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Zafeiriadis S, Adamaki-Sotiraki C, Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. Beyond carrots: Evaluation of gelling agents as wet feeds for Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142783. [PMID: 38972459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), need a source of moisture to grow and perform well. Currently, much research has been oriented towards the effect of dry feed on larval growth and performance. The effect of different wet feeds as moisture source on the performance traits of T. molitor larvae has not been thoroughly investigated yet. This study aims to investigate in laboratory trials the effect of various gelling agents (agar, carrageenans, guar gum, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, modified starch, and pectin) on the growth and performance of T. molitor larvae. A number of 50 newly emerged larvae obtained from the rearings of the LEAZ were inserted in plastic vials together with 4 g of wheat bran as dry feed. Additionally, 1 g of gelling agents was provided 3 times per week as moisture sources. Carrot slices served as control. Larval survival and weight were recorded weekly until the appearance of the first pupa. Dry feed was replenished when depleted. Our data showed that gelling agents efficiently supported the growth of T. molitor larvae, in terms of larval survival and weight, as well as feed utilization expressed as FCR. Interestingly, carrageenans seem to be the most appropriate gelling agent for T. molitor larvae rearing as it can enhance their weight and is also able to reduce their development time and their specific growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zafeiriadis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece.
| | - C Adamaki-Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - C I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - C G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Volos, Greece
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Carpentier J, Abenaim L, Luttenschlager H, Dessauvages K, Liu Y, Samoah P, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Microorganism Contribution to Mass-Reared Edible Insects: Opportunities and Challenges. INSECTS 2024; 15:611. [PMID: 39194816 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The interest in edible insects' mass rearing has grown considerably in recent years, thereby highlighting the challenges of domesticating new animal species. Insects are being considered for use in the management of organic by-products from the agro-industry, synthetic by-products from the plastics industry including particular detoxification processes. The processes depend on the insect's digestive system which is based on two components: an enzymatic intrinsic cargo to the insect species and another extrinsic cargo provided by the microbial community colonizing-associated with the insect host. Advances have been made in the identification of the origin of the digestive functions observed in the midgut. It is now evident that the community of microorganisms can adapt, improve, and extend the insect's ability to digest and detoxify its food. Nevertheless, edible insect species such as Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor are surprisingly autonomous, and no obligatory symbiosis with a microorganism has yet been uncovered for digestion. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota of a given species can take on different forms, which are largely influenced by the host's environment and diet. This flexibility offers the potential for the development of novel associations between insects and microorganisms, which could result in the creation of synergies that would optimize or expand value chains for agro-industrial by-products, as well as for contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Carpentier
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Linda Abenaim
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hugo Luttenschlager
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Kenza Dessauvages
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Prince Samoah
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Lazurska V, Brygadyrenko V. Effects of Organic Xenobiotics on Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Their Parasite Gregarina polymorpha. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:513. [PMID: 39056706 PMCID: PMC11274026 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Environmental contamination with xenobiotics affects organisms and the symbiotic relations between them. A convenient object to study relationships between parasites and their hosts is the host-parasite system "Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)-Gregarina polymorpha (Hammerschmidt, 1838) Stein, 1848 (Eugregarinorida, Gregarinidae)". For this experiment, we took 390 T. molitor larvae and 24 organic compounds. Groups of mealworms, 15 in each, were subjected to those compounds for 10 days. Then, we recorded the vitality of both the larvae of T. molitor and G. polymorpha. To assess how G. polymorpha had affected the hosts' wellbeing, we looked for changes in the larvae's body mass and compared them to the number of gregarines in their intestines. The vitality of the larvae was inhibited by cyclopentanol and 2-naphthol. The intensity of gregarine invasion was reduced by diphenyl ether, benzyl alcohol, catechol, and 3-aminobenzoic acid. No effect on the number of gregarines was produced by 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, cyclohexanemethanol, phenol, benzalkonium chloride, maleic anhydride, cyclohexanol, resorcin, benzoic acid, 2-methylfuran, terpinen-4-ol, 1-phenylethylamine, dibutyl phthalate, 3-furancarboxylic acid, 5-methyl furfural, 6-aminohexanoic acid, succinic anhydride, o-xylene, and benzaldehyde. In the infected T. molitor individuals, the mean number of G. polymorpha equaled 45 specimens per host. The groups of smaller mealworms had fewer gregarines. Positive correlation was seen between growth rates of T. molitor larvae and the intensity of invasion by gregarines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Lazurska
- Department of Medical Biology, Pharmacognosy, Botany and Histology, Dnipro State Medical University, Vernadsky St. 9, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine;
| | - Viktor Brygadyrenko
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Ecology, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagarin Av. 72, 49010 Dnipro, Ukraine
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pathomorphology of Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Sergiy Efremov St. 25, 49600 Dnipro, Ukraine
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Knežić T, Avramov M, Tatić V, Petrović M, Gadjanski I, Popović ŽD. Insects as a Prospective Source of Biologically Active Molecules and Pharmaceuticals-Biochemical Properties and Cell Toxicity of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio Cell-Free Larval Hemolymph. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7491. [PMID: 39000598 PMCID: PMC11242118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are of great interest as novel sources of alternative proteins and biologically active compounds, primarily anticancer agents. Protein-rich insect larval hemolymph is a prospective candidate for pharmaceutical and food industry-related research. In this study, selected biochemical properties and cell toxicity of larval hemolymph from two mealworm species, Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio, were analyzed. Total proteins and carbohydrates, antioxidant capacity, and the level of lipid peroxidation were determined. Human cancer (U-87) and normometabolic (MRC-5) cells were treated with different concentrations of larval hemolymph proteins, and the effects on cell viability were assayed 24, 48, and 72 h after treatments. Z. morio hemolymph was shown to be richer in total proteins, showing a higher antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation level than T. molitor hemolymph, which was richer in total carbohydrates. Cytotoxicity assays showed that T. molitor and Z. morio hemolymphs differently affect the viability of U-87 and MRC-5 cells in cell type-, dose-, and time-dependent manners. Hemolymph from both species was more cytotoxic to U-87 cells than to MRC-5 cells, which was particularly prominent after 48 h. Additionally, a more potent cytotoxic effect of Z. morio hemolymph was observed on both cell lines, likely due to its higher antioxidant capacity, compared to T. molitor hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Knežić
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Miloš Avramov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (V.T.)
| | - Vanja Tatić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (V.T.)
| | - Miloš Petrović
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Željko D. Popović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.A.); (V.T.)
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5
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Hu Y, Jia F, Hu L, Wu C, Tian T, Li T, Chen B. Comparative mitogenome research revealed the phylogenetics and evolution of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphage). Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11520. [PMID: 38932962 PMCID: PMC11199344 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the worldwide distribution and rich diversity of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea, the knowledge of the mitochondrial genomes (mtgenome) characteristics of the superfamily is still very limited, and its phylogenetics and evolution remain unresolved. In the present study, we newly sequenced mtgenomes from 19 species belonging to Tenebrionoidea, and a total of 90 mitochondrial genomes from 16 families of Tenebrionoidea were used for phylogenetic analysis. There exist 37 genes for all 82 species of complete mtgenomes of 16 families investigated, and their characteristics are identical as reported mtgenomes of other Tenebrionoids. The Ka/Ks analysis suggests that all 13 PCGs have undergone a strong purifying selection. The phylogenetic analysis suggests the monophyly of Mordellidae, Meloidae, Oedemeridae, Pyrochroidae, Salpingidae, Scraptiidae, Lagriidae, and Tenebrionidae, and the Mordellidae is close to the Ripiphoridae. The "Tenebrionidae clade" and "Meloidae clade" are monophyletic, and both of them are sister groups. In the "Meloidae clade," Meloidae is close to Anthicidae. In the "Tenebrionidae clade," the family Lagriidae and Tenebrionidae are sister groups. The divergence time analysis suggests that Tenebrionoidea originated in the late Jurassic, Meloidae Mordellidae, Lagriidae, and Tenebrionidae in the Cretaceous, Oedemeridae in Paleogene. The work lays a base for the study of mtgenome, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Jian Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Feng‐Fan Jia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tian Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ting‐Jing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life SciencesChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
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Mao X, Li J, Meng E, Jin W, Han W. Responses of physiological, microbiome and lipid metabolism to lignocellulose wastes in gut of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 401:130731. [PMID: 38663637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
There is limited research on physiological and degradation mechanisms of yellow mealworm, a novel organic waste converter, in processing lignocellulosic wastes. This study has selected two types of lignocellulosic wastes, distillers' grains (DG) and maize straw (MS), to feed yellow mealworms. This study investigated the effects of lignocellulosic wastes on the growth, antioxidant system, microbiome, and lipidome of yellow mealworms. The relative growth of lignocellulosic waste group was not significantly different from wheat bran. The antioxidant level was elevated in DG. MS was significantly enriched in cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut and was accompanied by disturbances in lipid metabolism. The correlation coefficients were used to construct a network connecting diet, microbiota, and lipids. The correlation analysis indicated that two sphingolipids, hexylglyceramide and dihydroglyceramide, were strongly and positively linked with the dominating species. This study provides comprehensive information on physiological and mechanism of mealworms in process of treating lignocellulosic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Turchi B, Mancini S, Pedonese F, Resci I, Torracca B, Marconi F, Barone C, Nuvoloni R, Fratini F. Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae from Laboratory-Reared Fresh Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor L.) and Their Frass. Pathogens 2024; 13:456. [PMID: 38921754 PMCID: PMC11206916 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foodstuff involves a human health risk. Edible insects are a precious resource; however, their consumption raises food safety issues. In this study, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) and frass was assessed. Antibiotics were not used during the rearing. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were isolated from 17 larvae and eight frass samples. In total, 62 and 69 isolates presumed to belong to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp., respectively, were obtained and tested for antibiotic susceptibility via disk diffusion. Based on the results, isolates were grouped, and representative resistant isolates were identified at species level through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For enterococci resistance, percentages higher than 15% were observed for vancomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin, whereas Enterobacteriaceae resistance higher than 25% was found against cefoxitin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Based on the species identification, the observed resistances seemed to be intrinsic both for enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae, except for some β-lactams resistance in Shigella boydii (cefoxitin and aztreonam). These could be due to transferable genetic elements. This study suggests the need for further investigations to clarify the role of edible insects in the spreading of antibiotic resistance determinants through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pedonese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Resci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Marconi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Chiara Barone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
| | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (S.M.); (I.R.); (B.T.); (F.M.); (C.B.); (R.N.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Center ‘NUTRAFOOD’, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Lee S, Kim M, Cho H, Lee GH. Determination of Triacylglycerol Composition in Mealworm Oil ( Tenebrio molitor) via Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Multiple Neutral Loss Scans. INSECTS 2024; 15:365. [PMID: 38786921 PMCID: PMC11121848 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have been used as an alternative source of proteins and lipids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are major sources of energy and have been used to provide essential fatty acids. They are also the main components of mealworm oil, and their composition and content are extensively linked to its physical and chemical properties. However, because of the complexity of TAG molecules, their identification and quantitation are challenging. This study employed electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with multiple neutral loss scans (NLS) to analyze the TAG composition and content in mealworm oil. Identifying and quantifying TAGs using ESI-MS/MS in combination with multiple NLS was an efficient way to improve accuracy and timeliness. For the accurate quantification of TAGs, isotopic deconvolution and correlation factors were applied. A total of 57 TAGs were identified and quantified: C52:2 (16:0/18:1/18:1) (1549.4 nmol/g, 18.20%), C52:3 (16:0/18:1/18:2) (1488.1 nmol/g, 17.48%), C54:4 (18:1/18:1/18:2) (870.1 nmol/g, 10.23%), C54:6 (18:1/18:2/18:2) (659.8 nmol/g, 7.76%) and C52:4 (16:0/18:2/18:2) (600.5 nmol/g, 7.06%), which were the most abundant TAGs present in the mealworm oil. The fundamental properties of mealworm oil, including its degree of oxidation, nutritional effect and physical properties, were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongeung Lee
- Lotte R&D Center, 201, Magokjungang-ro, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07594, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (G.-H.L.)
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Jankauskienė A, Kiseliovienė S, Aleknavičius D, Miliūnaitė I, Kerzienė S, Gaižauskaitė Ž, Juknienė I, Zaviztanavičiūtė P, Kabašinskienė A. Innovative Applications of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in the Production of Sustainable Meat Sausages: Quality and Safety Aspects. Foods 2024; 13:1451. [PMID: 38790751 PMCID: PMC11119166 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the world's population continuing to grow, ensuring sustainable protein sources for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. Despite meat being considered unsustainable, people find it challenging to abstain from consuming it. However, one solution to this dilemma could be the incorporation of mealworms into conventional meat products, i.e., sausages. The incorporation of mealworms into sausage formulations appears to shift the fatty acid profile towards higher levels of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3s, potentially enhancing the nutritional value and offering health benefits. Therefore, our study aimed to improve the nutritional value and safety parameters of traditional sausages by enriching them with the flour of mealworm larvae. For this purpose, the larvae were reared on a sustainable substrate with brewery by-products, brewer's yeast, and carrots. They were used frozen and freeze-dried in sausage recipes, replacing pork in different proportions. The analysis of the product's chemical safety parameters (biogenic amines, nitrates and nitrites, volatile fatty acids (FA), and peroxide) and nutritional value (including collagen, cholesterol, amino acids, FA, and hydroxyproline) was carried out in an accredited laboratory. The results of our study have demonstrated that the incorporation of mealworms into sausages, particularly through freeze-drying, increased fat content and enhanced the profile of FA, including omega-3s while reducing protein and cholesterol levels, and altering collagen content, suggesting improved nutritional value and potential health benefits without compromising the safety of the product. Therefore, we are highlighting that the addition of mealworms influences the quality of amino acids positively and maintains biogenic amine levels within safe limits, alongside a negligible impact on nitrates and nitrites and a reduction in peroxide values. These findings indicate an overall improvement in sausage quality and safety without compromising safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Jankauskienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sandra Kiseliovienė
- Food Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (Ž.G.)
| | | | - Ieva Miliūnaitė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Biophysics, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Žydrūnė Gaižauskaitė
- Food Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (Ž.G.)
| | - Ignė Juknienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Paulina Zaviztanavičiūtė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
| | - Aistė Kabašinskienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes St. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.J.); (I.M.); (I.J.); (P.Z.)
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Baldacchino F, Spagnoletta A, Lamaj F, Vitale ML, Verrastro V. Validation of Diets with Tomato Pomace in Complete Cycle Breeding of Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 38667417 PMCID: PMC11050266 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
By-product-based diets have the potential to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) production. However, evaluations of the efficacy of new diets are generally focused on larval performance, while the effect on adults is poorly understood. This aim of this study was to evaluate diets enriched with tomato pomace over a complete breeding cycle. The results showed that when used as an oviposition substrate, all the tested diets, including tomato pomace (T), outperformed the control bran-yeast diet (WY, 95:5 ratio), possibly due to the presence of cholesterol and linoleic acid. The adults fed with the bran-tomato pomace-brewer's spent grain diet (WTB, 50:27:23 ratio), the bran-tomato pomace-yeast diet (WTY, 50:41:9 ratio), and the bran-tomato pomace diet (WT, 50:50 ratio) produced significantly more larvae than those fed with the WY diet. The WTB diet (despite being yeast-free) performed similarly to the WY control diet during the subsequent larval growth phase, making it suitable for the entire production cycle. In conclusion, the results show that tomato pomace can be used a valid by-product in the formulation of efficient diets for the breeding of T. molitor and also provide an alternative to expensive yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Baldacchino
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA-. Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- Laboratory of Bioproducts and Bioprocess, ENEA-. Trisaia Research Centre, S.S. Jonica 106, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella, Italy
| | - Flutura Lamaj
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Maria Luisa Vitale
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Verrastro
- CIHEAM-Bari, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie, 9, I-70100 Valenzano, Italy; (F.L.); (M.L.V.); (V.V.)
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11
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Kotsou K, Chatzimitakos T, Athanasiadis V, Bozinou E, Lalas SI. Exploiting Agri-Food Waste as Feed for Tenebrio molitor Larvae Rearing: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1027. [PMID: 38611333 PMCID: PMC11011778 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The agri-food industry generates substantial amounts of waste, including by-products and residues. The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the agri-food sector has sparked an interest in finding alternative uses for such waste materials. One promising approach is the utilization of waste from the agri-food industry as feed for the rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). Since agri-food waste is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins, as well as other bioactive compounds, all of which are essential for insect growth and development, incorporating such waste into the diet of mealworms promotes sustainable insect production, reducing the economic and environmental problems associated with waste disposal. This practice can also be beneficial for the rearing of mealworms since their nutritional value can also be enhanced. To this end, various waste materials, such as fruit and vegetable peels, spent grains, and food processing residues, have been investigated as potential feed sources, leading to increased mass production, lower cost, and enhanced nutritional value. This review aims to highlight the potential of agri-food waste as a feed source for mealworms, as well as their potential to enhance their nutritional value. Furthermore, the potential applications of mealworms reared on agri-food waste are highlighted, including their potential as a sustainable protein source for human consumption and as feed ingredients in the livestock and aquaculture sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kotsou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Terma N. Temponera Str., 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (T.C.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (S.I.L.)
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12
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Savio C, Herren P, Rejasse A, Rios A, Bourelle W, Bruun-Jensen A, Lecocq A, van Loon JJA, Nielsen-LeRoux C. Minor impact of probiotic bacteria and egg white on Tenebrio molitor growth, microbial composition, and pathogen infection. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1334526. [PMID: 38469340 PMCID: PMC10926391 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1334526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The industrial rearing of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) for feed and food purposes on agricultural by-products may expose larvae and adults to entomopathogens used as biocontrol agents in crop production. Bacterial spores/toxins or fungal conidia from species such as Bacillus thuringiensis or Metarhizium brunneum could affect the survival and growth of insects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of a wheat bran diet supplemented with probiotic bacteria and dried egg white on larval development and survival and its effects on the gut microbiome composition. Two probiotic bacterial species, Pediococcus pentosaceus KVL B19-01 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WJB, were added to wheat bran feed with and without dried egg white, as an additional protein source, directly from neonate larval hatching until reaching a body mass of 20 mg. Subsequently, larvae from the various diets were exposed for 72 h to B. thuringiensis, M. brunneum, or their combination. Larval survival and growth were recorded for 14 days, and the bacterial microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing prior to pathogen exposure and on days 3 and 11 after inoculation with the pathogens. The results showed increased survival for T. molitor larvae reared on feed supplemented with P. pentosaceus in the case of co-infection. Larval growth was also impacted in the co-infection treatment. No significant impact of egg white or of P. pentosaceus on larval growth was recorded, while the addition of Lb. plantarum resulted in a minor increase in individual mass gain compared with infected larvae without the latter probiotic. On day 14, B. thuringiensis was no longer detected and the overall bacterial community composition of the larvae was similar in all treatments. On the other hand, the relative operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance was dependent on day, diet, and probiotic. Interestingly, P. pentosaceus was present throughout the experiments, while Lb. plantarum was not found at a detectable level, although its transient presence slightly improved larval performance. Overall, this study confirms the potential benefits of some probiotics during the development of T. molitor while underlining the complexity of the relationship between the host and its microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Savio
- University of Paris Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Herren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Agnès Rejasse
- University of Paris Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - William Bourelle
- University of Paris Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annette Bruun-Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Antoine Lecocq
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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13
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Oppert B, Dossey AT, Chu FC, Šatović-Vukšić E, Plohl M, Smith TPL, Koren S, Olmstead ML, Leierer D, Ragan G, Johnston JS. The Genome of the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor: It's Bigger Than You Think. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2209. [PMID: 38137031 PMCID: PMC10742464 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects are a sustainable source of protein for human food and animal feed. We present a genome assembly, CRISPR gene editing, and life stage-specific transcriptomes for the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, one of the most intensively farmed insects worldwide. METHODS Long and short reads and long-range data were obtained from a T. molitor male pupa. Sequencing transcripts from 12 T. molitor life stages resulted in 279 million reads for gene prediction and genetic engineering. A unique plasmid delivery system containing guide RNAs targeting the eye color gene vermilion flanking the muscle actin gene promoter and EGFP marker was used in CRISPR/Cas9 transformation. RESULTS The assembly is approximately 53% of the genome size of 756.8 ± 9.6 Mb, measured using flow cytometry. Assembly was complicated by a satellitome of at least 11 highly conserved satDNAs occupying 28% of the genome. The injection of the plasmid into embryos resulted in knock-out of Tm vermilion and knock-in of EGFP. CONCLUSIONS The genome of T. molitor is longer than current assemblies (including ours) due to a substantial amount (26.5%) of only one highly abundant satellite DNA sequence. Genetic sequences and transformation tools for an insect important to the food and feed industries will promote the sustainable utilization of mealworms and other farmed insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (M.L.O.); (G.R.)
| | - Aaron T. Dossey
- All Things Bugs LLC, 755 Research Parkway, Suite 465, Oklahoma City, OK 73130, USA or (A.T.D.); (F.-C.C.)
- Invertebrate Studies Institute, 2211 Snapper Ln, Midwest City, OK 73130, USA
| | - Fu-Chyun Chu
- All Things Bugs LLC, 755 Research Parkway, Suite 465, Oklahoma City, OK 73130, USA or (A.T.D.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Eva Šatović-Vukšić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.-V.); (M.P.)
| | - Miroslav Plohl
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.-V.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Morgan L. Olmstead
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (M.L.O.); (G.R.)
| | - Dewey Leierer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Gail Ragan
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (M.L.O.); (G.R.)
| | - J. Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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14
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Syahrulawal L, Torske MO, Sapkota R, Næss G, Khanal P. Improving the nutritional values of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as an animal feed ingredient: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:146. [PMID: 38042833 PMCID: PMC10693714 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm larvae (YML; Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggawastu Syahrulawal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Magnhild Oust Torske
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Geir Næss
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Prabhat Khanal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway.
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15
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Vommaro ML, Zanchi C, Angelone T, Giglio A, Kurtz J. Herbicide exposure alters the effect of the enthomopathogen Beauveria bassiana on immune gene expression in mealworm beetles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122662. [PMID: 37778488 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have grown worldwide about the potentially far-reaching effects of herbicides on functional biodiversity in agroecosystems. Repeated applications over time can lead to accumulation of residues in soil, water, and food and may have negative impacts on non-target organisms. However, the effects of herbicide residues on interspecific relationships, such as host-pathogen interactions, are poorly studied. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two different concentrations of a commercial pendimethalin-based formulation (PND), the residual contamination (S, 13 ppm) in treated soils and the maximum residue level allowed by the European Commission in cereals (EU, 0.05 ppm). We tested the effect of PND on the biological interaction between the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin, 1912 (Bb, strain KVL 03-144) at two concentrations (LC50 5 × 105 conidia mL-1 and LC100 1 × 107 conidia mL-1). We checked the survival of beetles exposed to PND or/and inoculated with B. bassiana, the expression of four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and finally how PND affects in vitro germination of fungus. The exposure to PND had no significant effects on the survival of either control or Bb-exposed beetles. In the mealworm beetle, upregulation of gene expression of the inducible AMPs Tenecin 1, 2, and 4 was observed in PND-treated beetles after inoculation with Bb, while the levels of the non-inducible AMP Tenecin 3 were similar between treatments. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that admitted residual doses of currently used herbicides modify an important component of the inducible immune response of an insect. This did not translate into an effect on the survival to B. bassiana in our system. However, residual doses of the herbicide at 13 ppm may temporarily affect fungal germination. These results raise questions about the compatibility of bioinsecticides with synthetic pesticides and the effects of herbicide residues on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luigia Vommaro
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universityof Münster, Hüferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Caroline Zanchi
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universityof Münster, Hüferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany; Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1-3, 14 195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Anita Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universityof Münster, Hüferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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16
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Hwang SH, Jang HA, Kojour MAM, Yun K, Lee YS, Han YS, Jo YH. Effects of TmTak1 silencing on AMP production as an Imd pathway component in Tenebrio molitor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18914. [PMID: 37919359 PMCID: PMC10622451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mealworms beetles, Tenebrio molitor, are the limelight next-generation food for humans due to their high nutrient contents. Since Tenebrio molitor is used as feed for pets and livestock in addition to their ability to decompose polystyrene and plastic waste, it is recognized as an insect with an industrial core value. Therefore, it is important to study the immune mechanism related to the development and infection of mealworms for mass breeding purposes. The immune deficiency (Imd) signaling is one of the main pathways with pivotal roles in the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Transforming growth factor-β activated kinase (TAK1) is one of the Imd pathway components, forms a complex with TAK1 binding protein 2 (TAB2) to ultimately help activate the transcription factor Relish and eventually induce host to produce AMPs. Relatively, little has been revealed about TAK1 in insect models, especially in the T. molitor. Therefore, this study was conducted to elucidate the function of TmTak1 in T. molitor. Our results showed that the highest and lowest mRNA expression of TmTak1 were found in egg and young larvae respectively. The tissue-specific expression patterns were reported in the gut of T. molitor larvae and the fat bodies of adults. Systemic microbial challenge illustrated TmTak1 high expression following the fungal infection in all dissected tissues except for the whole body. However, silencing TmTak1 experiments showed that the survivability of T. molitor larvae affected significantly following Escherichia coli infection. Accordingly, AMP induction after TmTak1 knock down was mainly reported in the integument and the fat bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyeon Hwang
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunho Yun
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Armién AG, Polon R, Rejmanek D, Moeller RB, Crossley BM. Outbreak of densovirus with high mortality in a commercial mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) farm: A molecular, bright-field, and electron microscopic characterization. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:689-703. [PMID: 37341069 PMCID: PMC10469485 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231180488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Mealworms are one of the most economically important insects in large-scale production for human and animal nutrition. Densoviruses are highly pathogenic for invertebrates and exhibit an extraordinary level of diversity which rivals that of their hosts. Molecular, clinical, histological, and electron microscopic characterization of novel densovirus infections is of utmost economic and ecological importance. Here, we describe an outbreak of densovirus with high mortality in a commercial mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) farm. Clinical signs included inability to prehend food, asymmetric locomotion evolving to nonambulation, dehydration, dark discoloration, and death. Upon gross examination, infected mealworms displayed underdevelopment, dark discoloration, larvae body curvature, and organ/tissue softness. Histologically, there was massive epithelial cell death, and cytomegaly and karyomegaly with intranuclear inclusion (InI) bodies in the epidermis, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, tracheae, and tracheoles. Ultrastructurally, these InIs represented a densovirus replication and assembly complex composed of virus particles ranging from 23.79 to 26.99 nm in diameter, as detected on transmission electron microscopy. Whole-genome sequencing identified a 5579-nucleotide-long densovirus containing 5 open reading frames. A phylogenetic analysis of the mealworm densovirus showed it to be closely related to several bird- and bat-associated densoviruses, sharing 97% to 98% identity. Meanwhile, the nucleotide similarity to a mosquito, cockroach, and cricket densovirus was 55%, 52%, and 41%, respectively. As this is the first described whole-genome characterization of a mealworm densovirus, we propose the name Tenebrio molitor densovirus (TmDNV). In contrast to polytropic densoviruses, this TmDNV is epitheliotropic, primarily affecting cuticle-producing cells.
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18
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Rho MS, Lee KP. Mapping the nutritional landscape in the yellow mealworm: testing the nutrient-mediated life-history trade-offs. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245522. [PMID: 37493055 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Animals must acquire an ideal amount and balance of macronutrients to optimize their performance, health and fitness. The nutritional landscape provides an integrative framework for analysing how animal phenotypes are associated with multiple nutritional components. Here, we applied this powerful approach to examine how the intake of protein and carbohydrate affects nutrient acquisition and performance in the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) reared on one of 42 synthetic foods varying in protein and carbohydrate content. Tenebrio molitor larvae increased their food consumption rate in response to nutrient dilution, but this increase was not sufficient to fully compensate for the dilution. Diluting the food nutrient content with cellulose reduced the efficiency of post-ingestive nutrient utilization, further restricting macronutrient acquisition. Tenebrio molitor larvae utilized macronutrients most efficiently at a protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of 1.77:1, but became less efficient at imbalanced P:C ratios. Survivorship was high at high protein intake and fell with decreasing protein intake. Pupal mass and growth rate exhibited a bell-shaped landscape, with the nutritional optima being located around protein-biased P:C ratios of 1.99:1 to 2.03:1 and 1.66:1 to 2.86:1, respectively. The nutritional optimum for development time was also identified at high P:C ratios (1.66:1 to 5.86:1). Unlike these performance traits, lipid content was maximized at carbohydrate-biased P:C ratios of 1:3.88 to 1:3.06. When given a food choice, T. molitor larvae self-composed a slightly carbohydrate-biased P:C ratio of 1:1.24, which lies between the P:C ratios that maximize performance and lipid content. Our findings indicate the occurrence of a nutrient-mediated trade-off between performance and energy storage in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Suk Rho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Suebsamran I, Dachyong A, Tira-Umphon A, Soubsub K, Phahom T. Structural change kinetics, drying characteristics, antioxidant properties, and the correlation between quality parameters of dried duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm) affected by different levels of microwave power. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4371-4379. [PMID: 36788441 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duckweed is considered as a future food material due to its fast growth, high yield, high nutritional value, and low impact on land use. However, in its fresh form, it has high moisture content (95% wet basis), resulting in a short shelf life. In this study, microwave drying (MWD) was conducted to produce a shelf-stable duckweed with minimal loss of quality. Drying characteristics and quality aspects of dried duckweed were assessed. Reaction order kinetics, including zero and first order, was applied to describe structural changes during drying process. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to select the appropriate drying conditions. RESULTS Of five drying models, the Midilli-Kucuk model was the one that best described the drying process. Drying at high microwave power could reduce energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. Increasing both microwave power and drying time increased the structural shrinkage rate as described by first-order reaction kinetics. High correlations among quality parameters were observed using Pearson's correlation. Drying treatments were differentiated into two main clusters by HCA and the results showed that MWD at 720 and 900 W provided samples that were closer in terms of quality to a freeze dried sample (the positive control) than samples that had been subjected to MWD at 450 W. CONCLUSION Drying behaviors of duckweed were well-described by the Midilli-Kucuk model. Microwave drying at 900 W gave the lowest energy consumption and displayed the most efficient use of energy. The first-order equation could be used effectively to describe the structural changes in the duckweed. Microwave drying at 720 and 900 W was the appropriate drying condition according to the HCA classification. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaret Suebsamran
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ajirawadee Dachyong
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Arak Tira-Umphon
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kamolwan Soubsub
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Traiphop Phahom
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Science Research Center, Organization for Research Initiatives, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Wang Y, Zhao D, Zhang W, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Guo B. Four PQQ-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenases Responsible for the Oxidative Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol in a Novel Bacterium Ketogulonicigenium vulgare D3_3 Originated from the Feces of Tenebrio molitor Larvae. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:367. [PMID: 37368668 PMCID: PMC10301637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is frequently detected in cereals and cereal-based products and has a negative impact on human and animal health. In this study, an unprecedented DON-degrading bacterial isolate D3_3 was isolated from a sample of Tenebrio molitor larva feces. A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis and genome-based average nucleotide identity comparison clearly revealed that strain D3_3 belonged to the species Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. This isolate D3_3 could efficiently degrade 50 mg/L of DON under a broad range of conditions, such as pHs of 7.0-9.0 and temperatures of 18-30 °C, as well as during aerobic or anaerobic cultivation. 3-keto-DON was identified as the sole and finished DON metabolite using mass spectrometry. In vitro toxicity tests revealed that 3-keto-DON had lower cytotoxicity to human gastric epithelial cells and higher phytotoxicity to Lemna minor than its parent mycotoxin DON. Additionally, four genes encoding pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases in the genome of isolate D3_3 were identified as being responsible for the DON oxidation reaction. Overall, as a highly potent DON-degrading microbe, a member of the genus Ketogulonicigenium is reported for the first time in this study. The discovery of this DON-degrading isolate D3_3 and its four dehydrogenases will allow microbial strains and enzyme resources to become available for the future development of DON-detoxifying agents for food and animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Donglei Zhao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Songshan Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Songxue Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yongtan Yang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; (Y.W.)
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Dho M, Candian V, Tedeschi R. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides: Advancements, Enhancements and New Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:952. [PMID: 37370271 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several insects are known as vectors of a wide range of animal and human pathogens causing various diseases. However, they are also a source of different substances, such as the Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), which can be employed in the development of natural bioactive compounds for medical, veterinary and agricultural applications. It is well known that AMP activity, in contrast to most classical antibiotics, does not lead to the development of natural bacterial resistance, or at least the frequency of resistance is considered to be low. Therefore, there is a strong interest in assessing the efficacy of the various peptides known to date, identifying new compounds and evaluating possible solutions in order to increase their production. Moreover, implementing AMP modulation in insect rearing could preserve insect health in large-scale production. This review describes the current knowledge on insect AMPs, presenting the validated ones for the different insect orders. A brief description of their mechanism of action is reported with focus on proposed applications. The possible effects of insect diet on AMP translation and synthesis have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dho
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Valentina Candian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Rosemarie Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Aybar M, Simões S, Sales JR, Santos J, Figueira D, Raymundo A. Tenebrio molitor as a Clean Label Ingredient to Produce Nutritionally Enriched Food Emulsions. INSECTS 2023; 14:147. [PMID: 36835716 PMCID: PMC9967797 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tenebrio molitor flour, a sustainable source of protein and bioactive compounds, was used as a clean label ingredient in order to reformulate a commercial hummus sauce, replacing egg yolk and modified starch, improving its nutritional quality. For this purpose, the impact of different concentrations of insect flour on the sauce was studied. Rheology properties, texture profile analysis, and the microstructure of the sauces were analyzed. Nutritional profile analysis was carried out, as well as bioactivity, namely the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity. Sensory analysis was conducted to determine the consumer's acceptance. At low concentrations (up to 7.5% of T. molitor flour) the sauce structure remained practically unchanged. However, for higher additions of T. molitor (10% and 15%), a loss of firmness, adhesiveness and viscosity was observed. Structure parameters such as elastic modulus (G') at 1 Hz of the sauces with 10% and 15% were significantly lower than the commercial sauce, indicating a loss of structure caused by Tenebrio flour incorporation. Although the formulation with 7.5% T. molitor flour was not the best rated in the sensory analysis, it showed a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the commercial standard. In addition, this formulation also presented the highest concentration in total phenolic compounds (16.25 mg GAE/g) and significantly increased the content of proteins (from 4.25% to 7.97%) and some minerals, compared to the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Aybar
- Department of Food Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Sara Simões
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Ride Sales
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joel Santos
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Figueira
- Mendes Gonçalves SA, Zona Industrial, Lote 6, 2154-909 Golegã, Portugal
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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He Z, Yang C, Peng Y, Liu T, Wang Z, Xiong C. Effect of Adding De-Oiled Kitchen Water on the Bioconversion of Kitchen Waste Treatment Residue by Black Soldier Fly Larvae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2577. [PMID: 36767945 PMCID: PMC9915709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous development of society, the output of kitchen waste (KW) is fast increasing. De-oiled kitchen water (DKW) and kitchen waste treatment residue (KWTR), two main by-products of the KW treatment industry, are produced accordingly on a large scale. The need to develop an effective technique for the utilization of DKW and KWTR is attracting wide attention. In the present study, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were employed as a biological treatment method to treat KWTR with the addition of DKW. The influence of DKW (0-140 mL) on the efficiency of BSFL treatment evaluated by the growth and development of BSFL, the body composition of BSFL, the nutrient content of bioconversion residue (BR), and the bioconversion efficiency of KWTR, was investigated. The results showed that the growth and development of BSFL, the body composition of BSFL, and the conversion rate of KWTR were initially promoted and then inhibited with the addition of DKW. Notably, the amount of DKW added in the T110 group was the most suitable for the growth of BSFL and the accumulation of body composition. Compared with the blank comparison group, the content of crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), salinity, total phosphorus (TP), and dry matter (DM) of BSFL in the T110 group increased by 3.54%, 6.85%, 0.98%, 0.07% and 2.98%, respectively. However, the addition of DKW could steadily increase the nutrient content of BR, with the highest amount at 140 mL DKW. Following DKW addition, the contents of CP, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), TP, and total potassium (TK) were increased by 4.56%, 3.63%, 10.53%, 5.14%, 0.73%, 0.75%, and 0.52%, respectively, compared with those of the blank comparison group. The study showed that DKW could be used as a nutrient additive in the bioconversion process of KWTR by BSFL, which provided a new method for the resource utilization of DKW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun He
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Taoze Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhanghong Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Research Center of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Leierer D, Olmstead M, Oppert B. Sequencing to identify pathogens in Tenebrio molitor: Implications in insects farmed for food and feed. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1059046. [PMID: 38469477 PMCID: PMC10926541 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1059046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The farmed insect industry is increasing in number and size to meet the demand for sustainably-produced protein. Larger insect farms are prone to losses due to pathogens, and more information is needed regarding the health of insects reared for food and feed. Methods In this study, high throughput sequencing was used to identify potential pathogens in a colony of Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) that exhibited increased mortality in immature stages with eventual colony collapse. Sequences also were obtained from a healthy new colony of T. molitor, as well as a recovered individual from the collapsed colony. Results Screening of sequences obtained from the colonies and their rearing diet indicated that the collapsed colony had low diversity in microbial taxa, with predominantly sequences from the families Staphylococcaeceae and Streptococcaceae constituting from 53 to 88% of the total microbial reads. Conversely, in the new colony and their rearing diet, microbial sequences were from more than 15 different taxa, with Lactobacilleceae the most prevalent but representing only 21% of the total microbial reads. Evidence indicates that Bacillus thuringiensis may have been involved in the collapse of the colony, leading to sepsis and microbial dysbiosis, although the source of the bacteria was not identified. Sequences from the recovered individual reflected a microbial flora profile that was intermediate between those of the diseased collapsed and new colonies. Discussion These findings have implications for insects reared in confined environments and provide a rapid method to screen insect colonies by sequencing healthy and potentially diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewey Leierer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural (USDA) Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Morgan Olmstead
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural (USDA) Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brenda Oppert
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural (USDA) Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States
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The promise of probiotics in honeybee health and disease management. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:73. [PMID: 36705763 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, losses of bee populations have been observed worldwide. A panoply of biotic and abiotic factors, as well as the interplay among them, has been suggested to be responsible for bee declines, but definitive causes have not yet been identified. Among pollinators, the honeybee Apis mellifera is threatened by various diseases and environmental stresses, which have been shown to impact the insect gut microbiota that is known to be fundamental for host metabolism, development and immunity. Aimed at preserving the gut homeostasis, many researches are currently focusing on improving the honeybee health through the administration of probiotics e.g., by boosting the innate immune response against microbial infections. Here, we review the knowledge available on the characterization of the microbial diversity associated to honeybees and the use of probiotic symbionts as a promising approach to maintain honeybee fitness, sustaining a healthy gut microbiota and enhancing its crucial relationship with the host immune system.
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Dahal S, Jensen AB, Lecocq A. Effect of Probiotics on Tenebrio molitor Larval Development and Resistance against the Fungal Pathogen Metarhizium brunneum. INSECTS 2022; 13:1114. [PMID: 36555024 PMCID: PMC9788617 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) has demonstrated its potential as a mass-produced edible insect for food and feed. However, challenges brought on by pathogens in intensive production systems are unavoidable and require the development of new solutions. One potential solution is the supplementation of probiotics in the insect's diet to obtain the double benefits of improved growth and enhanced immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet-based probiotic supplementation on T. molitor larval survival, growth, and resistance against a fungal pathogen. Three probiotic strains, namely Pediococcus pentosacceus KVL-B19-01 isolated from T. molitor and two commercialized strains for traditional livestock, Enterococcus faecium 669 and Bacillus subtilis 597, were tested. Additionally, when larvae were 9 weeks old, a pathogen challenge experiment was conducted with the fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Results showed that both P. pentosaceus and E. faecium improved larval growth and larval survival following fungal exposure compared to the non-supplemented control diet. Since B. subtilis did not improve larval performance in terms of either development or protection against M. brunneum, this study suggests the need for further research and evaluation of probiotic strains and their modes of action when considered as a supplement in T. molitor's diet.
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Wu CY, Xiao KR, Wang LZ, Wang J, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Identification and expression profiling of serine protease-related genes in Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21963. [PMID: 36039637 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In insects, serine proteases and serine protease homologs (SPs/SPHs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes including digestion, development, and immunity. Here, we identified 112 SP and 88 SPH genes in the genome of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Based on the features of domain structure, they were divided into "S" group containing single Tryp-SPc or Tryp-SPHc domain, "C" group containing 1-4 CLIP domain (CLIPA-D) and "M" group containing the CBD, CUB, EGF, Fz, Gd, LDLa, PAN, SEA, SR, Sushi, and TSP domains, and have 115, 48, and 37 gene members, respectively. According to the active sites in the catalytic triad, the putative trypsin, chymotrypsin, or elastase-like enzyme specificity of the identified SPs/SPHs were predicted. Phylogenetic and genomic location analyses revealed that gene duplication exists in the large amount of SPs/SPHs. Gene expression profiling using RNA-seq data along with real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that most SP/SPH genes display life stage specific expression patterns, indicating their important roles in development. Many SP/SPH genes are specifically or highly expressed in the gut, salivary gland, fat body, hemocyte, ovary, and testis, suggesting that they participate in digestion, immunity, and reproduction. The findings lay the foundation for further functional characterization of SPs/SPHs in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai-Ran Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Long-Zhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Ganseman E, Ieven T, Frans G, Coorevits L, Pörtner N, Martens E, Bullens DMA, Schrijvers R, Breynaert C, Proost P. Alpha-amylase as the culprit in an occupational mealworm allergy case. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:992195. [PMID: 36110144 PMCID: PMC9468247 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.992195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational allergy has been described in employees working in contact with mealworms in pet stores, live fish bait or infested stored grains and recently, in mealworm farming for animal feed and human consumption. Mealworm allergens linked to occupational allergy are troponin C, cockroach-like allergen, tropomyosin, arginine kinase, early-staged encapsulation inducing- and larval cuticle proteins. Objective We report a case of occupational mealworm allergy and studied the culprit component. Methods Diagnosis was done by skin prick, specific IgE, basophil activation and lung function testing. Allergen purification was performed by anion-exchange chromatography and immunoblotting with patient IgE. Allergens were identified by in-gel trypsin digest and tandem mass spectrometry. Allergenicity and specificity further confirmed by IgE inhibition and passive basophil activation experiments. Results We describe a new case of occupational mealworm allergy in a laboratory worker, with sensitization to different developmental stages and derivates of the mealworm. In basophil activation tests, the majority of patient's basophils (69%–91%) degranulated upon stimulation with the lowest concentration of mealworm extracts (0.16 µg/ml). Despite strong sensitization to mites, the patient did not show cross-reactivity to other insects. We were able to identify alpha-amylase as the main allergen and through inhibition experiments, we demonstrated that low amounts (0.1 µg/ml) of this allergen could strongly inhibit mealworm specific IgE by 79.1%. Moreover, passive BAT experiments demonstrated the IgE-alpha-amylase interaction to be functional, inducing up to 25.5% degranulation in healthy donor basophils. Conclusion Alpha-amylase can be identified as the responsible allergen in this specific case of occupational mealworm allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ganseman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: Eva Ganseman
| | - Toon Ieven
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glynis Frans
- Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Coorevits
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique MA Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ha NI, Mun SK, Im SB, Jang HY, Jeong HG, Kang KY, Park KW, Seo KS, Ban SE, Kim KJ, Yee ST. Changes in Functionality of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Fermented by Cordyceps militaris Mycelia. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162477. [PMID: 36010477 PMCID: PMC9407045 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been estimating the potential of insects as human food since 2010, and for this reason, Tenebrio molitor larvae, also called mealworms, have been explored as an alternative protein source for various foods. In this study, in order to increase nutrient contents and improve preference as an alternative protein source, we fermented the T. molitor larvae by Cordyceps militaris mycelia. T. molitor larvae were prepared at optimal conditions for fermentation and fermented with C. militaris mycelia, and we analyzed T. molitor larvae change in functionality with proximate composition, β-glucan, cordycepin, adenosine, and free amino acids content. T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia showed higher total protein, total fiber, and β-glucan content than the unfermented larvae. In addition, the highest cordycepin content (13.75 mg/g) was observed in shaded dried T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia. Additionally, the isolated cordycepin from fermented T. molitor larvae showed similar cytotoxicity as standard cordycepin when treated with PC-9 cells. Therefore, we report that the optimized methods of T. molitor larvae fermented by C. militaris mycelia increase total protein, total fiber, β-glucan and produce the amount of cordycepin content, which can be contributed to healthy food and increase T. molitor larvae utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neul-I Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Mun
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Im
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Jang
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Hee-Gyeong Jeong
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wuk Park
- Suncheon Research Center for Bio Health Care, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sun Seo
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Seung-Eon Ban
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Kyung-Je Kim
- Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Yee
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jungang-Ro, Suncheon 549-742, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3752; Fax: +82-61-750-3708
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Fate of Escherichia coli artificially inoculated in Tenebrio molitor L. larvae rearing chain for human consumption. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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The Influence of Wet Feed pH on the Growth of Tenebrio molitor Larvae. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For optimal growth, Tenebrio molitor needs both dry feed and wet feed. Storing dry feed is not a problem, but storing wet feed over a prolonged period is more challenging due to spoilage. It could be stored in a refrigerated room, but this process is energy consuming and therefore increases the price of production. Another option is to ferment the feed, as is done regularly in other branches of agriculture. No energy is needed, and the feed remains stable due to low pH levels. In this study, we assessed the growth of mealworm larvae fed with wheat bran and agar-agar gel. Different treatments received agar-agar gel of a specific pH, varying between 3 and 9 in increments of one pH unit, resulting in seven assessed pH values. The average weight of the larvae was determined every week until maximum weight was achieved. Mealworms at harvest grown at the lowest pH (3.02) were on average 8.1% lighter than their counterparts grown at higher pH levels. However, within ranges that could realistically occur in a mealworm production setting (pH > 3.5), no significant differences were found. In conclusion, fermentation can be used to store mealworm wet feed, without pH having a detrimental effect on mealworm growth.
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Kim D, Oh I. The Characteristic of Insect Oil for a Potential Component of Oleogel and Its Application as a Solid Fat Replacer in Cookies. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060355. [PMID: 35735700 PMCID: PMC9222694 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Tenebrio molitor, an edible insect, have recently attracted attention in the food industry as a protein supplement or future food material. However, despite more than 30% of the total weight being fat content, few studies have been conducted on the fat (oil) derived from Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM oil) and its food utilization. In this study, TM oil was extracted and its fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity were investigated. Then, the oleogels were prepared with TM oil and oleogelators (candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and beeswax) and their rheological and thermal properties were evaluated to elucidate their utilization as a solid fat replacer in cookies. In the results, TM oil contained 73.6% unsaturated fatty acids and showed a lower antioxidant activity than olive oil. Although the highest hardness was shown in oleogel with candelilla wax, the highest viscoelasticity above 50 °C was observed for oleogel with carnauba wax. The highest melting point was observed in carnauba oleogel. Lower peroxide values were observed in the oleogel samples than for TM oil, indicating that oleogelation of structuring oil improved the oxidative stability of TM oil. In addition, the shortening replacement with carnauba wax oleogel showed a desirable cookie quality in terms of spreadability and texture properties.
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Pérez-Jiménez F. The future of diet: what will be eating? CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2022; 34 Suppl 1:S17-S23. [PMID: 35181153 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Food habits and preferences of our population are continuously changing throughout the world, especially in the wealthier countries. One of the consequences in our environment is the abandonment of the Mediterranean Diet, in accordance with an increased consumption of processed and ultraprocessed food, with negative effects on our health by the progressive increase of obesity and its multiple metabolic consequences. On the other hand, foods production is one of the most important reasons for the global warming of the planet, triggered by an increased demand of foods, caused by the grow up of the world population and by the introduction of technologies no respectful with the planet. Fortunately, every day the population is more and more awareness of the need for changing the alimentary model and the news technologies, looking for minimizing such deleterious consequence, always thinking in the health of the people and the planet. This concept, looking for a global welfare for the present and for the future, is discussed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pérez-Jiménez
- Catedrático emérito de la Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, España.
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Arévalo Arévalo HA, Menjura Rojas EM, Barragan Fonseca KB, Vásquez Mejía SM. Implementation of the HACCP system for production of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Taglieri I, Bedini S, Zinnai A, Sanmartin C, Conti B, Farina P, Chiriboga Ortega RD, De Leo M, Braca A, Tavarini S, Venturi F. Effects of flaxseed cake fortification on bread shelf life, and its possible use as feed for Tenebrio molitor larvae in a circular economy: preliminary results. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1736-1743. [PMID: 34403496 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bread represents a significant share of food waste worldwide. The extension of the bread shelf life together with innovative systems of food waste treatment might decrease waste biomass decay, the need for transportation, and the need for storage. In recent years, insects have been selected as a valuable tool for food waste treatment owing to their capability to transform low-value food waste into biomass with high nutritional value. Bakery wastes can be used profitably for this purpose. This work had two objectives: (i) to measure the impact of flaxseed cake fortification on bread shelf life depending on the leavening agent (baker's yeast vs sourdough); (ii) to evaluate the possible reuse of the stale bread fortified with flaxseed cake for Tenebrio molitor rearing. RESULTS Our results showed that fortification seemed to slow the hardening rate of bread, particularly if baker's yeast was used. The time necessary for mold to appear in sourdough bread doubled (from 2 to 4 days). The addition of flaxseed cake to the recipe determined an increase of its scrap consumption by T. molitor larvae. We also observed a significant increase in the body mass of the T. molitor larvae fed with bread obtained with the brewer's yeast with respect to larvae fed with the sourdough. CONCLUSION Taken together, these preliminary data can indicate that sourdough bread fortified with 5% of flaxseed cake can represent a promising tool to reduce food waste and to recycle bread scraps by a novel zero-waste approach. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Taglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bedini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Sanmartin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Priscilla Farina
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marinella De Leo
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Tavarini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Venturi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, Pisa, Italy
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36
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Petrescu‐Mag RM, Rastegari Kopaei H, Petrescu DC. Consumers' acceptance of the first novel insect food approved in the European Union: Predictors of yellow mealworm chips consumption. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:846-862. [PMID: 35311162 PMCID: PMC8907748 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate and environmental-related challenges are high on the agenda of the European Union (EU). One priority is to redesign the existing food system into a more sustainable one, where the link between healthy people and a balanced environment is considered. The EU bets on the role of insect farming in supporting the transition toward healthier and future-proof diets. Following this orientation, we investigated consumers' attitude toward yellow mealworm chips (YMC) and identified the predictors of YMC consumption. The causal relationships between constructs were explored using the structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The perceived lower environmental impact of YMC compared to meat was the most appreciated characteristic of YMC. The study identified five predictors of YMC consumption, among which the perceived characteristics of YMC have the strongest influence on the consumption probability. Against the expectations of the authors, disgust with the accidental encounter of insects in foods did not influence the probability of eating YMC. Age was another predictor of YMC consumption. It is known that food preferences and eating behaviors are mainly developed during childhood and tend to manifest in adult life. Consequently, it can be inferred that acceptance and preference for insect-based foods (IBF) should be stimulated from early childhood. Finally, practical implications are advanced as possible solutions to overcome the obstacles toward YMC consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Rastegari Kopaei
- Department of Rural Development ManagementFaculty of AgricultureYasouj UniversityYasoujIran
| | - Dacinia Crina Petrescu
- Faculty of BusinessBabes‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and OrganizationFaculty of Economics and Business AdministrationGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Ali Mohammadie Kojour M, Baliarsingh S, Jang HA, Yun K, Park KB, Lee JE, Han YS, Patnaik BB, Jo YH. Current knowledge of immune priming in invertebrates, emphasizing studies on Tenebrio molitor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104284. [PMID: 34619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates rely on the most sophisticated adaptive immunity to defend themselves against various pathogens. This includes immunologic memory cells, which mount a stronger and more effective immune response against an antigen after its first encounter. Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates' defense completely depends on the innate immunity mechanisms including humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, the invertebrate equivalent of the memory cells was discovered only recently. Since the discovery of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) in crustaceans, numerous findings have proven the IP in invertebrate classes such as insects. TGIP can be induced through maternal priming pathways such as transcriptional regulation of antimicrobial peptides, and also paternal IP including the induction of proPO system activity. We appraise the diversity and specificity of IP agents to provide sustained immunologic memory in insects, particularly T. molitor in the review. An understanding of IP (more so TGIP) response in T. molitor will deepen our knowledge of invertebrate immunity, and boost the mass-rearing industry by reducing pathogen infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Keunho Yun
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India.
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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38
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Potentiality of Tenebrio molitor larva-based ingredients for the food industry: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Rizou E, Kalogiouri N, Bisba M, Papadimitriou A, Kyrila G, Lazou A, Andreadis S, Hatzikamari M, Mourtzinos I, Touraki M. Amelioration of growth, nutritional value, and microbial load of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) through probiotic supplemented feed. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Bertola M, Mutinelli F. A Systematic Review on Viruses in Mass-Reared Edible Insect Species. Viruses 2021; 13:2280. [PMID: 34835086 PMCID: PMC8619331 DOI: 10.3390/v13112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are expected to become an important nutrient source for animals and humans in the Western world in the near future. Only a few studies on viruses in edible insects with potential for industrial rearing have been published and concern only some edible insect species. Viral pathogens that can infect insects could be non-pathogenic, or pathogenic to the insects themselves, or to humans and animals. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the viruses detected in edible insects currently considered for use in food and/or feed in the European Union or appropriate for mass rearing, and to collect information on clinical symptoms in insects and on the vector role of insects themselves. Many different virus species have been detected in edible insect species showing promise for mass production systems. These viruses could be a risk for mass insect rearing systems causing acute high mortality, a drastic decline in growth in juvenile stages and in the reproductive performance of adults. Furthermore, some viruses could pose a risk to human and animal health where insects are used for food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bertola
- Laboratory of Parasitology Micology and Sanitary Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- National Rereference Laboratory for Honey Bee Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy;
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Errico S, Spagnoletta A, Verardi A, Moliterni S, Dimatteo S, Sangiorgio P. Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:148-197. [PMID: 34773434 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Errico
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
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Yellow Mealworm and Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Feed and Food Production in Europe, with Emphasis on Iceland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112744. [PMID: 34829029 PMCID: PMC8625742 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects are part of the diet of over 2 billion people worldwide; however, insects have not been popular in Europe, neither as food nor as a feed ingredient. This has been changing in recent years, due to increased knowledge regarding the nutritional benefits, the need for novel protein production and the low environmental impact of insects compared to conventional protein production. The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the most popular insects farmed in Europe, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, and black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, together with the main obstacles and risks. A comprehensive literature study was carried out and 27 insect farming companies found listed in Europe were contacted directly. The results show that the insect farming industry is increasing in Europe, and the success of the frontrunners is based on large investments in technology, automation and economy of scale. The interest of venture capital firms is noticeable, covering 90% of the investment costs in some cases. It is concluded that insect farming in Europe is likely to expand rapidly in the coming years, offering new proteins and other valuable products, not only as a feed ingredient, but also for human consumption. European regulations have additionally been rapidly changing, with more freedom towards insects as food and feed. There is an increased knowledge regarding safety concerns of edible insects, and the results indicate that edible insects pose a smaller risk for zoonotic diseases than livestock. However, knowledge regarding risk posed by edible insects is still lacking, but food and feed safety is essential to put products on the European market.
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Characterization of Escherichia coli from Edible Insect Species: Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Isolate. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112552. [PMID: 34828833 PMCID: PMC8618678 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects as novel foods are gaining popularity in Europe. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 laid the framework for the application process to market food insects in member states, but potential hazards are still being evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate samples of edible insect species for the presence of antimicrobial-resistant and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-one E. coli isolates, recovered from samples of five different edible insect species, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based phylotyping, and macrorestriction analysis. The presence of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance or virulence, including stx1, stx2, and eae, was investigated by PCR. All isolates were subjected to genome sequencing, multilocus sequence typing, and serotype prediction. The isolates belonged either to phylogenetic group A, comprising mostly commensal E. coli, or group B1. One O178:H7 isolate, recovered from a Zophobas atratus sample, was identified as a STEC. A single isolate was resistant to tetracyclines and carried the tet(B) gene. Overall, this study shows that STEC can be present in edible insects, representing a potential health hazard. In contrast, the low resistance rate among the isolates indicates a low risk for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli to consumers.
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Cláudia da Costa Rocha A, José de Andrade C, de Oliveira D. Perspective on integrated biorefinery for valorization of biomass from the edible insect Tenebrio molitor. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Hwang D, Lim CH, Lee SH, Goo TW, Yun EY. Effect of Feed Containing Hermetia illucens Larvae Immunized by Lactobacillus plantarum Injection on the Growth and Immunity of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090801. [PMID: 34564241 PMCID: PMC8467036 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we evaluated the effect on the growth and immunity of rainbow trout of a feed formulated using Hermetia illucens with increased antimicrobial peptides expression by Lactobacillus plantarum infection (ImHIL). As a result, growth and immunological indicators improved, and therefore, ImHIL is expected to become a good feed source for rainbow trout aquaculture. Abstract We investigated the effects of a feed containing Hermetia illucens larvae injected with bacteria on the growth and immunity of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The feed was prepared by replacing fishmeal in feed with 25 and 50% nonimmunized (HIL25, HIL50) or immunized HIL (ImHIL25, ImHIL50), and its protein:fat:carbohydrate ratio was 45:15:18. ImHIL extracts showed inhibitory activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. Both red blood cell count and insulin-like growth factor-1 as the growth indicator were the highest among the groups at week 6 after feeding in the ImHIL50 group. As immune indicators, blood aspartate aminotransferase levels were lower in the ImHIL25 and ImHIL50 groups than in that of other groups at week 6 after feeding, and lysozyme content was significantly higher in ImHIL25 and ImHIL50. The above results demonstrate that ImHIL has a beneficial effect on the improvement of growth and immunity. Accordingly, we suggest that ImHIL has the potential to be a good feed source in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooseon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (D.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Chae-Hwan Lim
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (D.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (D.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (D.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6935-2523
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Effect of Defatting and Extraction Solvent on the Antioxidant and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities of Extracts from Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090789. [PMID: 34564229 PMCID: PMC8472067 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The food industry is notably investing more resources on the production of nutritious, healthy, safe and sustainable products derived from edible insects. In this sense, natural extracts (or concentrated forms of compounds from natural sources) are usually food ingredients with added value for human health. This is due to their intrinsic beneficious biological activities; however, bioactive extracts from edible insects have been scarcely explored. Due to that and considering that the bioactivities of extracts might be conditioned by parameters of the technological process, we assessed how different extraction conditions, such as the defatting of the raw insect flours or the extraction solvents employed, affected two bioactivities of the resulting extracts from insects: the blocking of the digestion of fats from the diet by evaluating the inhibition of the responsible enzyme (pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant activity. T. molitor and H. illucens were used, as they are two of the most known edible species for both feed and food. We observed a multibioactivity for all the extracts. Both tested processing factors differentially modulated the bioactivity of extracts from both species. We also analysed the composition of the H. illucens extracts and detected amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, sterols and organic acids. Abstract The production of specific insect extracts with bioactive properties for human health is an emerging and innovative field for the edible insects industry, but there are unexplored extraction factors that might modulate the bioactivity of the extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extracts from T. molitor and H. illucens were produced. Effects of defatting pre-treatment and extraction solvent were evaluated on extraction yield, antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect. Chemical characterisation of defatted extracts from H. illucens was performed by GC-MS-FID. Non-defatted extracts showed higher extraction yields. Defatted extracts had similar extraction yields (around 3%). Defatted extracts had higher antioxidant activity, T. molitor being stronger than H. illucens. Antioxidant activity of T. molitor methanol extract was higher than the rest of solvents. Aqueous ethanol improved the antioxidant activity of H. illucens extracts. All extracts inhibited lipase, but no significant effect of defatting and solvent was observed for T. molitor. A significant higher inhibitory activity was observed for H. illucens, the strongest being defatted 100% and 70% ethanol H. illucens extracts. H. illucens extracts contained free amino acids and disaccharides, together with minor fractions of lipids, sterols and organic acids. These results evidence the potential of extracts obtained from edible insects as antioxidants and inhibitors of the pancreatic lipase, a simultaneous multibioactivity that might be favoured by the defatting pre-treatment of the samples and the solvent of extraction.
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García-Gutiérrez N, Mellado-Carretero J, Bengoa C, Salvador A, Sanz T, Wang J, Ferrando M, Güell C, de Lamo-Castellví S. ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis Successfully Discriminates Raw Doughs and Baked 3D-Printed Snacks Enriched with Edible Insect Powder. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081806. [PMID: 34441584 PMCID: PMC8394341 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a preliminary study, commercial insect powders were successfully identified using infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Nonetheless, it is necessary to check if this technology is capable of discriminating, predicting, and quantifying insect species once they are used as an ingredient in food products. The objective of this research was to study the potential of using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTMIR) combined with multivariate analysis to discriminate doughs and 3D-printed baked snacks, enriched with Alphitobius diaperinus and Locusta migratoria powders. Several doughs were made with a variable amount of insect powder (0–13.9%) replacing the same amount of chickpea flour (46–32%). The spectral data were analyzed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms. SIMCA models successfully discriminated the insect species used to prepare the doughs and snacks. Discrimination was mainly associated with lipids, proteins, and chitin. PLSR models predicted the percentage of insect powder added to the dough and the snacks, with determination coefficients of 0.972, 0.979, and 0.994 and a standard error of prediction of 1.24, 1.08, and 1.90%, respectively. ATR-FTMIR combined with multivariate analysis has a high potential as a new tool in insect product authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea García-Gutiérrez
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Mellado-Carretero
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Christophe Bengoa
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Ana Salvador
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Teresa Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (A.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Junjing Wang
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Montse Ferrando
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Carme Güell
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Sílvia de Lamo-Castellví
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química (DEQ), Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (N.G.-G.); (J.M.-C.); (C.B.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Mattioli S, Paci G, Fratini F, Dal Bosco A, Tuccinardi T, Mancini S. Former foodstuff in mealworm farming: Effects on fatty acids profile, lipid metabolism and antioxidant molecules. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gałęcki R, Zielonka Ł, Zasȩpa M, Gołȩbiowska J, Bakuła T. Potential Utilization of Edible Insects as an Alternative Source of Protein in Animal Diets in Poland. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.675796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of high-protein raw materials that could be utilized in the production of animal feed is limited in Poland. The aim of this study was to analyze the needs and possibilities associated with the utilization of insect protein in animal nutrition in Poland. In the future, insects could become an effective solution to meeting the nutritional requirements of a growing population. Insect protein is already used in the production of fish feed in the European Union (EU). Legislative decisions on the introduction of this alternative feed source have to be based on the results of studies investigating the safety of insect protein for farmed animals. Diets containing insect protein and their influence on animals need to be thoroughly analyzed. In the future, insect farming could become a novel branch of agriculture, and it could create new opportunities for Polish farmers who were affected by the African swine fever (ASF) virus. Insect farms could create new jobs, promote innovative business development, and increase food and feed production. Entomophagy is a new and controversial concept for Polish consumers, but in the future, it could offer a viable solution to feeding the world's growing population.
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