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Ma X, Ying F, Li Z, Bai L, Wang M, Zhu D, Liu D, Wen J, Zhao G, Liu R. New insights into the genetic loci related to egg weight and age at first egg traits in broiler breeder. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103613. [PMID: 38492250 PMCID: PMC10959720 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Egg weight (EW) and age at first egg (AFE) are economically important traits in breeder chicken production. The genetic basis of these traits, however, is far from understood, especially for broiler breeders. In this study, genetic parameter estimation, genome-wide association analysis, meta-analysis, and selective sweep analysis were carried out to identify genetic loci associated with EW and AFE in 6,842 broiler breeders. The study found that the heritability of EW ranged from 0.42 to 0.44, while the heritability of AFE was estimated at 0.33 in the maternal line. Meta-analysis and selective sweep analysis identified two colocalized regions on GGA4 that significantly influenced EW at 32 wk (EW32W) and at 43 wk (EW43W) with both paternal and maternal lines. The genes AR, YIPF6, and STARD8 were located within the significant region (GGA4: 366.86-575.50 kb), potentially affecting EW through the regulation of follicle development, cell proliferation, and lipid transfer etc. The promising genes LCORL and NCAPG were positioned within the significant region (GGA4:75.35-75.42 Mb), potentially influencing EW through pleiotropic effects on growth and development. Additionally, 3 significant regions were associated with AFE on chromosomes GGA7, GGA19, and GGA27. All of these factors affected the AFE by influencing ovarian development. In our study, the genomic information from both paternal and maternal lines was used to identify genetic regions associated with EW and AFE. Two genomic regions and eight genes were identified as the most likely candidates affecting EW and AFE. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of egg production traits in broiler breeders and provide new insights into future technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Ying
- Foshan Gaoming Xinguang Agricultural and Animal Industrials Corporation, Foshan 528515, China
| | - Zhengda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Foshan Gaoming Xinguang Agricultural and Animal Industrials Corporation, Foshan 528515, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Foshan Gaoming Xinguang Agricultural and Animal Industrials Corporation, Foshan 528515, China
| | - Jie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Sun S, Zhao G, Jia M, Jiang Q, Li S, Wang H, Li W, Wang Y, Bian X, Zhao YG, Huang X, Yang G, Cai H, Pastor-Pareja JC, Ge L, Zhang C, Hu J. Stay in touch with the endoplasmic reticulum. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:230-257. [PMID: 38212460 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is composed of a continuous network of tubules and sheets, forms the most widely distributed membrane system in eukaryotic cells. As a result, it engages a variety of organelles by establishing membrane contact sites (MCSs). These contacts regulate organelle positioning and remodeling, including fusion and fission, facilitate precise lipid exchange, and couple vital signaling events. Here, we systematically review recent advances and converging themes on ER-involved organellar contact. The molecular basis, cellular influence, and potential physiological functions for ER/nuclear envelope contacts with mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, lipid droplets, autophagosomes, and plasma membrane are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingkang Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yan G Zhao
- Brain Research Center, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jose C Pastor-Pareja
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfflcas-Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain.
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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3
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Lu J, Chen S, Bai X, Liao M, Qiu Y, Zheng LL, Yu H. Targeting cholesterol metabolism in Cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115907. [PMID: 37931664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and helps to maintain their structure and function. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism has been linked to the development and progression of tumors. Changes in cholesterol metabolism triggered by internal or external stimuli can promote tumor growth. During metastasis, tumor cells require large amounts of cholesterol to support their growth and colonization of new organs. Recent research has shown that cholesterol metabolism is reprogrammed during tumor development, and this can also affect the anti-tumor activity of immune cells in the surrounding environment. However, identifying the specific targets in cholesterol metabolism that regulate cancer progression and the tumor microenvironment is still a challenge. Additionally, exploring the potential of combining statin drugs with other therapies for different types of cancer could be a worthwhile avenue for future drug development. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol and its derivatives in cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment, and discuss specific targets and relevant therapeutic agents that inhibit aspects of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xuejiao Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Azhar S, Shen WJ, Hu Z, Kraemer FB. MicroRNA regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen biosynthesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:1-37. [PMID: 38408797 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are derived from a common precursor molecule, cholesterol, and regulate a wide range of physiologic function including reproduction, salt balance, maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, response to stress, neuronal function, and various metabolic processes. Among the steroids synthesized by the adrenal and gonadal tissues, adrenal mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are essential for life. The process of steroidogenesis is regulated at multiple levels largely by transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational regulation of the steroidogenic enzymes (i.e., cytochrome P450s and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases), cellular compartmentalization of the steroidogenic enzymes, and cholesterol processing and transport proteins. In recent years, small noncoding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as major post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with essential roles in numerous biological processes and disease pathologies. Although their role in the regulation of steroidogenesis is still emerging, several recent studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the role miRNAs play in the regulation of the steroidogenic process. This chapter focuses on the recent developments in miRNA regulation of adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen production in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States
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5
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Li D, Lin X, Li J, Liu X, Zhang F, Tang W, Zhang S, Dong L, Xue R. Eleven metabolism‑related genes composed of Stard5 predict prognosis and contribute to EMT phenotype in HCC. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:277. [PMID: 37978523 PMCID: PMC10656919 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high mortality and poor survival rate. Abnormal tumor metabolism is considered a hallmark of HCC and is a potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to identify metabolism-related biomarkers to evaluate the prognosis of patients with HCC. METHOD The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to explore differential metabolic pathways based on high and low epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) groupings. Genes in differential metabolic pathways were obtained for HCC metabolism-related molecular subtype analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the three subtypes were subjected to Lasso Cox regression analysis to construct prognostic risk models. Stard5 expression in HCC patients was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the role of Stard5 in the metastasis of HCC was investigated by cytological experiments. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering analysis based on metabolism-related genes revealed three subtypes in HCC with differential prognosis. A risk prognostic model was constructed based on 11 genes (STARD5, FTCD, SCN4A, ADH4, CFHR3, CYP2C9, CCL14, GADD45G, SOX11, SCIN, and SLC2A1) obtained by LASSO Cox regression analysis of the three subtypes of DEGs. We validated that the model had a good predictive power. In addition, we found that the high-risk group had a poor prognosis, higher proportion of Tregs, and responded poorly to chemotherapy. We also found that Stard5 expression was markedly decreased in HCC tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis and EMT. Knockdown of Stard5 contributed to the invasion and migration of HCC cells. Overexpression of Stard5 inhibited EMT in HCC cells. CONCLUSION We developed a new model based on 11 metabolism-related genes, which predicted the prognosis and response to chemotherapy or immunotherapy for HCC. Notably, we demonstrated for the first time that Stard5 acted as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiahui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Ikonen E, Olkkonen VM. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041404. [PMID: 37277190 PMCID: PMC10411867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid species of mammalian cells. Cells acquire it through synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and uptake from lipoprotein particles. Newly synthesized cholesterol is efficiently distributed from the ER to other organelles via lipid-binding/transfer proteins concentrated at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to reach the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and plasma membrane. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is exported from the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments via a combination of vesicle/tubule-mediated membrane transport and transfer through MCSs. In this review, we provide an overview of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways, including cholesterol flux from the ER to other membranes, cholesterol uptake from lipoprotein donors and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein acceptors, as well as lipoprotein cholesterol secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes, and astrocytes. We also briefly discuss human diseases caused by defects in these processes and therapeutic strategies available in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Das K, Nozaki T. Non-Vesicular Lipid Transport Machinery in Leishmania donovani: Functional Implications in Host-Parasite Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10637. [PMID: 37445815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have distinct membrane-enclosed organelles, each with a unique biochemical signature and specialized function. The unique identity of each organelle is greatly governed by the asymmetric distribution and regulated intracellular movement of two important biomolecules, lipids, and proteins. Non-vesicular lipid transport mediated by lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) plays essential roles in intra-cellular lipid trafficking and cellular lipid homeostasis, while vesicular transport regulates protein trafficking. A comparative analysis of non-vesicular lipid transport machinery in protists could enhance our understanding of parasitism and basis of eukaryotic evolution. Leishmania donovani, the trypanosomatid parasite, greatly depends on receptor-ligand mediated signalling pathways for cellular differentiation, nutrient uptake, secretion of virulence factors, and pathogenesis. Lipids, despite being important signalling molecules, have intracellular transport mechanisms that are largely unexplored in L. donovani. We have identified a repertoire of sixteen (16) potential lipid transfer protein (LTP) homologs based on a domain-based search on TriTrypDB coupled with bioinformatics analyses, which signifies the presence of well-organized lipid transport machinery in this parasite. We emphasized here their evolutionary uniqueness and conservation and discussed their potential implications for parasite biology with regards to future therapeutic targets against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Cholesterol Redistribution in Pancreatic β-Cells: A Flexible Path to Regulate Insulin Secretion. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020224. [PMID: 36830593 PMCID: PMC9953638 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells, by secreting insulin, play a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction is the basis of diabetes development. The metabolic milieu created by high blood glucose and lipids is known to play a role in this process. In the last decades, cholesterol has attracted significant attention, not only because it critically controls β-cell function but also because it is the target of lipid-lowering therapies proposed for preventing the cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Despite the remarkable progress, understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for cholesterol-mediated β-cell function remains an open and attractive area of investigation. Studies indicate that β-cells not only regulate the total cholesterol level but also its redistribution within organelles, a process mediated by vesicular and non-vesicular transport. The aim of this review is to summarize the most current view of how cholesterol homeostasis is maintained in pancreatic β-cells and to provide new insights on the mechanisms by which cholesterol is dynamically distributed among organelles to preserve their functionality. While cholesterol may affect virtually any activity of the β-cell, the intent of this review is to focus on early steps of insulin synthesis and secretion, an area still largely unexplored.
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Liu J, Dai HM, Guang GP, Hu WM, Jin P. Clinical and functional analyses of the novel STAR c.558C>A in a patient with classic lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1096454. [PMID: 36733346 PMCID: PMC9887130 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1096454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Congenital lipid adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH) is the most serious type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and is caused by steroid-based acute regulatory (STAR) protein mutations. Herein, we report compound heterozygous mutations c.558C>A (p.S186 R) and c.772C>T (p.Q258*) in a newborn 46 XY patient diagnosed with classic LCAH and explore their clinical and functional characteristics. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from LCAH patient and their families. The pathogenic variant identified by whole-exome sequencing was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing and pedigree verification. The functional consequence and ability to convert cholesterol into progesterone of the identified STAR Q258* and S186 R mutations were analyzed by cell transfection and in vitro assays. Results: The proband was presented with severe glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency, high adrenocorticotropic hormone, and enlarged adrenals. Heterozygous mutations p. S186 R and p. Q258* in the STAR gene were identified in the patient, and her parents were carriers, which is consistent with an autosomal recessive disorder. The STAR p. Q258* mutation has been reported and generates a truncated protein. The p. S186 R mutation is a novel variant that disrupts STAR. The residual STAR activities of p. S186R, p. Q258*, and p. S186R/p.Q258* were 13.9%, 7.3%, and 11.2%, respectively, of the wild-type, proving the main negative effects of the mutant proteins. Conclusion: Our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying LCAH pathogenesis, further expanding the genotype and clinical spectrum of LCAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Dai
- Department of Pediatric, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gao-Peng Guang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Mu Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Ping Jin,
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Ca 2+ and Annexins - Emerging Players for Sensing and Transferring Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides via Membrane Contact Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:393-438. [PMID: 36988890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid composition diversity in membranes from different organelles is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, many lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and require delivery to other organelles. In this scenario, formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) between neighbouring organelles has emerged as a novel non-vesicular lipid transport mechanism. Dissecting the molecular composition of MCS identified phosphoinositides (PIs), cholesterol, scaffolding/tethering proteins as well as Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins contributing to MCS functioning. Compelling evidence now exists for the shuttling of PIs and cholesterol across MCS, affecting their concentrations in distinct membrane domains and diverse roles in membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) not only controls endo-/exocytic membrane dynamics but is also critical in autophagy. Cholesterol is highly concentrated at the PM and enriched in recycling endosomes and Golgi membranes. MCS-mediated cholesterol transfer is intensely researched, identifying MCS dysfunction or altered MCS partnerships to correlate with de-regulated cellular cholesterol homeostasis and pathologies. Annexins, a conserved family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, contribute to tethering and untethering events at MCS. In this chapter, we will discuss how Ca2+ homeostasis and annexins in the endocytic compartment affect the sensing and transfer of cholesterol and PIs across MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Zamora-Sánchez CJ, Camacho-Arroyo I. Allopregnanolone: Metabolism, Mechanisms of Action, and Its Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010560. [PMID: 36614002 PMCID: PMC9820109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (3α-THP) has been one of the most studied progesterone metabolites for decades. 3α-THP and its synthetic analogs have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for pathologies such as anxiety and depression. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of 3α-THP are expressed in classical and nonclassical steroidogenic tissues. Additionally, due to its chemical structure, 3α-THP presents high affinity and agonist activity for nuclear and membrane receptors of neuroactive steroids and neurotransmitters, such as the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), membrane progesterone receptors (mPR) and the ionotropic GABAA receptor, among others. 3α-THP has immunomodulator and antiapoptotic properties. It also induces cell proliferation and migration, all of which are critical processes involved in cancer progression. Recently the study of 3α-THP has indicated that low physiological concentrations of this metabolite induce the progression of several types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, and glioblastoma, while high concentrations inhibit it. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the metabolism and mechanisms of action of 3α-THP in normal and tumor cells.
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Role of STAR and SCP2/SCPx in the Transport of Cholesterol and Other Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012115. [PMID: 36292972 PMCID: PMC9602805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a lipid molecule essential for several key cellular processes including steroidogenesis. As such, the trafficking and distribution of cholesterol is tightly regulated by various pathways that include vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms. One non-vesicular mechanism is the binding of cholesterol to cholesterol transport proteins, which facilitate the movement of cholesterol between cellular membranes. Classic examples of cholesterol transport proteins are the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR; STARD1), which facilitates cholesterol transport for acute steroidogenesis in mitochondria, and sterol carrier protein 2/sterol carrier protein-x (SCP2/SCPx), which are non-specific lipid transfer proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of many lipids including cholesterol between several cellular compartments. This review discusses the roles of STAR and SCP2/SCPx in cholesterol transport as model cholesterol transport proteins, as well as more recent findings that support the role of these proteins in the transport and/or metabolism of other lipids.
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Lu S, He H, Wang P, Gou H, Cao X, Ma Z, Chen B, Mao J. Evolutionary relationship analysis of STARD gene family and VvSTARD5 improves tolerance of salt stress in transgenic tomatoes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13772. [PMID: 36054928 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain (STARD) forms a protein that can bind membrane-derived phospholipid second messengers and plasma membranes. Although it has been reported in many plants, the evolutionary relationship of the STARD gene family has not been systematically analyzed, and functions of the HD-START and HD-START-MEKHLA domain subgroup genes under hormone and abiotic stress are also unclear in grapes. This study identified and analyzed 23 VvSTARD genes, which were distinctly divided into five subgroups according to five conserved domain types. The analyses of codon preference, selective pressure, and synteny relationship revealed that grape had higher homology with Arabidopsis compared with rice. Interestingly, the expression levels of VvSTARD genes in subgroups 1, 2, and 3 exhibited significant upregulation under NaCl treatment at 24 h, but VvSTARD genes in subgroups 4 and 5 were upregulated under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment at 24 h. The subcellular localization showed that VvSTARD5 was localized in the nucleus. Additionally, under NaCl treatment at 24 h, there were an obvious decrease in the relative electrical leakages and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), while the relative expression level of VvSTARD5 and content of proline were obviously enhanced in three transgenic lines. Therefore, the overexpression of VvSTARD5 greatly increased the salt tolerance of transgenic tomatoes. Collectively, this study preliminarily explores the comprehensive function of the STARD gene family in grapes and verifies the function of VvSTARD5 in response to salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Lu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong He
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Gou
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Cao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baihong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Asif K, Memeo L, Palazzolo S, Frión-Herrera Y, Parisi S, Caligiuri I, Canzonieri V, Granchi C, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. STARD3: A Prospective Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4693. [PMID: 34572920 PMCID: PMC8472075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and current therapies are based on surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiation. To overcome side effects induced by chemo- and radiotherapy, in recent decades, targeted therapies have been proposed in second and even first lines. Targeted drugs act on the essential pathways involved in tumor induction, progression, and metastasis, basically all the hallmark of cancers. Among emerging pathways, the cholesterol metabolic pathway is a strong candidate for this purpose. Cancer cells have an accelerated metabolic rate and require a continuous supply of cholesterol for cell division and membrane renewal. Steroidogenic acute regulatory related lipid transfer (START) proteins are a family of proteins involved in the transfer of lipids and some of them are important in non-vesicular cholesterol transportation within the cell. The alteration of their expression levels is implicated in several diseases, including cancers. In this review, we report the latest discoveries on StAR-related lipid transfer protein domain 3 (STARD3), a member of the START family, which has a potential role in cancer, focusing on the structural and biochemical characteristics and mechanisms that regulate its activity. The role of the STARD3 protein as a molecular target for the development of cancer therapies is also discussed. As STARD3 is a key protein in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells, it is of interest to identify inhibitors able to block its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy;
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
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Garcia-Ruiz C, Conde de la Rosa L, Ribas V, Fernandez-Checa JC. MITOCHONDRIAL CHOLESTEROL AND CANCER. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:76-85. [PMID: 32805396 PMCID: PMC7882000 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a crucial component of membrane bilayers that determines their physical and functional properties. Cells largely satisfy their need for cholesterol through the novo synthesis from acetyl-CoA and this demand is particularly critical for cancer cells to sustain dysregulated cell proliferation. However, the association between serum or tissue cholesterol levels and cancer development is not well established as epidemiologic data do not consistently support this link. While most preclinical studies focused on the role of total celular cholesterol, the specific contribution of the mitochondrial cholesterol pool to alterations in cancer cell biology has been less explored. Although low compared to other bilayers, the mitochondrial cholesterol content plays an important physiological function in the synthesis of steroid hormones in steroidogenic tissues or bile acids in the liver and controls mitochondrial function. In addition, mitochondrial cholesterol metabolism generates oxysterols, which in turn, regulate multiple pathways, including cholesterol and lipid metabolism as well as cell proliferation. In the present review, we summarize the regulation of mitochondrial cholesterol, including its role in mitochondrial routine performance, cell death and chemotherapy resistance, highlighting its potential contribution to cancer. Of particular relevance is hepatocellular carcinoma, whose incidence in Western countries had tripled in the past decades due to the obesity and type II diabetes epidemic. A better understanding of the role of mitochondrial cholesterol in cancer development may open up novel opportunities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Conde de la Rosa L, Garcia-Ruiz C, Vallejo C, Baulies A, Nuñez S, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Baila-Rueda L, Cenarro A, Civeira F, Fuster J, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Ferrer J, Karin M, Ribas V, Fernandez-Checa JC. STARD1 promotes NASH-driven HCC by sustaining the generation of bile acids through the alternative mitochondrial pathway. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1429-1441. [PMID: 33515644 PMCID: PMC8573791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Besides their physiological role in bile formation and fat digestion, bile acids (BAs) synthesised from cholesterol in hepatocytes act as signalling molecules that modulate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Trafficking of cholesterol to mitochondria through steroidogenic acute regulatory protein 1 (STARD1) is the rate-limiting step in the alternative pathway of BA generation, the physiological relevance of which is not well understood. Moreover, the specific contribution of the STARD1-dependent BA synthesis pathway to HCC has not been previously explored. METHODS STARD1 expression was analyzed in a cohort of human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-derived HCC specimens. Experimental NASH-driven HCC models included MUP-uPA mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment in wild-type (WT) mice fed a HFHC diet. Molecular species of BAs and oxysterols were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Effects of NASH-derived BA profiles were investigated in tumour-initiated stem-like cells (TICs) and primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs). RESULTS Patients with NASH-associated HCC exhibited increased hepatic expression of STARD1 and an enhanced BA pool. Using NASH-driven HCC models, STARD1 overexpression in WT mice increased liver tumour multiplicity, whereas hepatocyte-specific STARD1 deletion (Stard1ΔHep) in WT or MUP-uPA mice reduced tumour burden. These findings mirrored the levels of unconjugated primary BAs, β-muricholic acid and cholic acid, and their tauroconjugates in STARD1-overexpressing and Stard1ΔHep mice. Incubation of TICs or PMHs with a mix of BAs mimicking this profile stimulated expression of genes involved in pluripotency, stemness and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals a previously unrecognised role of STARD1 in HCC pathogenesis, wherein it promotes the synthesis of primary BAs through the mitochondrial pathway, the products of which act in TICs to stimulate self-renewal, stemness and inflammation. LAY SUMMARY Effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited because of our incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The contribution of the alternative pathway of bile acid (BA) synthesis to HCC development is unknown. We uncover a key role for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein 1 (STARD1) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-driven HCC, wherein it stimulates the generation of BAs in the mitochondrial acidic pathway, the products of which stimulate hepatocyte pluripotency and self-renewal, as well as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Carmen Vallejo
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Nuñez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucia Baila-Rueda
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Fuster
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Liver and Pancreatic Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Garcia-Valdecasas
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Liver and Pancreatic Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Ferrer
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Liver and Pancreatic Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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GRAMD1-mediated accessible cholesterol sensing and transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158957. [PMID: 33932585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential lipid for cell signaling and structural integrity of cellular membranes, is highly enriched in the plasma membrane (PM). However, the regulatory mechanisms that control its biosynthesis and uptake both reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, the ER needs to constantly monitor the levels of PM cholesterol. This is in part mediated by regulated transport of a biochemically defined pool of cholesterol, termed "accessible" cholesterol, from the PM to the ER via evolutionarily conserved ER-anchored lipid transfer proteins, the GRAMD1s/Asters (GRAMD1a/1b/1c) (Lam/Ltc proteins in yeast). GRAMD1s possess cytosolically exposed GRAM domain and StART-like domain followed by a transmembrane ER anchor. They form homo- and hetero-meric complexes and move to the contacts formed between the ER and the PM by sensing a transient expansion of the accessible pool of cholesterol in the PM via the GRAM domain and facilitate its extraction and transport to the ER via the StART-like domain. The GRAMD1b GRAM domain possesses distinct, but synergistic sites, for recognizing accessible cholesterol and anionic lipids, including phosphatidylserine, within the PM. This property of the GRAM domain contributes to regulated tethering of the PM to ER membrane where GRAMD1s are anchored and fine-tunes StART-like domain-dependent accessible cholesterol transport. Thus, cells use GRAMD1s to sense the levels of cholesterol in the PM and regulate transport of accessible PM cholesterol to the ER in order to maintain cholesterol homeostasis.
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Wu Y, Yin J, Yang B, Tang L, Feng W, Liu X, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in BIN1, MC1R, STARD6 and PVRL2 with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Carrying APOE ε4 Allele. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1125-1133. [PMID: 33907405 PMCID: PMC8071212 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s296144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 is recognized as an independent risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, not everyone with the ε4 allele develops MCI, suggesting that other susceptibility genes exist. This study aimed to identify MCI susceptibility genes, including BIN1, MC1R, STARD6, and PVRL2, in elderly Han Chinese and to verify their association with APOE ε4 allele in MCI onset. METHODS To determine whether polymorphisms in BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528), MC1R (rs2228479), STARD6 (rs10164112), and PVRL2 (rs6859) occurred in elderly MCI patients carrying APOE ε4 allele, we carried out a case-control study including 285 MCI patients and 326 healthy controls. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the proportion of APOE ε4 carriers, and BESCI, ADAS-cog, and CNT scores existed between the NC and MCI groups (all P < 0.01). Frequencies of the rs10164112 T and rs6859 A alleles were significantly higher in the latter than in the former (P = 0.01; 0.029). However, no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution of BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528) and MC1R (rs2228479) existed between samples in our two groups (all P > 0.05). When stratified by APOE ε4 status (carriers/non-carriers), genotype frequencies of BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 among the four groups (NCε4+, NCε4-, MCIε4+, MCIε4-) were significantly different. Additionally, our results suggest a significant association between MCI and BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 (all P<0.05) in elderly carriers. CONCLUSION This suggests that among the Han Chinese, MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers may be related to the BIN1 (rs7561528), STARD6 (rs10164112) and PVRL2 (rs6859). Genotype AA of rs7561528 and TT of rs10164112 might be protective factors against MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bixiu Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Social Prevention and Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingfu Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Zheng Koh DH, Saheki Y. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Sterol Homeostasis by Nonvesicular Lipid Transport. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211042451. [PMID: 37366378 PMCID: PMC10259818 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211042451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sterol contributes to the structural integrity of cellular membranes and plays an important role in the regulation of cell signaling in eukaryotes. It is either produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or taken up from the extracellular environment. In most eukaryotic cells, however, the majority of sterol is enriched in the plasma membrane. Thus, the transport of sterol between the plasma membrane and other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, is crucial for maintaining sterol homeostasis. While vesicular transport that relies on membrane budding and fusion reactions plays an important role in bulk sterol transport, this mode of transport is slow and non-selective. Growing evidence suggests a critical role of nonvesicular transport mediated by evolutionarily conserved families of lipid transfer proteins in more rapid and selective delivery of sterol. Some lipid transfer proteins act primarily at the sites of contacts formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles or the plasma membrane without membrane fusion. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences of sterol biosynthesis and uptake in mammals and yeast and discuss the role of their lipid transfer proteins in maintaining plasma membrane sterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Resource Development and
Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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21
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Han X, Qin Y, Sandrine AMN, Qiu F. Fine mapping of qKRN8, a QTL for maize kernel row number, and prediction of the candidate gene. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:3139-3150. [PMID: 32857170 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE: qKRN8, a major QTL for kernel row number in maize, was fine mapped to an interval of ~ 520 kb on chromosome 8 and the key candidate gene was identified via expression analysis. Kernel row number (KRN) is one of the most important yield-influencing traits and is closely associated with female inflorescence development in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, an F2:3 population derived from a cross between V54 (low KRN line) and Lian87 (high KRN line) was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring KRN in maize. We identified 12 QTLs for KRN in four environments, each explaining 1.40-14.95% of phenotypic variance. Among these, one novel major QTL (named qKRN8) was mapped to bin 8.03 in all four environments, explaining 8.79-14.95% of phenotypic variation. By combining map-based cloning with progeny testing of recombinants, we ultimately mapped qKRN8 to an ~ 520 kb genomic interval, harboring six putative candidate genes. Among them, one candidate gene showed contrasted expression level in immature ears of the near-isogenic lines qKRN8Lian87 and qKRN8V54. These findings should facilitate molecular breeding for KRN and the further identification of the polymorphism underlying this QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ada Menie Nelly Sandrine
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fazhan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Zhang M, Xiang Z, Wang F, Shan R, Li L, Chen J, Liu BA, Huang J, Sun LQ, Zhou WB. STARD4 promotes breast cancer cell malignancy. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2487-2502. [PMID: 33125124 PMCID: PMC7610339 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) is one of the most common malignancies encountered in women worldwide. Lipid metabolism has been found to be involved in cancer progression. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer 4 (STARD4) is an important cholesterol transporter involved in the regulatory mechanism of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. However, to the best of our knowledge, the molecular functions of STARD4 in BRCA are unclear. Immunohistochemical staining and public dataset analysis were performed to investigate the expression levels of STARD4 in BRCA. In the present study, high expression of STARD4 was identified in BRCA samples and higher STARD4 expression was significantly associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival time in patients with BRCA, which indicated that STARD4 may be associated with BRCA progression. Cell cytometry system Celigo® analysis, Cell Counting K-8 assays, flow cytometry, wound healing assays and transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of STARD4 knockdown on proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration in BRCA cells. Loss-of-function assays demonstrated that STARD4 acted as an oncogene to promote proliferation and cell cycle progression, while suppressing apoptosis in BRCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of STARD4 significantly suppressed BRCA metastasis. To assess the mechanism of action of STARD4, microarray analysis was performed following STARD4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells. The data were analyzed in detail using bioinformatics, and a series of genes, including E74 like ETS transcription factor 1, cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 and p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2, which have been previously reported to be crucial genes implicated in the malignant phenotype of cancer cells, were identified to be regulated by STARD4. Loss-of function assays demonstrated that knockdown of STARD4 suppressed BRCA proliferation and migration. These findings suggested that STARD4 had an oncogenic effect in human BRCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rong Shan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bao-An Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Hunan Province Clinic Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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23
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Czuchlej SC, Volonteri MC, Scaia MF, Ceballos NR. Characterization of StAR protein of Rhinella arenarum (Amphibia, Anura). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 295:113535. [PMID: 32535173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein performs the delivery of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane. This is considered the rate-limiting step of acute steroid production, widely studied in mammals. However, there are only few reports regarding the characterization and expression of StAR protein in non-mammalian vertebrates. In this study, StAR protein sequence of Rhinella arenarum has been characterized and deduced from interrenal and testis cDNA sequences. StAR encodes a 285 amino acid protein with a conserved domain containing putative lipid binding sites. In vitro incubations showed that expression of StAR mRNA in testis, determined by qPCR, and testosterone synthesis determined by radioimmunoassay were stimulated after treatment with hCG and 8Br-cAMP. However, StAR mRNA expression results obtained with hCG show a higher stimulation than those obtained with 8Br-cAMP, even though steroidogenic production is the same with both treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cristina Czuchlej
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Clara Volonteri
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus CENPAT-CONICET). Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - María Florencia Scaia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nora Raquel Ceballos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Clark BJ. The START-domain proteins in intracellular lipid transport and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110704. [PMID: 31927098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein-related Lipid Transfer (START) domain is a ~210 amino acid sequence that folds into an α/β helix-grip structure forming a hydrophobic pocket for lipid binding. The helix-grip fold structure defines a large superfamily of proteins, and this review focuses on the mammalian START domain family members that include single START domain proteins with identified ligands, and larger multi-domain proteins that may have novel roles in metabolism. Much of our understanding of the mammalian START domain proteins in lipid transport and changes in metabolism has advanced through studies using knockout mouse models, although for some of these proteins the identity and/or physiological role of ligand binding remains unknown. The findings that helped define START domain lipid-binding specificity, lipid transport, and changes in metabolism are presented to highlight that fundamental questions remain regarding the biological function(s) for START domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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25
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Horibata Y, Mitsuhashi S, Shimizu H, Maejima S, Sakamoto H, Aoyama C, Ando H, Sugimoto H. The phosphatidylcholine transfer protein StarD7 is important for myogenic differentiation in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and human primary skeletal myoblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2845. [PMID: 32071354 PMCID: PMC7029042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
StarD7 is a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific lipid transfer protein essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial PC composition, morphogenesis, and respiration. Here, we studied the role of StarD7 in skeletal myoblast differentiation using mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and human primary myoblasts. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy revealed that StarD7 was distributed in the cytosol, inner mitochondria space, and outer leaflet of the outer mitochondrial membrane in C2C12 cells. Unlike human kidney embryonic cell line HEK293 cells, the mitochondrial proteinase PARL was not involved in the processing and maturation of StarD7 in C2C12 cells. StarD7 was constantly expressed during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of StarD7 in C2C12 cells and human primary myoblasts significantly impaired myogenic differentiation and reduced the expression of myomaker, myomerger and PGC-1α. The reduction in mitochondrial PC levels and oxygen consumption rates, decreased expression of myomaker, myomerger and PGC-1α, as well as impaired myogenic differentiation, were completely restored when the protein was reintroduced into StarD7-knockout C2C12 cells. These results suggest that StarD7 is important for skeletal myogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Sho Maejima
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Chieko Aoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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26
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Dard L, Blanchard W, Hubert C, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. Mitochondrial functions and rare diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100842. [PMID: 32029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles responsible for a large variety of biochemical processes as energy transduction, REDOX signaling, the biosynthesis of hormones and vitamins, inflammation or cell death execution. Cell biology studies established that 1158 human genes encode proteins localized to mitochondria, as registered in MITOCARTA. Clinical studies showed that a large number of these mitochondrial proteins can be altered in expression and function through genetic, epigenetic or biochemical mechanisms including the interaction with environmental toxics or iatrogenic medicine. As a result, pathogenic mitochondrial genetic and functional defects participate to the onset and the progression of a growing number of rare diseases. In this review we provide an exhaustive survey of the biochemical, genetic and clinical studies that demonstrated the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in human rare diseases. We discuss the striking diversity of the symptoms caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and the strategies proposed for mitochondrial therapy, including a survey of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Blanchard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Hubert
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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27
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Peretti D, Kim S, Tufi R, Lev S. Lipid Transfer Proteins and Membrane Contact Sites in Human Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:371. [PMID: 32039198 PMCID: PMC6989408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) were initially discovered as cytosolic factors that facilitate lipid transport between membrane bilayers in vitro. Since then, many LTPs have been isolated from bacteria, plants, yeast, and mammals, and extensively studied in cell-free systems and intact cells. A major advance in the LTP field was associated with the discovery of intracellular membrane contact sites (MCSs), small cytosolic gaps between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other cellular membranes, which accelerate lipid transfer by LTPs. As LTPs modulate the distribution of lipids within cellular membranes, and many lipid species function as second messengers in key signaling pathways that control cell survival, proliferation, and migration, LTPs have been implicated in cancer-associated signal transduction cascades. Increasing evidence suggests that LTPs play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. This review describes how different LTPs as well as MCSs can contribute to cell transformation and malignant phenotype, and discusses how “aberrant” MCSs are associated with tumorigenesis in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Peretti
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - SoHui Kim
- Nakseongdae R&D Center, GPCR Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roberta Tufi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Iaea DB, Spahr ZR, Singh RK, Chan RB, Zhou B, Bareja R, Elemento O, Di Paolo G, Zhang X, Maxfield FR. Stable reduction of STARD4 alters cholesterol regulation and lipid homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158609. [PMID: 31917335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
STARD4, a member of the evolutionarily conserved START gene family, is a soluble sterol transport protein implicated in cholesterol sensing and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. STARD4 is widely expressed and has been shown to transfer sterol between liposomes as well as organelles in cells. However, STARD4 knockout mice lack an obvious phenotype, so the overall role of STARD4 is unclear. To model long term depletion of STARD4 in cells, we use short hairpin RNA technology to stably decrease STARD4 expression in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells (STARD4-KD). We show that STARD4-KD cells display increased total cholesterol, slower cholesterol trafficking between the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment, and increased plasma membrane fluidity. These effects can all be rescued by transient expression of a short hairpin RNA-resistant STARD4 construct. Some of the cholesterol increase was due to excess storage in late endosomes or lysosomes. To understand the effects of reduced STARD4, we carried out transcriptional and lipidomic profiling of control and STARD4-KD cells. Reduction of STARD4 activates compensatory mechanisms that alter membrane composition and lipid homeostasis. Based on these observations, we propose that STARD4 functions as a critical sterol transport protein involved in sterol sensing and maintaining lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zachary R Spahr
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robin B Chan
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Gao J, Ma F, Wang X, Li G. Combination of dihydroartemisinin and resveratrol effectively inhibits cancer cell migrationviaregulation of the DLC1/TCTP/Cdc42 pathway. Food Funct 2020; 11:9573-9584. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00996b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of DHA combined with RES in inhibition of cancer cell migration by DLC1/TCTP/Cdc42 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Fengqiu Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guorong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
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30
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Tsui HS, Pham NVB, Amer BR, Bradley MC, Gosschalk JE, Gallagher-Jones M, Ibarra H, Clubb RT, Blaby-Haas CE, Clarke CF. Human COQ10A and COQ10B are distinct lipid-binding START domain proteins required for coenzyme Q function. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1293-1310. [PMID: 31048406 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ or ubiquinone) serves as an essential redox-active lipid in respiratory electron and proton transport during cellular energy metabolism. CoQ also functions as a membrane-localized antioxidant protecting cells against lipid peroxidation. CoQ deficiency is associated with multiple human diseases; CoQ10 supplementation in particular has noted cardioprotective benefits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Coq10, a putative START domain protein, is believed to chaperone CoQ to sites where it functions. Yeast coq10 deletion mutants (coq10Δ) synthesize CoQ inefficiently during log phase growth and are respiratory defective and sensitive to oxidative stress. Humans have two orthologs of yeast COQ10, COQ10A and COQ10B Here, we tested the human co-orthologs for their ability to rescue the yeast mutant. We showed that expression of either human ortholog, COQ10A or COQ10B, rescues yeast coq10Δ mutant phenotypes, restoring the function of respiratory-dependent growth on a nonfermentable carbon source and sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by treatment with PUFAs. These effects indicate a strong functional conservation of Coq10 across different organisms. However, neither COQ10A nor COQ10B restored CoQ biosynthesis when expressed in the yeast coq10Δ mutant. The involvement of yeast Coq10 in CoQ biosynthesis may rely on its interactions with another protein, possibly Coq11, which is not found in humans. Coexpression analyses of yeast COQ10 and human COQ10A and COQ10B provide additional insights to functions of these START domain proteins and their potential roles in other biologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui S Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nguyen V B Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brendan R Amer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jason E Gosschalk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA-Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hope Ibarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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31
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Rodriguez-Agudo D, Malacrida L, Kakiyama G, Sparrer T, Fortes C, Maceyka M, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Gratton E, Pandak WM, Gil G. StarD5: an ER stress protein regulates plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1087-1098. [PMID: 31015253 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol is controlled is poorly understood. Ablation of the gene encoding the ER stress steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StarD)5 leads to a decrease in PM cholesterol content, a decrease in cholesterol efflux, and an increase in intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in macrophages, the major cell type that expresses StarD5. ER stress increases StarD5 expression in mouse hepatocytes, which results in an increase in accessible PM cholesterol in WT but not in StarD5-/- hepatocytes. StarD5-/- mice store higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which leads to altered expression of cholesterol-regulated genes. In vitro, a recombinant GST-StarD5 protein transfers cholesterol between synthetic liposomes. StarD5 overexpression leads to a marked increase in PM cholesterol. Phasor analysis of 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data revealed an increase in PM fluidity in StarD5-/- macrophages. Taken together, these studies show that StarD5 is a stress-responsive protein that regulates PM cholesterol and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697.,Area de Investigación Respiratoria, Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Tavis Sparrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Carolina Fortes
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Departmento de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mark A Subler
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298.,Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - William M Pandak
- Departments of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 .,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23248
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 .,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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32
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Luo J, Jiang LY, Yang H, Song BL. Intracellular Cholesterol Transport by Sterol Transfer Proteins at Membrane Contact Sites. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:273-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Yin J, Feng W, Yuan H, Yuan J, Wu Y, Liu X, Jin C, Cheng Z. Association analysis of polymorphisms in STARD6 and near ECHDC3 in Alzheimer's disease patients carrying the APOE ε4 Allele. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:213-218. [PMID: 30666118 PMCID: PMC6333153 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s186705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lipid metabolism plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and recent evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the StAR-related lipid transfer domain 6 (STARD6) and near the enzyme enoyl CoA hydratase domain containing 3 (ECHDC3) gene are related to plasma lipid levels or lipid traits in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS To identify whether the variants in or near the STARD6 and ECHDC3 genes contribute to AD susceptibility, we carried out an association analysis of STARD6 rs10164112 and ECHDC3 rs7920721 in combination with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele in a case-control study (278 cases, 509 controls) in China. RESULTS We identified that SNP rs10164112 in the STARD6 gene was a risk factor associated with AD and the APOE ε4 carriers (all P<0.05) after Bonferroni correction. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that only the minor T allele of STARD6 rs10164112 combined with the APOE ε4 allele increased the risk of AD under the additive and dominant models (additive model: P=0.0078, OR=1.988, 95 % CI: 1.198-3.298; dominant model: P=0.0172, OR=2.169, 95% CI: 1.147-4.102). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the rs10164112-T allele is not an independent risk factor for AD patients. However, in combination with the APOE ε4 allele, the rs10164112-T allele has been found to be a risk factor for AD in the Han Chinese population reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Social Prevention and Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongwei Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China,
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China,
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China,
| | - Chunhui Jin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China,
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34
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Das K, Nozaki T. Non-vesicular Lipid Transport Machinery in Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:315. [PMID: 30283742 PMCID: PMC6156432 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are organized into separate membrane-bound compartments that have specialized biochemical signature and function. Maintenance and regulation of distinct identity of each compartment is governed by the uneven distribution and intra-cellular movement of two essential biomolecules, lipids, and proteins. Non-vesicular lipid transport mediated by lipid transfer proteins plays a pivotal role in intra-cellular lipid trafficking and homeostasis whereas vesicular transport plays a central role in protein trafficking. Comparative study of lipid transport machinery in protist helps to better understand the pathogenesis and parasitism, and provides insight into eukaryotic evolution. Amebiasis, which is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, is one of the major enteric infections in humans, resulting in 40–100 thousand deaths annually. This protist has undergone remarkable alterations in the content and function of its sub-cellular compartments as well represented by its unique diversification of mitochondrion-related organelle, mitosome. We conducted domain-based search on AmoebaDB coupled with bioinformatics analyses and identified 22 potential lipid transfer protein homologs in E. histolytica, which are grouped into several sub-classes. Such in silico analyses have demonstrated the existence of well-organized lipid transport machinery in this parasite. We summarized and discussed the conservation and unique features of the whole repertoire of lipid transport proteins in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Japan
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35
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Hanada K. Lipid transfer proteins rectify inter-organelle flux and accurately deliver lipids at membrane contact sites. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1341-1366. [PMID: 29884707 PMCID: PMC6071762 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main center for the synthesis of various lipid types in cells, and newly synthesized lipids are delivered from the ER to other organelles. In the past decade, various lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) have been recognized as mediators of lipid transport from the ER to other organelles; inter-organelle transport occurs at membrane contact sites (MCSs) and in a nonvesicular manner. Although the intermembrane transfer reaction catalyzed by LTPs is an equilibrium reaction, various types of newly synthesized lipids are transported unidirectionally in cells. This review provides a brief history of the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and summarizes the structural and biochemical characteristics of the ceramide transport protein (CERT) as a typical LTP acting at MCSs. In addition, this review compares several LTP-mediated inter-organelle lipid trafficking systems and proposes that LTPs generate unidirectional fluxes of specific lipids between different organelles by indirect coupling with the metabolic reactions that occur in specific organelles. Moreover, the available data also suggest that the major advantage of LTP-mediated lipid transport at MCSs may be the accuracy of delivery. Finally, how cholesterol is enriched in the plasma membrane is discussed from a thermodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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36
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Ilaslan E, Calvel P, Nowak D, Szarras-Czapnik M, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Spik A, Sararols P, Nef S, Jaruzelska J, Kusz-Zamelczyk K. A Case of Two Sisters Suffering from 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis and Carrying a Mutation of a Novel Candidate Sex-Determining Gene STARD8 on the X Chromosome. Sex Dev 2018; 12:191-195. [PMID: 29886504 DOI: 10.1159/000489692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel genes involved in sexual development is crucial for understanding disorders of sex development (DSD). Here, we propose a member of the START domain family, the X chromosome STARD8, as a DSD candidate gene. We have identified a missense mutation of this gene in 2 sisters with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, inherited from their heterozygous mother. Gonadal tissue of one of the sisters contained Leydig cells overloaded with cholesterol droplets, i.e., structures previously identified in 46,XY DSD patients carrying mutations in the STAR gene encoding another START domain family member, which is crucial for steroidogenesis. Based on the phenotypes of our patients, we propose a dual role of STARD8 in sexual development, namely in testes determination and testosterone synthesis. However, further studies are needed to confirm the involvement of STARD8 in sexual development.
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37
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Zheng S, Zhou Y, Fleming J, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Li S, Li H, Sun B, Liu W, Bi L. Structural and genetic analysis of START superfamily protein MSMEG_0129 from Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEBS Lett 2018. [PMID: 29512898 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a notorious pathogen that continues to threaten human health. Rv0164, an antigen of both T- and B cells conserved across mycobacteria, and MSMEG_0129, its close homolog in Mycobacterium smegmatis, are predicted members of the START domain superfamily, but their molecular function is unknown. Here, gene knockout studies demonstrate MSMEG_0129 is essential for bacterial growth, suggesting Rv0164 may be a potential drug target. The MSMEG_0129 crystal structure determined at 1.95 Å reveals a fold similar to that in polyketide aromatase/cyclases ZhuI and TcmN from Streptomyces sp. Structural comparisons and docking simulations, however, infer that MSMEG_0129 and Rv0164 are unlikely to catalyze polyketide aromatization/cyclization, but probably play an irreplaceable role during mycobacterial growth, for example, in lipid transfer during cell envelope synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zheng
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joy Fleming
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Zhou
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Bi
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, China
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38
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Horenkamp FA, Valverde DP, Nunnari J, Reinisch KM. Molecular basis for sterol transport by StART-like lipid transfer domains. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798002. [PMID: 29467216 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid transport proteins at membrane contact sites, where two organelles are closely apposed, play key roles in trafficking lipids between cellular compartments while distinct membrane compositions for each organelle are maintained. Understanding the mechanisms underlying non-vesicular lipid trafficking requires characterization of the lipid transporters residing at contact sites. Here, we show that the mammalian proteins in the lipid transfer proteins anchored at a membrane contact site (LAM) family, called GRAMD1a-c, transfer sterols with similar efficiency as the yeast orthologues, which have known roles in sterol transport. Moreover, we have determined the structure of a lipid transfer domain of the yeast LAM protein Ysp2p, both in its apo-bound and sterol-bound forms, at 2.0 Å resolution. It folds into a truncated version of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (StART) domain, resembling a lidded cup in overall shape. Ergosterol binds within the cup, with its 3-hydroxy group interacting with protein indirectly via a water network at the cup bottom. This ligand binding mode likely is conserved for the other LAM proteins and for StART domains transferring sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Horenkamp
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana P Valverde
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jodi Nunnari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karin M Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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39
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Liang JJ, Rasmusson AM. Overview of the Molecular Steps in Steroidogenesis of the GABAergic Neurosteroids Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2018; 2:2470547018818555. [PMID: 32440589 PMCID: PMC7219929 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018818555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone-neurosteroids synthesized from progesterone in the brain, adrenal gland, ovary and testis-have been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions including seizure disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, post-partum depression, pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder, chronic pain, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neurotrauma, and stroke. Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone equipotently facilitate the effects of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors, and when sulfated, antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. They play myriad roles in neurophysiological homeostasis and adaptation to stress while exerting anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-nociceptive, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, sleep promoting, memory stabilizing, neuroprotective, pro-myelinating, and neurogenic effects. Given that these neurosteroids are synthesized de novo on demand, this review details the molecular steps involved in the biochemical conversion of cholesterol to allopregnanolone and pregnanolone within steroidogenic cells. Although much is known about the early steps in neurosteroidogenesis, less is known about transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes in allopregnanolone- and pregnanolone-specific synthesis. Further research to elucidate these mechanisms as well as to optimize the timing and dose of interventions aimed at altering the synthesis or levels of these neurosteroids is much needed. This should include the development of novel therapeutics for the many neuropsychiatric conditions to which dysregulation of these neurosteroids contributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M. Rasmusson
- Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,
USA
- National Center for PTSD, Women’s Health
Science Division, Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA,
USA
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40
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Age-related changes in the transcriptome of antibody-secreting cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13340-53. [PMID: 26967249 PMCID: PMC4924646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed age-related defects in B cell populations from young and aged mice. Microarray analysis of bone marrow resident antibody secreting cells (ASCs) showed significant changes upon aging, affecting multiple genes, pathways and functions including those that play a role in immune regulation, humoral immune responses, chromatin structure and assembly, cell metabolism and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Further analysis showed upon aging defects in energy production through glucose catabolism with reduced oxidative phosphorylation. In addition aged B cells had increased levels of reactive oxygen-species (ROS), which was linked to enhanced expression of the co-inhibitor programmed cell death (PD)-1.
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41
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Hepatitis C Virus Replication Depends on Endosomal Cholesterol Homeostasis. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01196-17. [PMID: 29046459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01196-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes massive rearrangements of intracellular membranes, resulting in a membranous web (MW) composed of predominantly double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), the presumed sites of RNA replication. DMVs are enriched for cholesterol, but mechanistic details on the source and recruitment of cholesterol to the viral replication organelle are only partially known. Here we focused on selected lipid transfer proteins implicated in direct lipid transfer at various endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane contact sites. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown identified several hitherto unknown HCV dependency factors, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain protein 3 (STARD3), oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1A and -B (OSBPL1A and -B), and Niemann-Pick-type C1 (NPC1), all residing at late endosome and lysosome membranes and required for efficient HCV RNA replication but not for replication of the closely related dengue virus. Focusing on NPC1, we found that knockdown or pharmacological inhibition caused cholesterol entrapment in lysosomal vesicles concomitant with decreased cholesterol abundance at sites containing the viral replicase factor NS5A. In untreated HCV-infected cells, unesterified cholesterol accumulated at the perinuclear region, partially colocalizing with NS5A at DMVs, arguing for NPC1-mediated endosomal cholesterol transport to the viral replication organelle. Consistent with cholesterol being an important structural component of DMVs, reducing NPC1-dependent endosomal cholesterol transport impaired MW integrity. This suggests that HCV usurps lipid transfer proteins, such as NPC1, at ER-late endosome/lysosome membrane contact sites to recruit cholesterol to the viral replication organelle, where it contributes to MW functionality.IMPORTANCE A key feature of the replication of positive-strand RNA viruses is the rearrangement of the host cell endomembrane system to produce a membranous replication organelle (RO). The underlying mechanisms are far from being elucidated fully. In this report, we provide evidence that HCV RNA replication depends on functional lipid transport along the endosomal-lysosomal pathway that is mediated by several lipid transfer proteins, such as the Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein. Pharmacological inhibition of NPC1 function reduced viral replication, impaired the transport of cholesterol to the viral replication organelle, and altered organelle morphology. Besides NPC1, our study reports the importance of additional endosomal and lysosomal lipid transfer proteins required for viral replication, thus contributing to our understanding of how HCV manipulates their function in order to generate a membranous replication organelle. These results might have implications for the biogenesis of replication organelles of other positive-strand RNA viruses.
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42
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Stefan CJ, Trimble WS, Grinstein S, Drin G, Reinisch K, De Camilli P, Cohen S, Valm AM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Levine TP, Iaea DB, Maxfield FR, Futter CE, Eden ER, Judith D, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P, Tooze SA, Sugiura A, McBride HM. Membrane dynamics and organelle biogenesis-lipid pipelines and vesicular carriers. BMC Biol 2017; 15:102. [PMID: 29089042 PMCID: PMC5663033 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries spanning several decades have pointed to vital membrane lipid trafficking pathways involving both vesicular and non-vesicular carriers. But the relative contributions for distinct membrane delivery pathways in cell growth and organelle biogenesis continue to be a puzzle. This is because lipids flow from many sources and across many paths via transport vesicles, non-vesicular transfer proteins, and dynamic interactions between organelles at membrane contact sites. This forum presents our latest understanding, appreciation, and queries regarding the lipid transport mechanisms necessary to drive membrane expansion during organelle biogenesis and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - William S. Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Karin Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | | | | | | | - Tim P. Levine
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - David B. Iaea
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Frederick R. Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Clare E. Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Delphine Judith
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexander R. van Vliet
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Heidi M. McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
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43
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Rosado-Olivieri EA, Ramos-Ortiz GA, Hernández-Pasos J, Díaz-Balzac CA, Vázquez-Rosa E, Valentín-Tirado G, Vega IE, García-Arrarás JE. A START-domain-containing protein is a novel marker of nervous system components of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 214:57-65. [PMID: 28864221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges faced by investigators studying the nervous system of members of the phylum Echinodermata is the lack of markers to identify nerve cells and plexi. Previous studies have utilized an antibody, RN1, that labels most of the nervous system structures of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima and other echinoderms. However, the antigen recognized by RN1 remained unknown. In the present work, the antigen has been characterized by immunoprecipitation, tandem mass spectrometry, and cDNA cloning. The RN1 antigen contains a START lipid-binding domain found in Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) proteins and other lipid-binding proteins. Phylogenetic tree assembly showed that the START domain is highly conserved among echinoderms. We have named this antigen HgSTARD10 for its high sequence similarity to the vertebrate orthologs. Gene and protein expression analyses revealed an abundance of HgSTARD10 in most H. glaberrima tissues including radial nerve, intestine, muscle, esophagus, mesentery, hemal system, gonads and respiratory tree. Molecular cloning of HgSTARD10, consequent protein expression and polyclonal antibody production revealed the STARD10 ortholog as the antigen recognized by the RN1 antibody. Further characterization into this START domain-containing protein will provide important insights for the biochemistry, physiology and evolution of deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Rosado-Olivieri
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
| | - Gibram A Ramos-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
| | - Josué Hernández-Pasos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Carlos A Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
| | - Edwin Vázquez-Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Griselle Valentín-Tirado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Irving E Vega
- Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States
| | - José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan PR 00931, Puerto Rico.
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44
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Nicolson GL, Ash ME. Membrane Lipid Replacement for chronic illnesses, aging and cancer using oral glycerolphospholipid formulations with fructooligosaccharides to restore phospholipid function in cellular membranes, organelles, cells and tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1704-1724. [PMID: 28432031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane Lipid Replacement is the use of functional, oral supplements containing mixtures of cell membrane glycerolphospholipids, plus fructooligosaccharides (for protection against oxidative, bile acid and enzymatic damage) and antioxidants, in order to safely replace damaged, oxidized, membrane phospholipids and restore membrane, organelle, cellular and organ function. Defects in cellular and intracellular membranes are characteristic of all chronic medical conditions, including cancer, and normal processes, such as aging. Once the replacement glycerolphospholipids have been ingested, dispersed, complexed and transported, while being protected by fructooligosaccharides and several natural mechanisms, they can be inserted into cell membranes, lipoproteins, lipid globules, lipid droplets, liposomes and other carriers. They are conveyed by the lymphatics and blood circulation to cellular sites where they are endocytosed or incorporated into or transported by cell membranes. Inside cells the glycerolphospholipids can be transferred to various intracellular membranes by lipid globules, liposomes, membrane-membrane contact or by lipid carrier transfer. Eventually they arrive at their membrane destinations due to 'bulk flow' principles, and there they can stimulate the natural removal and replacement of damaged membrane lipids while undergoing further enzymatic alterations. Clinical trials have shown the benefits of Membrane Lipid Replacement in restoring mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue in aged subjects and chronically ill patients. Recently Membrane Lipid Replacement has been used to reduce pain and other symptoms as well as removing hydrophobic chemical contaminants, suggesting that there are additional new uses for this safe, natural medicine supplement. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California 92649, USA.
| | - Michael E Ash
- Clinical Education, Newton Abbot, Devon, TQ12 4SG, UK
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Yang L, Na CL, Luo S, Wu D, Hogan S, Huang T, Weaver TE. The Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein Stard7 is Required for Mitochondrial and Epithelial Cell Homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46416. [PMID: 28401922 PMCID: PMC5388865 DOI: 10.1038/srep46416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria synthesize select phospholipids but lack the machinery for synthesis of the most abundant mitochondrial phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC). Although the phospholipid transfer protein Stard7 promotes uptake of PC by mitochondria, the importance of this pathway for mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis represents a significant knowledge gap. Haploinsufficiency for Stard7 is associated with significant exacerbation of allergic airway disease in mice, including an increase in epithelial barrier permeability. To test the hypothesis that Stard7 deficiency leads to altered barrier structure/function downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction, Stard7 expression was knocked down in a bronchiolar epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and specifically deleted in lung epithelial cells of mice (Stard7epi∆/∆). Stard7 deficiency was associated with altered mitochondrial size and membrane organization both in vitro and in vivo. Altered mitochondrial structure was accompanied by disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, including decreased aerobic respiration, increased oxidant stress, and mitochondrial DNA damage that, in turn, was linked to altered barrier integrity and function. Both mitochondrial and barrier defects were largely corrected by targeting Stard7 to mitochondria or treating epithelial cells with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant. These studies suggest that Stard7-mediated transfer of PC is crucial for mitochondrial homeostasis and that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to altered barrier permeability in Stard7-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Cheng-Lun Na
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Simon Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Timothy E Weaver
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA
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Sim CK, Kim SY, Brunmeir R, Zhang Q, Li H, Dharmasegaran D, Leong C, Lim YY, Han W, Xu F. Regulation of white and brown adipocyte differentiation by RhoGAP DLC1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174761. [PMID: 28358928 PMCID: PMC5373604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues constitute an important component of metabolism, the dysfunction of which can cause obesity and type II diabetes. Here we show that differentiation of white and brown adipocytes requires Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (DLC1), a Rho GTPase Activating Protein (RhoGAP) previously studied for its function in liver cancer. We identified Dlc1 as a super-enhancer associated gene in both white and brown adipocytes through analyzing the genome-wide binding profiles of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. We further observed that Dlc1 expression increases during differentiation, and knockdown of Dlc1 by siRNA in white adipocytes reduces the formation of lipid droplets and the expression of fat marker genes. Moreover, knockdown of Dlc1 in brown adipocytes reduces expression of brown fat-specific genes and diminishes mitochondrial respiration. Dlc1-/- knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts show a complete inability to differentiate into adipocytes, but this phenotype can be rescued by inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and filamentous actin (F-actin), suggesting the involvement of Rho pathway in DLC1-regulated adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, PPARγ binds to the promoter of Dlc1 gene to regulate its expression during both white and brown adipocyte differentiation. These results identify DLC1 as an activator of white and brown adipocyte differentiation, and provide a molecular link between PPARγ and Rho pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kiat Sim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sun-Yee Kim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Reinhard Brunmeir
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Qiongyi Zhang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hongyu Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Dharmini Dharmasegaran
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Carol Leong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ying Yan Lim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Xu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Luo J, Jiang L, Yang H, Song BL. Routes and mechanisms of post-endosomal cholesterol trafficking: A story that never ends. Traffic 2017; 18:209-217. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Luyi Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Iaea DB, Mao S, Lund FW, Maxfield FR. Role of STARD4 in sterol transport between the endocytic recycling compartment and the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1111-1122. [PMID: 28209730 PMCID: PMC5391187 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment is measured using fluorescence microscopy. STARD4, a small, soluble sterol transport protein, is responsible for 25% of the total transport and 33% of nonvesicular transport. Elevated cholesterol dramatically increases sterol transport rate constants. Cholesterol is an essential constituent of membranes in mammalian cells. The plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) are both highly enriched in cholesterol. The abundance and distribution of cholesterol among organelles are tightly controlled by a combination of mechanisms involving vesicular and nonvesicular sterol transport processes. Using the fluorescent cholesterol analogue dehydroergosterol, we examined sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the ERC using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and a novel sterol efflux assay. We found that sterol transport between these organelles in a U2OS cell line has a t1/2 =12–15 min. Approximately 70% of sterol transport is ATP independent and therefore is nonvesicular. Increasing cellular cholesterol levels dramatically increases bidirectional transport rate constants, but decreases in cholesterol levels have only a modest effect. A soluble sterol transport protein, STARD4, accounts for ∼25% of total sterol transport and ∼33% of nonvesicular sterol transport between the plasma membrane and ERC. This study shows that nonvesicular sterol transport mechanisms and STARD4 in particular account for a large fraction of sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the ERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shu Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Frederik W Lund
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 .,Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065
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García-Ruiz C, Ribas V, Baulies A, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial Cholesterol and the Paradox in Cell Death. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:189-210. [PMID: 28035533 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered cholesterol-poor organelles, and obtain their cholesterol load by the action of specialized proteins involved in its delivery from extramitochondrial sources and trafficking within mitochondrial membranes. Although mitochondrial cholesterol fulfills vital physiological functions, such as the synthesis of bile acids in the liver or the formation of steroid hormones in specialized tissues, recent evidence indicates that the accumulation of cholesterol in mitochondria may be a key event in prevalent human diseases, in particular in the development of steatohepatitis (SH) and its progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation promotes the transition from simple steatosis to SH due to the sensitization to oxidative stress and cell death. However, mitochondrial cholesterol loading in HCC determines apoptosis resistance and insensitivity to chemotherapy. These opposing functions of mitochondrial cholesterol in SH and HCC define its paradoxical role in cell death as a pro- and anti-apoptotic factor. Further understanding of this conundrum may be useful to modulate the progression from SH to HCC by targeting mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, C/Rosello 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Keck School of Medicine, USC, University of Southern California Research Center for Alcohol Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vicente Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, C/Rosello 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, C/Rosello 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC, C/Rosello 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
- Keck School of Medicine, USC, University of Southern California Research Center for Alcohol Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Miller WL. Disorders in the initial steps of steroid hormone synthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:18-37. [PMID: 26960203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis begins with cellular internalization of low-density lipoprotein particles and subsequent intracellular processing of cholesterol. Disorders in these steps include Adrenoleukodystrophy, Wolman Disease and its milder variant Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease, and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease, all of which may present with adrenal insufficiency. The means by which cholesterol is directed to steroidogenic mitochondria remains incompletely understood. Once cholesterol reaches the outer mitochondrial membrane, its delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Severe StAR mutations cause classic congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, characterized by lipid accumulation in the adrenal, adrenal insufficiency, and disordered sexual development in 46,XY individuals. The lipoid CAH phenotype, including spontaneous puberty in 46,XX females, is explained by a two-hit model. StAR mutations that retain partial function cause a milder, non-classic disease characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency, with lesser disorders of mineralocorticoid and sex steroid synthesis. Once inside the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, encoded by the CYP11A1 gene. Rare patients with mutations of P450scc are clinically and hormonally indistinguishable from those with lipoid CAH, and may also present as milder non-classic disease. Patients with P450scc defects do not have the massive adrenal hyperplasia that characterizes lipoid CAH, but adrenal imaging may occasionally fail to distinguish these, necessitating DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, United States.
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