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Kogure M, Kanahara N, Miyazawa A, Shiko Y, Otsuka I, Matsuyama K, Takase M, Kimura M, Kimura H, Ota K, Idemoto K, Tamura M, Oda Y, Yoshida T, Okazaki S, Yamasaki F, Nakata Y, Watanabe Y, Niitsu T, Hishimoto A, Iyo M. Association of SLC6A3 variants with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a genetic association study of dopamine-related genes in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1334335. [PMID: 38476817 PMCID: PMC10929739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1334335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Most genetic analyses that have attempted to identify a locus or loci that can distinguish patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) from those who respond to treatment (non-TRS) have failed. However, evidence from multiple studies suggests that patients with schizophrenia who respond well to antipsychotic medication have a higher dopamine (DA) state in brain synaptic clefts whereas patients with TRS do not show enhanced DA synthesis/release pathways. Patients and methods To examine the contribution (if any) of genetics to TRS, we conducted a genetic association analysis of DA-related genes in schizophrenia patients (TRS, n = 435; non-TRS, n = 539) and healthy controls (HC: n = 489). Results The distributions of the genotypes of rs3756450 and the 40-bp variable number tandem repeat on SLC6A3 differed between the TRS and non-TRS groups. Regarding rs3756450, the TRS group showed a significantly higher ratio of the A allele, whereas the non-TRS group predominantly had the G allele. The analysis of the combination of COMT and SLC6A3 yielded a significantly higher ratio of the putative low-DA type (i.e., high COMT activity + high SLC6A3 activity) in the TRS group compared to the two other groups. Patients with the low-DA type accounted for the minority of the non-TRS group and exhibited milder psychopathology. Conclusion The overall results suggest that (i) SLC6A3 could be involved in responsiveness to antipsychotic medication and (ii) genetic variants modulating brain DA levels may be related to the classification of TRS and non-TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Kogure
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Miyazawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Doujin-kai Kisarazu Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiko
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Douwa-kai Chiba Hospital, Funabashi, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Kimura
- Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Ota
- Doujin-kai Kisarazu Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
- Choshi-kokoro Clinic, Choshi, Japan
| | - Keita Idemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Doujin-kai Kisarazu Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Masaki Tamura
- Doujin-kai Kisarazu Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Psychology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Lotan A, Luza S, Opazo CM, Ayton S, Lane DJR, Mancuso S, Pereira A, Sundram S, Weickert CS, Bousman C, Pantelis C, Everall IP, Bush AI. Perturbed iron biology in the prefrontal cortex of people with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2058-2070. [PMID: 36750734 PMCID: PMC10575779 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite loss of grey matter volume and emergence of distinct cognitive deficits in young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia, current treatments for schizophrenia do not target disruptions in late maturational reshaping of the prefrontal cortex. Iron, the most abundant transition metal in the brain, is essential to brain development and function, but in excess, it can impair major neurotransmission systems and lead to lipid peroxidation, neuroinflammation and accelerated aging. However, analysis of cortical iron biology in schizophrenia has not been reported in modern literature. Using a combination of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and western blots, we quantified iron and its major-storage protein, ferritin, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex specimens obtained from three independent, well-characterised brain tissue resources. Compared to matched controls (n = 85), among schizophrenia cases (n = 86) we found elevated tissue iron, unlikely to be confounded by demographic and lifestyle variables, by duration, dose and type of antipsychotic medications used or by copper and zinc levels. We further observed a loss of physiologic age-dependent iron accumulation among people with schizophrenia, in that the iron level among cases was already high in young adulthood. Ferritin, which stores iron in a redox-inactive form, was paradoxically decreased in individuals with the disorder. Such iron-ferritin uncoupling could alter free, chemically reactive, tissue iron in key reasoning and planning areas of the young-adult schizophrenia cortex. Using a prediction model based on iron and ferritin, our data provide a pathophysiologic link between perturbed cortical iron biology and schizophrenia and indicate that achievement of optimal cortical iron homeostasis could offer a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lotan
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and the Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sandra Luza
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlos M Opazo
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Serafino Mancuso
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Avril Pereira
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chad Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- North Western Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian P Everall
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- North Western Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Noradrenergic deficits contribute to apathy in Parkinson's disease through the precision of expected outcomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010079. [PMID: 35533200 PMCID: PMC9119485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apathy is a debilitating feature of many neuropsychiatric diseases, that is typically described as a reduction of goal-directed behaviour. Despite its prevalence and prognostic importance, the mechanisms underlying apathy remain controversial. Degeneration of the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system is known to contribute to motivational deficits, including apathy. In healthy people, noradrenaline has been implicated in signalling the uncertainty of expectations about the environment. We proposed that noradrenergic deficits contribute to apathy by modulating the relative weighting of prior beliefs about action outcomes. We tested this hypothesis in the clinical context of Parkinson’s disease, given its associations with apathy and noradrenergic dysfunction. Participants with mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease (N = 17) completed a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with 40 mg of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. Prior weighting was inferred from psychophysical analysis of performance in an effort-based visuomotor task, and was confirmed as negatively correlated with apathy. Locus coeruleus integrity was assessed in vivo using magnetisation transfer imaging at ultra-high field 7T. The effect of atomoxetine depended on locus coeruleus integrity: participants with a more degenerate locus coeruleus showed a greater increase in prior weighting on atomoxetine versus placebo. The results indicate a contribution of the noradrenergic system to apathy and potential benefit from noradrenergic treatment of people with Parkinson’s disease, subject to stratification according to locus coeruleus integrity. More broadly, these results reconcile emerging predictive processing accounts of the role of noradrenaline in goal-directed behaviour with the clinical symptom of apathy and its potential pharmacological treatment. Apathy is a common and harmful consequence of many neuropsychiatric diseases. Its underlying causes are not fully understood, which prevents the development of new treatments. We approach the problem in a new way, modelling human behaviour in terms of the continuously updated interaction between sensory information and brain-based predictions or ‘priors’ about the consequences of our actions. We have previously shown that apathy is related to a loss of precision of these ‘priors’. We proposed that the precision is controlled by noradrenaline (like adrenaline, but made in the brain). We tested whether the noradrenaline-enhancing drug called atomoxetine can restore the priors’ precision in apathetic people. We enrolled participants with Parkinson’s disease, which is associated with both apathy and noradrenaline loss. We used ultra-high field MRI to measure individual differences in the integrity of specialist region called the locus coeruleus–the brain’s source of noradrenaline. We found that the effect of treatment with atomoxetine on prior precision depended on locus coeruleus integrity: Participants with a degenerated locus coeruleus had a more positive change in prior precision. Our results highlight how individual differences in neuroanatomy can predict the potential benefit of noradrenaline treatments in people suffering from apathy.
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4
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Lloyd JT, Yee AG, Kalligappa PK, Jabed A, Cheung PY, Todd KL, Karunasinghe RN, Vlajkovic SM, Freestone PS, Lipski J. Dopamine dysregulation and altered responses to drugs affecting dopaminergic transmission in a new dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rat model. Neuroscience 2022; 491:43-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kleppe R, Waheed Q, Ruoff P. DOPA Homeostasis by Dopamine: A Control-Theoretic View. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12862. [PMID: 34884667 PMCID: PMC8657751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important signal mediator in the brain as well as in the periphery. The term "dopamine homeostasis" occasionally found in the literature refers to the fact that abnormal DA levels can be associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. An analysis of the negative feedback inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by DA indicates, with support from the experimental data, that the TH-DA negative feedback loop has developed to exhibit 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) homeostasis by using DA as a derepression regulator. DA levels generally decline when DOPA is removed, for example, by increased oxidative stress. Robust DOPA regulation by DA further implies that maximum vesicular DA levels are established, which appear necessary for a reliable translation of neural activity into a corresponding chemical transmitter signal. An uncontrolled continuous rise (windup) in DA occurs when Levodopa treatment exceeds a critical dose. Increased oxidative stress leads to the successive breakdown of DOPA homeostasis and to a corresponding reduction in DA levels. To keep DOPA regulation robust, the vesicular DA loading requires close to zero-order kinetics combined with a sufficiently high compensatory flux provided by TH. The protection of DOPA and DA due to a channeling complex is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Kleppe
- Norwegian Center for Maritime and Diving Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Qaiser Waheed
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway;
| | - Peter Ruoff
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway;
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Boukerb AM, Cambronel M, Rodrigues S, Mesguida O, Knowlton R, Feuilloley MGJ, Zommiti M, Connil N. Inter-Kingdom Signaling of Stress Hormones: Sensing, Transport and Modulation of Bacterial Physiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690942. [PMID: 34690943 PMCID: PMC8526972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have coexisted for millions of years. The hormonal communication between microorganisms and their hosts, dubbed inter-kingdom signaling, is a recent field of research. Eukaryotic signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters or immune system molecules have been shown to modulate bacterial physiology. Among them, catecholamines hormones epinephrine/norepinephrine, released during stress and physical effort, or used therapeutically as inotropes have been described to affect bacterial behaviors (i.e., motility, biofilm formation, virulence) of various Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio sp.). More recently, these molecules were also shown to influence the physiology of some Gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis. In E. coli and S. enterica, the stress-associated mammalian hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine trigger a signaling cascade by interacting with the QseC histidine sensor kinase protein. No catecholamine sensors have been well described yet in other bacteria. This review aims to provide an up to date report on catecholamine sensors in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their transport, and known effects on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Melyssa Cambronel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Sophie Rodrigues
- EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient, France
| | - Ouiza Mesguida
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Rikki Knowlton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
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7
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O’Callaghan C, Hezemans FH, Ye R, Rua C, Jones PS, Murley AG, Holland N, Regenthal R, Tsvetanov KA, Wolpe N, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, Robbins TW, Passamonti L, Rowe JB. Locus coeruleus integrity and the effect of atomoxetine on response inhibition in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2021; 144:2513-2526. [PMID: 33783470 PMCID: PMC7611672 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common feature of Parkinson's disease, and many of these cognitive deficits fail to respond to dopaminergic therapy. Therefore, targeting other neuromodulatory systems represents an important therapeutic strategy. Among these, the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system has been extensively implicated in response inhibition deficits. Restoring noradrenaline levels using the noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine can improve response inhibition in some patients with Parkinson's disease, but there is considerable heterogeneity in treatment response. Accurately predicting the patients who would benefit from therapies targeting this neurotransmitter system remains a critical goal, in order to design the necessary clinical trials with stratified patient selection to establish the therapeutic potential of atomoxetine. Here, we test the hypothesis that integrity of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus explains the variation in improvement of response inhibition following atomoxetine. In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover design, 19 patients with Parkinson's disease completed an acute psychopharmacological challenge with 40 mg of oral atomoxetine or placebo. A stop-signal task was used to measure response inhibition, with stop-signal reaction times obtained through hierarchical Bayesian estimation of an ex-Gaussian race model. Twenty-six control subjects completed the same task without undergoing the drug manipulation. In a separate session, patients and controls underwent ultra-high field 7 T imaging of the locus coeruleus using a neuromelanin-sensitive magnetization transfer sequence. The principal result was that atomoxetine improved stop-signal reaction times in those patients with lower locus coeruleus integrity. This was in the context of a general impairment in response inhibition, as patients on placebo had longer stop-signal reaction times compared to controls. We also found that the caudal portion of the locus coeruleus showed the largest neuromelanin signal decrease in the patients compared to controls. Our results highlight a link between the integrity of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and response inhibition in patients with Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of baseline noradrenergic state in determining the response to atomoxetine. We suggest that locus coeruleus neuromelanin imaging offers a marker of noradrenergic capacity that could be used to stratify patients in trials of noradrenergic therapy and to ultimately inform personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O’Callaghan
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Frank H Hezemans
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Rong Ye
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Catarina Rua
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 04107, UK
| | - P Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Alexander G Murley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Negin Holland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 69978, Germany
| | - Kamen A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Noham Wolpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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El-Desoky NI, Hashem NM, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Elkomy AG, Abo-Elezz ZR. Effects of a Nanoencapsulated Moringa Leaf Ethanolic Extract on the Physiology, Metabolism and Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does during Summer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081326. [PMID: 34439574 PMCID: PMC8389335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Moringa leaf ethanolic extract (MLEE) on heat-tolerance variables and the reproductive performance of rabbit does bred under hot climate conditions. Additionally, the effect of nanoencapsulation technology on the biological efficiency of MLEE was considered. A total of 56 rabbit does were randomly divided into four experimental groups and treated with 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) nonencapsulated MLEE, 25 or 10 mg/kg BW nanoencapsulated MLEE, or not treated (Control, C). The treatments continued for 50 days, including mating and pregnancy times. Physiological and hematochemical variables, hormonal profiles, and reproductive performance (kindling rate and litter characteristics) were determined. The active components of MLEE were identified. The results indicated that MLEE has 30 active components. All MLEE-based treatments reduced heat-stress-related indicators, such as rectal temperatures, respiratory rates and heart rate; improved hematochemical attributes, redox status, and hormones (progesterone and prolactin); and increased the total litter size, the kindling rate, litter size at birth and litter weight at birth. Adding MLEE can alleviate the negative impacts of heat stress by improving metabolism, redox status, and hormonal balance during pregnancy. These effects were seen whether MLLE was in free or encapsulated forms. However, the use of nanoencapsulated MLEE allowed 80% reduction (10 mg/kg BW) in the optimal dose (50 mg/kg BW) without affecting the efficiency of the treatment. These results support the importance of nanoencapsulation technology in improving the bioavailability of active components when they are orally administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. El-Desoky
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.I.E.-D.); (A.G.E.); (Z.R.A.-E.)
| | - Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.I.E.-D.); (A.G.E.); (Z.R.A.-E.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.H.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Departamento de Produccion y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.M.H.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Ahmed G. Elkomy
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.I.E.-D.); (A.G.E.); (Z.R.A.-E.)
| | - Zahraa R. Abo-Elezz
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.I.E.-D.); (A.G.E.); (Z.R.A.-E.)
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9
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Fischer KD, Knackstedt LA, Rosenberg PA. Glutamate homeostasis and dopamine signaling: Implications for psychostimulant addiction behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104896. [PMID: 33159978 PMCID: PMC8489281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse disorders are serious worldwide health problems. To date, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of these disorders. Elucidation of the biochemical underpinnings contributing to psychostimulant addiction is critical for the development of effective therapies. Excitatory signaling and glutamate homeostasis are well known pathophysiological substrates underlying addiction-related behaviors spanning multiple types of psychostimulants. To alleviate relapse behavior to psychostimulants, considerable interest has focused on GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the brain. While many brain regions are implicated in addiction behavior, this review focuses on two regions well known for their role in mediating the effects of cocaine and amphetamines, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In addition, because many investigators have utilized Cre-driver lines to selectively control gene expression in defined cell populations relevant for psychostimulant addiction, we discuss potential off-target effects of Cre-recombinase that should be considered in the design and interpretation of such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lori A Knackstedt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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10
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Cosi C, Martel JC, Auclair AL, Collo G, Cavalleri L, Heusler P, Leriche L, Gaudoux F, Sokoloff P, Moser PC, Gatti-McArthur S. Pharmacology profile of F17464, a dopamine D 3 receptor preferential antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173635. [PMID: 33065094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
F17464 (N-(3-{4-[4-(8-Oxo-8H-[1,3]-dioxolo-[4,5-g]-chromen-7-yl)-butyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-phenyl)-methanesulfonamide, hydrochloride) is a new potential antipsychotic with a unique profile. The compound exhibits high affinity for the human dopamine receptor subtype 3 (hD3) (Ki = 0.17 nM) and the serotonin receptor subtype 1a (5-HT1a) (Ki = 0.16 nM) and a >50 fold lower affinity for the human dopamine receptor subtype 2 short and long form (hD2s/l) (Ki = 8.9 and 12.1 nM, respectively). [14C]F17464 dynamic studies show a slower dissociation rate from hD3 receptor (t1/2 = 110 min) than from hD2s receptor (t1/2 = 1.4 min) and functional studies demonstrate that F17464 is a D3 receptor antagonist, 5-HT1a receptor partial agonist. In human dopaminergic neurons F17464 blocks ketamine induced morphological changes, an effect D3 receptor mediated. In vivo F17464 target engagement of both D2 and 5-HT1a receptors is demonstrated in displacement studies in the mouse brain. F17464 increases dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex and mouse lateral forebrain - dorsal striatum and seems to reduce the effect of MK801 on % c-fos mRNA medium expressing neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. F17464 also rescues valproate induced impairment in a rat social interaction model of autism. All the neurochemistry and behavioural effects of F17464 are observed in the dose range 0.32-2.5 mg/kg i.p. in both rats and mice. The in vitro - in vivo pharmacology profile of F17464 in preclinical models is discussed in support of a therapeutic use of the compound in schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cosi
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Jean-Claude Martel
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Agnès L Auclair
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Cavalleri
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, Italy
| | - Peter Heusler
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Ludovic Leriche
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Florence Gaudoux
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Paul C Moser
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France
| | - Silvia Gatti-McArthur
- Innovation Unit CNS, CEPC Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Bel Air de Campans, 81106, Castres, France.
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11
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Wu X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou H, Tang X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Chen D, Zhou X, Guo J, Cai H, Zheng J, Sun P. Click-Reaction-Triggered SERS Signals for Specific Detection of Monoamine Oxidase B Activity. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15050-15058. [PMID: 33103897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of biogenic amines. One of its isoforms, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), is thought to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, which make the selective detection of MAOB activity essential. In this work, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor was fabricated and the MAOB activity was specifically determined by detecting the SERS signals of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction product via an amine-aldehyde click reaction. This process was simply achieved by coating core-shell gold-silver nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) on 3-aminopropyl aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-modified glass, and then, a monolayer of cysteamine (CA) was attached to the nanoparticle surface as a linker through Ag-S bonds. Using phenethylamine (PA) as a specific substrate of MAOB, the enzyme product phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) will produce significant Raman signals via the amine-aldehyde click reaction with CA, while other molecules, such as MAOB and PA, have no signal output because they cannot form close interaction with nanoparticles due to the existence of a CA layer. This sensor was further used for the specific determination of MAOB activity in clinical blood samples and the MAOB inhibitor assessment successfully. Meanwhile, by changing the click reaction types and taking advantage of the SERS fingerprint peaks for the specific click reaction products, this strategy offers huge potential to detect multiple enzyme activities simultaneously and can be used for new click reaction screening, enzyme-related disease diagnosis, drug screening, and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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12
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El-Sherbeni AA, Stocco MR, Wadji FB, Tyndale RF. Addressing the instability issue of dopamine during microdialysis: the determination of dopamine, serotonin, methamphetamine and its metabolites in rat brain. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461403. [PMID: 32823108 PMCID: PMC7484461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that degrades rapidly in aqueous solutions; hence, its analysis following brain microdialysis is challenging. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate a new microdialysis coupled LC-MS/MS system with improved accuracy, precision, simplicity and turnaround time for dopamine, serotonin, methamphetamine, amphetamine, 4-hydroxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine analysis in the brain. Dopamine degradation was studied with different stabilizing agents under different storage conditions. The modified microdialysis system was tested in vitro, and was optimized for best probe recovery, assessed by %gain. LC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for the targeted compounds. Stabilizing agents (ascorbic acid, EDTA and acetic acid) as well as internal and cold standards were added on-line to the dialysate flow. Assay linearity range was 0.01-100 ng/mL, precision and accuracy passed criteria, and LOQ and LLOQ were 0.2 and 1.0 pg, respectively. The new microdialysis coupled LC-MS/MS system was used in Wistar rats striatum after 4 mg/kg subcutaneous methamphetamine. Methamphetamine rapidly distributed to rat striatum reaching an average ~200 ng/mL maximum, ~82.5 min post-dose. Amphetamine, followed by 4-hydroxymethamphetamine, was the most abundant metabolite. Dopamine was released following methamphetamine injection, while serotonin was not altered. In conclusion, we proposed and tested an innovative and simplified solution to improve stability, accuracy and turnover time to monitor unstable molecules, such as dopamine, by microdialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marlaina R Stocco
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fariba Baghai Wadji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Petrelli F, Dallérac G, Pucci L, Calì C, Zehnder T, Sultan S, Lecca S, Chicca A, Ivanov A, Asensio CS, Gundersen V, Toni N, Knott GW, Magara F, Gertsch J, Kirchhoff F, Déglon N, Giros B, Edwards RH, Mothet JP, Bezzi P. Dysfunction of homeostatic control of dopamine by astrocytes in the developing prefrontal cortex leads to cognitive impairments. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:732-749. [PMID: 30127471 PMCID: PMC7156348 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes orchestrate neural development by powerfully coordinating synapse formation and function and, as such, may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental abnormalities and cognitive deficits commonly observed in psychiatric disorders. Here, we report the identification of a subset of cortical astrocytes that are competent for regulating dopamine (DA) homeostasis during postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), allowing for optimal DA-mediated maturation of excitatory circuits. Such control of DA homeostasis occurs through the coordinated activity of astroglial vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) together with organic cation transporter 3 and monoamine oxidase type B, two key proteins for DA uptake and metabolism. Conditional deletion of VMAT2 in astrocytes postnatally produces loss of PFC DA homeostasis, leading to defective synaptic transmission and plasticity as well as impaired executive functions. Our findings show a novel role for PFC astrocytes in the DA modulation of cognitive performances with relevance to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrelli
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Dallérac
- 0000 0001 2176 4817grid.5399.6Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université UMR7286 CNRS, 13344 Marseille, Cedex 15 France
| | - Luca Pucci
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Calì
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 1926 5090grid.45672.32BESE division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-69000 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamara Zehnder
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Sultan
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Chicca
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBMM), University of Bern, Buehlstrasse, 28 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Ivanov
- “Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology” Team, UMR9188 CNRS – ENS Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cédric S. Asensio
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Vidar Gundersen
- 0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1CMBN, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolas Toni
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham William Knott
- 0000000121839049grid.5333.6BioEM Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Magara
- 0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- 0000 0001 0726 5157grid.5734.5Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBMM), University of Bern, Buehlstrasse, 28 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- 0000 0001 2167 7588grid.11749.3aDepartment of Molecular Physiology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Déglon
- 0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland ,0000 0001 0423 4662grid.8515.9Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Giros
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H1R3 Canada ,0000 0001 2112 9282grid.4444.0INSERM, UMRS 1130; CNRS, UMR 8246; Sorbonne University UPMC, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert H. Edwards
- 0000 0001 2297 6811grid.266102.1Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université UMR7286 CNRS, 13344, Marseille, Cedex 15, France. .,"Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology" Team, UMR9188 CNRS - ENS Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Analysis of membrane transport mechanisms of endogenous substrates using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4495. [PMID: 30661254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are expressed in various bodily tissues and play essential roles in the homeostasis of endogenous substances and the absortion, distribution and/or excretion of xenobiotics. For transporter assays, radioisotope-labeled compounds have been mainly used. However, commercially available radioisotope-labeled compounds are limited in number and relatively expensive. Chromatographic analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorptiometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry have also been applied for transport assays. To elucidate the transport properties of endogenous substrates, although there is no difficulty in performing assays using radioisotope-labeled probes, the endogenous background and the metabolism of the compound after its translocation across cell membranes must be considered when the intact compound is assayed. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the transport of endogenous substrates via membrane transporters as determined by chromatographic techniques is summarized. Chromatographic techniques have contributed to our understanding of the transport of endogenous substances including amino acids, catecholamines, bile acids, prostanoids and uremic toxins via membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Burke MW, Fillion M, Mejia J, Ervin FR, Palmour RM. Perinatal MAO Inhibition Produces Long-Lasting Impairment of Serotonin Function in Offspring. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060106. [PMID: 29891804 PMCID: PMC6025445 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to transmitter functions, many neuroamines have trophic or ontogenetic regulatory effects important to both normal and disordered brain development. In previous work (Mejia et al., 2002), we showed that pharmacologically inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during murine gestation increases the prevalence of behaviors thought to reflect impulsivity and aggression. The goal of the present study was to determine the extent to which this treatment influences dopamine and serotonin innervation of murine cortical and subcortical areas, as measured by regional density of dopamine (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT). We measured DAT and SERT densities at 3 developmental times (PND 14, 35 and 90) following inhibition of MAO A, or MAO B or both throughout murine gestation and early post-natal development. DAT binding was unaltered within the nigrostriatal pathway, but concurrent inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B significantly and specifically reduced SERT binding by 10–25% in both the frontal cortex and raphe nuclei. Low levels of SERT binding persisted (PND 35, 90) after the termination (PND 21) of exposure to MAO inhibitors and was most marked in brain structures germane to the previously described behavioral changes. The relatively modest level of enzyme inhibition (25–40%) required to produce these effects mandates care in the use of any compound which might inhibit MAO activity during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Burke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Myriam Fillion
- Departments of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Jose Mejia
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 3T4, Canada.
| | - Frank R Ervin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Roberta M Palmour
- Departments of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
- Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
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16
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Conditioned task-set competition: Neural mechanisms of emotional interference in depression. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:269-289. [PMID: 27943159 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression has been associated with increased response times at the incongruent-, neutral-, and negative-word trials of the classical and emotional Stroop tasks (Epp et al., Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 316-328, 2012). Response-time slowdown effects at incongruent- and negative-word trials of the Stroop tasks were reported to correlate with depressive severity, indicating strong relevance of the effects to the symptomatology. This study proposes a novel integrative computational model of neural mechanisms of both the classical and emotional Stroop effects, drawing on the previous prominent theoretical explanations of performance at the classical Stroop task (Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland, Psychological Review, 97, 332-361, 1990; Herd, Banich, & O'Reilly, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 22-32, 2006), and in addition suggesting that negative emotional words represent conditioned stimuli for future negative outcomes. The model is shown to explain the classical Stroop effect and the slow (between-trial) emotional Stroop effect with biologically plausible mechanisms, providing an advantage over the previous theoretical accounts (Matthews & Harley, Cognition & Emotion, 10, 561-600, 1996; Wyble, Sharma, & Bowman, Cognition & Emotion, 22, 1019-1051, 2008). Simulation results suggested a candidate mechanism responsible for the pattern of depressive performance at the classical and the emotional Stroop tasks. Hyperactivity of the amygdala, together with increased inhibitory influence of the amygdala over dopaminergic neurotransmission, could be at the origin of the performance deficits.
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17
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Alkam T, Mamiya T, Kimura N, Yoshida A, Kihara D, Tsunoda Y, Aoyama Y, Hiramatsu M, Kim HC, Nabeshima T. Prenatal nicotine exposure decreases the release of dopamine in the medial frontal cortex and induces atomoxetine-responsive neurobehavioral deficits in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1853-1869. [PMID: 28332006 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is partly associated with the early developmental exposure to nicotine in tobacco smoke. Emerging reports link tobacco smoke exposure or prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) with AD/HD-like behaviors in rodent models. We have previously reported that PNE induces cognitive behavioral deficits in offspring and decreases the contents of dopamine (DA) and its turnover in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of offspring It is well known that the dysfunction of DAergic system in the brain is one of the core factors in the pathophysiology of AD/HD. Therefore, we examined whether the effects of PNE on the DAergic system underlie the AD/HD-related behavioral changes in mouse offspring. PNE reduced the release of DA in the medial PFC (mPFC) in mouse offspring. PNE reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive varicosities in the mPFC and in the core as well as the shell of nucleus accumbens, but not in the striatum. PNE also induced behavioral deficits in cliff avoidance, object-based attention, and sensorimotor gating in offspring. These behavioral deficits were attenuated by acute treatment with atomoxetine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) or partially attenuated by acute treatment with MPH (1 mg/kg, s.c.). Taken together, our findings support the notion that PNE induces neurobehavioral abnormalities in mouse offspring by disrupting the DAergic system and improve our understanding about the incidence of AD/HD in children whose mothers were exposed to nicotine during their pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tursun Alkam
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nami Kimura
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunoda
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoyama
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan.
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Aino University, Ibaraki, Japan.
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18
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Talpos JC. Symptomatic thinking: the current state of Phase III and IV clinical trials for cognition in schizophrenia. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1017-1026. [PMID: 28461223 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that relieving the cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia is crucial for improving patient quality of life. However effective pharmacotherapies for cognitive and negative symptoms do not currently exist. A review of ongoing Phase III clinical trials indicates that, despite numerous compounds being investigated for cognition in schizophrenia, few are actually novel and most are not backed by empirically driven preclinical research efforts. Based on these trials, and a general disinvestment in development of novel therapies for schizophrenia, the likelihood of a major advancement in treating cognitive differences in schizophrenia does not look promising. Possible ways in which the remaining resources for development of novel treatment for schizophrenia can best be leveraged are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Talpos
- National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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19
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Brodnik ZD, Ferris MJ, Jones SR, España RA. Reinforcing Doses of Intravenous Cocaine Produce Only Modest Dopamine Uptake Inhibition. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:281-289. [PMID: 27936579 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The reinforcing efficacy of cocaine is thought to stem from inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and subsequent increases in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the brain. In humans, this hypothesis has generally been supported by positron emission tomography imaging studies where the percent of DATs occupied by cocaine is used as a measure of cocaine activity in the brain. Interpretation of these studies, however, often relies on the assumption that measures of DAT occupancy directly correspond with functional DAT blockade. In the current studies, we used in vivo and in vitro fast scan cyclic voltammetry in mice to measure dopamine uptake inhibition following varying doses of cocaine as well as two high affinity DAT inhibitors. We then compared dopamine clearance rates following these drug treatments to dopamine clearance obtained from DAT knockout mice as a proxy for complete DAT blockade. We found that administration of abused doses of cocaine resulted in approximately 2% of maximal DAT blockade. Overall, our data indicate that abused doses of cocaine produce a relatively modest degree of DA uptake inhibition, and suggest that the relationship between DAT occupancy and functional blockade of the DAT is more complex than originally posited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Brodnik
- Department
of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Mark J. Ferris
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27501, United States
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27501, United States
| | - Rodrigo A. España
- Department
of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
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Chen C, Nakagawa S, An Y, Ito K, Kitaichi Y, Kusumi I. The exercise-glucocorticoid paradox: How exercise is beneficial to cognition, mood, and the brain while increasing glucocorticoid levels. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 44:83-102. [PMID: 27956050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However, exercise also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increases levels of the glucocorticoid cortisol (CORT). CORT, also known as the "stress hormone," is considered a mediator between chronic stress and depression and to link various cognitive deficits. Here, we review the evidence that shows that while both chronic stress and exercise elevate basal CORT levels leading to increased secretion of CORT, the former is detrimental to cognition/memory, mood/stress coping, and brain plasticity, while the latter is beneficial. We propose three preliminary answers to the exercise-CORT paradox. Importantly, the elevated CORT, through glucocorticoid receptors, functions to elevate dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex under chronic exercise but not chronic stress, and the medial prefrontal dopamine is essential for active coping. Future inquiries may provide further insights to promote our understanding of this paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yan An
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koki Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kitaichi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Localization of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) in monoaminergic and cholinergic axon terminals of the mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:118-124. [PMID: 27651065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCTs) are low-affinity, high-capacity carriers that mediate sodium-independent transport for biogenic cations, including catecholamine, serotonin, histamine, and choline/acetylcholine. Among them, OCT2 is expressed in neurons of the central nervous system. Although previous studies show OCT2 expression in several populations of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons, the regional distribution of OCT2 in the brain remains largely unknown. Here we performed immunohistochemical analyses to reveal the distribution of OCT2 throughout the mouse forebrain. OCT2 immunoreactivity was widely distributed, with substantial regional specificity in cortical and subcortical structures including the hippocampus, striatum, and some subdivisions of the amygdala and extended amygdala. Interestingly, OCT2 appeared as punctate, bouton-like labeling in cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic axon terminals that were co-labeled with presynaptic neurochemical markers. We also co-labeled OCT2 and an anterograde tract-tracer injected into the locus coeruleus, demonstrating that OCT2 was localized to presumptive noradrenergic terminals in the forebrain. Together, our results demonstrated that the polyspecific cation transporter OCT2 is distributed in cholinergic and monoaminergic terminals in various forebrain regions, suggesting that OCT2 could play a role in regulating presynaptic reuptake and recycling of choline and monoamines.
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G, Millan MJ. Expanding the repertoire of L-DOPA's actions: A comprehensive review of its functional neurochemistry. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 151:57-100. [PMID: 27389773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a severe disruption of motor function. Accordingly, L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine (DA), is well-established as a treatment for the motor deficits of Parkinson's disease despite long-term complications such as dyskinesia and psychiatric side-effects. Paradoxically, however, despite the traditional assumption that L-DOPA is transformed in residual striatal dopaminergic neurons into DA, the mechanism of action of L-DOPA is neither simple nor entirely clear. Herein, focussing on its influence upon extracellular DA and other neuromodulators in intact animals and experimental models of Parkinson's disease, we highlight effects other than striatal generation of DA in the functional profile of L-DOPA. While not excluding a minor role for glial cells, L-DOPA is principally transformed into DA in neurons yet, interestingly, with a more important role for serotonergic than dopaminergic projections. Moreover, in addition to the striatum, L-DOPA evokes marked increases in extracellular DA in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, the subthalamic nucleus and additional extra-striatal regions. In considering its functional profile, it is also important to bear in mind the marked (probably indirect) influence of L-DOPA upon cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the basal ganglia and/or cortex, while anomalous serotonergic transmission is incriminated in the emergence of L-DOPA elicited dyskinesia and psychosis. Finally, L-DOPA may exert intrinsic receptor-mediated actions independently of DA neurotransmission and can be processed into bioactive metabolites. In conclusion, L-DOPA exerts a surprisingly complex pattern of neurochemical effects of much greater scope that mere striatal transformation into DA in spared dopaminergic neurons. Their further experimental and clinical clarification should help improve both L-DOPA-based and novel strategies for controlling the motor and other symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR CNRS 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, 78290 Croissy/Seine,Paris, France
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Buchanan RW, Weiner E, Kelly DL, Gold JM, Keller WR, Waltz JA, McMahon RP, Gorelick DA. Rasagiline in the Treatment of the Persistent Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:900-8. [PMID: 25368372 PMCID: PMC4466175 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined the efficacy and safety of rasagiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, for the treatment of persistent negative symptoms. METHODS Sixty people with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who met a priori criteria for persistent negative symptoms, were randomized to receive rasagiline, 1mg/d (n = 31) or placebo (n = 29) in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) total score was used to assess change in negative symptoms. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), N-Back test, a probabilistic learning task, and a delayed discounting task were used to assess cognition. RESULTS In a mixed model analysis of covariance (MM-ANCOVA), with time as a continuous variable, there was a significant treatment × time effect for SANS total score (F = 5.61(df = 1,40.3), P = .023). The treatment × time interaction effect was also significant for the SANS avolition subscale score (F(1,40.2) = 10.41, P = .002). In a post hoc MM-ANCOVA analyses, with time as a categorical variable, group differences were significant at week 12 for SANS total score (t(37.3) = 2.15; P = .04; d = -0.41) and SANS avolition subscale score (t(49.0) = 3.06; P = .004; d = -0.46). There was a significant difference in number of participants with a ≥20% reduction in SANS avolition score (χ(2)(1) = 10.94; P = .0009), but not in SANS total score (χ(2)(1) = 1.11; P = .29). There were no significant group differences on the RBANS, N-Back, probabilistic learning, or delayed discounting tasks. CONCLUSIONS Study results support future studies of the utility of rasagiline for the treatment of negative symptoms, including avolition (clinicaltrials.gov trial number: NCT00492336).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Buchanan
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, US; tel: 410-402-7876, fax: 410-402-7198, e-mail:
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Chen C, Takahashi T, Nakagawa S, Inoue T, Kusumi I. Reinforcement learning in depression: A review of computational research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:247-67. [PMID: 25979140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed computational models of reinforcement learning (RL) to address these deficits. The computational approach has the advantage in making explicit predictions about learning and behavior, specifying the process parameters of RL, differentiating between model-free and model-based RL, and the computational model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. With these merits there has been an emerging field of computational psychiatry and here we review specific studies that focused on MDD. Considerable evidence suggests that MDD is associated with impaired brain signals of reward prediction error and expected value ('wanting'), decreased reward sensitivity ('liking') and/or learning (be it model-free or model-based), etc., although the causality remains unclear. These parameters may serve as valuable intermediate phenotypes of MDD, linking general clinical symptoms to underlying molecular dysfunctions. We believe future computational research at clinical, systems, and cellular/molecular/genetic levels will propel us toward a better understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Taiki Takahashi
- Department of Behavioral Science/Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the brain. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Vena AA, Gonzales RA. Temporal profiles dissociate regional extracellular ethanol versus dopamine concentrations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:37-47. [PMID: 25537116 PMCID: PMC4304481 DOI: 10.1021/cn500278b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of dopamine via microdialysis has demonstrated that acute, systemic ethanol increases extracellular dopamine in regions innervated by dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Simultaneous measurement of dialysate dopamine and ethanol allows comparison of the time courses of their extracellular concentrations. Early studies demonstrated dissociations between the time courses of brain ethanol concentrations and dopaminergic responses in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) elicited by acute ethanol administration. Both brain ethanol and extracellular dopamine levels peak during the first 5 min following systemic ethanol administration, but the dopamine response returns to baseline while brain ethanol concentrations remain elevated. Post hoc analyses examined ratios of the dopamine response (represented as a percent above baseline) to tissue concentrations of ethanol at different time points within the first 25-30 min in the prefrontal cortex, NAc core and shell, and dorsomedial striatum following a single intravenous infusion of ethanol (1 g/kg). The temporal patterns of these "response ratios" differed across brain regions, possibly due to regional differences in the mechanisms underlying the decline of the dopamine signal associated with acute intravenous ethanol administration and/or to the differential effects of acute ethanol on the properties of subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons. This Review draws on neurochemical, physiological, and molecular studies to summarize the effects of acute ethanol administration on dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatal regions, to explore the potential reasons for the regional differences observed in the decline of ethanol-induced dopamine signals, and to suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Vena
- College
of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rueben A. Gonzales
- College
of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Jiao X, Beck KD, Stewart AL, Smith IM, Myers CE, Servatius RJ, Pang KCH. Effects of psychotropic agents on extinction of lever-press avoidance in a rat model of anxiety vulnerability. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:322. [PMID: 25309372 PMCID: PMC4163983 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoidance and its perseveration represent key features of anxiety disorders. Both pharmacological and behavioral approaches (i.e., anxiolytics and extinction therapy) have been utilized to modulate avoidance behavior in patients. However, the outcome has not always been desirable. Part of the reason is attributed to the diverse neuropathology of anxiety disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of psychotropic drugs that target various monoamine systems on extinction of avoidance behavior using lever-press avoidance task. Here, we used the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, a unique rat model that exhibits facilitated avoidance and extinction resistance along with malfunction of the dopamine (DA) system. Sprague Dawley (SD) and WKY rats were trained to acquire lever-press avoidance. WKY rats acquired avoidance faster and to a higher level compared to SD rats. During pharmacological treatment, bupropion and desipramine (DES) significantly reduced avoidance response selectively in WKY rats. However, after the discontinuation of drug treatment, only those WKY rats that were previously treated with DES exhibited lower avoidance response compared to the control group. In contrast, none of the psychotropic drugs facilitated avoidance extinction in SD rats. Instead, DES impaired avoidance extinction and increased non-reinforced response in SD rats. Interestingly, paroxetine, a widely used antidepressant and anxiolytic, exhibited the weakest effect in WKY rats and no effects at all in SD rats. Thus, our data suggest that malfunctions in brain catecholamine system could be one of the underlying etiologies of anxiety-like behavior, particularly avoidance perseveration. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulation targeting DA and norepinephrine may be more effective to facilitate extinction learning in this strain. The data from the present study may shed light on new pharmacological approaches to treat patients with anxiety disorders who are not responding to serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilu Jiao
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA ; Veterans Bio-Medical Research Institute (VBRI), VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA
| | - Kevin D Beck
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Amanda L Stewart
- Veterans Bio-Medical Research Institute (VBRI), VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA
| | - Ian M Smith
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Veterans Bio-Medical Research Institute (VBRI), VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA
| | - Catherine E Myers
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Richard J Servatius
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Veteran Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, VA Medical Center , East Orange, NJ , USA ; Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey , Newark, NJ , USA
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Chotibut T, Fields V, Salvatore MF. Norepinephrine transporter inhibition with desipramine exacerbates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: role for synaptic dopamine regulation in denervated nigrostriatal terminals. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:675-85. [PMID: 25208966 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological dopamine (DA) replacement with Levodopa [L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)] is the gold standard treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term L-DOPA treatment is complicated by eventual debilitating abnormal involuntary movements termed L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), a clinically significant obstacle for the majority of patients who rely on L-DOPA to alleviate PD-related motor symptoms. The manifestation of LID may in part be driven by excessive extracellular DA derived from L-DOPA, but potential involvement of DA reuptake in LID severity or expression is unknown. We recently reported that in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned striatum, norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression increases and may play a significant role in DA transport. Furthermore, L-DOPA preferentially inhibits DA uptake in lesioned striatum. Therefore, we hypothesized that desipramine (DMI), a NET antagonist, could affect the severity of LID in an established LID model. Whereas DMI alone elicited no dyskinetic effects in lesioned rats, DMI + L-DOPA-treated rats gradually expressed more severe dyskinesia compared with L-DOPA alone over time. At the conclusion of the study, we observed reduced NET expression and norepinephrine-mediated inhibition of DA uptake in the DMI + L-DOPA group compared with L-DOPA-alone group in lesioned striatum. LID severity positively correlated with striatal extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation among the three treatment groups, with increased ppERK1/2 in DMI + L-DOPA group compared with the L-DOPA- and DMI-alone groups. Taken together, these results indicate that the combination of chronic L-DOPA and NET-mediated DA reuptake in lesioned nigrostriatal terminals may have a role in LID severity in experimental Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chotibut
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Victoria Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Berro LF, Frussa-Filho R, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Relationships between sleep and addiction: The role of drug-environment conditioning. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:374-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ullsperger M, Danielmeier C, Jocham G. Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:35-79. [PMID: 24382883 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or the environment changes. A prerequisite for determining the necessity, type, and magnitude of adjustments is to continuously monitor the course and outcome of one's actions. Feedback-control loops correcting deviations from intended states constitute a basic functional principle of adaptation at all levels of the nervous system. Here, we review the neurophysiology of evaluating action course and outcome with respect to their valence, i.e., reward and punishment, and initiating short- and long-term adaptations, learning, and decisions. Based on studies in humans and other mammals, we outline the physiological principles of performance monitoring and subsequent cognitive, motivational, autonomic, and behavioral adaptation and link them to the underlying neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, psychological theories, and computational models. We provide an overview of invasive and noninvasive systemic measures, such as electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data. We describe how a wide network of brain areas encompassing frontal cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and monoaminergic brain stem nuclei detects and evaluates deviations of actual from predicted states indicating changed action costs or outcomes. This information is used to learn and update stimulus and action values, guide action selection, and recruit adaptive mechanisms that compensate errors and optimize goal achievement.
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Role of COMT in ADHD: a Systematic Meta-Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:251-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Huang Y, Chen S, Xu H, Yu X, Lai H, Ho G, Huang Q, Shi X. Pre-gestational stress alters stress-response of pubertal offspring rat in sexually dimorphic and hemispherically asymmetric manner. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:67. [PMID: 23829597 PMCID: PMC3707759 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that maternal stress may have long-term effects on brain development in the offspring. In this study, we examined whether pre-gestational stress might affect offspring rats on the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) dopaminergic activity in response to acute stress in puberty and if so, whether such effects exhibited hemispheric asymmetry or sexual dimorphism. Results We used behavioral tests to assess the model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). We found that the activity in the open field test and sucrose intake test were lower for maternal rats in the CUS group than those in the control group. Offspring rats in the CUS group floated more and swam or climbed less as compared to the offsprings in the control group in the forced swimming test. The floating time was longer and swimming or climbing time was shorter in the female offspring rats than those in the males. Serum corticosterone and corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels were significantly higher for CUS maternal rats and their offsprings than the respective controls. The ratio of dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) to dopamine (DA), DA transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) were lower in the mPFC of offspring rats in the CUS group than the control group. Levels of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in the left mPFC of female offspring rats and in the right mPFC of both female and male offspring rats were lower in the CUS group than those in the controls, but there was no difference in the left mPFC of male offspring between the CUS and control groups. DOPAC, the ratio of DOPAC to DA, NET and COMT were lower in the right mPFC than in the left mPFC of offspring rats in the CUS group. The ratio of DOPAC to DA in the right mPFC was lower in the female offspring rats than male offspring rats in the CUS group. The NET and COMT levels in both left and right mPFC were lower in the female offspring rats than those of the male offsprings in the CUS group. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that the effect of pre-gestational stress on the mPFC dopaminergic activity in response to acute stress exhibited hemispheric asymmetry and sexual dimorphism in the pubertal offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Huang
- Transforming Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shantou University, North Dongxia Rd, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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SOEIRO-DE-SOUZA MARCIOGERHARDT, BIO DANIELLESOARES, DAVID DENISEPETRESCO, MISSIO GIOVANI, LIMA BRUNO, FERNANDES FERNANDO, MACHADO-VIEIRA RODRIGO, MORENO RICARDOALBERTO. Gender effects of the COMT Val158Met genotype on verbal fluency in healthy adults. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:837-44. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine and serotonin systems modulate the neurophysiological response to feedback and risk taking in healthy humans. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 12:678-91. [PMID: 22810728 PMCID: PMC3505534 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differences in the dopamine and serotonin systems have been suggested as potential factors underlying interindividual variability in risk taking and in brain activation during the processing of feedback. Here, we studied the effects of dopaminergic (dopamine transporter [DAT1], catecholamine-O-methyltransferase val158met [COMT]) and serotonergic (serotonin transporter [5HTTLPR]) polymorphisms on risk taking and brain responses following feedback in 60 healthy female subjects. The subjects completed a well-established experimental gambling paradigm while an electroencephalogram was recorded. During the task, risk-taking behavior and prefrontal brain responses (feedback-related negativity [FRN]) following monetary gains and losses were assessed. FRN amplitudes were enhanced for nine-repeat-allele carriers of the DAT1 and short-allele carriers of 5HTTLPR, which are both presumably linked to less transporter activity and higher neurotransmitter levels. Moreover, nine-repeat DAT1 carriers displayed a trend toward increased risk taking in general, whereas 5HTTLPR short-allele carriers showed decreased risk taking following gains. COMT val158met genotype was unrelated to FRN amplitude and average risk taking. However, COMT met/met carriers showed a pronounced feedback P3 amplitude independent of valence, and a gradual increase in risk taking during the gambling task. In sum, the present findings underline the importance of genetic variability in the dopamine and serotonin systems regarding the neurophysiology of feedback processing.
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Heitland I, Kenemans JL, Oosting RS, Baas JMP, Böcker KBE. Auditory event-related potentials (P3a, P3b) and genetic variants within the dopamine and serotonin system in healthy females. Behav Brain Res 2013; 249:55-64. [PMID: 23619133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The late positive components of the human event-related brain potential comprise electrocortical reflections of stimulus-driven attentional capture (the anteriorly distributed P3a) and top-down control detection of relevant events (the posteriorly distributed P3b). As of yet, the neuropharmacologic and neurogenetic origin of the P3a and P3b is not fully understood. In this study, we address the contribution of dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms. Sixty healthy females completed an active auditory novelty oddball paradigm while EEG was recorded. In all subjects, genetic polymorphisms within the dopamine system (dopamine transporter [DAT1], catecholamine-O-methyltransferase val158met [COMT val158met]) and the serotonin system (serotonin transporter [5HTTLPR]) were assessed. Across genotypes, novels (relative to standards) elicited a fronto-centrally distributed P3a, and targets (relative to standards) a parieto-centrally distributed P3b. Genotypes effects were observed for both P3a (COMT, 5HTTPLR) and P3b (DAT1, COMT, 5HTTLPR) only at prefrontal electrode location (Fz). Specifically, the frontal P3a was enhanced in COMT met/met homozygotes, but not in DAT1 9R. The target-related P3b was enhanced in COMT met/met and DAT1 9R relative to its genetic counterparts, but only at frontal electrodes. This 'anteriorized' enhancement may reflect either an additional frontal component in the target-related P3 dependent on dopamine, or a more subtle shift in the neural ensemble that generates the target-related P3. Results for 5HTTLPR short allele homozygotes mimicked those in COMT met/met homozygotes. In all, the present findings suggest involvement of frontal-cortical dopaminergic and serotoninergic mechanisms in bottom-up attentional capture (COMT val158met, 5HTTLPR), with an additional top-down component sensitive to striatal signals (DAT1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heitland
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Psychopharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chotibut T, Apple DM, Jefferis R, Salvatore MF. Dopamine transporter loss in 6-OHDA Parkinson's model is unmet by parallel reduction in dopamine uptake. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52322. [PMID: 23300642 PMCID: PMC3530604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates synaptic dopamine (DA) in striatum and modulation of DAT can affect locomotor activity. Thus, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DAT loss could affect DA clearance and locomotor activity. The locomotor benefits of L-DOPA may be mediated by transport through monoamine transporters and conversion to DA. However, its impact upon DA reuptake is unknown and may modulate synaptic DA. Using the unilateral 6-OHDA rat PD model, we examined [(3)H]DA uptake dynamics in relation to striatal DAT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein loss compared with contralateral intact striatum. Despite >70% striatal DAT loss, DA uptake decreased only ∼25% and increased as DAT loss approached 99%. As other monoamine transporters can transport DA, we determined if norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) differentially modulated DA uptake in lesioned striatum. Unlabeled DA, NE, and 5-HT were used, at a concentration that differentially inhibited DA uptake in intact striatum, to compete against [(3)H]DA uptake. In 6-OHDA lesioned striatum, DA was less effective, whereas NE was more effective, at inhibiting [(3)H]DA uptake. Furthermore, norepinephrine transporter (NET) protein levels increased and desipramine was ∼two-fold more effective at inhibiting NE uptake. Serotonin inhibited [(3)H]DA uptake, but without significant difference between lesioned and contralateral striatum. L-DOPA inhibited [(3)H]DA uptake two-fold more in lesioned striatum and inhibited NE uptake ∼five-fold more than DA uptake in naïve striatum. Consequently, DA uptake may be mediated by NET when DAT loss is at PD levels. Increased inhibition of DA uptake by L-DOPA and its preferential inhibition of NE over DA uptake, indicates that NET-mediated DA uptake may be modulated by L-DOPA when DAT loss exceeds 70%. These results indicate a novel mechanism for DA uptake during PD progression and provide new insight into how L-DOPA affects DA uptake, revealing possible mechanisms of its therapeutic and side effect potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chotibut
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Deana M. Apple
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Jefferis
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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Organic cation transporter 2 controls brain norepinephrine and serotonin clearance and antidepressant response. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:926-39. [PMID: 21769100 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity transporters for norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), which ensure neurotransmitter clearance at the synapse, are the principal targets of widely used antidepressant drugs. Antidepressants targeting these high-affinity transporters, however, do not provide positive treatment outcomes for all patients. Other monoamine transport systems, with lower affinity, have been detected in the brain, but their role is largely unknown. Here we report that OCT2, a member of the polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT) family, is expressed notably in the limbic system and implicated in anxiety and depression-related behaviors in the mouse. Genetic deletion of OCT2 in mice produced a significant reduction in brain tissue concentrations of NE and 5-HT and in ex vivo uptake of both these neurotransmitters in the presence of the dual 5-HT-NE transport blocker, venlafaxine. In vivo clearance of NE and 5-HT evaluated using microiontophoretic electrophysiology was diminished in the hippocampus of OCT2(-/-) mice in the presence of venlafaxine, thereby affecting postsynaptic neuronal activity. OCT2(-/-) mice displayed an altered sensitivity to acute treatments with NE- and/or 5-HT-selective transport blockers in the forced-swim test. Moreover, the mutant mice were insensitive to long-term venlafaxine treatment in a more realistic, corticosterone-induced, chronic depression model. Our findings identify OCT2 as an important postsynaptic determinant of aminergic tonus and mood-related behaviors and a potential pharmacological target for mood disorders therapy.
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Wong PCM, Morgan-Short K, Ettlinger M, Zheng J. Linking neurogenetics and individual differences in language learning: the dopamine hypothesis. Cortex 2012; 48:1091-102. [PMID: 22565204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental advances in neuroscience have come from investigations into neuroplasticity and learning. These investigations often focus on identifying universal principles across different individuals of the same species. Increasingly, individual differences in learning success have also been observed, such that any seemingly universal principle might only be applicable to a certain extent within a particular learner. One potential source of this variation is individuals' genetic differences. Adult language learning provides a unique opportunity for understanding individual differences and genetic bases of neuroplasticity because of the large individual differences in learning success that have already been documented, and because of the body of empirical work connecting language learning and neurocognition. In this article, we review the literature on the genetic bases of neurocognition, especially studies examining polymorphisms of dopamine (DA)-related genes and procedural learning. This review leads us to hypothesize that there may be an association between DA-related genetic variation and language learning differences. If this hypothesis is supported by future empirical findings we suggest that it may point to neurogenetic markers that allow for language learning to be personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C M Wong
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Zilles D, Meyer J, Schneider-Axmann T, Ekawardhani S, Gruber E, Falkai P, Gruber O. Genetic polymorphisms of 5-HTT and DAT but not COMT differentially affect verbal and visuospatial working memory functioning. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:667-76. [PMID: 22454241 PMCID: PMC3491187 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Working memory deficits are found in different psychiatric populations and are most pronounced in schizophrenia. There is preliminary evidence from pharmacological studies that the verbal and visuospatial subcomponents of working memory are subject to differential neurotransmitter modulation. Here, we investigated the impact of well-known polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3, DAT) and the catechol-O-methyl-transferase gene (COMT) as well as the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4, 5-HTT) on these specific working memory subcomponents in a mixed sample of patients and healthy individuals. Twenty healthy subjects and 80 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder underwent genotyping for the DAT variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), the COMT val/met-, and the 5-HTT promoter length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and neuropsychological testing using a battery of well-characterized, brain circuit-specific working memory tasks. DAT genotype revealed a significant and selective effect on visuospatial working memory, while there was no effect on verbal working memory functioning. 5-HTT genotype, by contrast, exerted a significant and selective effect on verbal working memory task performance. COMT genotype did not show any influence on either working memory domain. The results of the present study provide evidence for a differential impact of genetic polymorphisms of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on verbal and visuospatial working memory functioning. Together with prior evidence suggesting the existence of subgroups of schizophrenia patients exhibiting isolated deficits in only one working memory domain, this finding further supports the idea of endophenotypically and pathophysiologically distinct subgroups of schizophrenia with implications for personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zilles
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Jobst Meyer
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Georg August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Savira Ekawardhani
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Eva Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Georg August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Georg August University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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41
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Calcium-related signaling pathways contributed to dopamine-induced cortical neuron apoptosis. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:281-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Hagan CE, Neumaier JF, Schenk JO. Rotating disk electrode voltammetric measurements of serotonin transporter kinetics in synaptosomes. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:29-38. [PMID: 20713085 PMCID: PMC2952731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered serotonin (5-HT) signaling is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism. The 5-HT transporter (SERT) modulates 5-HT neurotransmission strength and duration. This is the first study using rotating disk electrode voltammetry (RDEV) to measure 5-HT clearance. SERT kinetics were measured in whole brain synaptosomes. Uptake kinetics of exogenous 5-HT were measured using glassy carbon electrodes rotated in 500 μL glass chambers containing synaptosomes from SERT-knockout (-/-), heterozygous (+/-), or wild-type (+/+) mice. RDEV detected 5-HT concentrations of 5nM and higher. Initial velocities were kinetically resolved with K(m) and V(max) values of 99±35 standard error of regression (SER) nM and 181±11 SER fmol/(s×mg protein), respectively in wild-type synaptosomes. The method enables control over drug and chemical concentrations, facilitating interpretation of results. Results are compared in detail to other techniques used to measure SERT kinetics, including tritium labeled assays, chronoamperometry, and fast scan cyclic voltammetry. RDEV exhibits decreased 5-HT detection limits, decreased vulnerability to 5-HT oxidation products that reduce electrode sensitivity, and also overcomes diffusion limitations via forced convection by providing a continuous, kinetically resolved signal. Finally, RDEV distinguishes functional differences between genotypes, notably, between wild-type and heterozygous mice, an experimental problem with other experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Hagan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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43
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Navailles S, Bioulac B, Gross C, De Deurwaerdère P. Serotonergic neurons mediate ectopic release of dopamine induced by L-DOPA in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:136-43. [PMID: 20096781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefit and motor side effects of l-DOPA in Parkinson's disease have been related to dopamine transmission in the striatum. However, the putative involvement of serotonergic neurons in the dopaminergic effects of l-DOPA suggests that the striatum is not a preferential target of l-DOPA. By using microdialysis in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, we found that l-DOPA (3-100 mg/kg) increased dopamine extracellular levels monitored simultaneously in four brain regions receiving serotonergic innervation: striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex. The increase was regionally similar at the lowest dose and 2-3 times stronger in the striatum at higher doses. Citalopram, a serotonin reuptake blocker, or the destruction of serotonergic fibers by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine impaired l-DOPA-induced dopamine release in all regions. These data demonstrate that l-DOPA induces an ectopic release of dopamine due to serotonergic neurons. The new pattern of dopamine transmission created by l-DOPA may contribute to the benefit and side effects of l-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Navailles
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5227, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
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44
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Haenisch B, Bönisch H. Interaction of the human plasma membrane monoamine transporter (hPMAT) with antidepressants and antipsychotics. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 381:33-9. [PMID: 20012264 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmission is efficiently terminated through synaptic reuptake of released neurotransmitters by high-affinity Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent neuronal monoamine transporters of the SLC6A family located in the plasma membrane of presynaptic nerve terminals. Recently, a low-affinity, high-capacity Na(+)- and Cl(-)-independent plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) belonging to the SLC29 solute carrier family has been cloned. PMAT was shown to transport monoamine neurotransmitters as well as organic cations such as 1-phenyl-4-methyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)). Thus, the PMAT which is highly expressed in the human brain may be involved in the modulation of central monoaminergic neurotransmission and it may be a target for drugs used to treat depression and schizophrenia, i.e., dysregulations of the monoamine homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, we examined in transfected cells the influence on [(3)H]-MPP(+) transport by the human PMAT (hPMAT) of nine monoamine transport inhibiting antidepressants (ADs) belonging to pharmacologically diverse classes (imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, bupropion, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, reboxetine, and venlafaxine), of the atypical ADs tianeptine and trimipramine and of five antipsychotics (levomepromazine, haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone). All examined drugs inhibited the hPMAT; however, half-maximum inhibition (IC(50)) was observed at concentrations which were much higher than reported clinical plasma concentrations of these drugs. Thus, inhibition of the hPMAT by these CNS drugs may not (or only marginally) contribute to their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Haenisch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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45
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Sleipness EP, Jansen HT, Schenk JO, Sorg BA. Time-of-day differences in dopamine clearance in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Synapse 2009; 62:877-85. [PMID: 18792987 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, and this behavior may be mediated by variability in the rate of extracellular dopamine clearance across the day:night cycle. We used rotating disk electrode voltammetry to examine dopamine clearance and inhibition of clearance by cocaine in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Rats were housed under light:dark conditions (LD, 12 h:12 h) or in constant darkness (DD), the latter given just prior to the day of sacrifice. Tissue was collected at 4-h intervals under LD and DD conditions. Under LD, dopamine clearance in both brain regions was greatest at 4h after lights on. Under DD, there was a blunted but still rhythmic pattern of dopamine clearance across the 24-h cycle. Cocaine-induced inhibition of dopamine clearance in the mPFC was not different across the day:night cycle in rats under LD. Paradoxically, under DD, dopamine clearance in the mPFC was enhanced by cocaine at ZT16, 4 h into the subjective night, and only minimally inhibited at other times. In the NAc, cocaine inhibition of dopamine clearance was lowest at ZT4 under LD, and did not vary under DD. We conclude that dopamine clearance varies both in a diurnal and possibly in a circadian manner in the mPFC, and in a diurnal manner in the NAc. These results indicate that light itself may be used to manipulate molecules implicated in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Sleipness
- Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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46
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Effect of β-phenylethylamine on extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1269:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Brown TE, Forquer MR, Harding JW, Wright JW, Sorg BA. Increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex after cocaine reinstatement of conditioned place preference. Synapse 2008; 62:886-9. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Iniouchine MY, Sibarov DA, Volnova AB, Jimenez-Rivera CA, Nozdrachev AD. Blockers of monoamine transporters influence high dopamine concentration uptake in rat brain slices. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 419:80-2. [PMID: 18536267 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496608020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Iniouchine
- Department Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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50
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Kalivas PW. Cocaine and amphetamine-like psychostimulants: neurocircuitry and glutamate neuroplasticity. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2008. [PMID: 18286799 PMCID: PMC3202508 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2007.9.4/pkalivas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the pharmacology of amphetamine-like psychostimulants at dopamine transporters is well understood, addiction to this class of drugs has proven difficult to deal with. The reason for this disconnection is that while the molecular mechanism of amphetamine action is critical to reinforce drug use, it is only the first step in a sequence of widespread neuroplastic events in brain circuitry. This review outlines the affect of psychostimulants on mesocorticolimbic dopamine projections that mediate their reinforcing effect, and how this action ultimately leads to enduring pathological neuroplasticity in glutamatergic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens. Molecular neuroadaptations induced by psychostimulant abuse are described in glutamate neurotransmission, and from this information potential pharmacotherapeutic targets are identified, based upon reversing or countermanding psychostimulant-induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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