1
|
Mick P, Kabir R, Karunatilake M, Kathleen Pichora-Fuller M, Young TL, Sosero Y, Gan-Or Z, Wittich W, Phillips NA. APOE-ε4 is not associated with pure-tone hearing thresholds, visual acuity or cognition, cross-sectionally or over 3 years of follow up in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 138:72-82. [PMID: 38547662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hearing loss and diminished visual acuity are associated with poorer cognition, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allelic variant may drive the associations. We tested whether APOE-ε4 allele count (0, 1, or 2) was associated with declines in memory, executive function, pure-tone hearing threshold averages, and pinhole-corrected visual acuity among participants in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). METHODS Multivariable linear mixed regression models were utilized to assess associations between APOE-ε4 allele count and each of the outcome variables. For each main effects model, interactions between APOE-ε4 and sex and age group (45-54-, 55-64-, 65-74-, and 75-85 years) respectively, were analyzed. RESULTS Significant associations were not observed in main effects models. Models including APOE-ε4 * age (but not APOE-ε4 * sex) interaction terms better fit the data compared to main effects models. In age group-stratified models, however, there were minimal differences in effect estimates according to allele count. CONCLUSION APOE-ε4 allele count does not appear to be a common cause of sensory-cognitive associations in this large cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mick
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Canada.
| | | | - Malshi Karunatilake
- University of Alberta, College of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Canada
| | - M Kathleen Pichora-Fuller
- Professor emeritus, University of Toronto, Faculty of Arts and Sciencies, Department of Psychology, Canada
| | - Terry-Lyn Young
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, Canada
| | - Yuri Sosero
- McGill University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- McGill University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Canada
| | | | - Natalie A Phillips
- Concordia University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghosh S, Tamilselvi S, Williams C, Jayaweera SW, Iashchishyn IA, Šulskis D, Gilthorpe JD, Olofsson A, Smirnovas V, Svedružić ŽM, Morozova-Roche LA. ApoE Isoforms Inhibit Amyloid Aggregation of Proinflammatory Protein S100A9. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2114. [PMID: 38396791 PMCID: PMC10889306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the calcium-binding and proinflammatory protein S100A9 is an important player in neuroinflammation-mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid co-aggregation of S100A9 with amyloid-β (Aβ) is an important hallmark of this pathology. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is also known to be one of the important genetic risk factors of AD. ApoE primarily exists in three isoforms, ApoE2 (Cys112/Cys158), ApoE3 (Cys112/Arg158), and ApoE4 (Arg112/Arg158). Even though the difference lies in just two amino acid residues, ApoE isoforms produce differential effects on the neuroinflammation and activation of the microglial state in AD. Here, we aim to understand the effect of the ApoE isoforms on the amyloid aggregation of S100A9. We found that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 suppress the aggregation of S100A9 in a concentration-dependent manner, even at sub-stoichiometric ratios compared to S100A9. These interactions lead to a reduction in the quantity and length of S100A9 fibrils. The inhibitory effect is more pronounced if ApoE isoforms are added in the lipid-free state versus lipidated ApoE. We found that, upon prolonged incubation, S100A9 and ApoE form low molecular weight complexes with stochiometric ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, which remain stable under SDS-gel conditions. These complexes self-assemble also under the native conditions; however, their interactions are transient, as revealed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulation demonstrated that the lipid-binding C-terminal domain of ApoE and the second EF-hand calcium-binding motif of S100A9 are involved in these interactions. We found that amyloids of S100A9 are cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells, and the presence of either ApoE isoforms does not change the level of their cytotoxicity. A significant inhibitory effect produced by both ApoE isoforms on S100A9 amyloid aggregation can modulate the amyloid-neuroinflammatory cascade in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamasree Ghosh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Shanmugam Tamilselvi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Chloe Williams
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (C.W.); (J.D.G.)
| | - Sanduni W. Jayaweera
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.W.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Igor A. Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Darius Šulskis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.Š.); (V.S.)
| | - Jonathan D. Gilthorpe
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (C.W.); (J.D.G.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.W.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.Š.); (V.S.)
| | | | - Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Neal MA. Women and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 4:1324522. [PMID: 38250748 PMCID: PMC10796575 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1324522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the review This review will elucidate reasons to explain why women may be at greater risk for Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings Potential mechanisms to explain sex and gender differences in Alzheimer dementia include: differences in risk associated with the apolipoprotein E 4 allele; telomere shortening- which is linked with neurodegeneration, higher incidence of depression and insomnia in women as psychiatric co-morbidities which are linked with an increased Alzheimer disease risk, disorders of pregnancy including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia and psychosocial factors such as educational level which may contribute to differences in cognitive reserve. Summary The sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease can be explained by biological and psychosocial factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. O’Neal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao A, Chen N, Kim MJ, Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Hao Y, Liang Z, Nelson MR, Koutsodendris N, Grone B, Ding L, Yoon SY, Arriola P, Huang Y. Microglia Depletion Reduces Human Neuronal APOE4-Driven Pathologies in a Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566510. [PMID: 38014339 PMCID: PMC10680610 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence supporting the involvement of both apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and microglia in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis, the effects of microglia on neuronal APOE4-driven AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we examined such effects utilizing microglial depletion in a chimeric model with human neurons in mouse hippocampus. Specifically, we transplanted homozygous APOE4, isogenic APOE3, and APOE-knockout (APOE-KO) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human neurons into the hippocampus of human APOE3 or APOE4 knock-in mice, and depleted microglia in half the chimeric mice. We found that both neuronal APOE and microglial presence were important for the formation of Aβ and tau pathologies in an APOE isoform-dependent manner (APOE4 > APOE3). Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified two pro-inflammatory microglial subtypes with high MHC-II gene expression that are enriched in chimeric mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants. These findings highlight the concerted roles of neuronal APOE, especially APOE4, and microglia in AD pathogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS Transplanted human APOE4 neurons generate Aβ and p-tau aggregates in APOE4-KI mouse hippocampus.Human neuronal APOE4 promotes the formation of dense-core Aβ plaques and p-tau aggregates.Microglia is required for human neuronal APOE4-driven formation of p-tau aggregates.scRNA-seq reveals enrichment of MHC-II microglia in mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kashtanova DA, Mamchur AA, Dzhumaniyazova IH, Ivanov MV, Erema VV, Zelenova EA, Yakovchik AY, Gusakova MS, Rumyantseva AM, Terekhov MV, Matkava LR, Akopyan AA, Strazhesko ID, Yudin VS, Makarov VV, Kraevoy SA, Tkacheva ON, Yudin SM. Cognitive impairment in long-living adults: a genome-wide association study, polygenic risk score model and molecular modeling of the APOE protein. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1273825. [PMID: 37953886 PMCID: PMC10637623 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1273825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is an irreversible, aging-associated condition that robs people of their independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible causes of this condition and propose preventive options. Methods We assessed cognitive status in long-living adults aged 90+ (n = 2,559) and performed a genome wide association study using two sets of variables: Mini-Mental State Examination scores as a continuous variable (linear regression) and cognitive status as a binary variable (> 24, no cognitive impairment; <10, impairment) (logistic regression). Results Both variations yielded the same polymorphisms, including a well-known marker of dementia, rs429358in the APOE gene. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that this polymorphism leads to changes in the structure of alpha helices and the mobility of the lipid-binding domain in the APOE protein. Conclusion These changes, along with higher LDL and total cholesterol levels, could be the mechanism underlying the development of cognitive impairment in older adults. However, this polymorphism is not the only determining factor in cognitive impairment. The polygenic risk score model included 45 polymorphisms (ROC AUC 69%), further confirming the multifactorial nature of this condition. Our findings, particularly the results of PRS modeling, could contribute to the development of early detection strategies for predisposition to cognitive impairment in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kashtanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Mamchur
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. H. Dzhumaniyazova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Ivanov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Erema
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. A. Zelenova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Y. Yakovchik
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Gusakova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. M. Rumyantseva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Terekhov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - L. R. Matkava
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Akopyan
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. D. Strazhesko
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. S. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. A. Kraevoy
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. N. Tkacheva
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. M. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun YY, Wang Z, Huang HC. Roles of ApoE4 on the Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease and the Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3115-3136. [PMID: 37227619 PMCID: PMC10211310 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE ε4) allele, encoding ApoE4, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Emerging epidemiological evidence indicated that ApoE4 contributes to AD through influencing β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and clearance. However, the molecular mechanisms of ApoE4 involved in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we introduced the structure and functions of ApoE isoforms, and then we reviewed the potential mechanisms of ApoE4 in the AD pathogenesis, including the effect of ApoE4 on Aβ pathology, and tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress; synaptic function, cholesterol transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction; sleep disturbances and cerebrovascular integrity in the AD brains. Furthermore, we discussed the available strategies for AD treatments that target to ApoE4. In general, this review overviews the potential roles of ApoE4 in the AD development and suggests some therapeutic approaches for AD. ApoE4 is genetic risk of AD. ApoE4 is involved in the AD pathogenesis. Aβ deposition, NFT, oxidative stress, abnormal cholesterol, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation could be observed in the brains with ApoE4. Targeting the interaction of ApoE4 with the AD pathology is available strategy for AD treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Development and Innovative Drug Research, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023 China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Development and Innovative Drug Research, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023 China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Development and Innovative Drug Research, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao T, Zhong T, Zhang M, Xu Y, Zhang M, Chen L. Alzheimer's Disease: Causal Effect between Obesity and APOE Gene Polymorphisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13531. [PMID: 37686334 PMCID: PMC10487910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently studies on the correlation between obesity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still unclear. In addition, few indicators have been used to evaluate obesity, which has failed to comprehen-sively study the correlations between body fat mass, body fat distribution, and AD. Thus, this study innovatively utilized bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the key targets of obesity-induced AD, and investigate the causal associations between different types of obesity and key targets. The common targets of obesity and AD were screened using the GeneCards database, and functional and pathway annotations were carried out, thereby revealing the key target. MR analysis was conducted between body anthropometric indexes of obesity and the key target using an IVW model. Bioinformatics analysis revealed Apolipoprotein E (APOE) as the key target of obesity-induced AD. MR results showed that body mass index (BMI) had a negative causal association with APOE2, while body fat percentage (BFP) and trunk fat percentage (TFP) had no significant causal association with APOE2; BMI, BFP, and TFP had a negative causal association with APOE3, and none had any significant causal association with APOE4. In conclusion, there is a correlation between obesity and AD, which is mainly due to the polymorphism of the APOE gene rather than adipose tissue distribution. APOE3 carriers may be more susceptible to obesity, while the risk of AD caused by APOE2 and APOE4 may not be induced by obesity. This study sheds new light on current disputes. At the same time, it is suggested to regulate the body fat mass of APOE3 carriers in the early stage, and to reduce the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tangsheng Zhong
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meishuang Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ikonen E, Olkkonen VM. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041404. [PMID: 37277190 PMCID: PMC10411867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid species of mammalian cells. Cells acquire it through synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and uptake from lipoprotein particles. Newly synthesized cholesterol is efficiently distributed from the ER to other organelles via lipid-binding/transfer proteins concentrated at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to reach the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and plasma membrane. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is exported from the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments via a combination of vesicle/tubule-mediated membrane transport and transfer through MCSs. In this review, we provide an overview of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways, including cholesterol flux from the ER to other membranes, cholesterol uptake from lipoprotein donors and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein acceptors, as well as lipoprotein cholesterol secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes, and astrocytes. We also briefly discuss human diseases caused by defects in these processes and therapeutic strategies available in such conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ciurea AV, Mohan AG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Saceleanu VM. Unraveling Molecular and Genetic Insights into Neurodegenerative Diseases: Advances in Understanding Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's Diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10809. [PMID: 37445986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are, according to recent studies, one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. Interest in molecular genetics has started to experience exponential growth thanks to numerous advancements in technology, shifts in the understanding of the disease as a phenomenon, and the change in the perspective regarding gene editing and the advantages of this action. The aim of this paper is to analyze the newest approaches in genetics and molecular sciences regarding four of the most important neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We intend through this review to focus on the newest treatment, diagnosis, and predictions regarding this large group of diseases, in order to obtain a more accurate analysis and to identify the emerging signs that could lead to a better outcome in order to increase both the quality and the life span of the patient. Moreover, this review could provide evidence of future possible novel therapies that target the specific genes and that could be useful to be taken into consideration when the classical approaches fail to shed light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel George Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oradea University, 410610 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Horia-Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio-Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu
- Neurosurgery Department, Sibiu County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
- Neurosurgery Department, "Lucian Blaga" University of Medicine, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yeung CHC, Au Yeung SL, Kwok MK, Zhao JV, Schooling CM. The influence of growth and sex hormones on risk of alzheimer's disease: a mendelian randomization study. Eur J Epidemiol 2023:10.1007/s10654-023-01015-2. [PMID: 37253999 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is more prevalent in women, possibly due to sex or growth hormones but existing evidence is inconclusive. We investigated whether genetically predicted sex and growth hormones are associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease. Genetic variants strongly and independently predicting insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were obtained from large, published genome wide associations studies (GWAS) and applied to GWAS of Alzheimer's disease based on clinical diagnosis (cases = 21,982, control = 41,944) from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project and the UK Biobank parental (maternal cases = 27,696; paternal cases = 14,338) and siblings' diagnosis (cases = 2,171) as proxy cases. Published GWAS summary statistics were used in our analyses. Estimates were obtained from inverse variance weighting with sensitivity analysis (i.e., MR-Egger, weighted median and MR-PRESSO). Multivariable analyses adjusted for pleiotropic effects and possible sources of selection bias were also performed. Genetically predicted higher total testosterone may reduce the risk of paternal Alzheimer's disease (odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 0.97, per SD increase in testosterone) and in meta-analysis for women (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87, 0.98) with directionally similar results from other analyses. SHBG were not associated with Alzheimer's disease. IGF-1 in women was inversely associated with risk of clinical Alzheimer's disease in sensitivity analysis but not in the main analysis. These results suggest genetically predicted higher total testosterone may lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. The role of testosterone and the immune system in Alzheimer's disease could be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Ki Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons. In this Spotlight, we explore the idea that genetic forms of neurodegenerative disorders might be rooted in neural development. Focusing on Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, we first provide a brief overview of the pathology for these diseases. Although neurodegenerative diseases are generally thought of as late-onset diseases, we discuss recent evidence promoting the notion that they might be considered neurodevelopmental disorders. With this view in mind, we consider the suitability of animal models for studying these diseases, highlighting human-specific features of human brain development. We conclude by proposing that one such feature, human-specific regulation of neurogenic time, might be key to understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of human neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Shabani
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li E, Benitez C, Boggess SC, Koontz M, Rose IV, Draeger N, Teter OM, Samelson AJ, Ullian EM, Kampmann M. CRISPRi-based screens in iAssembloids to elucidate neuron-glia interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538498. [PMID: 37163077 PMCID: PMC10168378 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The sheer complexity of the brain has complicated our ability to understand its cellular mechanisms in health and disease. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered genetic variants associated with specific neurological phenotypes and diseases. In addition, single-cell transcriptomics have provided molecular descriptions of specific brain cell types and the changes they undergo during disease. Although these approaches provide a giant leap forward towards understanding how genetic variation can lead to functional changes in the brain, they do not establish molecular mechanisms. To address this need, we developed a 3D co-culture system termed iAssembloids (induced multi-lineage assembloids) that enables the rapid generation of homogenous neuron-glia spheroids. We characterize these iAssembloids with immunohistochemistry and single-cell transcriptomics and combine them with large-scale CRISPRi-based screens. In our first application, we ask how glial and neuronal cells interact to control neuronal death and survival. Our CRISPRi-based screens identified that GSK3β inhibits the protective NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response in the presence of reactive oxygen species elicited by high neuronal activity, which was not previously found in 2D monoculture neuron screens. We also apply the platform to investigate the role of APOE-ε4, a risk variant for Alzheimer's Disease, in its effect on neuronal survival. This platform expands the toolbox for the unbiased identification of mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in brain health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Camila Benitez
- TETRAD Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven C. Boggess
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Koontz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Indigo V.L. Rose
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nina Draeger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M. Teter
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avi J. Samelson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik M. Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meftah S, Gan J. Alzheimer’s disease as a synaptopathy: Evidence for dysfunction of synapses during disease progression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1129036. [PMID: 36970154 PMCID: PMC10033629 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1129036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The synapse has consistently been considered a vulnerable and critical target within Alzheimer’s disease, and synapse loss is, to date, one of the main biological correlates of cognitive decline within Alzheimer’s disease. This occurs prior to neuronal loss with ample evidence that synaptic dysfunction precedes this, in support of the idea that synaptic failure is a crucial stage within disease pathogenesis. The two main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal aggregates of amyloid or tau proteins, have had demonstrable effects on synaptic physiology in animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease. There is also growing evidence that these two proteins may have a synergistic effect on neurophysiological dysfunction. Here, we review some of the main findings of synaptic alterations in Alzheimer’s disease, and what we know from Alzheimer’s disease animal and cellular models. First, we briefly summarize some of the human evidence to suggest that synapses are altered, including how this relates to network activity. Subsequently, animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease are considered, highlighting mouse models of amyloid and tau pathology and the role these proteins may play in synaptic dysfunction, either in isolation or examining how the two pathologies may interact in dysfunction. This specifically focuses on neurophysiological function and dysfunction observed within these animal models, typically measured using electrophysiology or calcium imaging. Following synaptic dysfunction and loss, it would be impossible to imagine that this would not alter oscillatory activity within the brain. Therefore, this review also discusses how this may underpin some of the aberrant oscillatory patterns seen in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and human patients. Finally, an overview of some key directions and considerations in the field of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease is covered. This includes current therapeutics that are targeted specifically at synaptic dysfunction, but also methods that modulate activity to rescue aberrant oscillatory patterns. Other important future avenues of note in this field include the role of non-neuronal cell types such as astrocytes and microglia, and mechanisms of dysfunction independent of amyloid and tau in Alzheimer’s disease. The synapse will certainly continue to be an important target within Alzheimer’s disease for the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Meftah
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Gan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jian Gan,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koutsodendris N, Blumenfeld J, Agrawal A, Traglia M, Grone B, Zilberter M, Yip O, Rao A, Nelson MR, Hao Y, Thomas R, Yoon SY, Arriola P, Huang Y. Neuronal APOE4 removal protects against tau-mediated gliosis, neurodegeneration and myelin deficits. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:275-296. [PMID: 37118426 PMCID: PMC10154214 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conditions of stress or injury induce APOE expression within neurons, but the role of neuronal APOE4 in AD pathogenesis is still unclear. Here we report the characterization of neuronal APOE4 effects on AD-related pathologies in an APOE4-expressing tauopathy mouse model. The selective genetic removal of APOE4 from neurons led to a significant reduction in tau pathology, gliosis, neurodegeneration, neuronal hyperexcitability and myelin deficits. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed that the removal of neuronal APOE4 greatly diminished neurodegenerative disease-associated subpopulations of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia whose accumulation correlated to the severity of tau pathology, neurodegeneration and myelin deficits. Thus, neuronal APOE4 plays a central role in promoting the development of major AD pathologies and its removal can mitigate the progressive cellular and tissue alterations occurring in this model of APOE4-driven tauopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Arriola
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saavedra J, Nascimento M, Liz MA, Cardoso I. Key brain cell interactions and contributions to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1036123. [PMID: 36523504 PMCID: PMC9745159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1036123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with the two major hallmarks being the deposition of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Additionally, early pathological events such as cerebrovascular alterations, a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, culminate in neuron loss and cognitive deficits. AD symptoms reflect a loss of neuronal circuit integrity in the brain; however, neurons do not operate in isolation. An exclusively neurocentric approach is insufficient to understand this disease, and the contribution of other brain cells including astrocytes, microglia, and vascular cells must be integrated in the context. The delicate balance of interactions between these cells, required for healthy brain function, is disrupted during disease. To design successful therapies, it is critical to understand the complex brain cellular connections in AD and the temporal sequence of their disturbance. In this review, we discuss the interactions between different brain cells, from physiological conditions to their pathological reactions in AD, and how this basic knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Nascimento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A. Liz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Gao H, Zheng W, Xu H. Current understanding of the interactions between metal ions and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105824. [PMID: 35878744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in the elderly, is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective disease-modifying treatments to date. Studies have shown that an imbalance in brain metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron, is closely related to the onset and progression of AD. Many efforts have been made to understand metal-related mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for AD. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions of brain metal ions and apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, may be one of the mechanisms for neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the key points regarding how metal ions and ApoE contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We further describe the interactions between metal ions and ApoE in the brain and propose that their interactions play an important role in neuropathological alterations and cognitive decline in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adji AS, Widjaja JS, Wardani VAK, Muhammad AH, Handajani F, Putra HBP, Rahman FS. A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Could target APOE e4, APP, and PSEN-1 Gene using CRISPR cas9 Prevent the Patient from Alzheimer’s Disease? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Could target APOE e4, APP, and PSEN-1 Gene using CRISPR cas9 Prevent the Patient from Alzheimer’s Disease?
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles from hyperphosphorylated tau. Several studies suggest that targeting the deletion of the APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP will reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation, a crucial hypothesis for the causation of Alzheimer’s disease. APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP with genome editing Clustered Regular interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-related (CRISPR/Cas9) are thought to have therapeutic promise for Alzheimer’s disease.AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP using CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective therapeutic and whether it has a long-term effect on Alzheimer’s disease.METHODS: The method used in this study summarized articles by examining the titles and abstracts of specific specified keywords. In this situation, the author picked the title and abstract that matched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane, and the Frontiers in Neuroscience; this was followed by checking to see whether the paper was available in full-text. Eventually, the researcher will study the entire article to decide if it is valuable and relevant to the issue.RESULTS: CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) and g2576 mice as APP mutant models reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles and prevent cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 deletion in APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP improved neuronal cell resilience to oxidative stress and inflammation.CONCLUSION: APOE e4, PSEN-1, and APP deletion by genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 is effective to reduce tau phosphorylation and Aβ protein accumulation from neurofibrillary tangles, cell death, vascular damage, and dementia. However, further research is needed to determine the side effects and safety of its use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gharibyan AL, Wasana Jayaweera S, Lehmann M, Anan I, Olofsson A. Endogenous Human Proteins Interfering with Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030446. [PMID: 35327638 PMCID: PMC8946693 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological process associated with a wide range of degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. During disease progression, abnormal accumulation and deposition of proteinaceous material are accompanied by tissue degradation, inflammation, and dysfunction. Agents that can interfere with the process of amyloid formation or target already formed amyloid assemblies are consequently of therapeutic interest. In this context, a few endogenous proteins have been associated with an anti-amyloidogenic activity. Here, we review the properties of transthyretin, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, and BRICHOS protein domain which all effectively interfere with amyloid in vitro, as well as displaying a clinical impact in humans or animal models. Their involvement in the amyloid formation process is discussed, which may aid and inspire new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Intissar Anan
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moon HJ, Haroutunian V, Zhao L. Human apolipoprotein E isoforms are differentially sialylated and the sialic acid moiety in ApoE2 attenuates ApoE2-Aβ interaction and Aβ fibrillation. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 164:105631. [PMID: 35041991 PMCID: PMC9809161 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOE genotype is the most prominent genetic risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer''s disease (LOAD); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the sialylation profiles of ApoE protein in the human brain are significantly different among the three isoforms, with ApoE2 exhibiting the most abundant sialic acid modification whereas ApoE4 had the least. We further observed that the sialic acid moiety in ApoE2 significantly affected the interaction between ApoE2 and Aβ peptides. The removal of sialic acid in ApoE2 increased the ApoE2 binding affinity for the Aβ17-24 region of Aβ and promoted Aβ fibrillation. These findings provide a plausible explanation for the well-documented differential roles of ApoE isoforms in Aβ pathogenesis. Specifically, compared to the other two isotypes, the higher expression of sialic acid in ApoE2 may contribute to the less potent interaction between ApoE2 and Aβ and ultimately the slower rate of brain Aβ deposition, a mechanism thought to underlie ApoE2-mediated decreased risk for AD. Future studies are warranted to determine whether the differential sialylation in ApoE isoforms may also contribute to some of their other distinct properties, such as their divergent preferences in associations with lipids and lipoproteins, as well as their potential impact on neuroinflammation through modulation of microglial Siglec activity. Overall, our findings lead to the insight that the sialic acid structure is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that alters ApoE protein functions with relevance for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 100029, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lindner K, Beckenbauer K, van Ek LC, Titeca K, de Leeuw SM, Awwad K, Hanke F, Korepanova AV, Rybin V, van der Kam EL, Mohler EG, Tackenberg C, Lakics V, Gavin AC. Isoform- and cell-state-specific lipidation of ApoE in astrocytes. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110435. [PMID: 35235798 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E transports lipids and couples metabolism between astrocytes and neurons. The E4 variant (APOE4) affects these functions and represents a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer's disease, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We show that ApoE produces different types of lipoproteins via distinct lipidation pathways. ApoE forms high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like, cholesterol-rich particles via the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1), a mechanism largely unaffected by ApoE polymorphism. Alternatively, ectopic accumulation of fat in astrocytes, a stress-associated condition, redirects ApoE toward the assembly and secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, a process boosted by the APOE4 variant. We demonstrate in vitro that ApoE can detect triacylglycerol in membranes and spontaneously assemble lipoprotein particles (10-20 nm) rich in unsaturated triacylglycerol, and that APOE4 has remarkable properties behaving as a strong triacylglycerol binder. We propose that fatty APOE4 astrocytes have reduced ability to clear toxic fatty acids from the extracellular milieu, because APOE4 reroutes them back to secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lindner
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Beckenbauer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Neuroscience Discovery, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Larissa C van Ek
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Titeca
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sherida M de Leeuw
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khader Awwad
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanke
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Rybin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eric G Mohler
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Lakics
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Neuroscience Discovery, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lead-Induced Motor Dysfunction Is Associated with Oxidative Stress, Proteome Modulation, and Neurodegeneration in Motor Cortex of Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5595047. [PMID: 34659634 PMCID: PMC8516562 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5595047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal with great neurotoxic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a long-term Pb intoxication on the global proteomic profile, oxidative biochemistry and neuronal density in motor cortex of adult rats, and the possible outcomes related to motor functions. For this, Wistar rats received for 55 days a dose of 50 mg/Kg of Pb acetate by intragastric gavage. Then, the motor abilities were evaluated by open field and inclined plane tests. To investigate the possible oxidative biochemistry modulation, the levels of pro-oxidant parameters as lipid peroxidation and nitrites were evaluated. The global proteomic profile was evaluated by ultraefficiency liquid chromatography system coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) followed by bioinformatic analysis. Moreover, it was evaluated the mature neuron density by anti-NeuN immunostaining. The statistical analysis was performed through Student's t-test, considering p < 0.05. We observed oxidative stress triggering by the increase in malonaldehyde and nitrite levels in motor cortex. In the proteomic analysis, the motor cortex presented alterations in proteins associated with neural functioning, morphological organization, and neurodegenerative features. In addition, it was observed a decrease in the number of mature neurons. These findings, associated with previous evidences observed in spinal cord, cerebellum, and hippocampus under the same Pb administration protocol, corroborate with the motor deficits in the rats towards Pb. Thus, we conclude that the long-term administration to Pb in young Wistar rats triggers impairments at several organizational levels, such as biochemical and morphological, which resulted in poor motor performance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JW, Chun W, Lee HJ, Kim SM, Min JH, Kim DY, Kim MO, Ryu HW, Lee SU. The Role of Microglia in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101449. [PMID: 34680566 PMCID: PMC8533549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system (CNS) by removing pathogens, damaged neurons, and plaques. Recent observations emphasize that the promotion and development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are closely related to microglial activation. In this review, we summarize the contribution of microglial activation and its associated mechanisms in NDs, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), based on recent observations. This review also briefly introduces experimental animal models of epilepsy, AD, PD, and HD. Thus, this review provides a better understanding of microglial functions in the development of NDs, suggesting that microglial targeting could be an effective therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (W.C.); (H.J.L.)
| | - Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (J.-H.M.); (D.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.L.); (M.-O.K.); (H.W.R.); (S.U.L.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6135 (J.-W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
D’Andrea L, Stringhi R, Di Luca M, Marcello E. Looking at Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis from the Nuclear Side. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091261. [PMID: 34572474 PMCID: PMC8467578 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder representing the most common form of dementia. It is biologically characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, constituted by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The key protein in AD pathogenesis is the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is cleaved by secretases to produce several metabolites, including Aβ and APP intracellular domain (AICD). The greatest genetic risk factor associated with AD is represented by the Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) allele. Importantly, all of the above-mentioned molecules that are strictly related to AD pathogenesis have also been described as playing roles in the cell nucleus. Accordingly, evidence suggests that nuclear functions are compromised in AD. Furthermore, modulation of transcription maintains cellular homeostasis, and alterations in transcriptomic profiles have been found in neurodegenerative diseases. This report reviews recent advancements in the AD players-mediated gene expression. Aβ, tau, AICD, and APOE ε4 localize in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of several genes, part of which is involved in AD pathogenesis, thus suggesting that targeting nuclear functions might provide new therapeutic tools for the disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Feringa FM, van der Kant R. Cholesterol and Alzheimer's Disease; From Risk Genes to Pathological Effects. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690372. [PMID: 34248607 PMCID: PMC8264368 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the central nervous system compromises 2% of our body weight, it harbors up to 25% of the body's cholesterol. Cholesterol levels in the brain are tightly regulated for physiological brain function, but mounting evidence indicates that excessive cholesterol accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD), where it may drive AD-associated pathological changes. This seems especially relevant for late-onset AD, as several of the major genetic risk factors are functionally associated with cholesterol metabolism. In this review we discuss the different systems that maintain brain cholesterol metabolism in the healthy brain, and how dysregulation of these processes can lead, or contribute to, Alzheimer's disease. We will also discuss how AD-risk genes might impact cholesterol metabolism and downstream AD pathology. Finally, we will address the major outstanding questions in the field and how recent technical advances in CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-technology can aid to study these problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femke M. Feringa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lanfranco MF, Sepulveda J, Kopetsky G, Rebeck GW. Expression and secretion of apoE isoforms in astrocytes and microglia during inflammation. Glia 2021; 69:1478-1493. [PMID: 33556209 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, modulated by the Alzheimer's disease risk factor, apolipoprotein E (APOE). In the brain, apoE protein is synthesized by astrocytes and microglia. We examined primary cultures of astrocytes and microglia from human APOE (E2, E3, and E4) targeted-replacement mice. Astrocytes secreted two species of apoE, whereas cellular apoE consisted of only one. Both forms of secreted astrocytic apoE were bound during glycoprotein isolation, and enzymatic removal of glycans produced a convergence of the two forms of apoE to a single form; thus, the two species of astrocyte-secreted apoE are differentially glycosylated. Microglia released only a single species of apoE, while cellular apoE consisted of two forms; the secreted apoE and one of the two forms of cellular apoE were glycosylated. We treated the primary glia with either endogenous (TNFα) or exogenous (LPS) pro-inflammatory stimuli. While LPS had no effect on astrocytic apoE, APOE2, and APOE3 microglia increased release of apoE; APOE4 microglia showed no effect. APOE4 microglia showed higher baseline secretion of TNFα compared to APOE2 and APOE3 microglia. TNFα treatment reduced the secretion and cellular expression of apoE only in APOE4 astrocytes. The patterns of apoE species produced by astrocytes and microglia were not affected by inflammation. No changes in APOE mRNA were observed in astrocytes after both treatments. Together, our data demonstrate that astrocytes and microglia differentially express and secrete glycosylated forms of apoE and that APOE4 astrocytes and microglia are deficient in immunomodulation compared to APOE2 and APOE3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fe Lanfranco
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jordy Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory Kopetsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Bem AF, Krolow R, Farias HR, de Rezende VL, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Duarte JMDN, de Oliveira J. Animal Models of Metabolic Disorders in the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:604150. [PMID: 33536868 PMCID: PMC7848140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders, as well as of neurodegenerative diseases—mainly the sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease—are increasing worldwide. Notably, obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia have been indicated as early risk factors for sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions share a range of molecular and cellular features, including protein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all of which contribute to neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia exhibit all the hallmarks of these degenerative diseases, and represent an interesting approach to the study of the phenotypic features and pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. We review the main pathological aspects of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as summarized in rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hémelin Resende Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victória Linden de Rezende
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Miguel das Neves Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song S, Gao Y, Sheng Y, Rui T, Luo C. Targeting NRF2 to suppress ferroptosis in brain injury. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:383-397. [PMID: 33242213 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury is accompanied by serious iron metabolism disorder and oxidative stress. As a novel form of regulated cell death (RCD) depending on lipid peroxidation caused by iron overload, ferroptosis (FPT) further aggravates brain injury, which is different from apoptosis, autophagy and other traditional cell death in terms of biochemistry, morphology and genetics. Noteworthy, transcriptional regulator NRF2 plays a key role in the cell antioxidant system, and many genes related to FPT are under the control of NRF2, including genes for iron regulation, thiol-dependent antioxidant system, enzymatic detoxification of RCS and carbonyls, NADPH regeneration and ROS sources from mitochondria or extra-mitochondria, which place NRF2 in the key position of regulating the ferroptotic death. Importantly, NRF2 can reduce iron load and resist FPT. In the future, it is expected to open up a new way to treat brain injury by targeting NRF2 to alleviate FPT in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seneviratne U, Huang Z, Am Ende CW, Butler TW, Cleary L, Dresselhaus E, Evrard E, Fisher EL, Green ME, Helal CJ, Humphrey JM, Lanyon LF, Marconi M, Mukherjee P, Sciabola S, Steppan CM, Sylvain EK, Tuttle JB, Verhoest PR, Wager TT, Xie L, Ramaswamy G, Johnson DS, Pettersson M. Photoaffinity Labeling and Quantitative Chemical Proteomics Identify LXRβ as the Functional Target of Enhancers of Astrocytic apoE. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 28:148-157.e7. [PMID: 32997975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a phenotypic screen, we identified chemical matter that increased astrocytic apoE secretion in vitro. We designed a clickable photoaffinity probe based on a pyrrolidine lead compound and carried out probe-based quantitative chemical proteomics in human astrocytoma CCF-STTG1 cells to identify liver x receptor β (LXRβ) as the target. Binding of the small molecule ligand stabilized LXRβ, as shown by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). In addition, we identified a probe-modified peptide by mass spectrometry and proposed a model where the photoaffinity probe is bound in the ligand-binding pocket of LXRβ. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the lead chemical matter bound directly to LXRβ, and our results highlight the power of chemical proteomic approaches to identify the target of a phenotypic screening hit. Additionally, the LXR photoaffinity probe and lead compound described herein may serve as valuable tools to further evaluate the LXR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Huang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Todd W Butler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Leah Cleary
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Edelweiss Evrard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ethan L Fisher
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Michael E Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - John M Humphrey
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Michael Marconi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Simone Sciabola
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Emily K Sylvain
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Travis T Wager
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
ApoE Lipidation as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176336. [PMID: 32882843 PMCID: PMC7503657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major cholesterol carrier in the brain, affecting various normal cellular processes including neuronal growth, repair and remodeling of membranes, synaptogenesis, clearance and degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) and neuroinflammation. In humans, the APOE gene has three common allelic variants, termed E2, E3, and E4. APOE4 is considered the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas APOE2 is neuroprotective. To perform its normal functions, apoE must be secreted and properly lipidated, a process influenced by the structural differences associated with apoE isoforms. Here we highlight the importance of lipidated apoE as well as the APOE-lipidation targeted therapeutic approaches that have the potential to correct or prevent neurodegeneration. Many of these approaches have been validated using diverse cellular and animal models. Overall, there is great potential to improve the lipidated state of apoE with the goal of ameliorating APOE-associated central nervous system impairments.
Collapse
|
31
|
Najm R, Zalocusky KA, Zilberter M, Yoon SY, Hao Y, Koutsodendris N, Nelson M, Rao A, Taubes A, Jones EA, Huang Y. In Vivo Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Modeling of Apolipoprotein E4 Toxicity in Human Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107962. [PMID: 32726626 PMCID: PMC7430173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its clear impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, apolipoprotein (apo) E4's contributions to AD etiology remain poorly understood. Progress in answering this and other questions in AD research has been limited by an inability to model human-specific phenotypes in an in vivo environment. Here we transplant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons carrying normal apoE3 or pathogenic apoE4 into human apoE3 or apoE4 knockin mouse hippocampi, enabling us to disentangle the effects of apoE4 produced in human neurons and in the brain environment. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), we identify key transcriptional changes specific to human neuron subtypes in response to endogenous or exogenous apoE4. We also find that Aβ from transplanted human neurons forms plaque-like aggregates, with differences in localization and interaction with microglia depending on the transplant and host apoE genotype. These findings highlight the power of in vivo chimeric disease modeling for studying AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Najm
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly A Zalocusky
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maxine Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alice Taubes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liccardo D, Marzano F, Carraturo F, Guida M, Femminella GD, Bencivenga L, Agrimi J, Addonizio A, Melino I, Valletta A, Rengo C, Ferrara N, Rengo G, Cannavo A. Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32719612 PMCID: PMC7348667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population, representing a global public health priority. Despite a large improvement in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, the etiology of this disorder remains still unclear, and no current treatment is able to prevent, slow, or stop its progression. Thus, there is a keen interest in the identification and modification of the risk factors and novel molecular mechanisms associated with the development and progression of AD. In this context, it is worth noting that several findings support the existence of a direct link between neuronal and non-neuronal inflammation/infection and AD progression. Importantly, recent studies are now supporting the existence of a direct relationship between periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral disease, and AD. The mechanisms underlying the association remain to be fully elucidated, however, it is generally accepted, although not confirmed, that oral pathogens can penetrate the bloodstream, inducing a low-grade systemic inflammation that negatively affects brain function. Indeed, a recent report demonstrated that oral pathogens and their toxic proteins infect the brain of AD patients. For instance, when AD progresses from the early to the more advanced stages, patients could no longer be able to adequately adhere to proper oral hygiene practices, thus leading to oral dysbiosis that, in turn, fuels infection, such as periodontitis. Therefore, in this review, we will provide an update on the emerging (preclinical and clinical) evidence that supports the relationship existing between periodontitis and AD. More in detail, we will discuss data attesting that periodontitis and AD share common risk factors and a similar hyper-inflammatory phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Federica Marzano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Armida Addonizio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Imma Melino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valletta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Rengo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri - S.p.A.-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Telese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri - S.p.A.-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Telese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao W, Fan J, Kulic I, Koh C, Clark A, Meuller J, Engkvist O, Barichievy S, Raynoschek C, Hicks R, Maresca M, Wang Q, Brown DG, Lok A, Parro C, Robert J, Chou HY, Zuhl AM, Wood MW, Brandon NJ, Wellington CL. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is a regulator of apolipoprotein E. Mol Brain 2020; 13:66. [PMID: 32366277 PMCID: PMC7197143 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), which carries lipids in the brain in the form of lipoproteins, plays an undisputed role in AD pathophysiology. A high-throughput phenotypic screen was conducted using a CCF-STTG1 human astrocytoma cell line to identify small molecules that could upregulate apoE secretion. AZ7235, a previously discovered Axl kinase inhibitor, was identified to have robust apoE activity in brain microglia, astrocytes and pericytes. AZ7235 also increased expression of ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1), which is involved in the lipidation and secretion of apoE. Moreover, AZ7235 did not exhibit Liver-X-Receptor (LXR) activity and stimulated apoE and ABCA1 expression in the absence of LXR. Target validation studies using AXL-/- CCF-STTG1 cells showed that Axl is required to mediate AZ7235 upregulation of apoE and ABCA1. Intriguingly, apoE expression and secretion was significantly attenuated in AXL-deficient CCF-STTG1 cells and reconstitution of Axl or kinase-dead Axl significantly restored apoE baseline levels, demonstrating that Axl also plays a role in maintaining apoE homeostasis in astrocytes independent of its kinase activity. Lastly, these effects may require human apoE regulatory sequences, as AZ7235 exhibited little stimulatory activity toward apoE and ABCA1 in primary murine glia derived from neonatal human APOE3 targeted-replacement mice. Collectively, we identified a small molecule that exhibits robust apoE and ABCA1 activity independent of the LXR pathway in human cells and elucidated a novel relationship between Axl and apoE homeostasis in human astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cheryl Koh
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Amanda Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Johan Meuller
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Carina Raynoschek
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hicks
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcello Maresca
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qi Wang
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Dean G Brown
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Alvin Lok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cameron Parro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hsien-Ya Chou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrea M Zuhl
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | - Michael W Wood
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA
| | | | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Williams T, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. Therapeutic approaches targeting Apolipoprotein E function in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32005122 PMCID: PMC6995170 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of the Ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE). APOE is a polymorphic lipoprotein that is a major cholesterol carrier in the brain. It is also involved in various cellular functions such as neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation and glucose metabolism. Humans predominantly possess three different allelic variants of APOE, termed E2, E3, and E4, with the E3 allele being the most common. The presence of the E4 allele is associated with increased risk of AD whereas E2 reduces the risk. To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie APOE-related genetic risk, considerable effort has been devoted towards developing cellular and animal models. Data from these models indicate that APOE4 exacerbates amyloid β plaque burden in a dose-dependent manner. and may also enhance tau pathogenesis in an isoform-dependent manner. Other studies have suggested APOE4 increases the risk of AD by mechanisms that are distinct from modulation of Aβ or tau pathology. Further, whether plasma APOE, by influencing systemic metabolic pathways, can also possibly alter CNS function indirectly is not complete;y understood. Collectively, the available studies suggest that APOE may impact multiple signaling pathways and thus investigators have sought therapeutics that would disrupt pathological functions of APOE while preserving or enhancing beneficial functions. This review will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to target APOE4 towards preventing or treating AD and we will discuss additional strategies that holds promise for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosha Williams
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee EG, Tulloch J, Chen S, Leong L, Saxton AD, Kraemer B, Darvas M, Keene CD, Shutes-David A, Todd K, Millard S, Yu CE. Redefining transcriptional regulation of the APOE gene and its association with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227667. [PMID: 31978088 PMCID: PMC6980611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the expression of APOE is not clearly understood. For example, it is unclear whether AD patients have elevated or decreased APOE expression or why the correlation levels of APOE RNA and the ApoE protein differ across studies. Likewise, APOE has a single CpG island (CGI) that overlaps with its 3'-exon, and this CGI's effect is unknown. We previously reported that the APOE CGI is highly methylated in human postmortem brain (PMB) and that this methylation is altered in AD frontal lobe. In this study, we comprehensively characterized APOE RNA transcripts and correlated levels of RNA expression with DNA methylation levels across the APOE CGI. We discovered the presence of APOE circular RNA (circRNA) and found that circRNA and full-length mRNA each constitute approximately one third of the total APOE RNA, with truncated mRNAs likely constituting some of the missing fraction. All APOE RNA species demonstrated significantly higher expression in AD frontal lobe than in control frontal lobe. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between the levels of total APOE RNA and DNA methylation at the APOE CGI in the frontal lobe. When stratified by disease status, this correlation was strengthened in controls but not in AD. Our findings suggest a possible modified mechanism of gene action for APOE in AD that involves not only the protein isoforms but also an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program driven by DNA methylation in the APOE CGI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Tulloch
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Sunny Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lesley Leong
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Aleen D. Saxton
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Shutes-David
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Steve Millard
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Metabolic Disturbances of a High-Fat Diet Are Dependent on APOE Genotype and Sex. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0267-19.2019. [PMID: 31554665 PMCID: PMC6795556 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0267-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 is also associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Obesity is a major environmental risk factor for AD. While APOE genotype and obesity independently affect metabolism and cognition, they may also have synergistic effects. Here, we examined the metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) in male and female APOE knock-in mice. Male and female mice were fed a 45% kcal HFD or a 10% kcal low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks and adipose tissue accumulation, glucose levels, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial memory were examined. We found that with HFD, male APOE4 mice were more susceptible to metabolic disturbances, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and glucose intolerance when compared to APOE3 mice, while female APOE3 and APOE4 mice had similar metabolic responses. Behaviorally, there were no effects of HFD in mice of either genotype. Our results suggest that metabolic responses to HFD are dependent on both sex and APOE genotype.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and represents a very important public healthcare problem with a devastating economic burden for industrialized countries. Recent knowledge acquired from experimental, epidemiological, radiological and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) underline the role of the innate immune system in the pathophysiology of this disease. This article reviews and discusses the function of the cerebral innate immune system, the newly discovered genes associated with the disease development and the experimental evidence around the role of microglia in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The discovery of different microglia phenotypes associated with the pathology as well as new molecular players will enable the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies by modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bales KR, Paul SM. Targeting apolipoprotein E for treating Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134366. [PMID: 31336138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene represents the most widely reproduced and robust susceptibility loci for the most common late onset and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. While the discovery of this now widely replicated association was reported more than 25 years ago, few therapeutic interventions that specifically target the apolipoprotein pathway in brain have emerged. Here we discuss our current understanding of apolipoprotein E biology in brain, its relationship to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and present potential future avenues for exploration that may be amenable to drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Bales
- Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Steven M Paul
- Karuna Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Deelen J, Evans DS, Arking DE, Tesi N, Nygaard M, Liu X, Wojczynski MK, Biggs ML, van der Spek A, Atzmon G, Ware EB, Sarnowski C, Smith AV, Seppälä I, Cordell HJ, Dose J, Amin N, Arnold AM, Ayers KL, Barzilai N, Becker EJ, Beekman M, Blanché H, Christensen K, Christiansen L, Collerton JC, Cubaynes S, Cummings SR, Davies K, Debrabant B, Deleuze JF, Duncan R, Faul JD, Franceschi C, Galan P, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Huisman M, Hurme MA, Jagger C, Jansen I, Jylhä M, Kähönen M, Karasik D, Kardia SLR, Kingston A, Kirkwood TBL, Launer LJ, Lehtimäki T, Lieb W, Lyytikäinen LP, Martin-Ruiz C, Min J, Nebel A, Newman AB, Nie C, Nohr EA, Orwoll ES, Perls TT, Province MA, Psaty BM, Raitakari OT, Reinders MJT, Robine JM, Rotter JI, Sebastiani P, Smith J, Sørensen TIA, Taylor KD, Uitterlinden AG, van der Flier W, van der Lee SJ, van Duijn CM, van Heemst D, Vaupel JW, Weir D, Ye K, Zeng Y, Zheng W, Holstege H, Kiel DP, Lunetta KL, Slagboom PE, Murabito JM. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies multiple longevity genes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3669. [PMID: 31413261 PMCID: PMC6694136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human longevity is heritable, but genome-wide association (GWA) studies have had limited success. Here, we perform two meta-analyses of GWA studies of a rigorous longevity phenotype definition including 11,262/3484 cases surviving at or beyond the age corresponding to the 90th/99th survival percentile, respectively, and 25,483 controls whose age at death or at last contact was at or below the age corresponding to the 60th survival percentile. Consistent with previous reports, rs429358 (apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4) is associated with lower odds of surviving to the 90th and 99th percentile age, while rs7412 (ApoE ε2) shows the opposite. Moreover, rs7676745, located near GPR78, associates with lower odds of surviving to the 90th percentile age. Gene-level association analysis reveals a role for tissue-specific expression of multiple genes in longevity. Finally, genetic correlation of the longevity GWA results with that of several disease-related phenotypes points to a shared genetic architecture between health and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Deelen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50866, Cologne, Germany.
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Niccolò Tesi
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | | | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Erin B Ware
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201, Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Janina Dose
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | | | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanna C Collerton
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Sarah Cubaynes
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, Unité Inserm 1198, PSL Research University, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Karen Davies
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Birgit Debrabant
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, 75010, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Rachel Duncan
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Centre of Bioinformatics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna (ISNB), 40124, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pilar Galan
- EREN, UMR U1153 Inserm/U1125 Inra/Cnam/Paris 13, Université Paris 13, CRESS, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, 201, Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko A Hurme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Carol Jagger
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Iris Jansen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Jylhä
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences) and Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere University, 33104, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, 13010, Israel
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Kingston
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Thomas B L Kirkwood
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Kiel University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Junxia Min
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311058, China
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Chao Nie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marie Robine
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, Unité Inserm 1198, PSL Research University, 34095, Montpellier, France
- CERMES3, UMR CNRS 8211-Unité Inserm 988-EHESS-Université Paris Descartes, 94801, Paris, France
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Division of Genetic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, and Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, BS8 2BN, Bristol, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James W Vaupel
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Weir
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development and Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Wanlin Zheng
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA.
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kevadiya BD, Ottemann BM, Thomas MB, Mukadam I, Nigam S, McMillan J, Gorantla S, Bronich TK, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE. Neurotheranostics as personalized medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:252-289. [PMID: 30421721 PMCID: PMC6486471 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discipline of neurotheranostics was forged to improve diagnostic and therapeutic clinical outcomes for neurological disorders. Research was facilitated, in largest measure, by the creation of pharmacologically effective multimodal pharmaceutical formulations. Deployment of neurotheranostic agents could revolutionize staging and improve nervous system disease therapeutic outcomes. However, obstacles in formulation design, drug loading and payload delivery still remain. These will certainly be aided by multidisciplinary basic research and clinical teams with pharmacology, nanotechnology, neuroscience and pharmaceutic expertise. When successful the end results will provide "optimal" therapeutic delivery platforms. The current report reviews an extensive body of knowledge of the natural history, epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutics of neurologic disease with an eye on how, when and under what circumstances neurotheranostics will soon be used as personalized medicines for a broad range of neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory and neuroinfectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brendan M Ottemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Midhun Ben Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Insiya Mukadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Saumya Nigam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Najm R, Jones EA, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:24. [PMID: 31186040 PMCID: PMC6558779 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk and decreasing age of disease onset. Many studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of apoE4 in varying cellular contexts. However, the underlying mechanisms explaining how apoE4 leads to cognitive decline are not fully understood. Recently, the combination of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) modeling of neurological diseases in vitro and electrophysiological studies in vivo have begun to unravel the intersection between apoE4, neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss, subsequent network deficits, and eventual cognitive decline. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature describing apoE4's detrimental effects in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically focusing on its contribution to neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss. We focus on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus, which are selectively vulnerable to apoE4-mediated neurotoxicity. Additionally, we discuss the importance of the GABAergic inhibitory network to proper cognitive function and how dysfunction of this network manifests in AD. Finally, we examine how apoE4-mediated GABAergic interneuron loss can lead to inhibitory network deficits and how this deficit results in cognitive decline. We propose the following working model: Aging and/or stress induces neuronal expression of apoE. GABAergic interneurons are selectively vulnerable to intracellularly produced apoE4, through a tau dependent mechanism, which leads to their dysfunction and eventual death. In turn, GABAergic interneuron loss causes hyperexcitability and dysregulation of neural networks in the hippocampus and cortex. This dysfunction results in learning, memory, and other cognitive deficits that are the central features of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Najm
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Targeting Apolipoprotein E for Alzheimer's Disease: An Industry Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092161. [PMID: 31052389 PMCID: PMC6539182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a key lipid transport protein in the brain, is predominantly produced by astrocytes. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and are the main support network for neurons. They play a critical role in the synthesis and delivery of cholesterol in the brain. Humans have three common apoE isoforms, apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4, that show a strong genotype effect on the risk and age of onset for sporadic and late onset forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Carriers of an ε4 allele have an increased risk of developing AD, while those with an ε2 allele are protected. Investigations into the contribution of apoE to the development of AD has yielded conflicting results and there is still much speculation about the role of this protein in disease. Here, we review the opposing hypotheses currently described in the literature and the approaches that have been considered for targeting apoE as a novel therapeutic strategy for AD. Additionally, we provide our perspective on the rationale for targeting apoE and the challenges that arise with respect to “drug-ability” of this target.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hammond TR, Marsh SE, Stevens B. Immune Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Immunity 2019; 50:955-974. [PMID: 30995509 PMCID: PMC6822103 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system progressively rob patients of their memory, motor function, and ability to perform daily tasks. Advances in genetics and animal models are beginning to unearth an unexpected role of the immune system in disease onset and pathogenesis; however, the role of cytokines, growth factors, and other immune signaling pathways in disease pathogenesis is still being examined. Here we review recent genetic risk and genome-wide association studies and emerging mechanisms for three key immune pathways implicated in disease, the growth factor TGF-β, the complement cascade, and the extracellular receptor TREM2. These immune signaling pathways are important under both healthy and neurodegenerative conditions, and recent work has highlighted new functional aspects of their signaling. Finally, we assess future directions for immune-related research in neurodegeneration and potential avenues for immune-related therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tran TTT, Corsini S, Kellingray L, Hegarty C, Le Gall G, Narbad A, Müller M, Tejera N, O'Toole PW, Minihane AM, Vauzour D. APOE genotype influences the gut microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. FASEB J 2019; 33:8221-8231. [PMID: 30958695 PMCID: PMC6593891 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900071r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the strongest prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have provided insights into the pathologic mechanisms. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of APOE genotype on microflora speciation and metabolism is completely lacking. In this study, we investigated the association between APOE genotype and the gut microbiome composition in human and APOE-targeted replacement (TR) transgenic mice. Fecal microbiota amplicon sequencing from matched individuals with different APOE genotypes revealed no significant differences in overall microbiota diversity in group-aggregated human APOE genotypes. However, several bacterial taxa showed significantly different relative abundance between APOE genotypes. Notably, we detected an association of Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae and several butyrate-producing genera abundances with APOE genotypes. These findings were confirmed by comparing the gut microbiota of APOE-TR mice. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis of murine fecal water detected significant differences in microbe-associated amino acids and short-chain fatty acids between APOE genotypes. Together, these findings indicate that APOE genotype is associated with specific gut microbiome profiles in both humans and APOE-TR mice. This suggests that the gut microbiome is worth further investigation as a potential target to mitigate the deleterious impact of the APOE4 allele on cognitive decline and the prevention of AD.-Tran, T. T. T., Corsini, S., Kellingray, L., Hegarty, C., Le Gall, G., Narbad, A., Müller, M., Tejera, N., O'Toole, P. W., Minihane, A.-M., Vauzour, D. APOE genotype influences the gut microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tam T T Tran
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simone Corsini
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lee Kellingray
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hegarty
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Belloy ME, Napolioni V, Greicius MD. A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Progress to Date and the Path Forward. Neuron 2019; 101:820-838. [PMID: 30844401 PMCID: PMC6407643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a polygenic disorder. This view is clouded, however, by lingering uncertainty over how to treat the quasi "monogenic" role of apolipoprotein E (APOE). The APOE4 allele is not only the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, it also affects risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other neurodegenerative disorders. This review, based mostly on data from human studies, ranges across a variety of APOE-related pathologies, touching on evolutionary genetics and risk mitigation by ethnicity and sex. The authors also address one of the most fundamental question pertaining to APOE4 and AD: does APOE4 increase AD risk via a loss or gain of function? The answer will be of the utmost importance in guiding future research in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Synergistic interactions of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms with T1DM susceptibility in south India. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
47
|
Kim YK, Nam KI, Song J. The Glymphatic System in Diabetes-Induced Dementia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 30429819 PMCID: PMC6220044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system has emerged as an important player in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, by regulating the vasculature impairment, effectively controlling the clearance of toxic peptides, modulating activity of astrocytes, and being involved in the circulation of neurotransmitters in the brain. Recently, several studies have indicated decreased activity of the glymphatic pathway under diabetes conditions such as in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, diabetes leads to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and decrease of apolipoprotein E (APOE) expression and the secretion of norepinephrine in the brain, involving the impairment of the glymphatic pathway and ultimately resulting in cognitive decline. Considering the increased prevalence of diabetes-induced dementia worldwide, the relationship between the glymphatic pathway and diabetes-induced dementia should be investigated and the mechanisms underlying their relationship should be discussed to promote the development of an effective therapeutic approach in the near future. Here, we have reviewed recent evidence for the relationship between glymphatic pathway dysfunction and diabetes. We highlight that the enhancement of the glymphatic system function during sleep may be beneficial to the attenuation of neuropathology in diabetes-induced dementia. Moreover, we suggest that improving glymphatic system activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of diabetes-induced dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kwang Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
O'Donoghue MC, Murphy SE, Zamboni G, Nobre AC, Mackay CE. APOE genotype and cognition in healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease: A review. Cortex 2018; 104:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
49
|
Dresselhaus E, Duerr JM, Vincent F, Sylvain EK, Beyna M, Lanyon LF, LaChapelle E, Pettersson M, Bales KR, Ramaswamy G. Class I HDAC inhibition is a novel pathway for regulating astrocytic apoE secretion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194661. [PMID: 29579087 PMCID: PMC5868809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the important role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) secretion from astrocytes in brain lipid metabolism and the strong association of apoE4, one of the human apoE isoforms, with sporadic and late onset forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) little is known about the regulation of astrocytic apoE. Utilizing annotated chemical libraries and a phenotypic screening strategy that measured apoE secretion from a human astrocytoma cell line, inhibition of pan class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) was identified as a mechanism to increase apoE secretion. Knocking down select HDAC family members alone or in combination revealed that inhibition of the class I HDAC family was responsible for enhancing apoE secretion. Knocking down LXRα and LXRβ genes revealed that the increase in astrocytic apoE in response to HDAC inhibition occurred via an LXR-independent pathway. Collectively, these data suggest that pan class I HDAC inhibition is a novel pathway for regulating astrocytic apoE secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dresselhaus
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James M. Duerr
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fabien Vincent
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Sylvain
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Beyna
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erik LaChapelle
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GR); (KRB)
| | - Gayathri Ramaswamy
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GR); (KRB)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Aguilar BJ, Zhu Y, Lu Q. Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:97. [PMID: 29246246 PMCID: PMC5732365 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The progress we have made in understanding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has led to the identification of several novel pathways and potential therapeutic targets. Rho GTPases have been implicated as critical components in AD pathogenesis, but their various functions and interactions make understanding their complex signaling challenging to study. Recent advancements in both the field of AD and Rho GTPase drug development provide novel tools for the elucidation of Rho GTPases as a viable target for AD. Herein, we summarize the fluctuating activity of Rho GTPases in various stages of AD pathogenesis and in several in vitro and in vivo AD models. We also review the current pharmacological tools such as NSAIDs, RhoA/ROCK, Rac1, and Cdc42 inhibitors used to target Rho GTPases and their use in AD-related studies. Finally, we summarize the behavioral modifications following Rho GTPase modulation in several AD mouse models. As key regulators of several AD-related signals, Rho GTPases have been studied as targets in AD. However, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the stage at which targeting Rho GTPases would be the most beneficial. The studies discussed herein emphasize the critical role of Rho GTPases and the benefits of their modulation in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. .,The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| |
Collapse
|