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Zhou Y, Tai F, Yu S. Effect of 12-week SPARQ training on the ability of youth football players. SPORTVERLETZUNG SPORTSCHADEN : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT FUR ORTHOPADISCH-TRAUMATOLOGISCHE SPORTMEDIZIN 2024; 38:64-72. [PMID: 38471537 DOI: 10.1055/a-2250-6941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of a 12-week physical training regime comprising five components - speed, power, agility, reaction, quickness - on young football players' performance in terms of their capacity to move quickly in different phases. METHODS The football players were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 12) and a control group (n = 12). The rapid change of direction mobility was systematically investigated by using outdoor tests, the Illinois 505 Agility Test, the Square Pace Test, the Nebraska Agility Test, and the T-Shape Agility Test. RESULTS With the intervention of training, considerable improvements were detected in all indicators, with the SPARQ training approach outperforming. CONCLUSION The combined results indicate that SPARQ training can deliver favourable efficiency in terms of enhancing the agility of young football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, CHINA
| | - Feng Tai
- College of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, CHINA
| | - Shibo Yu
- College of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, CHINA
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2
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Villanueva-Guerrero O, Lozano D, Roso-Moliner A, Nobari H, Lago-Fuentes C, Mainer-Pardos E. Effects of different strength and velocity training programs on physical performance in youth futsal players. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30747. [PMID: 38784537 PMCID: PMC11112280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a high intensity team sport with intermittent actions of short duration, so it is necessary to include different training strategies to improve explosive actions. There is a gap in the scientific literature regarding training programs that improve the performance of young futsal players. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different strength and velocity training programs on lower body physical performance in youth futsal players. Forty-two youth futsal players were divided into control group (CG, n = 14) and a strength intervention group (SG, n = 14), which included a weekly session for 8 weeks of eccentric strength training, plyometrics and core strengthening, and a velocity intervention group (VG, n = 14), which included a weekly session during 8 weeks of training with linear speed exercises and with change of direction, accelerations with resistance bands and core strengthening. SG significantly improved horizontal jump (HJ) (p:0.02), V-CUT (p:0.91) and change of direction deficit (CODD) (p:0.01). VG showed significant improvements in HJ (p:0.01), in 25 m sprint (p:0.01), in total repeated sprint ability time (p:0.01), in V-CUT (p:0.01) and in CODD (p:0.01). SG showed significant intergroup differences (p:0.01) in COD variables with respect to CG and VG. In conclusion, SG and VG showed significant improvements in lower body performance variables in youth futsal players. In addition, the SG has substantial changes in COD compared to the other two groups, so it has a greater effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Villanueva-Guerrero
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
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Roso-Moliner A, Gonzalo-Skok O, Villavicencio Álvarez VE, Calero-Morales S, Mainer-Pardos E. Analysing the Influence of Speed and Jumping Performance Metrics on the Percentage Change of Direction Deficit in Adolescent Female Soccer Players. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:466. [PMID: 38672737 PMCID: PMC11051186 DOI: 10.3390/life14040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies show that although female soccer players often have shorter change of direction (COD) deficits than males, indicating different biomechanical profiles, there is a lack of research on the impact of physical metrics on COD performance in females. The purpose of this work was to analyse whether performance metrics based on speed and jumping could explain the variation in %CODD in young female soccer players. Thirty-three highly trained adolescent female soccer players with an age of 16 ± 0.95 years, a body mass of 55.7 ± 7.22 kg, and a height of 160.4 ± 5.22 cm performed COD180 tests, 10 m and 30 m sprint tests, single-leg countermovement, and horizontal jumps. Acceleration in the first 10 m of a sprint was identified as a significant predictor of COD180 performance (R2 = 28%), (R2 = 50%), (p < 0.01), indicating that early sprint performance may largely determine an individual's ability to change direction. However, no predictors were found for %CODD. Significant correlations were observed between COD180 performance and %CODD, acceleration, linear speed, and horizontal jump performance (r = -0.59 to 0.70; p < 0.05). The study suggests that specific physical performance metrics, particularly early acceleration, are crucial for enhancing COD skills in female soccer players, emphasizing the need for targeted training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
| | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Seville, Spain;
| | | | - Santiago Calero-Morales
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito 171103, Ecuador
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
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4
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Lee YS, Lee D, Ahn NY. SAQ training on sprint, change-of-direction speed, and agility in U-20 female football players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299204. [PMID: 38478514 PMCID: PMC10936847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training on performance changes in linear sprint speed, change-of-direction (COD) speed, and reactive agility of U-20 female football players. Nineteen female football players randomly served as either experimental (n = 9) or control groups (n = 10). The players were tested for physical fitness tests: linear sprint speed including both short and long distances (5- and 10-m sprints without a ball and 20- and 30-m sprints with and without dribbling), COD speed (arrowhead agility test with and without dribbling a ball, Southeast Missouri [SEMO] agility test, and 22-m repeated slalom dribbling test), and reactive agility. Significant group × time interactions were observed for sprint over long distances and COD speed but not for short sprint and reactive agility performances. Paired t-tests revealed considerable improvements in all performances from the pre-test to post-test for the SAQ group, except for the arrowhead agility (left; p = .07). The control group only exhibited significant improvements in 10-m sprint performance after general football training. Eight weeks of SAQ training were effective at enhancing acceleration, maximum sprint speed, and agility performances amongst highly trained U-20 female football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dayoung Lee
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Na Young Ahn
- Department of Sport and Event Management, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
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Loturco I, Nunes RFH, Lampert RR, Silva RLP, Hespanhol JE, Novack LF, Conde JHS, Pereira LA, McGuigan MR. Effects of Two Different Low-Volume Resistance Training Programs Applied During the Off-Season Period on the Speed-Power Performance of Elite Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:571-576. [PMID: 38090975 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loturco, I, Nunes, RFH, Lampert, RR, Silva, RLP, Hespanhol, JE, Novack, LF, Conde, JHS, Pereira, LA, and McGuigan, MR. Effects of two different low-volume resistance training programs applied during the off-season period on the speed-power performance of elite youth soccer players. . J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 571-576, 2024-The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the speed-power performance of elite youth soccer players submitted to 2 different low-volume resistance training programs during the off-season period. Twenty under-17 players were randomly allocated to "traditional nonballistic" or "ballistic training" groups. Countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprinting speed, and half-squat (HS) power tests were performed after the final match of the season (pretesting session) and at the beginning of the subsequent season (post-testing session), after 4 weeks of detraining. Between-group differences were assessed using a 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures followed by the Tukey's post hoc test. Performance variations were individually analyzed with the use of the "true changes" calculation. At post-tests, CMJ height and HS power remained unchanged ( p > 0.05) but similar and significant improvements in sprint speed were observed in both groups ( p < 0.05). However, notably, a larger number of players in the ballistic group exhibited "true changes" in HS power (i.e., 55 vs. 33%, compared with the traditional group, respectively). In conclusion, either low-volume ballistic or traditional resistance training schemes were able to increase sprint speed and maintain power output during a short interseason break in youth soccer players. Despite this apparent similarity, at the individual level, ballistic movements were more efficient at improving lower-body power. Practitioners can use the strategies described here to improve the sprint and power performance of soccer players during short periods of soccer-specific training cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Zabaloy S, Freitas TT, Carlos-Vivas J, Giráldez JC, Loturco I, Pareja-Blanco F, Gálvez González J, Alcaraz PE. Estimation of maximum sprinting speed with timing gates: greater accuracy of 5-m split times compared to 10-m splits. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:262-272. [PMID: 33428549 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1838603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the validity of 5-m (TG5) and 10-m (TG10) split times measured with timing gates to estimate maximum sprint speed (MSS) against a criterion measure radar gun (RG) during the maximum velocity phase of a 30-m sprint. Nineteen amateur rugby players performed two 30-m sprints. The timing gates were placed at the starting line and at 5-, 10-, 20-, 25- and 30-m. In addition, a RG was used to measure instantaneous velocity. Both trials per participant were used selected as references. MSS obtained from TG10, TG5 and RG showed high intraclass correlation coefficients (0.971-0.978), low coefficients of variation (1.14-1.70%) and smallest detectable changes (<0.02 m/s). Pairwise comparison revealed differences (p = 0.002) in MSS when comparing TG10 to RG, but not TG5 and RG (p = 0.957). Almost perfect correlations were found between RG, TG5 and TG10 (r > 0.926, p < 0.001). In conclusion, MSS obtained from TG5, TG10 and RG presented good intra-session reliability. However, practitioners should be aware that substantial differences exist between TG10 and RG. For the assessment of MSS in team-sport athletes, it is recommended the use of TG5 for more accurate estimations when a gold standard criterion is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Julián C Giráldez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Athletic Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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7
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Zwierko M, Jedziniak W, Popowczak M, Rokita A. Effects of six-week stroboscopic training program on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements in young volleyball players: a study focusing on agility performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:59. [PMID: 38424539 PMCID: PMC10905827 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In team sports, deficits in visuomotor reaction speed are considered a significant and modifiable risk factor that can lead to decreased performance and an increased risk of injuries. Thus, identifying effective methods to enhance visuomotor abilities is crucial. The main objective of this research was to investigate the impact of a six-week stroboscopic intervention on visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed specific movements based on agility among young volleyball players. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the impact of saccade dynamics on visuomotor reaction speed performance throughout the experiment. METHODS There were 50 athletes (26 males and 24 females) with an average age of 16.5 years (± 0.6) who participated in this study. Over a six-week training period, athletes performed volleyball-specific training either wearing stroboscopic glasses (intervention) or under normal visual conditions (control). Prior to and after the training period, the agility tests based on change-of-direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RA) were used to identify visuomotor reaction speed performance. To measure agility performance a five-repetition shuttle run to gates was conducted. The REAC-INDEX, which represents visuomotor reaction speed, was analyzed as the resulting difference between the CODS test and the RA test. To elicit saccadic dynamics, a laboratory visual search task was performed. RESULTS A significant GROUP×TIME interaction was observed for the REAC-INDEX (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.13). ANCOVA analyses revealed significant GROUP differences, indicating improved post-training REAC-INDEX results (p = 0.004, d = 0.87), regardless of gender. Training-induced modulations in saccade acceleration did not reach significance, but a significant relationship was observed between changes in saccade acceleration and changes in the REAC-INDEX (r = -0.281, p = 0.048), indicating that higher performance gains following training were associated with a stronger increase in saccade acceleration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that stroboscopic training effectively enhances visuomotor reaction speed in goal-directed movements based on agility. Furthermore, visuomotor reaction speed gains could potentially be mediated by saccade dynamics. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of stroboscopic eyewear for training sport-specific visuomotor skills among young volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zwierko
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Jedziniak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Zanetti V, Pantarotto NB, Reis VP, Jeffreys I, Loturco I. Mixed Training Programs Applied to Young Soccer Players: Effects on Speed-Power Abilities. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1049-1058. [PMID: 37279875 DOI: 10.1055/a-2106-8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of two 4-week strength-power-speed training protocols on physical performance of young soccer players. Twenty-three highly trained under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to two mixed-training groups: 1) "traditional" (TRAD: n=11), comprising vertically oriented strength-power exercises and linear sprints; or 2) "multidirectional" (MULTI: n=12), combining vertically and horizontally oriented strength-power exercises, linear sprints, and change-of-direction (COD) drills. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, 2) linear sprint, COD speed, and 3) jump-squat (JS) and hip-thrust (HT) power tests were performed pre- and post-training. Differences were determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and "target scores" were used to detect real changes in performance. No group-time interactions were found for any of the variables (p>0.05). Significant increases (p<0.05) in 20-m sprint velocity, JS- and HT-power were found in both groups, and in SJ in TRAD. Individual analyses revealed a greater number of meaningful changes in zig-zag velocity in MULTI while most players in TRAD displayed meaningful increases in SJ height. In conclusion, both training protocols resulted in similar adaptations but, at the individual level, it appears that MULTI protocol is superior to improve COD ability while TRAD should be preferred to maximize vertical jumping capabilities during short soccer pre-seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valter P Reis
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- Sport Science, Setanta College, Thurles, Ireland
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Sport Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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9
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Loturco I, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Fernandes V, Mercer VP, Alcaraz PE, Zając A, Bishop C. Speed Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part II). J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:187-211. [PMID: 38053953 PMCID: PMC10694730 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the second article in a three-article collection regarding the plyometric, speed, and resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches. Here, we list and describe six out of the ten speed training methods most commonly employed by these experts to enhance the sprinting capabilities of their athletes. Maximum speed sprinting, form running, resisted sprinting, overspeed running, uphill and downhill running, and sport-specific movement methods are critically examined with reference to their potential application in different sport contexts. In an era when sprint speed is of critical importance across numerous sports, practitioners can employ the methods outlined here to design efficient training programs for their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, López-Sagarra A, Martínez-Rubio C, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Novel Curvilinear Sprint Test in Basketball: Reliability and Comparison With Linear Sprint. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e535-e540. [PMID: 36719967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, López-Sagarra, A, Martínez-Rubio, C, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Novel curvilinear sprint test in basketball: reliability and comparison with linear sprint. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e535-e540, 2023-This study (a) evaluated the reliability of a curvilinear sprint (CS) test to assess kinetic and kinematic outcomes in basketball players, (b) compared the kinetic and kinematic outcomes derived from curvilinear vs. linear sprints (LS), and (c) examined the association of both the CS and LS with change of direction (COD) performance. Thirty young basketball players (17 men and 13 women) competing at the national level (i.e., Spanish Basketball National League) performed a novel CS test around the 3-point line (the 3-point line CS test) to the right and left sides. The maximum and average values of acceleration (ACC), velocity (VEL), and centripetal force (CentF) were measured using Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain). All outcomes showed a high relative (intraclass correlations coefficient ≥ 0.90) and absolute (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%) reliability, except the maximal CentF to the right (CV = 5.41%) and left sides (CV = 7.72%). Linear sprints displayed higher ACC and VEL outputs compared with the 3-point line CS test (all p < 0.001). Both sprinting tests were very large to nearly perfect associated with COD performance (LS r range from -0.71 to -0.86; CS r range from -0.68 to -0.94; p < 0.001), and the curvilinear ACC max was the kinematic outcome most strongly associated with COD performance ( r range from -0.73 to -0.94). In conclusion, the 3-point line CS test is reliable to measure CS performance in basketball and presents different kinetic and kinematic features than LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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11
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Zabaloy S, Alcaraz PE, Arruda AFS, Mercer VP, Bishop C, Loturco I. Change-of-Direction and Deceleration Deficits in National-Team Female Rugby Sevens Players: Interrelationships and Associations With Speed-Related Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1079-1084. [PMID: 37567578 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between a series of direct and indirect measures of linear and multidirectional speed performance in elite female rugby sevens players. METHODS Nineteen players from the Brazilian national team performed 40-m linear sprint and 505 change-of-direction (COD) tests on the same day. Based on the linear sprint and COD test performances, the COD deficit (CODD) and deceleration deficit (DD) were also obtained. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between linear sprint and COD-derived variables. RESULTS Linear sprint and 505 COD velocities were not significantly associated (P > .05). Large to very large significant associations (r values ranging from .54 to .78; P < .05) were detected between linear sprint velocity for the different distances tested (10, 15, 30, and 40 m) and CODD. The COD velocity presented a very large inverse significant correlation with CODD and DD (r = -.77 and -.79 respectively; P < .05). A large and significant correlation was identified between CODD and DD (r = .79; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were observed between linear sprint and CODD, suggesting that faster players are less efficient at changing direction. No relationship was found between sprint velocity and DD, highlighting the independent nature of linear sprints and deceleration capabilities. A comprehensive and detailed analysis of multidirectional speed performance should consider not only linear sprint and COD performances but also complementary COD-derived variables such as the CODD and DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Rhinos, Leeds,United Kingdom
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,United Kingdom
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
| | | | - Valter P Mercer
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London,United Kingdom
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
- University of South Wales, Wales,United Kingdom
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12
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Reactive Agility in Competitive Young Volleyball Players: A Gender Comparison of Perceptual-Cognitive and Motor Determinants. J Hum Kinet 2023; 85:87-96. [PMID: 36643830 PMCID: PMC9808806 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited evidence is available providing specific details about the perceptual-cognitive and motor factors that contribute to reactive agility (RA) and variations between genders in young athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate perceptual-cognitive and motor determinants of RA in competitive youth volleyball players. A total of 135 volleyball players (61 males, 74 females) aged 16-18 years were included in this study. The independent variables were as follows: explosive strength, maximal frequency of movements, simple and complex reaction time, selective attention, sensory sensitivity, and saccadic dynamics. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that explosive strength (ß = - 0.494; p < 0.001) and complex reaction time (ß = 0.225; p = 0.054) accounted for 23% of the variance in RA performance in male players. The best exploratory model for RA contributed 34.5% of the variance in RA for female players with significant determinants of explosive strength (ß = -0.387; p < 0.001), sensory sensitivity (ß = -0.326; p = 0.001) and selective attention (ß = 0.229; p = 0.020). Male athletes obtained better results in RA, in all motor tests (effect size of 0.88 to 2.58) and in five variables of perceptual-cognitive skills (effect size of 0.35 to 0.98). Motor and perceptual-cognitive components significantly contributed to performance in RA in competitive youth volleyball players. Gender differentiates between players' RA performance, motor properties and saccadic dynamics to a large extent, while the remaining analyzed perceptual-cognitive components vary between female and male players to a small and moderate extent.
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13
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Change of Direction Deficit: A Promising Method to Measure a Change of Direction Ability in Adolescent Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2023; 85:1-11. [PMID: 36643838 PMCID: PMC9808811 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between vertical jumping performance, linear speed, change of direction speed (CODs) time and the COD deficit (CODD) in adolescent basketball players and to analyze the CODD between faster and slower players based on linear speed performance. Thirty-eight male basketball players (age: 15.47 ± 0.51 years; body height: 185.19 ± 5.67 cm; body mass: 71.87 ± 7.29 kg) completed countermovement jumps (CMJ) with and without an arm swing, squat jumps (SJs), linear sprints at 20 m with split times at 5 and 10 m, the pro-agility test and the zig-zag tests. Furthermore, the CODD was calculated as the difference between the 20 m linear speed result and CODs time in both COD tests. Pearson and Spearman analyses were used to determine the correlations between power-speed-related variables and the CODD. Moreover, independent t-tests and Cohen's d effect size (ES) were used to analyze the differences between the faster and slower players in the CODD. Moderate to strong significant negative correlations were observed between the CODD in the pro-agility test and linear speed at 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m (r = -0.55 to -0.46), while moderate negative significant correlation was found between the zig-zag CODD and SJs (r = -0.37) as well as small positive significant correlation between the CODD in the zig-zag test and the eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) (r = 0.23). Additionally, faster basketball players displayed significantly higher CODD values performing the pro-agility test. In summary, these findings underline the complexity of COD performance and the importance of remodeling traditional training programs in basketball players.
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14
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Robles-Ruiz J, Baena-Raya A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Horizontal versus vertical force application: association with the change of direction performance in soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:28-35. [PMID: 34854799 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2013953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined which mechanical variables derived from a vertical jump (i.e. concentric peak force [ConcPF] and eccentric peak force [EccPF], flight time [FT]: contraction time [CT], eccentric deceleration rate of force development [EccDecRFD]) and linear sprint (i.e. theoretical maximal force [F0] and velocity [V0], maximal power output [Pmax], the peak ratio of the effective horizontal component [RFpeak], and the index of force application technique [DRF]) determined the change of direction (COD) performance to a greater extent. Sixteen male soccer players (age: 21.8 ± 2.9 years; height: 175.94 ± 6.88 cm; weight: 73.23 ± 9.59 kg) were assessed for a countermovement jump, the horizontal force velocity (FV) profile, and the COD ZigZag test. The horizontal FV profile parameters were significantly associated with COD performance, while jump mechanical variables did not show any significant association (r = 0.08-0.19; p > 0.05). Specifically, F0 (r = -0.56), Pmax (r = -0.68), and RFpeak (r = -0.54) were strongly associated with COD performance. Moreover, a 1 N·kg-1 increase in F0 was associated with -0.11 s to complete the ZigZag test, whereas 1 W·kg-1 and 1% increase in Pmax and RFpeak were associated with -0.05 and -0.03 s, respectively, to complete the COD test. Horizontal force production during sprinting might play a key role in COD performance. Assessing the horizontal FV profile might help coaches to prescribe a specific training programme to maximize sprint acceleration, which might improve COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Robles-Ruiz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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15
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Bishop C, Loturco I. Percentage-Based Change of Direction Deficit: A New Approach to Standardize Time- and Velocity-Derived Calculations. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3521-3526. [PMID: 34446644 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freitas, TT, Pereira, LA, Alcaraz, PE, Azevedo, PHSM, Bishop, C, and Loturco, I. Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3521-3526, 2022-Change of direction (COD) efforts are crucial in team sports, and an extensive body of research has been devoted to investigating this complex and multifaceted skill. Most studies have assessed players' ability to change direction by reporting completion time or average velocity in different COD tasks. However, it has been argued that these variables may not accurately portray an athlete's true capability to quickly change direction. In this context, new metrics such as the COD Deficit (CODD) have been proposed to provide complementary information on the efficiency to change direction. The current literature presents 2 different CODD computations: time-derived and velocity-derived calculations. Despite both being consistent and representing the same phenomenon, the decision of using one or the other may produce different outcomes, thus influencing coaches' decisions and training strategies. To overcome this issue, we propose a new approach to the computation of the CODD, based on the difference in percentage between linear sprint and COD abilities, in an attempt to standardize the estimation of this variable and simplify the evaluation of COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom.,UK Strength and Conditioning Association, Lytham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales
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16
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Zhang Q, Dellal A, Chamari K, Igonin PH, Martin C, Hautier C. The influence of short sprint performance, acceleration, and deceleration mechanical properties on change of direction ability in soccer players-A cross-sectional study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1027811. [PMID: 36406993 PMCID: PMC9667937 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1027811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the relationship between short sprint performance and mechanical parameters obtained during the acceleration and deceleration tasks with the change of direction (COD) performance in female and male soccer players. The acceleration and deceleration ability were compared in the "High/Fast" versus "Low/Slow" COD performance group based on a median split analysis in each sex group. One hundred three French soccer players were assessed for the sprinting Force-Velocity (F-V) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0], power [Pmax]), 10 m performance, linear deceleration test (maximal braking force [HBFmax], braking power [BPmax], deceleration [Decmax]), and COD performance using 505-test. The 10 m performance was strongly associated with 505-test performance (ES = [0.64 to 0.71]), whereas the sprinting F-V profiles parameters were weakly to moderately correlated with 505- performance (ES = [-0.47 to -0.38]). The BPmax was also moderately associated with 505-test performance (ES: range = [-0.55 to -0.46]). In addition, the High/Fast female COD group presented higher F0, Pmax, HBFmax, and BPmax than the Low/Slow group, whereas the male groups presented very few mechanical differences. Multiple regression analysis shows that the COD performance of male players was determined by 10 m performance and maximum deceleration power. In contrast, no statistically significant model could be found to determine the change of direction performance in female players. In conclusion, the current finding indicated that the only variable strongly associated with COD performance was the linear 10 m sprint time. In the same way, the mechanical parameters obtained from acceleration and deceleration seemed to play a non-neglectable role in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Zhang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, UCBL1, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, UCBL1, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
- Mycoach Pro & Mycoach Performance, Performance department, Nice, France
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- ISSEP Ksar-Said, La Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre-Hugues Igonin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, UCBL1, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Association Sportive de Saint-Etienne (ASSE), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Cyril Martin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, UCBL1, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, UCBL1, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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17
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Falces-Prieto M, González-Fernández FT, García-Delgado G, Silva R, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Relationship between sprint, jump, dynamic balance with the change of direction on young soccer players' performance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12272. [PMID: 35851296 PMCID: PMC9293905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to determine the relationship between linear sprinting and jump performance, dynamic balance and change of direction on young soccer players. Ninety-four healthy young highly trained male soccer players belonging to the same high-performance academy agreed to participate in the study [twenty-seven soccer players U16 (14.8 ± 0.4 years; height: 170.6 ± 5.6 cm; body mass 64.7 ± 8.4 kg)] and [sixty-seven soccer players U19 (16.6 ± 1.3 years; height: 173.7 ± 7.2 cm; body mass 66.7 ± 8.0 kg)]. Participants completed 3 testing sessions, 7 days apart. Data from a CMJ, Crossover Hop Test, 10-m sprint test, 505 COD tests and the 90° COD test were collected. Moderate correlations were found in some of the cases (r values were between 0.2 and 0.5 in all cases, being p < 0.05), indicating that linear sprinting, jumping performance and dynamic balance are influential factors in agility but are not the main limiting factor. The highest correlation was found between the cross-over hop test and the 505 COD test (r = 0.44; p < 0.001). The main evidence from the current study suggested that linear sprinting, jumping performance and dynamics balance are determinants of COD, namely explaining the variations in such a skill. The current study revealed that short-distance sprint and jumping performance significantly explain the variations of COD performance on young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Falces-Prieto
- Research Center High Performance Soccer, Marcet Academy, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel García-Delgado
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, CESAG, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran.
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18
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Smajla D, Spudić D, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Differences in Force-Velocity Profiles During Countermovement Jump and Flywheel Squats and Associations With a Different Change of Direction Tests in Elite Karatekas. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828394. [PMID: 35800347 PMCID: PMC9253395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (F-v) relationship has been proposed as a biomechanical characteristic to comprehensively evaluate neuromuscular capabilities within different tasks such as vertical jumping, sprinting and bench pressing. F-v relationship during flywheel (FW) squats was already validated, however, it was never compared to F-v profile of vertical jumps or associated with change of direction (CoD) performance. The aims of our study were (1) to compare F-v profiles measured during counter movement jumps (CMJs) and FW squats, (2) to determine correlations of F-v mechanical capacities with different CoD tests, (3) to investigate the portion of explained variance in CoD tests with the F-v outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 elite karatekas. They performed CMJs and FW squats using progressive loads to calculate F-v profile outcome variables and different CoD tests (CoD at 90°, CoD at 180°, t-test, short karate specific test (KST) and long KST). Our results showed significantly higher values in all F-v outcome variables (F0—theoretical maximal force, V0—maximal unloaded velocity, Pmax—maximal power output, F-vslope—the slope of F-v relationship) calculated from CMJs compared to FW squats (all p < 0.01). Significant positive moderate correlations between the tasks were found for F0 and Pmax (r = 0.323–0.378, p = 0.018–0.045). In comparison to F-v outcome variables obtained in FW squats, higher correlations were found between F-v outcome variables calculated from CMJs and CoD tests. The only significant correlation in F-v outcome variables calculated from FW squats was found between Pmax and short KST time. For all CoD tests, only one F-v predictor was included; more specifically—CMJ-F0 for CoD 90°, CoD 180° and t-test, and FW-Pmax for short KST performance. To conclude, our results showed that F-v relationship between CMJs and FW squats differed significantly and cannot be used interchangeably for F-v profiling. Moreover, we confirmed that high force and power production is important for the successful performance of general and karate specific CoD tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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19
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Relationship between Performance and Inter-Limb Asymmetries Using Flywheel Resistance Device in Elite Youth Female Basketball Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060812. [PMID: 35741333 PMCID: PMC9220670 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to quantify inter-limb asymmetries from unilateral jumps, change of direction (COD) speed, and flywheel resistance skill tests and to examine their relationship with physical performance in a sample of elite youth female basketball players. Eleven female basketball players (age = 17.56 ± 0.60 year; body mass = 75.13 ± 12.37 kg; height = 1.83 ± 0.08 m; BMI = 22.42 ± 2.28; sports experience = 6.31 ± 1.73 year; years post-peak height velocity = 4.79 ± 0.68 year) performed a battery of fitness tests in the post-season consisting of the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, 135° and 90° COD tests, and four skills (acceleration step, deceleration step, sidestep, and crossover step) with an flywheel resistance device. The results showed significant differences between the higher performing and lower performing limbs across all tasks (p < 0.05). The mean asymmetry index values ranged from 1.26% (COD 135°) to 11.75% (SLC-V). Inter-limb asymmetries were greatest during the flywheel resistance skills. Spearman’s correlations (ρ) for all tests were only significant for inter-limb asymmetries during the sidestep test and reduced performance in SLCJ-L (ρ = −0.61; p = 0.046) and all COD deficits (ρ range = −0.72 to −0.81). The findings of the present study showed that inter-limb asymmetries are task-specific in female youth basketball players and suggest that the use of flywheel devices can be included in the battery of tests to detect inter-limb asymmetry.
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20
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Bampouras TM, Thomas NM. Validation of a LiDAR-based player tracking system during football-specific tasks. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-022-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTracking players’ movements in sports is important to monitor and optimise exercise volume, avoid injuries, and enhance game performance. A new LiDAR-based system (Sportlight®) purports to provide accurate velocity and acceleration metrics derived from player movements. This study examined the validity of the LiDAR-based system against a 3D motion analysis system. Two competitive football players (age: 18 years, height: 1.74 ± 0.01 m, mass: 66.5 ± 7.8 kg; playing experience at this level: 3 years) completed nine trials each of six sport-specific movements, consisting of straight-line sprints, cuts, and curved runs. Trials were recorded concurrently by a four-unit LiDAR system and a 64-camera 3D motion analysis system. Instantaneous velocity and acceleration, and time spent within key performance indicator bands (defined by velocity and acceleration thresholds) were compared between systems. Agreement between the systems was evaluated by root mean square error. Differences in time spent within each key performance indicator band between systems were assessed with t tests and standardised effect sizes. Velocity root mean square error values ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 m·s−1 across all movements and acceleration root mean square error values ranged from 0.16 to 0.7 m·s−2. Differences between systems for time spent within each key performance indicator band were mostly trivial. These results show that the LiDAR-based system can provide valid measures of velocity and acceleration in football-specific tasks, thus providing accurate tracking of players and calculation of relevant key performance indicators.
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21
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Madruga-Parera M, Bishop C, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Beato M, Gonzalo-Skok O, Romero-Rodríguez D. Effects of 8 Weeks of Isoinertial vs. Cable-Resistance Training on Motor Skills Performance and Interlimb Asymmetries. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1200-1208. [PMID: 32379241 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Madruga-Parera, M, Bishop, C, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A, Beato, M, Gonzalo-Skok, O, and Romero-Rodríguez, D. Effects of 8-weeks of Isoinertial vs. Cable-resistance Training on Motor Skills Performance and Interlimb Asymmetries. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1200-1208, 2022-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of isoinertial vs. cable-resistance training on motor skills performance and interlimb asymmetries in handball players. Thirty-four young male handball players (mean ± SD: age: 15.96 ± 1.39 years; height: 1.74 ± 0.73 m; body mass: 70.5 ± 13.3 kg) participated in a randomized trial. The players performed an isoinertial program using a portable flywheel device or a cable-resistance device. Performance variations and interlimb asymmetries in dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) limb means of the unilateral countermovement jump (UCMJ), the unilateral lateral jump (ULJ), the unilateral broad jump (UBJ), handball throwing (HT), change of direction speed (COD180), the linear sprint (S20), the V-CUT test, and the repeated change of direction (RCOD) were recorded. Significant interactions were shown in RCODD (p = 0.003, ηp = 0.25), HT (p = 0.015, ηp = 0.17) and UCMJASY (p = 0.037, ηp = 0.13). Post-hoc testing revealed higher effect sizes in the isoinertial group (p < 0.05) for the performance improvements in RCODD (-1.35 large vs. -0.22, small) and HT (0.88, moderate vs. 0.00, trivial), in addition to interlimb asymmetry reductions in UCMJASY (-0.70 moderate vs. -0.32, small). Significant main effects of time in COD180, RCOD, UCMJ, and UBJ for both limbs (p < 0.05, from moderate to large effect size), and in ULJND (p < 0.001, large), UCMJASY (p < 0.001, moderate), V-CUT (p = 0.014, small), and HT (p = 0.015, large) were found. The effect sizes revealed greater magnitudes in the isoinertial group. In conclusion, although both resistance training programs improve players' to physical performance and reduce interlimb asymmetries, greater improvements were recorded with the isoinertial resistance training than with the cable-resistance methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Madruga-Parera
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) and School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, University of Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom ; and
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22
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Variations in Internal and External Training Load Measures and Neuromuscular Performance of Professional Soccer Players During a Preseason Training Period. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:149-162. [PMID: 35291639 PMCID: PMC8884880 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We described the internal and external training loads (TLs) experienced by soccer players over a 4-week preseason, examined their effects on vertical jump (VJ) performance, and investigated the relationships between different TL variables. Eighteen professional soccer players performed 17 training sessions and 1 friendly-match (FM) over the preseason. The internal TL was obtained using the session-rating of perceived exertion method. The external TL variables collected were total and high-intensity distances, body-load, and high-metabolic power distance via the GPS system. VJ performance was assessed 13 times throughout the study. Moreover, total quality recovery and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed before every training session as a measure of recovery status. Players were divided, using a median split analysis, into two groups, according to their VJ performance (i.e., “lower” and “higher” VJ). External TL variables displayed similar variations across training sessions and were significantly interrelated (r ranging from 0.48 to 0.88). In periods where higher internal TLs were detected, impaired recovery status was noticed. Notably, the higher VJ group exhibited decreased jump performance at post-test and higher internal and external TLs across the entire preseason (compared to the lower VJ group). From our results it is suggested that professional soccer players with higher VJ performance are potentially more susceptible to concurrent training effects.
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23
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Acceleration Profiles and the Isoinertial Squatting Exercise: Is There a Direct Effect on Concentric-Eccentric Force, Power, and Neuromuscular Efficiency? J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:646-652. [PMID: 33378739 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the selective influences of distinct acceleration profiles on the neuromuscular efficiency, force, and power during concentric and eccentric phases of isoinertial squatting exercise. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Biomechanics laboratory of the university. PARTICIPANTS A total of 38 active adults were divided according to their acceleration profiles: higher (n = 17; >2.5 m/s2) and lower acceleration group (n = 21; <2.5 m/s2). INTERVENTION All subjects performed squats until failure attached to an isoinertial conic pulley device monitored by surface electromyography of rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An incremental optical encoder was used to assess maximal and mean power and force during concentric and eccentric phases. The neuromuscular efficiency was calculated using the mean force and the electromyographic linear envelope. RESULTS Between-group differences were observed for the maximal and mean force (Prange = .001-.005), power (P = .001), and neuromuscular efficiency (Prange = .001-.03) with higher significant values for the higher acceleration group in both concentric and eccentric phases. CONCLUSION Distinct acceleration profiles affect the neuromuscular efficiency, force, and power during concentric and eccentric phases of isoinertial squatting exercise. To ensure immediate higher levels of power and force output without depriving the neuromuscular system, acceleration profiles higher than 2.5 m/s2 are preferable. The acceleration profiles could be an alternative to evolve the isoinertial exercise.
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24
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The Effect of High-Intensity Accelerations and Decelerations on Match Outcome of an Elite English League Two Football Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189913. [PMID: 34574836 PMCID: PMC8471310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Previous research has highlighted the frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations in elite football. The influence of these actions on match performance outcomes has not been established. The aim of the present study was to identify the influence of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations on match performance outcomes (i.e., win, draw, lost). Comparisons were also made between team and positional high-intensity accelerations and decelerations recorded within the games. Methods: 26 elite outfield footballers from an elite English Football League (EFL) Two team completed the present study. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was utilised to quantify high-intensity accelerations and decelerations during 45 games in a competitive season. Magnitude analysis and the effects of results, positions and fixture periods were observed. Results: Significant effects of results, periods and positions were observed (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest outputs observed in games won. Positionally, fullbacks and centre forwards in a 4–3–3 formation exhibited the greatest frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations. Very large differences were observed between the frequency of high-intensity decelerations compared to accelerations in games won (g = 2.37), drawn (g = 2.99) and lost (g = 3.59). The highest team frequencies of high-intensity accelerations (n = 3330) and decelerations (n = 6482) were completed in games won. Conclusions: The frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations has a significant impact on match performance outcomes in an elite English League Two football team. Consideration needs to be given to specific conditioning and recovery strategies to optimise high-intensity acceleration and deceleration performance in games. Caution should be taken as these findings are representative of one team within the EFL.
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25
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Buscà B, Vicens-Bordas J, Arboix-Alió J. Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2850-2858. [PMID: 34412556 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1968123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to provide seasonal variation data for inter-limb asymmetry in youth elite team-sport athletes. Fifty-nine players performed the single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) and the one leg hop for distance (OLHT) tests during pre-season, mid-season and end-season. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to determine magnitude differences in asymmetry scores between time points. Kappa coefficients (κ) were calculated to determine the levels of agreement for the direction of asymmetry. When comparing inter-limb asymmetry magnitudes across the season, the SLCMJ test showed significantly higher asymmetries at mid-season in comparison with pre-season and end-season (p< 0.01, d= -1.03 for pre to mid; p< 0.01, d= 1.12 for pre to end). However, OLHT inter-limb asymmetry magnitude remained consistent throughout the season (ES range = -0.02 to -0.06). For the direction of asymmetry, levels of agreement ranged from poor to slight in the SLCMJ (k= -0.10 to 0.18) and in the OLHT (k= -0.21 to 0.18). No significant differences were found between mean asymmetry values at any time point or for either test when comparing males and females. In conclusion, jump height asymmetry during the SLCMJ was the only metric to show significant magnitude changes across the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball Esplugues De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University London, UK
| | - Bernat Buscà
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat De Girona Salt, Spain.,UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia Vic, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University FPCEE Blanquerna Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the sprint force-velocity profile [Hzt FV profile] variables with change of direction [COD] performance in female futsal players. Twelve female futsal players (age: 19.83 ± 4.2 years; body height: 160.75 ± 8.37 cm; body mass: 57.64 ± 8.3 kg) volunteered to be evaluated in the following assessments: Hzt FV profile, 505 test, modified 505 test [M505test] and V-cut test. The Spearman's correlation coefficient [rs] (p < 0.05) was used to determine the relationship of the mechanical variables of the sprint (maximum power output [Pmax], maximum horizontal force production [F0] and maximum velocity [V0]) with COD performance. V0 showed a very large significant association with the 505 test (rs = -0.767; 90% CI: (-0.92 to -0.43); p < 0.01) and a large association with the V-cut test (rs = -0.641; 90% CI: (-0.86 to -0.21); p < 0.05), whereas Pmax was strongly associated with results of the 505 test (rs = -0.821; 90% CI: (-0.94 to -0.55); p < 0.01) and largely associated with the V-cut test results (rs = -0.596; 90% CI: (-0.84 to -0.14); p < 0.05). In conclusion, maximal power and velocity output during sprinting are determinant factors to successful COD in 180º and 45º cuts, thus, the Hzt FV profile should be assessed in female futsal players to better understand the influence of sprint mechanical properties on COD performance and prescribe individualized training programs.
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27
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Assessing the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in Unilateral Jump and Change of Direction Speed Tasks in Youth Female Team-Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:15-27. [PMID: 34400983 PMCID: PMC8336540 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction of inter-limb asymmetries and the change of direction (COD) deficit are two aspects that have increased in recent years. The main objective of the present study was to assess the magnitude of neuromuscular asymmetries in an elite youth female team-sports sample and determine its directionality. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the relationship between COD deficit, linear speed and COD time performance. Elite female youth basketball and handball players (n = 33, age = 16 ± 1.17 y) performed the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, the COD and the 10-m sprint. Results showed statistical differences between limbs in all the neuromuscular tests (p < 0.001). The Kappa coefficient showed poor to fair levels of agreement between tasks (K range = -0.087 to 0.233), indicating that asymmetries rarely favoured the same limb between skills. Additionally, small and non-significant correlations were found between the linear sprint capacity and the COD ability. The findings of the present study highlight the independent directionality of asymmetries across tests. The COD deficit does not appear to be much more advantageous than COD total time to measure asymmetry. Practitioners are encouraged to use a fitness testing battery to detect existing side differences and each ability should be specifically trained with functional tasks.
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28
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Teske LG, Beck EC, Bullock GS, Nicholson KF, Waterman BR. Lower Extremity Biomechanics Predicts Major League Baseball Player Performance. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211015237. [PMID: 34291115 PMCID: PMC8274116 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211015237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although lower extremity biomechanics has been correlated with traditional metrics among baseball players, its association with advanced statistical metrics has not been evaluated. Purpose: To establish normative biomechanical parameters during the countermovement jump (CMJ) among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and evaluate the relationship between CMJ-developed algorithms and advanced statistical metrics. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: MLB players in 2 professional organizations performed the CMJ at the beginning of each baseball season from 2013 to 2017. We collected ground-reaction force data including the eccentric rate of force development (“load”), concentric vertical force (“explode”), and concentric vertical impulse (“drive”) as well as the Sparta Score. The advanced statistical metrics from each baseball season (eg, fielding independent pitching [FIP], weighted stolen base runs [wSB], and weighted on-base average) were also gathered for the study participants. The minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated for each CMJ variable to establish normative parameters. Pearson coefficient analysis and regression trees were used to evaluate associations between CMJ data and advanced statistical metrics for the players. Results: A total of 151 pitchers and 138 batters were included in the final analysis. The MDC for “load,” “explode,” “drive,” and the Sparta Score was 10.3, 8.1, 8.7, and 4.6, respectively, and all demonstrated good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). There was a weak but statistically significant correlation between the Sparta Score and wSB (r = 0.23; P = .007); however, there were no significant correlations with any other advanced metrics. Regression trees demonstrated superior FIP with higher Sparta Scores in older pitchers compared with younger pitchers. Conclusion: There was a positive but weak correlation between the Sparta Score and base-stealing performance among professional baseball players. Additionally, older pitchers with a higher Sparta Score had statistically superior FIP compared with younger pitchers with a similar Sparta Score after adjusting for age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Teske
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward C Beck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen F Nicholson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Maximizing Acceleration and Change of Direction in Sport: A Case Series to Illustrate How the Force-Velocity Profile Provides Additional Information to That Derived from Linear Sprint Time. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116140. [PMID: 34200129 PMCID: PMC8201263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sprint running and change of direction (COD) present similar mechanical demands, involving an acceleration phase in which athletes need to produce and apply substantial horizontal external force. Assessing the mechanical properties underpinning individual sprint acceleration might add relevant information about COD performance in addition to that obtained through sprint time alone. The present technical report uses a case series of three athletes with nearly identical 20 m sprint times but with different mechanical properties and COD performances. This makes it possible to illustrate, for the first time, a potential rationale for why the sprint force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), maximal power output (Pmax), ratio of effective horizontal component (RFpeak) and index of force application technique (DRF)) provides key information about COD performance (i.e., further to that derived from simple sprint time), which can be used to individualize training. This technical report provides practitioners with a justification to assess the FV profile in addition to sprint time when the aim is to enhance sprint acceleration and COD performance; practical interpretations and advice on how training interventions could be individualized based on the athletes' differential sprint mechanical properties are also specified.
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30
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Harper DJ, Cohen DD, Rhodes D, Carling C, Kiely J. Drop jump neuromuscular performance qualities associated with maximal horizontal deceleration ability in team sport athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1005-1016. [PMID: 34006201 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1930195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between, and within, drop jump (DJ) neuromuscular performance (NMP) qualities and maximal horizontal deceleration ability. We also compared DJ NMP qualities in "high" versus "low" horizontal deceleration ability athletes. Twenty-nine university athletes performed: (1) DJs on force plates from 20 (DJ20) and 40 cm (DJ40) heights and (2) maximal horizontal deceleration, measured using radar, following a 20 m acceleration. Maximal horizontal deceleration was evaluated using deceleration (HDEC; m·s-2), across the entire deceleration phase and during early and late deceleration sub-phases. Of the DJ variables assessed, DJ20 and DJ40 reactive strength index (RSI) and concentric mean force had the largest correlations with HDEC (r = -0.54 to -0.61) and the largest differences between high and low HDEC groups (d = 1.20 to 1.40). These correlations were stronger with the early than late HDEC sub-phase (r = -0.54 to -0.66 vs. r = -0.24 to -0.40). Notably, eccentric mean force in DJ40 had large correlations with both DJ20 and DJ40 concentric mean force (r = 0.67 to 0.77), whereas at DJ20 these correlations were small (r = 0.22 to 0.40). Similarly, DJ40 eccentric mean force had a much larger difference between the high and low HDEC groups than DJ20 (d = 1.11 vs. 0.51). These findings suggest DJ RSI from either height may be used as a proxy for HDEC ability, while DJ kinetic analyses should use a higher height to distinguish those with a better capacity to generate eccentric braking forces under increased eccentric loading demands.HIGHLIGHTS Players with greater drop jump reactive strength index (RSI) demonstrated superior horizontal deceleration ability.Drop jump RSI had a greater association with the early compared to the late horizontal deceleration sub-phase.Of the drop jump kinetic variables examined, concentric mean force had the largest associations with horizontal deceleration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Sports Science Centre (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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31
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Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082623. [PMID: 33918020 PMCID: PMC8070051 DOI: 10.3390/s21082623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.
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32
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Effects of a Congested Fixture Period on Speed and Power Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1120–1126. [PMID: 33691286 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of a match-congested period on straight and curve sprint performance, change of direction (COD) speed and deficit, vertical jumping ability, and half-squat (HS) mean propulsive power (MPP) output in young soccer players. METHODS A total of 15 under-20 elite male soccer players participated in 14 matches over 8 weeks. The following assessments were performed before and after the congested fixture period: squat and countermovement jumps, 17-m linear sprint, curve sprint test for the "good" (CSGS) and "weak" (CSWS) sides, modified 17-m Zigzag test, and HS MPP. Magnitude-based inferences and a paired t test were used to analyze pre-post changes in the assessed variables. RESULTS Very likely (P < .05) decreases were noticed in 17-m sprint velocity (effect size [ES] [90% confidence limit; CL], -0.56 [-0.32 to -0.81]) and CSGS (ES [90% CL], -0.72 [-0.40 to 1.03]) after the 8-week period. A possible but nonsignificant impairment was revealed in CSWS (ES [90% CL], -0.18 [0.03 to -0.39]), and countermovement jump (ES [90% CL], -0.21 [-0.54 to 0.12]). Zigzag velocity (ES [90% CL], -2.90 [-2.45 to -3.36]) and COD deficit (ES [90% CL], 0.86 [0.52 to 1.20]) were almost certainly and significantly (P < .05) reduced and increased, respectively, after the match-congested period. An almost certain and significant (P < .05) reduction was found in HS MPP (ES [90% CL], -1.18 [-0.76 to -1.61]). CONCLUSIONS Straight and curve sprint velocity, COD speed and deficit, and HS MPP were impaired after the match-congested period. Vertical jump height was possibly decreased. Seasonal phases comprising high volumes of soccer-specific training and competition seem to be detrimental to speed-power qualities in under-20 elite soccer players.
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33
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Kobal R, Freitas TT, Fílter A, Requena B, Barroso R, Rossetti M, Jorge RM, Carvalho L, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Curve Sprint in Elite Female Soccer Players: Relationship with Linear Sprint and Jump Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052306. [PMID: 33652735 PMCID: PMC7956260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between linear sprint, curve sprint (CS), change of direction (COD) speed, and jump performance in a sample of 17 professional female soccer players. All athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, single leg horizontal triple jumps, 17 m linear sprints, CS tests, and a 17 m Zigzag COD test. A Pearson product–moment test was performed to determine the relationships among the assessed variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Nearly perfect associations (r > 0.9) were found between linear and CS velocities. Players faster in linear sprints and CS exhibited greater COD deficits. No significant associations were found between COD deficit and either body mass or sprint momentum. Jumping ability was significantly correlated with linear sprint and CS performance, but not to COD performance. These findings may be used by coaches and practitioners to guide testing and training prescriptions in this population. The associations observed here suggest that training methods designed to improve linear sprint and CS velocities may benefit from the implementation of vertically and horizontally oriented plyometric exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport—Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Fílter
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Faculty of Sport-University of Pablo de Olavide (UPO), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Football Science Institute (FSI), 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.F.); (B.R.)
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Marcelo Rossetti
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Renato M. Jorge
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (R.K.); (M.R.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- School of Physical Education—University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil; (R.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil; (T.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF037 1DL, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3702-5284
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Baena-Raya A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Romea ES, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Gender-Specific Association of the Sprint Mechanical Properties With Change of Direction Performance in Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2868-2874. [PMID: 33555826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Jiménez-Reyes, P, Romea, ES, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Gender-specific association of the sprint mechanical properties with change of direction performance in basketball. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-We evaluated the gender-specific associations between the mechanical variables derived from the horizontal force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0], maximal power output [Pmax], peak ratio of the effective horizontal component [RFpeak], and the force application technique index [DRF]) and the change of direction (COD) performance for basketball players. Seventy-one players (23 women and 48 men) were assessed for the horizontal FV profile and COD using the modified 505 and V-cut tests. The FV profile parameters were significantly higher for the men than those for the women. The F0, RFpeak, and Pmax were strongly associated with performance in the 505 test (women rrange = -0.72 to -0.82; men: rrange = -0.67 to -0.75; p < 0.001) and the V-cut test (women rrange = -0.68 to -0.76; men rrange = -0.45 to -0.50; p < 0.001), as well as with a lower COD deficit (women rrange = 0.58 to 0.75 (p < 0.01); men rrange = 0.49 to 0.54; all p < 0.001). For the women, a 1 N·kg-1 increase of the F0 was associated with -0.20 seconds and -0.56 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.16 seconds for the COD deficit. In the men, it was associated with -0.13 seconds and -0.37 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.10 seconds for the COD deficit. F0, RFpeak, and Pmax are the most determinant sprint mechanical properties to successfully COD and reduce the COD deficit. The horizontal FV profile assessment is recommended for diagnosing and prescribing a training program for basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; and National Basketball Team, Spanish Basketball Federation and Basketball Club Unicaja, Málaga, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Conceição F, Jiménez-Reyes P, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Association of the vertical and horizontal force-velocity profile and acceleration with change of direction ability in various sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1659-1667. [PMID: 33241736 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1856934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of the mechanical variables derived from the force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e. theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0] and maximal power output [Pmax]) with change of direction (COD) performance in soccer, basketball and tennis players. Fifty-four male athletes (soccer n = 23; tennis n = 16; basketball n = 15) were assessed for the vertical (Vrt) and horizontal (Hzt) FV profiles, COD with the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) legs, using the modified 505 test, and sprint. Hzt FV profile parameters showed stronger associations with performance than Vrt FV profile in the three sports. Specifically, the Hzt parameter most strongly associated with COD performance was F0 in tennis (r = -0.83; p<0.001) and Pmax in soccer and basketball (r = -0.79; p<0.001). Associations between sprint times and COD test ranged from (r = 0.73-0.82) in soccer players, (r = 0.74-0.87) in tennis players and (r = 0.62-0.85) in basketball players, respectively (p<0.05). Considering the whole sample and the random effect of the type of sports, an improvement in sprint acceleration (i.e. one N/kg increase in F0 and one W/kg in Pmax) was associated with -0.15 s and -0.04 s to complete the 505 test, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest the potential usefulness of assessing the Hzt FV profile to maximize acceleration capabilities through training interventions which, in turn, may translate into improved COD performance. However, further longitudinal and experimental research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Faculty of Sports, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LABIOMEP-Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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36
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, de Keijzer KL, Beato M. The effect of a weekly flywheel resistance training session on elite U-16 soccer players' physical performance during the competitive season. A randomized controlled trial. Res Sports Med 2021; 29:571-585. [PMID: 33401975 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1870978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a weekly flywheel resistance training session over a 10-week period on U16 soccer players' physical performance with special attention to change of direction ability (e.g., deficit [CODdef]). Twenty elite young soccer players were assigned to an experimental (EG, n = 10) or control (CG, n = 10) group. Unilateral countermovement jumps with dominant (CMJd) and non-dominant (CMJnd) leg, 10, 20, and 30-m linear sprint test and change of direction sprint test in 5 + 5 (COD10) and 10 + 10 m (COD20) were performed before and after flywheel training period. Significant within-group differences were found in CG in COD10 (p = 0.01; effect size [ES] = large) and CODdef10 (p = 0.03; ES = small) with dominant leg, while differences in EG were observed in CMJ (p = 0.001-0.01; ES = moderate-large) and in all COD and CODdef variables (p = 0.001-0.04; ES = large). Between-groups analysis revealed differences in favour of the EG in CMJ (p = 0.03-0.05) and COD and CODdef variables (p = 0.001-0.05). These findings suggest a weekly flywheel training session is suitable for improving jumping and COD abilities in U16 elite soccer players in season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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Bakalľár I, Šimonek J, Kanásová J, Krčmárová B, Krčmár M. Multiple athletic performances, maturation, and Functional Movement Screen total and individual scores across different age categories in young soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:432-441. [PMID: 33178645 PMCID: PMC7609856 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040546.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in multiple athletic performances, and to examine associations between athletic performance and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in young soccer players. Forty-one soccer players were tested on peak height velocity (PHV), 5-, 10-, and 30-m sprint times, 505 change of direction (505 COD), Y-reactive agility tests, countermovement jump (CMJ), and squat jump (SJ) height. Significant main effects (P<0.01) were recorded in all tests except FMS total score whereas the U16 group outperformed U12 and U14 in almost each test. However, when the results were adjusted to the PHV 7 of 11 tests were nonsignificant. Significant associations were recorded between trunk stability push-up (TSPU) and 5 m (P=0.04) and 505 COD (preferred) times (P=0.01), and SJ height (P=0.03) in the U12. In the U14, significant associations were recoded between TSPU and SJ (P<0.01) and CMJ height (P=0.03). In the U16, significant associations were recorded between deep overhead squat and 5-m sprint time (P=0.02) and CMJ height (P=0.04). Results of this study indicate that athletic performance in young soccer players is multidimensional in nature, and it is a consequence of several factors including maturation, different training strategies, and movement proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bakalľár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jaromír Šimonek
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Janka Kanásová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bohumila Krčmárová
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Krčmár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
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Train the Engine or the Brakes? Influence of Momentum on the Change of Direction Deficit. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:90-96. [PMID: 33120363 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, it is unclear which physical characteristics may underpin the change of direction deficit (COD-D). This investigation sought to determine if momentum, speed-, and jump-based measures may explain variance in COD-D. METHODS Seventeen males from a professional soccer academy (age, 16.76 [0.75] y; height, 1.80 [0.06] m; body mass, 72.38 [9.57] kg) performed 505 tests on both legs, a 40-m sprint, and single-leg countermovement and drop jumps. RESULTS The regression analyses did not reveal any significant predictors for COD-D on either leg. "Large" relationships were reported between the COD-D and 505 time on both limbs (r = .65 to .69; P < .01), but COD-D was not associated with linear momentum, speed-, or jump-based performances. When the cohort was median split by COD-D, the effect sizes suggested that the subgroup with the smaller COD-D was 5% faster in the 505 test (d = -1.24; P < .001) but 4% slower over 0-10 m (d = 0.79; P = .33) and carried 11% less momentum (d = -0.81; P = .17). CONCLUSION Individual variance in COD-D may not be explained by speed- and jump-based performance measures within academy soccer players. However, when grouping athletes by COD-D, faster athletes with greater momentum are likely to display a larger COD-D. It may, therefore, be prudent to recommend more eccentric-biased or technically focused COD training in such athletes and for coaches to view the COD action as a specific skill that may not be represented by performance time in a COD test.
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Chacoma A, Almeira N, Perotti JI, Billoni OV. Modeling ball possession dynamics in the game of football. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:042120. [PMID: 33212674 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study interaction dynamics in the game of football-soccer in the context of ball possession intervals. To do so, we analyze a database comprising one season of the five major football leagues of Europe. Using this input, we developed a stochastic model based on three agents: two teammates and one defender. Despite its simplicity, the model is able to capture, in good approximation, the statistical behavior of possession times, pass lengths, and number of passes performed. In the last section, we show that the model's dynamics can be mapped into a Wiener process with drift and an absorbing barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chacoma
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N Almeira
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J I Perotti
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - O V Billoni
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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40
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Harper DJ, Morin JB, Carling C, Kiely J. Measuring maximal horizontal deceleration ability using radar technology: reliability and sensitivity of kinematic and kinetic variables. Sports Biomech 2020:1-17. [PMID: 32731845 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1792968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Radar technology has the potential for providing new insights into maximal horizontal deceleration ability. This study aimed to investigate the intra- and inter-day reliability and sensitivity of kinematic and kinetic variables obtained from a novel, maximal horizontal deceleration test, using radar technology. Thirty-eight university sport athletes completed testing for intra-day analysis. Twelve of these participants also completed the deceleration test on a second day for inter-day analysis. The maximal horizontal deceleration test required participants to decelerate maximally following 20 m maximal horizontal sprint acceleration. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing typical error (TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC). A number of kinematic and kinetic variables had good (ICC > 0.75, CV < 10%) overall intra-day reliability, and were sensitive to detect small-to-moderate changes in deceleration performance after a single familiarisation session. Only kinetic variables had good overall inter-day reliability and were sensitive to detect moderate changes in deceleration performance. The utilisation of this test protocol to assess maximal horizontal deceleration can provide new insights into individual maximal horizontal deceleration capabilities. Future work using this or similar approaches may provide insights into the neuromuscular performance qualities needed to decelerate maximally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Expertise in Sports and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | | | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Vicens-Bordas J, Esteve E, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Casals M, Bandholm T, Ishøi L, Opar D, Shield A, Thorborg K. Performance changes during the off-season period in football players - Effects of age and previous hamstring injury. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2489-2499. [PMID: 32658565 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1792160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate changes in selected performance measures during an off-season period, their association, and the potential role of age and previous hamstring injury in semi-professional and amateur football players. Seventy-four male players (age: 25 ± 4 years, stature: 178.0 ± 6.6 cm, body mass: 74.9 ± 8.1 kg) were assessed at the beginning and end of the off-season summer-period for sprint, change-of-direction performance and eccentric hamstring strength. Small to medium increases in sprint times were observed at 5 (d = 0.26, p = 0.057), 10 (d = 0.42, p < 0.001) and 30 m (d = 0.64, p < 0.001). Small (d = -0.23, p = 0.033) improvements were observed for COD performance, and no changes in eccentric hamstring strength (d = 0.10, p = 0.317). The changes in the outcomes were not affected by age (p = 0.449 to 0.928) or previous hamstring injury (p = 0.109 to 0.995). The impaired sprint performance was not related to changes in eccentric hamstring strength (r = -0.21 to 0.03, p = 0.213 to 0.856), instead, changes in COD performance were associated with changes in eccentric hamstring strength (r = -0.42, p = 0.008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sportclínic. Physiotherapy and Sports Training Centre , Girona, Spain.,School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona , Salt, Spain.,Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona , Girona, Spain.,Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC) , Spain
| | - Ernest Esteve
- Sportclínic. Physiotherapy and Sports Training Centre , Girona, Spain.,School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona , Salt, Spain
| | | | - Martí Casals
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC) , Spain.,Sport Performance Analysis Research Group, University of Vic , Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Bandholm
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Research - Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University , Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lasse Ishøi
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Shield
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Research - Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University , Hvidovre, Denmark.,Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Lizana JA, Bachero-Mena B, Calvo-Lluch A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Pareja-Blanco F. Do Faster, Stronger, and More Powerful Athletes Perform Better in Resisted Sprints? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1826-1832. [PMID: 32639382 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lizana, JA, Bachero-Mena, B, Calvo-Lluch, A, Sánchez-Moreno, M, Pereira, LA, Loturco, I, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Do faster, stronger, and more powerful athletes perform better in resisted sprints? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study aimed to analyze the relationships between different strength, power, and speed abilities and resisted sprint performance across a wide range of sled loads (10, 30, and 50% body mass [BM]). Seventy-nine young physically active male sport science students (age: 22.8 ± 3.4 years, BM: 74.2 ± 9.1 kg, and height: 175.4 ± 8.5 cm) performed 2 testing sessions. Session 1 consisted of a 20 m sprint without any additional load and with 10, 30, and 50% BM. Session 2 consisted of countermovement jump and full squat (SQ) tests. The CMJ was performed without any additional load and with loads of 30 and 50% BM, and the SQ was performed with loads corresponding to 30, 50, 70, and 90% BM. Resisted sprint times were moderate to large correlated with unloaded sprint times (r = 0.79 to 0.89), unloaded and loaded jump height (r = -0.62 to -0.71), and SQ performance (r = -0.56 to -0.71). Negative relationships were observed between velocity loss induced by each sled load and jump and SQ performance. The magnitude of these relationships increased with increasing sled loads. In conclusion, differences in speed, strength, and power abilities may explain, at least partially, the individual response of each athlete during sprinting towing a sled, especially with heavier sled loads. Thus, faster, stronger, and more powerful athletes require heavier sled loads (relative to %BM) to experience similar exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Lizana
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Africa Calvo-Lluch
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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43
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Curve sprinting in soccer: relationship with linear sprints and vertical jump performance. Biol Sport 2020; 37:277-283. [PMID: 32879550 PMCID: PMC7433323 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationships among linear speed, vertical jumping ability and curve sprint (CS) performance. Moreover, the correlations between linear and curvilinear sprint velocities and CS deficit were tested. Twenty-eight under-20 soccer players performed squat and countermovement jumps, 17-m linear sprint (with split times at 5 and 10 m), and a CS test for both sides. For the first time, the new proposed CS deficit was calculated as the difference between 17-m velocity and CS test velocity. Pearson’s product moment of correlation was performed to determine the relationships among the distinct variables tested. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. Large to very large relationships between linear sprint speed and CS performance were observed, on both the “good” and “weak” sides. In addition, moderate to large correlations between linear and curve sprint abilities and vertical jumps were found. Finally, the CS deficit was negatively associated with the CS good side performance. Linear sprint and CS velocities for both good and weak sides were closely related. The CS deficit was only related to the CS weak side performance, and the vertical jumping ability was significantly associated with both linear and curvilinear sprint velocities. The present results suggest that training methods capable of improving linear sprint and vertical jumping abilities may also improve CS performance.
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Reis VP, Abad CCC, Freitas TT, Azevedo PHSM, Nimphius S. Change of Direction Performance in Elite Players From Different Team Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:862-866. [PMID: 32168177 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loturco, I, Pereira, LA, Reis, VP, Abad, CCC, Freitas, TT, Azevedo, PHSM and Nimphius, S. Change of direction performance in elite players from different team sports. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The primary aim of this study was to examine the differences in change of direction (COD) deficit between elite futsal, soccer, handball, and rugby players. A secondary aim was to compare the performance in both COD and linear speed tests among these athletes. One-hundred sixty-one elite male players from 4 team sports performed a 20-m linear sprint speed and a Zigzag COD speed test. The COD deficit was calculated as the difference between linear and Zigzag test velocities. Differences in COD speed, COD deficit, and sprint velocity were assessed via 1-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Soccer players displayed significantly lower performance than the remaining team sports, and rugby players performed better than all the other groups in the Zigzag COD test. Moreover, the COD deficit was significantly higher in soccer players in comparison with the other disciplines (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in the COD deficit among rugby, futsal, and handball players (p > 0.05). In summary, soccer players were slower than futsal, handball, and rugby players to change direction and presented the greatest COD deficit magnitude. By contrast, the fastest athletes in the COD speed test (rugby players) were not more effective than futsal and handball players at changing direction (as they exhibited similar levels of COD deficit). Coaches should be aware of this evidence, which reinforces previous findings, indicating that very specialized training strategies might be required to improve COD performance in professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter P Reis
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César C C Abad
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport - Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Center for Exercise and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
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45
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Influence of Strength and Power Capacity on Change of Direction Speed and Deficit in Elite Team-Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2019; 68:167-176. [PMID: 31531142 PMCID: PMC6724583 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of maximum strength and power levels on change of direction (COD) ability and deficit in elite soccer and rugby players. Seventy-eight elite athletes (soccer, n = 46; rugby, n = 32) performed the following assessments: squat and countermovement jumps (SJ and CMJ), 1 repetition-maximum in the half-squat exercise (HS 1RM), peak power (PP) in the jump-squat exercise, and 20-m linear sprint and Zigzag COD tests. Utilizing the median split analysis, athletes were divided into two groups according to their HS 1RM and PP JS (e.g., higher and lower HS 1RM and higher and lower PP JS). The magnitude-based inference method was used to analyze the differences between groups in the physical performance tests. Athletes in the high strength and power groups outperformed their weaker and less powerful counterparts in all speed and power measurements (i.e., 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprint velocity, Zigzag COD speed, and CMJ and SJ height). In contrast, stronger and more powerful athletes displayed greater COD deficits. The present data indicate that players with superior strength-power capacity tend to be less efficient at changing direction, relative to maximum sprinting speed, despite being faster in linear trajectories. From these results, it appears that current strength and power training practices in team-sports are potentially not the “most appropriate” to increase the aptitude of a given athlete to efficiently utilize his/her neuromuscular abilities during COD maneuvers. Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether more multifaceted training programs are effective in decreasing COD deficits.
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