ars1801274 genes using TaqMan Genotyping Assays in a cohort study with 103 patients, 42 of whom had close follow-up visits for 4 years, focusing on 2 main aspects of the disease: (1) symptomatic events, which included both intracranial bleeding or epilepsy, and (2) the onset of symptoms. The genotypes were correlated with the levels of several cytokines quantified in peripheral blood, measured using the x-MAP method.

RESULTS

We report a novel observation that the PTPN2rs72872125 CT and the VDRrs7975232 CC genotype were independently associated with an asymptomatic phenotype. Additionally, PTPN2rs72872125 CC genotype and serum level of GM-CSF could predict a diagnostic association with symptomatic phenotype in CCM patients, while the FCGR2Ars1801274 GG genotype could predict a symptomatic event during follow-up. The study also found a correlation between VDRrs731236 AA and VDRrs11568820 CC genotype to the time to the first symptomatic event.

CONCLUSIONS

These genetic markers could pave the way for precision medicine strategies for CCM, enhancing patient outcomes by enabling customized therapeutic approaches.

Inflammation and Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism: Impact on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Mexican Women on Dialysis

Mineral bone disease (MBD) is common in dialysis patients. Genetics and the hormonal environment influence the clinical picture and outcomes of women. This study aimed to determine how these factors affect mortality. In 234 female dialysis patients on Continuous Ambulatory (48%) or Automated (29%) Peritoneal Dialysis or Hemodialysis (23%), MBD biochemical variables, as well as bone density and genetic Bsm1 polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) were performed at baseline. The cohort was followed-up by 17 (IQ range 15-31) months. According to VDR polymorphism, the distribution of patients was bb: 64% and BB+Bb: 36%. Fifty-five patients died from all-cause mortality; the hs-C-reactive protein level was the most significant risk in multivariate Cox analysis. Nineteen died from cardiovascular mortality. None of the variables were significant for cardiovascular mortality. Patients with bb plus inflammation had the highest risk in the analysis; the significance persisted after adjustment for age, diabetes, and parathyroid hormone levels HR 2.33 (95% CI, 1.01-8.33) and after further adjustment for time on dialysis, albumin, and Osteoprotegerin levels HR 3.49 (95% CI, 1.20-10.9). The presence of the bb genotype from VDR and inflammation had the highest risk of death from all-cause mortality in females on CAPD, APD, and HD patient.

Association Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Levels With Lipids and Micronutrients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, indicating systemic inflammation. Abnormal lipid levels and deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals could also contribute to elevated hs-CRP levels. By broadly looking at the cross-correlations between inflammatory, lipid, and micronutrient markers, we aim to highlight the key associations at the serological levels.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,014 free-living individuals who tested for cardiovascular and micronutrient panels along with hs-CRP at Vibrant America Clinical Laboratory.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Based on parametric t-tests, significant variations between the sexes (Ma1) were observed for cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, vitamin A, vitamin D3, serum copper, and valine. Pearson's correlation showed a high-significant positive correlation between hs-CRP and triglycerides, folate, serum copper, and manganese.

Functional foods lipids: unraveling their role in the immune response in obesity

Functional lipids are lipids that are found in food matrices and play an important role in influencing human health as their role goes beyond energy storage and structural components. Ongoing research into functional lipids has highlighted their potential to modulate immune responses and other mechanisms associated with obesity, along with its comorbidities. These lipids represent a new field that may offer new therapeutic and preventive strategies for these diseases by understanding their contribution to health. In this review, we discussed in-depth the potential food sources of functional lipids and their reported potential benefit of the major lipid classification: based on their composition such as simple, compound, and derived lipids, and based on their function such as storage and structural, by investigating the intricate mechanisms through which these lipids interact in the human body. We summarize the key insights into the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the most studied functional lipids. Furthermore, we review the main immunomodulatory mechanisms reported in the literature in the past years. Finally, we discuss the perspectives and challenges faced in the food industry related to functional lipids.

Peripheral inflammation as a potential mechanism and preventive strategy for perioperative neurocognitive disorder under general anesthesia and surgery

General anesthesia, as a commonly used medical intervention, has been widely applied during surgical procedures to ensure rapid loss of consciousness and pain relief for patients. However, recent research suggests that general anesthesia may be associated with the occurrence of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). PND is characterized by a decline in cognitive function after surgery, including impairments in attention, memory, learning, and executive functions. With the increasing trend of population aging, the burden of PND on patients and society's health and economy is becoming more evident. Currently, the clinical consensus tends to believe that peripheral inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of PND, providing strong support for further investigating the mechanisms and prevention of PND.

Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on hand grip strength, walking speed, and expression of vitamin D receptor, interleukin-6, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in monocyte in pre-frail older adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

AIM

To investigate the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on hand grip strength, walking speed, and expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), interleukine-6 (IL-6) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in monocyte in pre-frail older adults.

METHODS

We conducted a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial for 12 weeks, involving 120 pre-frail older adults who were randomized to the cholecalciferol group (cholecalciferol 4000 IU/day) or the placebo group. All subjects were given calcium lactate 500 mg/day. Hand grip strength and walking speed, as primary outcomes, were analyzed using intention-to-treat analysis. The expression of VDR, IGF-1 and IL-6 in monocytes, as secondary outcomes, were analyzed using per-protocol analysis.

RESULTS

After a 12-week intervention, there was a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels in both groups, with the increase being higher in the cholecalciferol group than in the placebo group (49.05 vs. 24.01 ng/mL; P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in hand grip strength (P = 0.228) and walking speed (P = 0.734) between the groups. There were no differences in the expression of VDR (P = 0.513), IL-6 (P = 0.509), and IGF-1 (P = 0.503) monocytes between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Cholecalciferol supplementation for 12 weeks increased serum 25(OH)D levels among pre-frail older adults. However, it did not improve hand grip strength and walking speed, and nor did it change the expression of VDR, IL-6, and IGF-1 in monocytes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 554-562.

Association Between Lower Levels of Vitamin D and Inflammation in the Geriatric Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

There have been suggestions that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effects; however, the variabilities of vitamin D levels among specific groups of patients and its association with these inflammatory events have not been demonstrated. This study aims to study the association between vitamin D levels and vitamin D deficiency and inflammatory events among the elderly population. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and ClinicalKey were systematically searched in December 2023 to include the relevant data. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 3.0, Biostat, Inc., Englewood, NJ) was the software used for data analyses. A total of 12 studies were included in this analysis with 14,717 elderly patients. There was an overall significant decrease in vitamin D levels in elderly patients with high inflammatory markers compared to controls (Hedges' g = -0.221, 95% CI: -0.268, -0.173, P < 0.001), and event of vitamin D deficiency was found to be 0.321 (95% CI: 0.305, 0.337, P < 0.001). There is a significant decrease in vitamin D levels among the elderly with different inflammatory conditions. Future longitudinal studies and well-designed, large, randomized controlled trials are required to study the association between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of inflammatory events in this specific group of patients.

Vitamin D status and supplementation, calcium supplementation, and timing of natural menopause

Vitamin D status has been inconsistently associated with ovarian reserve and menopause. We used data from the Sister Study cohort to examine the associations of vitamin D supplement use, total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level, and calcium supplement use with the timing of natural menopause. Vitamin D and calcium supplement use were assessed on a questionnaire at baseline (mean age: 46) and two follow-up time points, and characterized in multiple ways based on type, dose, and duration of use. Serum samples from a random subset of participants were analyzed for total 25OHD (25OHD3 + 25OHD2 + epi-25OHD3) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Menopause was assessed at each yearly follow-up with the question "Have you had a menstrual period in the past 12 months?"; if the response was "no", age at last menstrual period was recorded. We censored women at time of hysterectomy or medically induced menopause, death, loss to follow-up or October 2020. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with age as the time scale to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking status, and physical activity. Among the 13,102 eligible premenopausal participants, 8897 experienced natural menopause during follow-up. Concomitant use of a multivitamin and a vitamin D supplement was associated with slightly earlier menopause (HR(CI): 1.10 (0.98, 1.24)). None of the remaining vitamin D or calcium supplement variables (alone or in combination) were meaningfully associated with timing of natural menopause. In a subsample with 25OHD measurements (n = 906), neither total 25OHD nor 25OHD3 was associated with timing of menopause. Our study includes, on average, 6 years of follow-up from an average age of 46 years and did not find associations between vitamin D or calcium supplement use and timing of menopause. Future studies should focus on a life course approach to this question and include 25OHD measures from early mid-life when examining menopause timing.

Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Pathology, Current Treatments, and the Potential Therapeutic Effect of Decreasing Oxidative Stress by Combined Vitamin D and l-Cysteine Supplementation

Significance: Excess oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are risk factors in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its association with amyloid-β plaque accumulation. Oxidative stress impairs acetylcholine (ACH) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor signaling in brain areas that function in memory and learning. Glutathione (GSH) antioxidant depletion positively correlates with the cognitive decline in AD subjects. Treatments that upregulate GSH and ACH levels, which simultaneously decrease oxidative stress and inflammation, may be beneficial for AD. Recent Advances: Some clinical trials have shown a benefit of monotherapy with vitamin D (VD), whose deficiency is linked to AD or with l-cysteine (LC), a precursor of GSH biosynthesis, in reducing mild cognitive impairment. Animal studies have shown a simultaneous decrease in ACH esterase (AChE) and increase in GSH; combined supplementation with VD and LC results in a greater decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation, and increase in GSH levels compared with monotherapy with VD or LC. Therefore, cosupplementation with VD and LC has the potential of increasing GSH, downregulation of oxidative stress, and decreased inflammation and AChE levels. Future Directions: Clinical trials are needed to determine whether safe low-cost dietary supplements, using combined VD+LC, have the potential to alleviate elevated AChE, oxidative stress, and inflammation levels, thereby halting the onset of AD. Goal of Review: The goal of this review is to highlight the pathological hallmarks and current Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for AD, and discuss the potential therapeutic effect that cosupplementation with VD+LC could manifest by increasing GSH levels in patients. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 663-678.

Investigation of serum level relationship of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with vitamin D among healthy Ghanaian population

BACKGROUND

The interplay between vitamin D status and inflammatory cytokines in a supposedly sufficient sunshine environment has not well been evaluated. The study sought to determine their association.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 500 healthy adult blood donors from some selected hospitals in Ghana enrolled from June to November 2016. Venous blood samples were obtained from participants, 25(OH)D, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL 10 were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Serum levels of 25(OH)D < 20ng/ml were classified as being deficient or low.

RESULTS

The average age of the participants was 27.97 years. No statistically significant association was established between 25(OH) D status, mean age (p = 0.1693), and gender (p = 0.5461) of study participants. Similarly, the median 25(OH) D (p = 0.8392), IL-10 (p = 0.5355), TNF-alpha (p = 0.9740), and IFN-gamma (p = 0.6908) were not significantly different across gender. There was a significantly increased levels of TNF-alpha (p < 0.0001) and IFN-gamma (p < 0.0001) among participants with 25(OH) D deficiency compared to those without deficiency. Concurrently, participants with 25(OH)D deficiency had a significantly reduced levels of IL-10 (p < 0.0001) compared to those without 25 (OH) D deficiency. The most accurate biochemical markers for identifying 25 (OH) D deficiency were IFN-gamma (AUC = 0.879; p < 0.0001) followed by TNF-gamma (AUC = 0.849; p < 0.0001) and IL-10 (AUC = 0.707; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

There was a significant association between vitamin D levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL 10) among healthy Ghanaian populace.

Dietary selenomethionine reduced oxidative stress by resisting METTL3-mediated m6A methylation level of Nrf2 to ameliorate LPS-induced liver necroptosis in laying hens

Selenomethionine (SeMet) as the main form of daily dietary selenium, occupies essential roles in providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which alleviates inflammatory liver damage. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent and abundant internal transcriptional modifications that regulate gene expression. To investigate the protective mechanism of SeMet on liver injury and the regulatory effect of m6A methylation modification, we established the model by supplementing dietary SeMet, and LPS as stimulus in laying hens. LMH cells were intervened with SeMet (0.075 µM) and/or LPS (60 µg/mL). Subsequently, histopathology and ultrastructure of liver were observed. Western Blot, qRT-PCR, colorimetry, MeRIP-qPCR, fluorescent probe staining and AO/EB were used to detect total m6A methylation level, m6A methylation level of Nrf2, ROS, inflammatory and necroptosis factors. Studies showed that SeMet suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of total m6A methylation levels and METTL3 expression. Interestingly, SeMet reduced the m6A methylation level of Nrf2, activated antioxidant pathways and alleviated oxidative stress. LMH cells were transfected with 50 µm siMETTL3. SeMet/SiMETTL3 reversed the LPS-induced reduction in Nrf2 mRNA stability, slowed down its degradation rate. Moreover, LPS induced oxidative stress, led to necroptosis and activated NF-κB to promote the expression of inflammatory factors. SeMet/SiMETTL3 alleviated LPS-induced necroptosis and inflammation. Altogether, SeMet enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity by reducing METTL3-mediated m6A methylation levels of Nrf2, ultimately alleviating liver damage. Our findings provided new insights and therapeutic target for the practical application of dietary SeMet in the treatment and prevention of liver inflammation, and supplied a reference for comparative medicine.

C-reactive protein as a novel biomarker for vitamin D deficiency in alopecia areata

BACKGROUND

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition characterized by sudden and unpredictable hair loss, with a lifetime incidence of 2%. AA can be divided into three categories: patchy alopecia, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis. It can affect a person's psychological health and overall quality of life. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in the liver may indicate an inflammatory response in autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D, essential for immune system control and skin health, may be related to AA. Hair follicles contain vitamin D receptors, which control immunological responses in the skin. However, no study has found a relationship between CRP and vitamin D in AA patients in our region.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

An analytical cross-sectional study with a case-control design research investigation of 82 AA patients and 81 healthy controls was carried out. Both groups' medical histories were taken. Biochemical analysis was done for both groups as well as the serum vitamin D levels, and CRP. Genetic analysis for CDX2 rs11568820 variant detected by PCR (T-ARMS-PCR) method and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene expression measured by real-time PCR analysis for both patients and healthy subjects.

RESULTS

CRP levels are higher in AA patients, AA patients with G/G genotypes exhibited higher concentrations of CRP when compared to those with A/A and A/G genotypes while patients with A/A genotypes have higher levels of Serum vitamin D as compared to the A/G and G/G genotypes. G allele was more abundant in AA patients. VDR gene expression was lower in AA compared to control and lower in ophiasis compared to localized and multiple patchy AA. An important inverse linear correlation was observed between vitamin D and CRP levels in ophiasis AA.

CONCLUSION

CRP concentrations were found to be elevated in AA patients. The considerable accuracy of CRP in the diagnosis of AA is substantiated by a statistically significant al. A noteworthy inverse linear association was observed between serum vitamin D and CRP concentrations in ophiasis AA.

Intersecting Pathways: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Psoriasis Duet-A Comprehensive Review

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease that has a major impact on patients' quality of life. Common psoriasis-associated comorbidities include cardiovascular diseases, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel syndromes, type-2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affecting a substantial portion of the population and is closely linked with psoriasis. The interplay involves low-grade chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and genetic factors. The review presents the pathophysiological connections between psoriasis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, emphasizing the role of cytokines, adipokines, and inflammatory cascades. The "hepato-dermal axis" is introduced, highlighting how psoriatic inflammation potentiates hepatic inflammation and vice versa. According to the new guidelines, the preliminary examination for individuals with psoriasis should encompass evaluations of transaminase levels and ultrasound scans as part of the initial assessment for this cohort. Considering the interplay, recent guidelines recommend screening for NAFLD in moderate-to-severe psoriasis cases. Treatment implications arise, particularly with medications impacting liver function. Understanding the intricate relationship between psoriasis and NAFLD provides valuable insights into shared pathogenetic mechanisms. This knowledge has significant clinical implications, guiding screening practices, treatment decisions, and the development of future therapeutic approaches for these chronic conditions.

U-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and urinary leakage among adult females aged 45 years and over in the United States: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The relationship between serum vitamin D status and urinary leakage (UL) among middle-aged females needs to be further studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with UL among American females ages 45 years and over.

METHODS

Seven cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with self-report UL data, were used. A total of 9525 women aged 45 years and older were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and the smooth curve fitting were utilized to analyze the association between clinical UL and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations.

RESULTS

A non-linear relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical ULwas observed. When serum 25(OH)D concentration was higher than the inflection point 63.5 nmol/L, a positive correlation was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical UL ([OR]: 1.007, 95%CI: 1.005-1.009, P < 0.01). However, when serum 25(OH)D concentration was below the inflection point 63.5 nmol/L, a negative correlation was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and clinical UL ([OR]: 0.993, 95%CI: 0.989-0.996, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The association between serum vitamin D and the risk of UL exhibited a U-shaped pattern among US middle-aged females, with an inflection point occurring at a serum 25(OH)D concentration of 63.5 nmol/L.

An Overview of Different Vitamin D Compounds in the Setting of Adiposity

A large body of research shows an association between higher body weight and low vitamin D status, as assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D can be metabolised in adipose tissue and has been reported to influence gene expression and modulate inflammation and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro. However, the exact metabolism of vitamin D in adipose tissue is currently unknown. White adipose tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and hydroxylase enzymes, substantially involved in vitamin D metabolism and efficacy. The distribution and concentrations of the generated vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue, however, are largely unknown. Closing this knowledge gap could help to understand whether the different vitamin D compounds have specific health effects in the setting of adiposity. This review summarises the current evidence for a role of vitamin D in adipose tissue and discusses options to accurately measure vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS).

From the Sun to the Cell: Examining Obesity through the Lens of Vitamin D and Inflammation

Obesity affects more than one billion people worldwide and often leads to cardiometabolic chronic comorbidities. It induces senescence-related alterations in adipose tissue, and senescence is closely linked to obesity. Fully elucidating the pathways through which vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects may improve our understanding of local adipose tissue inflammation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. In this narrative review, we compiled and analyzed the literature from diverse academic sources, focusing on recent developments to provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of vitamin D on inflammation associated with obesity and senescence. The article reveals that the activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) and NLRP3 inflammasome (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing, pyrin domain-containing-3) pathways through the toll-like receptors, which increases oxidative stress and cytokine release, is a common mechanism underlying inflammation associated with obesity and senescence, and it discusses the potential beneficial effect of vitamin D in alleviating the development of subclinical inflammation. Investigating the main target cells and pathways of vitamin D action in adipose tissue could help uncover complex mechanisms of obesity and cellular senescence. This review summarizes significant findings related to opportunities for improving metabolic health.

Vitamin D and depression in older adults: lessons learned from observational and clinical studies

Depression is a mental disorder triggered by the interaction of social, psychological and biological factors that have an important impact on an individual's life. Despite being a well-studied disease with several established forms of treatment, its prevalence is increasing, especially among older adults. New forms of treatment and prevention are encouraged, and some researchers have been discussing the effects of vitamin D (VitD) on depression; however, the exact mechanism by which VitD exerts its effects is not yet conclusive. In this study, we aimed to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the association between VitD and depression in older adults. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search of databases for indexed articles published until 30 April 2021. The primary focus was on both observational studies documenting the association between VitD and depression/depressive symptoms, and clinical trials documenting the effects of VitD supplementation on depression/depressive symptoms, especially in older adults. Based on pre-clinical, clinical and observational studies, it is suggested that the maintenance of adequate VitD concentrations is an important issue, especially in older adults, which are a risk population for both VitD deficiency and depression. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out more studies using longitudinal approaches in low- and middle-income countries to develop a strong source of evidence to formulate guidelines and interventions.

Effects of Dietary Components on Mast Cells: Possible Use as Nutraceuticals for Allergies?

Allergic diseases affect an estimated 30 percent of the world's population. Mast cells (MC) are the key effector cells of allergic reactions by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine, lipid mediators, and cytokines/chemokines. Components of the daily diet, including certain fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins, as well as secondary plant components, may have effects on MC and thus may be of interest as nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of allergies. This review summarizes the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary components on MC, including the signaling pathways involved, in in vitro and in vivo models. Butyrate, calcitriol, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, resveratrol, curcumin, and cinnamon extract were the most effective in suppressing the release of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators from MC or in animal models. In randomized controlled trials (RCT), vitamin D, quercetin, O-methylated epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, curcumin, and cinnamon extract improved symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) and reduced the number of inflammatory cells in patients. However, strategies to overcome the poor bioavailability of these nutrients are an important part of current research.

Vitamin D and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among pregnant women: a systematic review of observational studies

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aimed to map the evidence evaluated the relationship between vitamin D and redox and inflammatory status during gestation.

METHODS

Three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS)) and reference list of included documents were searched for related observational studies published until 2nd October 2023. To determine the quality of the selected observational studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used.

RESULTS

After a primary search of three databases, 19492records were appeared. When duplicates and irrelevant documents were removed, 14 articles were found to have eligible criteria. The design of the identified studies was cross-sectional, case-control and cohort. Evidence showed an adverse association between 25(OH)D and the biomarkers of inflammation, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor- alfa (TNF-α) during pregnancy. On the contrary, some studies represented that 25(OH)D positively correlated with hs-CRP in the cord blood. One study suggested a direct association between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and Interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), and TNF-α levels in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A case-control study showed that lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D positively correlated with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence confirmed the supposition of the direct relationship between vitamin D levels and biomarkers with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, the Existence of inconsistent evidence confirms the need for further studies in mothers with GDM and hypertensive disorders.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION CODE

CRD42020202600.

Modulatory Properties of Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Focus on Inflammation and Dyslipidemia

BACKGROUND

Evidence from preclinical studies has found a correlation between the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and vitamin D deficiency. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) revealed inconclusive results on vitamin D supplementation. We explored the effect of vitamin D on inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D.

METHODS

We comprehensively searched for RCTs evaluating the effect of vitamin D in T2D on PubMed. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and reports, such as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) at a 5% significant level using a random effect model.

RESULTS

This study revealed a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) SMD = (-0.51, 95%CI (-0.93, -0.09); p = 0.02), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) SMD = (-1.06, 95%CI (-1.67, -0.45); p < 0.05) in vitamin D compared to placebo. Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6) exhibited a marginal effect SMD = (-0.52, 95%CI (-1.05, 0.01), p = 0.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the level of triglycerides SMD = (-0.65, 95%CI (-1.11, -0.18), p < 0.05) was observed, concomitant to a significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level SMD = (0.53, 95%CI (0.08, 0.98), p = 0.02). However, no statistically significant changes were observed in total cholesterols SMD = (-0.16, 95%CI (-0.57, 0.24), p = 0.43) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) SMD = (-0.06, 95%CI (-0.37, 0.24), p = 0.67).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in ameliorating inflammation and dyslipidemia in T2D patients.

Link between the skin and autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurological disorder. Although the etiologies of ASD have been widely speculated, evidence also supports the pathogenic role of cutaneous inflammation in autism. The prevalence of ASD is higher in individuals with inflammatory dermatoses than in those without inflammatory diseases. Anti-inflammation therapy alleviates symptoms of ASD. Recent studies suggest a link between epidermal dysfunction and ASD. In the murine model, mice with ASD display epidermal dysfunction, accompanied by increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in both the skin and the brain. Children with ASD, which develops in their early lifetime, also exhibit altered epidermal function. Interestingly, improvement in epidermal function alleviates some symptoms of ASD. This line of evidence suggests a pathogenic role of cutaneous dysfunction in ASD. Either an improvement in epidermal function or effective treatment of inflammatory dermatoses can be an alternative approach to the management of ASD. We summarize here the current evidence of the association between the skin and ASD.

Evaluating the association of vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, and C-reactive protein serum levels in patients with an acute psychotic episode: a cross-sectional study in tertiary centre in Iran

BACKGROUND

The high impact of vitamin D on brain development and its relationship with inflammatory markers in the clinical course of psychiatric disorders have compelled researchers to investigate the potential association between vitamin D levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the incidence of mental disorders. In the present study, we aimed to compare the serum levels of vitamin D and its related markers, including calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH), along with CRP, in 3 groups of patients with acute psychotic episodes, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and methamphetamine-induced psychosis, with a standard control group of the Iranian population.

METHODS

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a psychiatric hospital in Tehran, Iran, and involved a total of 185 subjects. The subjects included four groups: acute phase of schizophrenia (n = 49), acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder (n = 43), methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder (n = 46), and control group (n = 47). Among 138 patients in acute psychotic episodes, 33 patients were in their first episode of psychosis, while 105 patients were in acute exacerbation of their chronic psychotic disorders. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was measured by an expert attending psychiatrist for all patients. Then, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathormone, vitamin D, and CRP were assessed in all study groups.

RESULTS

Among our 185 study subjects, it was observed that individuals with higher education levels and those who were married had a lower prevalence of mental disorders. In all patient groups, the serum levels of CRP were significantly higher, and PTH levels were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.001). The serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D were not statistically significantly different between the patient and control groups of the study. In chronic psychotic patients, CRP levels were significantly higher (p < 0.031), and vitamin D levels were significantly lower (p < 0.044) compared to first-episode psychotic patients.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that CRP levels are significantly higher and PHT level is significantly lower in acute psychotic patients. Moreover, vitamin D levels were significantly lower in chronic psychotic patients compared to first-episode psychotic patients.

Effect of Calcitriol and Vitamin D Receptor Modulator 2 on Recovery of Injured Skeletal Muscle in Wistar Rats

Muscle injuries often result in functional limitations due to insufficient healing. This study assessed the influence of calcitriol and vitamin D Receptor Modulator 2 (VDRM2) on muscle regeneration in male Wistar rats following open blunt muscle injury. The injured left soleus muscle of the rats was treated for the first four days after trauma with local injections of either calcitriol, VDRM2, or a 10% ethanol solution (control). Although muscle strength significantly decreased post-injury, all groups showed gradual improvement but did not achieve full recovery. By the 14th day, calcitriol-treated rats significantly outperformed the control group in the incomplete tetanic force, with VDRM2-treated rats showing muscle strength values that fell between the control and calcitriol groups. Similar trends were observed in complete tetanic contractions and were confirmed histologically via muscle cell width quantification. Additionally, histological analysis showed increased cellular turnover on the fourth postoperative day in the calcitriol group, as indicated by elevated cell proliferation rates and fewer apoptotic cells. VDRM2-treated animals showed only an increased proliferative activity on day 4 after injury. No noticeable differences between the groups for CAE-positive cells or visible muscle tissue area were found. In conclusion, predominantly calcitriol positively influenced post-trauma muscle recovery, where VDRM2 had substantially lower biological activity.

Serum levels of vitamin D and periodontal inflammation in community-dwelling older Japanese adults: The Otassha Study

AIM

To evaluate the association between vitamin D status and periodontal inflammation as determined by the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) in community-dwelling older adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 467 Japanese adults (mean age = 73.1 years) who underwent full-mouth periodontal examinations and measurements of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). We used linear regression and restricted cubic spline models to analyse the association between exposure (serum 25(OH)D) and outcome (PISA).

RESULTS

The linear regression model showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the lowest quartile of serum 25(OH)D had 41.0 mm2 more PISA (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6-77.5) than the reference group (the highest quartile of serum 25(OH)D). The spline model showed that the association between serum 25(OH)D and PISA was non-linear and restricted to the low 25(OH)D range. PISA initially sharply decreased as serum 25(OH)D increased, and then the decreasing trend slowed and plateaued. The inflection point with the minimum PISA value was a serum 25(OH)D level of 27.1 ng/mL, above which there was no decreasing trend in PISA with increasing serum 25(OH)D levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Low vitamin D status had an L-shaped association with periodontal inflammation in this cohort of Japanese adults.

Circulating Vitamin D Level and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND

We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to analyze the effect of circulating vitamin D level on the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

METHODS

Prospective cohort studies evaluating the association between circulating vitamin D and risk of SCD and CVD mortality were systematically searched in the PubMed and Embase. Extracted data were analyzed using a random effects model and results were expressed in terms of hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to estimate the dose-response relationships.

RESULTS

Of the 1,321 records identified using the search strategy, a total of 19 cohort studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of HR (95% CI) for low vs. high circulating vitamin D level was 1.75 (1.49-2.06) with I² value of 30.4%. In subgroup analysis, strong effects of circulating vitamin D were observed in healthy general population (pooled HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.43-2.38) and the clinical endpoint of SCD (pooled HRs, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.48-4.83). The dose-response analysis at the reference level of < 50 nmol/L showed a significant negative association between circulating vitamin D and risk of SCD and CVD mortality.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies showed that lower circulating vitamin D level significantly increased the risk of SCD and CVD mortality.

The comparisons of vitamin D3 levels in IgA vasculitis across different subgroups and healthy children: a comparative study

Background

IgA vasculitis is the most common form of vasculitis in children. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed to contribute to immune function and the pathogenesis of various immune diseases. However, at present, only a few studies with small sample sizes have shown that IgA vasculitis patients have lower vitamin D levels than healthy children. Thus, we conduct a large study to investigate the significance of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) levels of children with IgA vasculitis across different subgroups and healthy children.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 1,063 children were recruited from the Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital between February 2017 and October 2019, including 663 patients hospitalized with IgA vasculitis and 400 healthy examination children who served as the control group at the same time. There wasn't any bias in the season. The healthy group came from children who underwent normal physical examination. The 663 IgA vasculitis patients were then divided into the IgA vasculitis-nephritis and non-IgA vasculitis-nephritis groups, streptococcal-infection and no-streptococcal-infection groups, gastrointestinal-involvement and no-gastrointestinal-involvement groups, and joint-involvement and no-joint-involvement groups. The serum 25(OH)D levels at disease onset were analyzed. All the participants were followed up for 6 months from the date of onset.

Results

The serum 25(OH)D levels of the IgA vasculitis group (15.47±6.58 ng/mL) were significantly lower than those of the healthy control group (22.48±6.24 ng/mL) (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in terms of age and sex between the IgA vasculitis and healthy control group. Further, among the IgA vasculitis patients serum 25(OH)D levels were reduced in the IgA vasculitis-nephritis (12.99±4.92 ng/mL), streptococcal-infection (14.2±6.06 ng/mL), and gastrointestinal-involvement (14.43±6.33 ng/mL) groups (P=0.00, 0.004, 0.002, respectively). The vitamin D levels with IgA vasculitis were significantly lower in winter and spring than summer and autumn. Conversely, the joint-involvement group did not show a significant reduction in vitamin D levels compared to no joints involved group.

Conclusions

IgA vasculitis patients have reduced vitamin D levels, which suggests that vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the development of IgA vasculitis. Vitamin D supplementation may reduce the incidence of IgA vasculitis, and maintaining high vitamin D levels in IgA vasculitis patients may prevent renal damage.

Calcitriol Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the major causes of acute liver failure. Severe liver inflammation and the production of oxidative stress occur due to toxic APAP metabolites and glutathione depletion. Growing evidence has proved that vitamin D (VD) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative functions. Our objective was to explore the protective role of calcitriol (VD3) in acute APAP-induced liver injury. Methods: Adult male mice were randomized into three groups; control (n = 8), APAP (n = 8), and VD3 group (n = 8). All mice, except controls, received oral administration of APAP (400 mg/kg) and were sacrificed 24 h later. In the VD3 group, calcitriol (10 µg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before and after exposure to APAP. Blood samples were collected to assess serum aminotransferase and inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. Liver tissues were analyzed for hepatic glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and histopathology. Results: APAP administration significantly increased serum aminotransferase, inflammatory cytokines, and induced cellular inflammation and necrosis. APAP also depleted hepatic GSH and elevated oxidative stress, as indicated by high MDA levels. In the APAP group, 25% of the mice (two out of eight) died, while no deaths occurred in the VD3 group. Treatment with calcitriol significantly reduced serum aminotransferase, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in the VD3 group compared to the APAP group. Additionally, VD3 effectively restored GSH reserves, reduced lipid peroxidation, and attenuated hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that VD3 prevents APAP-induced acute liver injury and reduces mortality in mice through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Thus, VD3 might be a novel treatment strategy for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Potential Modulation of Inflammation and Physical Function by Combined Probiotics, Omega-3 Supplementation and Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Patients with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and increased gut permeability. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of a nutritional supplement on these parameters in subjects with overweight and obesity. A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 76 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 28 to 40) and low-grade inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) between 2 and 10 mg/L). The intervention consisted of a daily intake of a multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, 640 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), and 200 IU of vitamin D (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39), administered for 8 weeks. hs-CRP levels did not change post-intervention, other than an unexpected slight increase observed in the treatment group. Interleukin (IL)-6 levels decreased in the treatment group (p = 0.018). The plasma fatty acid (FA) levels of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.001) decreased, and physical function and mobility improved in the treatment group (p = 0.006). The results suggest that hs-CRP may not be the most useful inflammatory marker, but probiotics, n-3 FAs, and vitamin D, as non-pharmaceutical supplements, may exert modest effects on inflammation, plasma FA levels, and physical function in patients with overweight and obesity and associated low-grade inflammation.

Vitamin D Determinants, Status, and Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory-Related Effects in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease: Not the Last Word in the Controversy

Beyond its key role in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has been found to significantly affect the cardiovascular (CV) system. In fact, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased CV risk, as well as increased CV morbidity and mortality. The majority of effects of this molecule are related directly or indirectly to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, vitamin D insufficiency is considered for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between 21-29 ng/mL (corresponding to 52.5-72.5 nmol/L), deficiency as 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L), and extreme deficiency as 25(OH)D less than 10 ng/mL (<25 nmol/L). However, the definition of an optimal vitamin D status, as defined by 25(OH)D, remains controversial for many extra-bone conditions, including CV disease. In this review, confounding factors affecting the 25(OH)D measurement and status will be discussed. In particular, available evidence on the mechanism and role of vitamin D in relation to CV risk and disease through its antioxidant effect will be reported, also facing the aspect regarding the debate on the minimum blood 25(OH)D level required to ensure optimal CV health.

An inflamed subtype of difficult-to-treat depression

BACKGROUND

Chronic low-grade inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of depression, at least in a subset of patients. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used to define an inflamed subgroup of depression with specific clinical characteristics and symptoms. In this study we investigated biochemical and clinical characteristics in patients with difficult-to-treat depression with and without chronic low-grade inflammation.

METHOD

We assayed plasma levels of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-8, and vitamin D in a clinically well-characterized sample of patients with difficult-to-treat depression (n = 263) and healthy controls (n = 46). Serum hs-CRP levels were available in the patient group and were used to define "inflamed depression" (hs-CRP > 3 mg/L). Based on previous studies correlating specific depressive symptoms to inflammatory markers, we calculated a composite score of inflammatory depressive symptoms (Infl-Dep score). A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify patterns of variance in cytokines and vitamin D among patients.

RESULTS

Mean levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in depressed patients compared to controls, also after adjusting for sex, smoking, BMI, and age. None of the other inflammatory markers differed significantly between depressed patients and controls. Two components were extracted using PCA; one showed general cytokine elevations and one represented a pattern where IL-6 and IL-8 were inversely related to vitamin D (IL6-IL8-VitD component). The inflamed subgroup (hs-CRP > 3, n = 51) exhibited significantly higher BMI, higher Infl-Dep scores and higher IL6-IL8-VitD component scores than uninflamed patients (hs-CRP ≤ 3, n = 212). There were no significant differences in overall depression severity or suicidality between the inflamed and uninflamed groups.

CONCLUSION

Our results support the hypothesis of an inflamed subgroup of depression as a meaningful construct. This subgroup may have certain biological and clinical characteristics and more studies are needed to determine potential clinical implications.

Investigation of the relationship between vitamin D and peripheral inflammatory parameters in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D and some nutritional factors such as vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and ferritin, which play a role in the pathogenesis of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), on inflammation, which is also claimed to play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Materials and methods: 39 ADHD and 39 healthy controls were compared with similar age, gender and BMI. The severity of the disease was evaluated with the Turgay ADHD scale. Inflammatory and nutritional parameters were measured routinely. Results: In the patient group, Vitamin D was found to be significantly lower (p

The Role of Microbiota-Derived Vitamins in Immune Homeostasis and Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy

Not all cancer patients who receive immunotherapy respond positively and emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may be linked to treatment efficacy. Though mechanisms of microbial contributions to the immune response have been postulated, one likely function is the supply of basic co-factors to the host including selected vitamins. Bacteria, fungi, and plants can produce their own vitamins, whereas humans primarily obtain vitamins from exogenous sources, yet despite the significance of microbial-derived vitamins as crucial immune system modulators, the microbiota is an overlooked source of these nutrients in humans. Microbial-derived vitamins are often shared by gut bacteria, stabilizing bioenergetic pathways amongst microbial communities. Compositional changes in gut microbiota can affect metabolic pathways that alter immune function. Similarly, the immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining the gut microbiota, which parenthetically affects vitamin biosynthesis. Here we elucidate the immune-interactive mechanisms underlying the effects of these microbially derived vitamins and how they can potentially enhance the activity of immunotherapies in cancer.

High-Dose Intravenous Steroid Treatment Seems to Have No Long-Term Negative Effect on Bone Mineral Density of Young and Newly Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Pilot Study

High-dose intravenous steroid treatment (HDIST) represents the first choice of treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses. Chronic oral glucocorticoid (GC) administration correlates with bone loss whereas data regarding HDIST in MS are still conflicting. Twenty-five newly diagnosed MS patients (NDMSP) (median age: 37 years) were prospectively studied for the effects of HDIST on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism. Patients received 1000 mg methylprednisolone intravenously every day for 5 days followed by oral prednisolone tapering over 21 days. Bone metabolism indices were determined prior to GC, on days 2, 4, 6, and 90, and at months 6, 12, 18, and 24 post GC therapy. Femoral, lumbar-spine BMD, and whole-body measurement of adipose/lean tissue were assessed prior to GC-administration and then every six months. Ten patients completed the study. N-terminal-propeptide-procollagen-type-1 and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase showed a significant increase at day-90 (p < 0.05). A transient non-significant fall of BMD was observed at 6 months after GC-administration, which subsequently appeared to be restored. We conclude that HDIST seems not to have long-term negative effects on BMD, while the observed transient increase of bone formation markers probably indicates a high bone turnover phase to GC-administration. Additional prospective studies with larger sample size are needed.

Calcitriol modulate post-ischemic TLR signaling pathway in ischemic stroke patients

BACKGROUND

Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to post-ischemic neuronal death after stroke, and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are one of the essential mediators in many inflammatory pathways. TLRs activate the nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), which promotes the expression of various pro-inflammatory genes such as interleukin (IL-1β) and IL-6. 1,25(OH)2D3, also known as calcitriol, is an active form of vitamin D3 that acts as a neurosteroid compound with anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the modulatory effects of calcitriol hormone on post-ischemic immunity response.

METHODS

Neurological tests and conventional blood factors were evaluated in patients with stroke symptoms upon arrival (n = 38) to confirm the stroke. A blood sample was taken from each stroke patient immediately upon admission and again after 24 h. The experimental group was given 10 μg calcitriol orally. The gene expression levels of TLR4, TLR2, NF-kβ, IL-1β, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory factors were measured using real-time PCR. The protein expression of TLR4 and NF-kβ markers was assessed using the flow cytometry technique.

RESULTS

TLR4, NF-kβ, and pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 expression increased significantly after an ischemic stroke, and calcitriol could modulate the TLR4/NF-kβ signaling pathway 24 h after ischemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Calcitriol may be considered a protective reagent after ischemia by reducing the TLR4/NF-kB activation cascade and probably plays a beneficial role in reducing and improving ischemic stroke patients' symptoms.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT2017012532174N1.

Vitamin D deficiency and C-reactive protein: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Low vitamin D status is often associated with systemic low-grade inflammation as reflected by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. We investigated the causality and direction of the association between vitamin D status and CRP using linear and non-linear Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

METHODS

MR analyses were conducted using data from 294 970 unrelated participants of White-British ancestry from the UK Biobank. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and CRP concentrations were instrumented using 35 and 46 genome-wide significant variants, respectively.

RESULTS

In non-linear MR analysis, genetically predicted serum 25(OH)D had an L-shaped association with serum CRP, where CRP levels decreased sharply with increasing 25(OH)D concentration for participants within the deficiency range (<25 nmol/L) and levelled off at ∼50 nmol/L of 25(OH)D (Pnon-linear = 1.49E-4). Analyses using several pleiotropy-robust methods provided consistent results in stratified MR analyses, confirming the inverse association between 25(OH)D and CRP in the deficiency range (P = 1.10E-05) but not with higher concentrations. Neither linear or non-linear MR analysis supported a causal effect of serum CRP level on 25(OH)D concentration (Plinear = 0.32 and Pnon-linear = 0.76).

CONCLUSION

The observed association between 25(OH)D and CRP is likely to be caused by vitamin D deficiency. Correction of low vitamin D status may reduce chronic inflammation.

Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of select congenital anomalies in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy events. However, its role in the etiology of congenital anomalies remains unclear. We examined the association between vitamin D status, measured through prepregnancy diet, UV exposure, season of conception, and congenital anomalies.

METHODS

We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a U.S. population-based case-control study (1997-2011). Prepregnancy dietary vitamin D was calculated from food frequency questionnaires and evaluated using tertiles, based on the distribution in controls. We used the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Service to assign UV indices based on location and estimated date of conception, then dichotomized UV exposure (low vs. high). Seasons of conception was categorized as fall/winter spring/summer. We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

Lower prepregnancy dietary vitamin D intake (<65.21 IU/d vs. >107.55 IU/d) was associated with increased odds of anencephaly (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.01, 1.63), hypospadias (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.04, 1.40), septal defects (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.05, 1.30), diaphragmatic hernia (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.13, 1.79), and gastroschisis (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.07, 1.52). Findings were consistent when we stratified by UV exposure and season of conception.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest lower dietary intake of vitamin D may be associated with increased risk of select congenital anomalies. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the effects of other nutrients and appropriate thresholds and sources of vitamin D using serum.

25-hydroxyvitamin D3 generates immunomodulatory plasticity in human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells that is inflammatory context-dependent

Introduction

Human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPDL-MSCs) exhibit a tight bi-directional interaction with CD4+ T lymphocytes. The hPDL-MSCs' immunomodulatory abilities are drastically enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines via boosting the expression of various immunomediators. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), the major metabolite of vitamin D3 in the blood, affects both hPDL-MSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes, but its influence on their interaction is unknown.

Methods

Therefore, primary hPDL-MSCs were stimulated in vitro with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α a or interleukin (IL)-1β in the absence and presence of 25(OH)D3 followed by an indirect co-culture with phytohemagglutinin-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. The CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, viability, and cytokine secretion were analyzed. Additionally, the expression of various immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs was investigated, and their implication was verified by using pharmacological inhibitors.

Results

25(OH)D3 significantly counteracted the suppressive effects of IL-1β-treated hPDL-MSCs on CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, whereas no effects were observed in the presence of TNF-α. Additionally, 25(OH)D3 significantly increased the percentage of viable CD4+ T lymphocytes via TNF-α- or IL-1β-treated hPDL-MSCs. It also caused a significant decrease in interferon-γ, IL-17A, and transforming growth factor-β productions, which were triggered by TNF-α-treated hPDL-MSCs. 25(OH)D3 significantly decreased the production of various immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs. Inhibition of two of them, prostaglandin E2 and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1, partially abolished some of the hPDL-MSCs-mediated effects of 25(OH)D3 on CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Conclusion

These data indicate that 25(OH)D3 influences the immunomodulatory activities of hPDL-MSCs. This modulatory potential seems to have high plasticity depending on the local cytokine conditions and may be involved in regulating periodontal tissue inflammatory processes.

A Mathematical Model for Determining the Body's Fluctuating Need for and Synthesis of Active Vitamin D

The process by which 1,25(OH)₂D₃ is synthesized and degraded and how it is transported out of the cell and body is described. The changing demand for the synthesis of 1-25(OH)₂D₃ during different conditions experienced by the body is reviewed. A method of determining 1,25(OH)₂D₃ synthesis and demand, and the percent utilization of 25(OH)D₃ to make 1,25(OH)₂D₃ is presented based on the measurement of the end metabolites of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and of its immediate precursor, 25(OH)D₃. A mathematical model has been developed to allow the calculation of 1,25(OH)₂ D synthesis, and demand, and the percent utilization of 25(OH)D₃. Simple algebraic equations have been derived which allow the calculation of these new parameters using the concentrations of the end metabolites of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and its immediate precursor, 25(OH)D₃ in the serum and urine. Vitamin D plays an important role in combating invading bacteria and viruses and in subduing the body's associated inflammatory response. This new approach to evaluating vitamin D status may help clinicians determine 25(OH)D₃ and 1,25(OH)₂D₃ levels needed to suppress bacterial infections, viral replication during new viral infections and the reactivation of latent viruses, and to downregulate the inflammatory responses caused by bacteria and viruses.

Inverse Relationship between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP) is the only major modifiable risk factor of glaucoma. While low serum vitamin D levels are considered a potential risk factor for glaucoma, there is conflicting evidence on the relationship between vitamin D and EIOP despite the possible linkage between vitamin D and intraocular pressure through oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and EIOP using data from 15,338 individuals who visited the health promotion center of an education hospital. The cubic spline curve revealed an inverse dose-dependent association between serum 25(OH)D level and EIOP. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the EIOP of the serum 25(OH)D per increment was 0.97 (0.96-0.990). The fully adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the EIOP of the 25(OH)D insufficiency and 25(OH)D sufficiency groups, compared to 25(OH)D deficiency group, were 0.72 (0.56-0.92) and 0.51 (0.34-0.78), respectively. The relationship remained significant in male and young age subgroups. In conclusion, the clinical assessment of intraocular pressure may prove helpful when treating patients with 25(OH)D deficiency, which may be a preventive strategy against the development of glaucoma.

Association between vitamin D level and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Previous studies have reported that the incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is related to vitamin D, but it is still unclear. This study intends to calculate the relationship between pediatric IBD and vitamin D.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search from inception to January 2023 was performed in the PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Relevant data were extracted as required and used for subsequent calculations.

Results

Sixteen papers were included, and there was no significant difference between the average vitamin D level in IBD patients and healthy controls. In addition, the overall pooled results showed that C-reactive protein (CRP) was 2.65 higher before vitamin D supplementation than after supplementation [SMD = 2.65, 95% CI = (2.26, 3.04)]. Moreover, patients with IBD in remission were 0.72 higher before vitamin D supplementation than after supplementation [OR = 0.72, 95% CI = (0.52, 1.00)].

Conclusion

This study suggested that there was no obvious relationship between pediatric IBD and vitamin D, while vitamin D supplementation can improve disease activity. Therefore, follow-up still needs many prospective studies to confirm the relationship between pediatric IBD and vitamin D.

Preoperative plasma vitamin D in patients with localized colorectal cancer: Age-dependent association with inflammation, postoperative complications, and survival

INTRODUCTION

Aging is often associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and a senescent immune system. Vitamin D is a regulator of immune function, and low plasma vitamin D is associated with poor health. The association between plasma vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers and risk of postoperative complications and survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. Our aim was to investigate these associations and how they are influenced by age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Circulating vitamin D and the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and YKL-40 were measured in 398 patients with stage I-III CRC preoperatively. Older patients (≥70 years, n = 208) were compared to younger patients (<70 years, n = 190). The relation between vitamin D and complications and high inflammatory biomarker levels was presented by odds ratios ([OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]). Associations with survival were presented with hazard ratios ([HR], 95% CI).

RESULTS

Plasma vitamin D was higher in older patients than in younger patients (75 vs. 67 nmol/L, P = 0.001). High vitamin D was associated with low plasma CRP in younger patients (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.76), but not in older patients (OR = 0.93, 0.49-1.76). High vitamin D in older patients with CRC was associated with reduced risk of major complications (OR = 0.52, 0.28-0.95). This was not found in younger patients (OR = 1.47, 0.70-3.11). Deficient vitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was associated with short overall survival compared to sufficient (>50 nmol/L) irrespective of age (HR = 3.39, 1.27-9.37, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

For patients with localized CRC, high vitamin D levels before resection were associated with reduced risk of high inflammatory biomarkers for younger patients and reduced risk of major postoperative complications for older patients. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with reduced survival regardless of age.

Vitamin D supplementation and cardiac tissue inflammation in obese rats

OBJECTIVE

The current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of active form of vitamin D on TGF- β, NF-κB and MCP-1 in heart tissue of obese rats.

METHODS

Forty rats were allocated into groups of normal diet and high fat diet for sixteen weeks; then each group was divided into two groups that received either 500 IU/kg vitamin D or placebo for five weeks. Biochemical parameters were assessed by ELISA kits.

RESULTS

Vitamin D reduced TGF-β in obese rats supplemented with vitamin D compared with other groups (P = 0.03). Moreover, vitamin D reduced MCP-1 concentrations in the heart tissues of both vitamin D administered groups compared to placebo one (P = 0.002). NF-κB in the heart of HFD + vitamin D group was significantly lower (P = 0.03). Current study also showed that vitamin D improves glycemic status and reduce insulin resistance significantly in HFD group (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D was a potential anti- inflammatory mediator of cardiovascular disease and markers of glycemic status in obese rats. Further investigations are needed to better identify the therapeutic role of this vitamin in CVD and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Evaluation of 34 Cytokines and Vitamin D Status Reveal A Sexually-Dimorphic Active Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2

Background: Several observational studies have inconsistently demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection and severity. Discrepancies in results may partially be explained by the individuals’ immune profiles, which are modulated, in varying degrees, by vitamin D status and sex hormones. Methods: In this study we evaluated the differences and associations of serum levels of 25(OH)D with 34 cytokines in 220 adults (82 controls (41 males; 41 females) and 138 SARS-CoV-2 patients (79 males and 59 females)) with and without COVID-19. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 group than in the controls. Serum IP-10, MCP-1, CRP, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-23, and IL-6 were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Serum levels of VEGF, IFNγ, IL-13, and IL-5 were significantly higher in male patients than in females. 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with EFG (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) and IL-15 (R = 0.39, p < 0.05) in male patients, while it was inversely correlated with CRP (R = −0.51, p < 0.05) in female patients. Conclusions: Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines, and vitamin D were observed in SARS-CoV-2 adult patients. These expressions were sexually dimorphic and thus highlight the sex-specific nature of the active immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Vitamin D deficit is associated with accelerated brain aging in the general population

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning and the neurodegenerative processes. However, existing evidence on brain structural correlates of vitamin D deficiency is controversial. We sought to investigate associations of vitamin D levels with imaging patterns of brain aging. In addition, we investigated whether low vitamin D levels were associated with gray matter volumes, whole brain volumes and hippocampus volumes. Structural MRI data and vitamin D levels were obtained in 1,865 subjects from the general population. Linear regressions were applied to investigate the association of vitamin D levels and vitamin D deficiency with imaging derived brain age, total brain, gray matter and hippocampal volumes. Different sets of covariates were included. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with increased brain age. Also, linear vitamin D levels were significantly associated with total brain and gray matter volumes, while no significant association with hippocampal volume was found. Further interaction analyses showed that this association was only significant for male subjects. Our results support previous findings suggesting that vitamin D-deficient individuals have an accelerated brain aging. In addition, associations between vitamin D levels and total brain/ gray matter volumes suggest neuroprotective effects of vitamin D on the brain.

Triglycerides and systolic blood pressure negatively mediate the direct relationship of vitamin D status to resting energy expenditure: A cross sectional analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We determined whether individual components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) mediated the direct association of vitamin D status (25OHD) on resting energy expenditure (REE).

METHODS

Multiple linear regression determined predictors of REE from data on 180 men and women from two ethnic groups. We then modelled a mediation pathway through components of MetS on the direct association between 25OHD and REE. The mediation modelling used the PROCESS SPSS Macro (version 4.0) based on 5000 bootstrapped samples, with the adjustment for different sets of covariates.

RESULTS

REE was significantly predicted by age, fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), ethnicity, inverse ln insulin, 25OHD, triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and, to some extent, by time of REE measurements (p < 0.094). Adjustment for all these covariates, resulted in a negative indirect mediation effect of TG [β coefficient (bootstrapped SE): 0.95 (0.519); bootstrapped 95% CI: 2.172, -0.165; p < 0.05] and a concurrent negative mediation of SBP [β coefficient (bootstrapped SE): 0.72(0.484); bootstrapped 95% CI: 1.851, -0.011; p < 0.05]. There remained a positive direct pathway from 25OHD to REE [β coefficient (S.E): 4.715 (2.129); p = 0.028], however the total effect of 25OHD was dampened [β coefficient (S.E): 3.04 (2.126); p = 0.154].

CONCLUSIONS

Independent of insulin sensitivity, a negative mediation by TG and SBP dampened the overall effect of 25OHD on REE.