1
|
Sescleifer AM, Onufer EJ, Greenspon J, Keller MS. A Decade of Firearm Injuries: Children Caught in the Crossfire. J Surg Res 2024; 301:259-268. [PMID: 38972263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Firearm injuries (FIs) are the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. In this study, we aim to define evolving trends and avenues for prevention. METHODS Following institutional review board approval, medical records of patients presenting to our two State-Designated Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Centers for treatment of FIs from 2010 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Data was analyzed with Chi-Squared and Student's t-test; P-value <0.05 was significant. RESULTS 1037 FI encounters from 1005 unique patients aged 0-21 y were included. 70.4% (n = 730) were determined to be assaults, 26.1% (n = 271) unintentional, and 1.7% (n = 18) self-inflicted injuries. Overall mortality was 4.5% (n = 45). FI victims were most commonly African American (n = 836, 80.6%), male (n = 869, 83.8%), aged 13-17 (n = 753, 72.6%), and from single-parent families (n = 647, 62.4%). The incidence of FIs increased significantly over the last 5 y of the study (2010-2014, 6.8 FIs/month), compared to 2015-2019 (averaging 10.6 FIs/month, P < 0.0001). Concurrently, FI related fatality increased from an average of 2.6 deaths/year (2010-2014) to 6.4 deaths/year (2015-2019, P = 0.064). Results were subanalyzed for pediatric patients aged 0-14 y. For the entire cohort, 12.1% (n = 116) recidivists were identified. Geographic patterns of injury were identified, with 75% of all FIs clustered in a single urban region. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of pediatric FIs is increasing in recent years, with high mortality rates. Violence and recidivism are geographically concentrated, offering an opportunity for targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Sescleifer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jose Greenspon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Martin S Keller
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kemal S, Jones-Robinson L, Rak K, Otoo C, Barrera L, Sheehan K. Exploring Firearm Access, Carriage, and Possession among Justice-Involved Youth. J Community Health 2024:10.1007/s10900-024-01356-3. [PMID: 38581624 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-024-01356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Firearm carriage and possession predicts youth firearm violence victimization and perpetration. This study describes self-reported factors associated with firearm access, carriage, and possession among justice-involved youth. We conducted an exploratory, mixed-methods study. Participants were recruited from May 2022 to February 2023 from the Juvenile Justice Collaborative, a diversion program for justice-involved youth. We used online anonymous surveys to investigate exposures related to firearm access, carriage, and possession. We performed semi-structured interviews using the phenomenology framework. We used descriptive statistics to examine firearm exposures by participant demographics. We performed qualitative analyses using an iterative approach with constant comparison to identify key themes. We completed 28 surveys and 5 interviews. Most survey participants identified as male (57%) and Black (61%) with a median age of 18 years. Interview participants described the socialization and cultural normalization of firearms, most prominently among peers. Survey participants reported whether they had ever carried (25%) or possessed (21%) a firearm. Survey and interview participants endorsed protection in the context of increasing violence exposure over time as the primary motivation for firearm possession. Interview participants describe accessing firearms primarily through social networks while survey participants also reported access from strangers (25%) and licensed sellers/gun dealers (18%). In conclusion, justice-involved youth believe firearm carriage and possession may be needed for protection due to increasing violence exposure. Further investigation is necessary to determine interventions that may decrease firearm access, carriage, and possession among justice-involved youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaa Kemal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 62, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
| | - Lauren Jones-Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kevin Rak
- Patrick M. Magoon Institute for Healthy Communitiese, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Cassandra Otoo
- Patrick M. Magoon Institute for Healthy Communitiese, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Leonardo Barrera
- Mary Ann and J. Milburn Smith Child Health Outcomes, Research, and Evaluation Center, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Karen Sheehan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 62, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Patrick M. Magoon Institute for Healthy Communitiese, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu B, Li Y, Li Y, Xie J, Ding H, Wang J, Su P, Wang G. Association Between Child Maltreatment and Aggression in Chinese Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Irritability. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:393-413. [PMID: 37698135 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is a major global public health issue, and a strong association exists between CM and aggression. However, the underlying mechanism of this association has not been understood to date. The objective of this study was to explore the mediating role of irritability in the association between CM and aggression in Chinese early adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-report questionnaire to evaluate the levels of CM, aggression, and irritability in 5,724 middle school students from the Anhui Province, China. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis of the mediating effect of irritability on the relationship between CM and aggression. We further investigated gender differences in this association using multiple group analyses. CM was positively related to both irritability and aggression, and irritability was positively associated with aggression (p < .01). The mediating effects of irritability between CM and aggression were significant (β = .107, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.077-0.133, p < .05). Males had a higher indirect effect size of the pathway from CM to aggression via irritability compared with females. Overall, irritability was a crucial mediator in the relationship between CM and aggression in Chinese adolescents, and males were more prone to engage in aggression compared with females through the pathway of irritability. Therefore, early irritability characteristics should be carefully monitored in adolescents, and they should be provided adequate support to acquire critical emotion regulation skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinyu Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bartlett S, Bataineh J, Thompson W, Pickett W. Correlations between weight perception and overt risk-taking among Canadian adolescents. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2023; 114:1019-1028. [PMID: 37351841 PMCID: PMC10661590 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perceptions of body weight represent an important health issue for Canadian adolescents. While associations between weight perception and mental health concerns like eating disorder symptomatology are well established, there is need for more Canadian evidence about how weight perception is associated with overt risk-taking among adolescents, and further how such associations differ by biological sex. METHODS We conducted a national analysis of grade 9-10 students participating in the 2017-2018 cycle of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Canada. This analysis described contemporary patterns of alternate weight perception and then examined the strength and statistical significance of such associations by biological sex, with tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use, binge drinking, fighting, and illicit drug use as outcomes. Behaviours were considered both individually and in combination. Analyses were descriptive and analytical, with regression models accounting for the nested and clustered nature of the sampling approach. RESULTS Responses from 2135 males and 2519 females were available for a complete case series analysis. A total of 26% and 35% of males and females, respectively, perceived themselves as "too fat" while 20% and 9% identified as "too thin". Females perceiving themselves as "too fat" reported higher likelihoods of engaging in individual and scaled indicators of overt risk-taking. Conversely, among males, alternate weight perception was associated with lower levels of such behaviours. CONCLUSION As males and females perceive and react to weight perception differently, clinical and health promotion strategies should be developed and uniquely targeted to groups of adolescents in regards to weight perception and risk-taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Bartlett
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
| | - Jana Bataineh
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Thompson
- Centre for Surveillance of Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lowry R, Parker EM, Ratto JD, Krause K, Hertz MF. Associations Between Exposure to School Violence and Weapon Carrying at School. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:347-355. [PMID: 36918132 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among U.S. high-school students, interpersonal violence and victimizations often occur on school property. The presence of a weapon can increase the potential for injury and death resulting from interpersonal conflict. This study examines the associations between exposure to school violence and weapon carrying on school property among U.S. high-school students. METHODS Data from the 2017 and 2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys were combined (N=28,442) and analyzed in 2022. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate sex-stratified, adjusted (for race/ethnicity, grade, sexual identity, current substance use, suicidal thoughts, and history of concussion) prevalence ratios. Prevalence ratios were considered statistically significant if 95% CIs did not include 1.0. RESULTS Male students (4.7%) were more likely than female students (1.8%) to report carrying a weapon at school during the 30 days preceding the survey. Weapon carrying at school was more prevalent among students who were threatened or injured with a weapon at school (male students, adjusted prevalence ratio=3.45; female students, adjusted prevalence ratio=3.90), among students who were involved in a physical fight at school (male students, adjusted prevalence ratio=3.44; female students, adjusted prevalence ratio=3.72), among students who missed school because they did not feel safe (male students, adjusted prevalence ratio=1.98; female students, adjusted prevalence ratio=2.97), and among male students who were bullied at school (adjusted prevalence ratio=1.72) than among students who did not experience school violence. CONCLUSIONS Increased emphasis on safe and supportive school environments, where all types of interpersonal violence are less likely to occur, and increased access to programs and services to promote mental health, prevent violence, and deter weapon use are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lowry
- Office of the Director, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Elizabeth M Parker
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey D Ratto
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen Krause
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marci F Hertz
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krauss A, Edwards ER, Ruiz D, Epshteyn G, Coolidge B, Goodman M. Understanding changes in aggression among U.S. army soldiers: The role of trauma exposure during deployment. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:202-208. [PMID: 37356353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is one of the leading concerns reported by United States service members and veterans. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have emerged as key drivers of aggression. Research to date, however, has largely overlooked the effect of aggression on increasing risk of trauma exposure and subsequent PTSD. The current study addresses this gap by examining whether (a) pre-deployment aggression predicts trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD, (b) trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD predict post-deployment aggression, and (c) trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD symptoms explain changes in aggressive behavior from pre-to post-deployment. Data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS) on nationally representative sample of 8558 Active-duty Army soldiers were analyzed. Results revealed positive correlations between pre-deployment aggression (assessed via items from the Joint Mental Health Advisory Team 7), trauma exposure on deployment (assessed via items from the Deployment Stress Scale), post-deployment PTSD symptoms (assessed via items from the civilian PTSD Checklist and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), and post-deployment aggression. Further, pre-deployment aggression predicted trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD; trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD predicted post-deployment aggression; and changes in aggression from pre-to post-deployment were partially mediated by trauma exposure on deployment and post-deployment PTSD symptoms. Collectively, these findings highlight the utility of identifying and addressing pre-deployment aggression in mitigating trauma exposure and later psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Krauss
- VA VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Emily R Edwards
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education And Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Danny Ruiz
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education And Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella Epshteyn
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education And Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Brettland Coolidge
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education And Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Marianne Goodman
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education And Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ganson KT, Testa A, Rodgers RF, Jackson DB, Nagata JM. Muscle-Building Exercise and Weapon Carrying and Physical Fighting Among U.S. Adolescent Boys. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2566-2584. [PMID: 35546543 PMCID: PMC9850380 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the association between engagement in muscle-building exercise and weapon carrying and physical fighting among adolescent boys. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (U.S.) were analyzed (N = 4120). Muscle-building exercise was assessed based on the number of days reported in the past 7 days, recategorized into four levels of engagement (no engagement [0 days], low engagement [1-2 days], moderate engagement [3-5 days], and high engagement [6-7 days]). Three forms of weapon carrying (general, on school grounds, gun carrying) and two forms of physical fighting (general, on school grounds) were assessed. Five logistic regression analyses with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine the association between engagement in muscle-building exercise and weapon carrying and physical fighting, while adjusting for relevant demographic and control variables. Over 75% of participants reported engaging in muscle-building exercise. One in five (19.8%) participants reported any general weapon carrying in the past 30 days, 3.3% reported any weapon carrying at school in the past 30 days, 6.5% reported any gun carrying in the past 12 months, 28.0% reported any general physical fighting in the past 12 months, and 10.7% reported any physical fighting at school in the past 12 months. Logistic regressions showed that, compared to no engagement, participants who reported high engagement of muscle-building exercise had higher odds of general weapon carrying (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.54-3.07), gun carrying (AOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.23-3.64), and general physical fighting (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.53-2.79). These are novel findings that add to a growing literature related to engagement in muscularity-oriented behaviors among males. Prevention and intervention efforts are needed to ensure that adolescent boys engage in muscle-building exercise in ways that are not harmful and to reduce weapon carrying and physical fighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Testa
- University of Texas Health Science Center at
Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- Northeastern
University, Boston, MA, USA
- Lapeyronie
Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cimino S, Cerniglia L. Psychological profiles, including emotion regulation characteristics, defence strategies and mentalisation capacity, of male adolescents involved in fights among peers. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e24. [PMID: 36700252 PMCID: PMC9885328 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth violence has become a worrying public health issue worldwide. In Europe and the USA, research has shown a prevalence of this phenomenon ranging from 30 to 70% in boys. AIMS This descriptive study aimed to evaluate psychological profiles of male adolescents involved in fights with their peers. METHOD Identity consolidation was evaluated with the Self-Concept and Identity Measure; defence strategies were assessed by the Response Evaluation Measure for Youth; emotion regulation was assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and mentalisation capacity was evaluated by the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. RESULTS Through a series of multivariate analyses of variance, our results showed that adolescents reporting four or more fights in the past year, when compared with peers reporting none or fewer than four fights, displayed lower identity consolidation, greater use of immature defence strategies, poorer emotion regulation processes and poorer mentalisation capacity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study could be useful for the promotion of prevention and intervention programmes to stem fights among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cimino
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University UniNettuno, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Understanding factors associated with firearm possession: Examining differences between male and female adolescents and emerging adults seeking emergency department care. Prev Med 2022; 165:107286. [PMID: 36202257 PMCID: PMC10368177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Firearm possession increases the likelihood of hospital visits among adolescents and emerging adults for both males and females. To better inform prevention practices, we examine data among adolescents and emerging adults (A/EAs; ages 16 to 29) presenting to an urban emergency department for any reason to understand the differences in firearm possession between males and females (N = 1312; 29.6% male; 50.5% Black). Regression identified firearm possession correlates, such as male sex (AOR = 2.26), firearm attitudes (AOR = 1.23), peer firearm possession (AOR = 9.84), and community violence exposure (AOR = 1.02). When stratified by sex (e.g., male vs female), regression results yielded differences in correlates for firearm possession: in males, peer firearm possession (AOR = 8.96) were significant, and in females, firearm attitudes (AOR = 1.33) and peer firearm possession (AOR = 11.24) were significant. An interaction between sex and firearm attitudes demonstrated that firearm attitudes were differentially associated with firearm possession between female and male A/EAs (AOR = 1.28). Overall, we found that females are more likely to endorse retaliatory firearm attitudes, and both males and females are highly influenced by their perception of peer firearm possession. These results help inform prevention strategies across multiple settings, especially for hospital-based violence interventions, and suggest that tailored approaches addressing differences between male and female A/EAs are appropriate when addressing firearm violence and injury risk among A/EAs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chavez L, Kivisto AJ, Gray SL, Thomas KJ. Youth gun carrying and household firearm ownership in 22 US states. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3640-3658. [PMID: 35415916 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Youth gun carrying is associated with a range of adverse outcomes, including increased risks for homicide, suicide, school disciplinary problems, and criminal legal involvement. In this study we examined the association between state-level household firearm ownership rates and the odds of past-year gun carrying among high-school-aged youth. Using survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models, results showed that each 1% point increase in state-level gun ownership was associated with a 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.1%, 4.2%], p = 0.001) increased odds of youth gun carrying, controlling for histories of school-based victimization, physical fighting, and substance use. Among a subset of weapon-carrying youth, state-level firearm availability was a significant factor in determining whether the weapon carried was a gun or a less lethal (i.e., nonfirearm) weapon (odds ratio = 1.021, 95% CI = [1.005, 1.038], p = 0.01). These findings show that firearm availability confers additional risk for youth gun carrying beyond the psychosocial risks emphasized in prior research and efforts to restrict youth access to firearms might be particularly important, especially in communities with high levels of household gun ownership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Chavez
- Graduate Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aaron J Kivisto
- Graduate Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samantha L Gray
- Graduate Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kendra J Thomas
- Graduate Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Teasdale B, Bradley MS. Weapon Carrying and Weapon Brandishing at School: Responses to Strain Among Same-Sex Attracted Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6112-NP6134. [PMID: 33047668 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520966666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies consistently find lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning youth are more likely than other youth to experience discrimination, fear for their safety, and be victimized at school. We argue that same-sex attracted youth may be more likely to both carry weapons and to brandish those weapons as coping mechanisms in response to the strain of real or perceived mistreatment school. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Wave 1, 1994-1995), we examine the relationships between same-sex attraction, fear, victimization, weapon carrying, and weapon brandishing at school. We find that same-sex attracted youth are significantly more likely than other youth to carry a weapon to school, and to brandish the weapon in front of peers. Consistent with general strain explanations, victimization, discrimination, and fear mediate the association between sexual minority status and both outcomes. We discuss the implications of these patterns for primary prevention interventions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sokol RL, Kumodzi T, Cunningham RM, Resnicow K, Steiger M, Walton M, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM. The association between perceived community violence, police bias, race, and firearm carriage among urban adolescents and young adults. Prev Med 2022; 154:106897. [PMID: 34863814 PMCID: PMC8724395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Firearms are a leading cause of death among youth and young adults. Given community violence is an important correlate of youth firearm carriage, we evaluated: 1) If the association between perceived community violence and firearm carriage is stronger when perceived police bias is greater; and 2) If this moderated association differs by race. Cross-sectional data came from screening data for a longitudinal study of firearm behaviors among young adults seeking urban emergency department treatment between July 2017-June 2018 (N = 1264). We estimated Poisson regressions with robust error variance to evaluate associations between perceived community violence, police bias, race, and firearm carriage. Community violence was positively associated with firearm carriage (average marginal effect [AME]: 0.05; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.03, 0.07). We also found that the positive association between community violence and firearm carriage increased with higher perceptions of police bias (interaction p < 0.05). We did not find evidence of a three-way interaction by which the moderated association between violence exposure and firearm carriage by perceived police bias varied by race of the respondents. Our findings suggest that community-level strategies to reduce violence and police bias may be beneficial to decrease youth firearm carriage in socio-economically disadvantaged urban settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America.
| | - Trina Kumodzi
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Steiger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Maureen Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Institute for Firearm Injury, University of Michigan, 503 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beardslee J, Kan E, Simmons C, Pardini D, Peniche M, Frick PJ, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1952-1969. [PMID: 34272654 PMCID: PMC8417009 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men's lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA.
| | - Emily Kan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
| | | | - Dustin Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Monica Peniche
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Institute for Learning Sciences & Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kimber M, Ferdossifard A. Children's exposure to trafficking, sexual exploitation and community-based violence in Canada: A narrative summary and policy perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 119:104790. [PMID: 33139070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the formidable health burdens associated with children's exposure to community-based violence (CBV) and trafficking and exploitation (TE), continued investments in determining their epidemiology constitute an important focus for Canada. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to provide a narrative summary and policy perspective concerning the quantitative studies reporting on the risk and protective factors and prevalence of children's (<18 years) exposure to CBV and TE in Canada. METHODS To identify literature, we searched eight electronic databases. English and French citations from database inception to December 2018 were included; this was supplemented with citation chaining for peer-reviewed publications and grey literature up to December 2019. Evidence is synthesized via a narrative summary. RESULTS There are few studies that have investigated children's exposure to TE and CBV in Canada. Self-reported exposure to these forms of violence varies according to the type investigated, with estimates ranging from 2 % - to - 23 % and 5 % - to - 53 % for TE and CBV, respectively. Literature focused on risk and protective factors for these forms of victimization are also limited. CONCLUSIONS Canada has the infrastructure in place to make significant gains in their data collection and monitoring of children's exposure to TE and CBV via five national-level studies. To help realize the goal of ending all forms of violence against children by 2030, incorporation of reliable measures of these forms of exposure in new and ongoing national-level data collection systems is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kimber
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Ayda Ferdossifard
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baiden P, Jahan N, Onyeaka HK, Thrasher S, Tadeo S, Findley E. Age at first alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100820. [PMID: 34141851 PMCID: PMC8187826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have investigated the association between alcohol use and violent behaviors such as weapon carrying, few studies have examined the association between age at first alcohol use and weapon-carrying among adolescents. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between age at first alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents. METHODS Data for this study came from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 13,442 adolescents aged 14-18 years old (51% female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated in this study was weapon carrying during the past 30 days, and the main explanatory variable investigated was age at first alcohol use. RESULTS Of the 13,442 adolescents, 13.5% carried a weapon during the past 30 days, and 15.4% reported having their first alcoholic drink before age 13. In the multivariable logistic regression, adolescents who reported having alcohol before age 13 had more than double the odds of carrying a weapon when compared to those who never had alcohol before age 13 (AOR = 2.32, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.87-2.89). Other significant factors associated with weapon carrying include male gender, victim of bullying, teen dating violence, sexual violence, suicidal ideation, and history of substance use. Adolescents who self-identified as Black/African American or Hispanic were significantly less likely to carry a weapon when compared to adolescents who self-identified as non-Hispanic White. CONCLUSION The findings of this study underscore the importance of developing age appropriate intervention strategies to curb early initiation of alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr., Box 19528, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Henry K. Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shawndaya Thrasher
- University of Kentucky, College of Social Work, 619 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Savarra Tadeo
- Florida State University, College of Social Work, 296 Champions Way, University Center, Building C-Suite 2500, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Erin Findley
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Aguiar Greca JP, Korff T, Ryan J. Associations Between Children's Physical Activity, Pain and Injuries. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1959-1974. [PMID: 34187240 PMCID: PMC8414821 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211028455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationships between physical
activity (PA), pain, and injury among children. Secondarily, we examined whether
these relationships differed between children with normal versus excessive
weight or obesity. This was a cross-sectional study of 102 children (57 girls)
aged 8–12 years old. We assessed the prevalence of moderate and vigorous PA
using accelerometry over a seven-day period. We examined the associations
between moderate PA, vigorous PA, pain presence, and injury presence using
generalized estimating equations with a logit link and binomial distribution. We
adjusted the obtained models for potential confounders and explored the
moderating effect of weight status. We found no association between moderate PA
and pain, but time spent in vigorous PA was associated with pain. Neither
moderate or vigorous PA were associated with injury, and there was no moderating
effect of weight status in these relationships. In summary, we found that
objectively measured vigorous PA is associated with pain among 8–12 year old
children. While these results should be replicated in longitudinal studies, they
suggest that an association between vigorous PA and pain should be considered
when developing PA interventions for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo de Aguiar Greca
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Ryan
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK.,Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carter PM, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Addressing Key Gaps in Existing Longitudinal Research and Establishing a Pathway Forward for Firearm Violence Prevention Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2021; 50:367-384. [PMID: 34086512 PMCID: PMC8186821 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1913741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this article and this special section is to encourage greater attention to the key gaps that exist in our understanding of the epidemiology of adolescent firearm violence and to provide a pathway forward for future longitudinal research that will inform prevention efforts. This increased attention is especially salient given: (a) firearms are the leading cause of death for adolescents and emerging adults in the United States, with the majority of these deaths due to interpersonal violence; (b) significant health and social disparities with regards to the populations that are most affected by interpersonal firearm violence have been documented; and, (c) limitations in federal research funding during the past 30 years have created a deficit of knowledge about key risk and protective factors necessary to inform evidence-based prevention efforts. We discuss the implications of the articles in this special edition for existing and novel prevention programs. We also identify key considerations for future epidemiological research, including the need for a greater focus on collecting longitudinal data among nationally representative samples enriched with subgroups of at-risk youth, the need to examine the role of protective factors and mediating variables within existing and novel theoretical models of firearm risk behaviors, the need to examine key factors across all levels of the socio-ecological model, and the need to incorporate novel and innovative research designs, methods and analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Michaelson V, Donnelly P, Morrow W, King N, Craig W, Pickett W. Violence, Adolescence, and Canadian Religious Communities: A Quantitative Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:3613-3637. [PMID: 29806563 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518775160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to violence is recognized as a major health concern among adolescent populations. The evidence base that links religious involvement with risks for child violence is inconsistent. In a national analysis involving a weighted sample of 24,307 young people, we studied the perpetration of violence (fighting and bullying), as well as victimization by violence (bullying only), among young people who were affiliated with religious groups. One in four young Canadians reported involvement in such groups. Study findings confirmed some unique patterns among this group. First, these religiously involved children reported the same or greater levels of perpetration of violence than other children. Second, religiously involved children reported the same or greater levels of experiencing victimization from violence. Third, religious involvement appeared to protect against engagement in certain overt risk-taking behaviors, but not violence. These patterns were consistent even after adjustment for family, community, socioeconomic, and school-related determinants. If religious communities are to fulfill mandates that foster the protection and nurturing of children into healthy relationships, violence is best addressed using evidence-based strategies. Development of such effective preventive strategies requires the incorporation of contemporary evidence about the distribution, determinants, and possible effects of violence in such groups. Findings from our study suggest that a silence around the issue of violence may in fact be true in the context of some Canadian religious communities. Yet, if these communities make an intentional commitment to protecting children from violence and promoting healthy relationships, and are willing to learn from evidence-based practices that have shown to protect children from participating in and experiencing violent and victim behaviors, perhaps these disturbing trends could be reversed. This message is germane for all levels of leadership in Canadian religious communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathan King
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Craig
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, Bahreynian M. Association between nutritional intake and aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the association of nutritional intake and aggression among a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted on a multi-stage sample of 14880 students, aged 6–18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report the dietary intake of their children as frequency of food groups and/or items. The validated questionnaire of the World Health Organization-Global School-based Health Survey (WHO-GSHS) was used to measure components related to aggression including physical fight, verbal aggression, and being bullied by other students. RESULTS: Participants consisted of 13486 students (90.6% participation rate) with mean age of 12.47 years (95% CI: 12.40, 12.54); 49.2% were girls, and 75.6% lived in urban areas. Physical fighting was more prevalent among urban boys[(48.63%), CI (46.75, 50.5)] while bulling was the most common aggressive behavior among boys [(29.7%), CI (28.03, 31.42)] and girls [(25.26%), CI (23.66, 26.93)] living in urban areas. Daily consumption of fast foods, sweets, soda, salty snacks and fried foods was higher among those participants who reported frequent experience of physical aggression and bullying. Bullying to others increased significantly with consumption of fast food (Odds ratio: 1.43, CI: 1.07, 1.92) and red meat (Odds ratio: 1.14, CI: 1.02, 1.28). Salty snack consumption showed a significant association with physical fighting (Odds ratio: 1.29, CI: 1.15, 1.44). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that some unhealthy foods might affect the mental health of children and adolescents. Improving dietary habits should be considered for prevention of violence in the vulnerable pediatric age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Epidemiology, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Heshmat
- Department of Epidemiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lim ZW, Wang ID, Liu FC, Chung CH, Hu JM, Tsai PY, Chien WC. Non-apnea sleep disorder and its risk for all kinds of injuries: A 14-year follow-up for a nationwide population-based retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24766. [PMID: 33663092 PMCID: PMC7909222 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-apnea sleep disorder (NASD) increases the risk of motor vehicle accidents. However, systemic review of NASD and its risk for all causes of injury is lacking. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed demographic data on NASD and all causes of injury in a 14-year follow up.Our study utilized outpatient and inpatient data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between 2000 and 2013 in Taiwan. We enrolled 989,753 individuals aged ≥20 years who were diagnosed with NASD as outpatients ≥3 times or inpatients ≥1 time. We matched the study cohort with a comparison cohort by age, index date and comorbidities at a ratio of 1:4. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the association of NASD and the cause of injury.In this 14-year follow up study, patients with NASD had 12.96% increased risk of injury compared to that of the control cohort. Fall was the first place of the cause of injury with 670.26 per 105 PYs. In the stratified age group, patients aged ≧65 years had the highest risk of injury (adjusted HR= 1.381; P < .001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the incidence of injury between the with- and without-NASD cohorts started from the first year and persisted until the end of the follow-up.Our study demonstrates that NASD patients were associated with higher risk of all causes of injuries, with falling being the most prevalent diagnosis. The general public should be more aware of this neglected issue of NASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wei Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua
| | - I-Duo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital
| | - Feng-Cheng Liu
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Romeiro JS, Corrêa MM, Pazó R, Leite FMC, Cade NV. Physical violence and associated factors in participants of the National Student Health Survey (NSHS). CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:611-624. [PMID: 33605338 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021262.04552020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article was to analyze the association between physical violence in students with socioeconomic factors, family context, mental health, individual risky behaviors, and unsafe environment. Study with data from the National School Health Survey (NSHS) in 2015, with 9th graders. The outcome variable was the report of involvement in a physical struggle and the associated exposure variables used were related to socioeconomic and demographic conditions, family supervision and support, mental health, risky behaviors, and unsafe environment. Multivariate logistic regression with a hierarchical approach was used in the analyzes. The prevalence of involvement in a fight was higher in boys (30.2%; CI 29.3-31.0) than in girls (16.7%; CI 16.0-17.4). In both genders, there was a greater chance of involvement with physical violence when using drugs, missing classes, sedentary lifestyle, insomnia, loneliness and insecurity at school or in the community and, especially, when victimized by family aggression, OR 2.59 (CI 2.31-2.90) in boys and girls OR 2.42 (CI 2.17-2.71). There was a reduction in the chance of involvement in physical violence in boys because they were working and, in girls, when they study in a private school, having their problems and concerns welcomed by their parents or their participation in school activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Souza Romeiro
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Bonfim. 29047-105 Vitória ES Brasil.
| | - Márcia Mara Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, UFES. Vitória ES Brasil
| | | | | | - Nágela Valadão Cade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Enfermagem, UFES. Vitória ES Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Medically Attended Injuries among Slovak Adolescents: Relationships with Socio-Economic Factors, Physical Fighting, and Physical Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186721. [PMID: 32942714 PMCID: PMC7559827 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a worrisome increase in the reporting of medically attended injuries in Slovak adolescents. The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between socio-economic factors, physical fighting, and physical activity with frequency of medically attended injuries among this population group. Data from 8902 adolescents participating in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study were used (mean age 13.37; 50.9% boys). The effects of family affluence, registered unemployment rate, average nominal monthly earnings of employees, physical fighting, and physical activity on frequency of medically attended injury were explored using linear regression analysis. Pearson's correlation was used to describe the associations between all selected variables. The selected model of linear regression explained 15.8% of the variance in the frequency of medically attended injuries. All variables except the registered unemployment rate showed linear positive relationships with medically attended injuries. The correlation analysis confirmed linear positive associations between medically attended injuries and physical fighting, family affluence, physical activity, and average nominal monthly earnings of employees. Further research on these variables is needed in the Slovak context. This may include analyses of the nature of the relationships between socio-economic factors and medically attended injuries, as well as systematic evaluation of applied physical fighting and physical-activity-related injury interventions to support evidence-based policy making.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sokol RL, Carter PM, Goldstick J, Miller AL, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Within-Person Variability in Firearm Carriage Among High-Risk Youth. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:386-393. [PMID: 32430221 PMCID: PMC7483893 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sweeten G, Fine AD. Dynamic Risk Factors for Handgun Carrying: Are There Developmental or Sex Differences? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 50:311-325. [PMID: 32780590 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1796679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study examines the effects of dynamic risk factors on handgun carrying from adolescence into young adulthood.Method: A nationally representative sample of 8,679 individuals (ages 12-26; 51.1% male; 58% White, 26.8% African American; 21.2% Hispanic ethnicity) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997 cohort) interviewed at least three times across nine annual waves is used to estimate effects on handgun carrying. Key predictors include gang membership, selling and using drugs, violent crime, and arrest. Using mixed effects models, we focus on within-individual effects across three timeframes from ages 12 to 26: 1) predictors and handgun carrying measured concurrently, 2) predictors measured across one year and handgun carrying measured in the final month of the same year, and 3) predictors measured in the wave before handgun carrying. We also contrast estimates by sex and age.Results: All theoretically relevant predictors statistically significantly predict handgun carrying across the first two timeframes. However, none are statistically significant predictors of handgun carrying in the following year. Few significant sex and age differences emerge.Conclusions: Handgun carrying is an ephemeral behavior particularly during adolescence. The predictors of handgun carrying, which are grounded in gangs, drug use/sale, and crime involvement, appear to have short-term impacts that are consistent across age as well as across sex. Consequently, future work should focus on shorter-term changes in models and there is no evidence that intervention efforts must take fundamentally different approaches to reduce handgun use among males versus females or adolescents versus adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Sweeten
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
| | - Adam D Fine
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Gender and Sexual Orientation Bullying Victimization are Associated with Gun Carrying Among Adolescent Boys. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2020; 38:631-640. [PMID: 32836723 PMCID: PMC7402073 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-020-00689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gun carrying and bullying victimization are associated among adolescent boys, however the type of the bullying remains relatively unknown. This study aimed to identify whether experiencing bullying victimization based on gender and sexual orientation is associated with carrying a gun to school among adolescent boys. A cross-sectional analysis among a representative sample of high school boys (n = 3672) from the 2015 Maine Integrated Youth Health Survey was conducted. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using logistic regression analyses while controlling for grade level, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, suicidal ideation, alcohol and marijuana use, and gun access. Among the sample, 3.3% reported carrying a gun to school at least one time in the previous 12-months, 9.5% reported experiencing gender-based bullying victimization, and 7% reported experiencing sexual orientation-based bullying victimization. Regression analyses indicated that adolescent boys who experienced gender-based bullying victimization (OR 3.40, 95% CI 1.64, 5.62, p < .001) or sexual orientation-based bullying victimization (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.91, 6.67, p < .001) had greater odds of reporting they carried a gun to school while controlling for grade level, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, suicidal ideation, alcohol and marijuana use, and gun access. These results expand upon previous gun carrying and bullying research by identifying the specific type of the bullying experienced and have important implications for social workers and school personnel. Importantly, these results emphasize the need to address two of the Grand Challenges for Social Work: building healthy relationships to end violence and ensuring the healthy development for all youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Davis LE, Abio A, Wilson ML, Shaikh MA. Extent, patterns and demographic correlates for physical fighting among school-attending adolescents in Namibia: examination of the 2013 Global School-based Health Survey. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9075. [PMID: 32435537 PMCID: PMC7227638 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical fighting is particularly detrimental for young people, often affecting other areas of their developing lives, such as relationships with friends and family and participating in risky behaviors. We aim to quantify the amount of problematic physical fighting in Namibian adolescents and identify modifiable risk factors for intervention. Methods We used the Namibia 2013 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). This survey collects health-related information on school-attending adolescents in grades 7 to 12. We defined physical fighting as having participated in at least two physical fights in the 12 months prior to responding to the survey. Factors that may be associated with physical fighting were identified a prior based on the literature and included age, sex, anxiety, suicide planning, truancy, physical activity, bullying victimization, presence of supportive parental figures, presence of helpful peers, extent of social network, and food insecurity. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to identify factors associated with physical fighting. Results A total of 4,510 adolescents were included in the study. A total of 52.7% female. 16.9% of adolescents reported engaging in at least two physical fights in the previous year. Factors associated with an increased odds of physical fighting included having a suicide plan, anxiety, truancy, food deprivation and being bullied. Increased age and loneliness were associated with a decreased odds of physical fighting. Conclusion This study identifies problematic physical fighting among adolescents in Namibia. We recommend public health and school-based programming that simultaneously targets risk behaviours and conflict resolution to reduce rates of physical fighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Davis
- Center for Injury Prevention and Community Safety, Peercorps Trust Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Center, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Center, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masood Ali Shaikh
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Center, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Omer M, Shaikh MA, Stiller M, Lowery Wilson M. Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in El Salvador: An Examination of the 2013 Global School-Based Health Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1248. [PMID: 32075210 PMCID: PMC7068388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Violence among school-attending adolescents is an important public health problem worldwide. The present study examined demographic correlates for physical fighting behavior among a nationally representative sample of school-attending adolescents in El Salvador. Methods: Initial cross-tabulations to screen for correlations was then followed by logistic regression to understand the direction and the strength of selected demographic variables for physical fighting behavior, which occurred within a 12 month period of recall. Results: Out of a sample of 1910 school-attending adolescents in El Salvador, 11.5% reported having been involved in two or more physical fights during the recall period. Regression analyses indicated that being male (OR = 3.55; 95% CI = 2.11-6.00); having experienced bullying (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.44-3.24); physical activity (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.46-0.80); a sedentary lifestyle (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.05-2.27), suicide planning (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.46-3.56), and having non-understanding parents (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.06-1.98) were significantly associated with physical fighting among the sampled adolescents. Conclusion: Within the limitations of cross-sectional surveys conducted in school settings, the results of the present study suggest that giving attention to preventing bullying behavior among males and involving parents should be components of a multi-pronged strategy to preventing physical fighting in schools in El Salvador.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Omer
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Unit, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Masood Ali Shaikh
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mariella Stiller
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Unit, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Unit, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.O.); (M.S.)
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP) Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Meldrum RC, Jackson DB, Zgoba K, Testa A. Sleep duration, handgun carrying, and taking a handgun to school: an analysis of a statewide sample of Florida youth. Sleep Health 2020; 6:153-158. [PMID: 31948823 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether sleep duration is associated with adolescent handgun carrying behaviors. DESIGN The Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (FYSAS) is a cross-sectional study of adolescents. SETTING The state of Florida. PARTICIPANTS Middle school and high school students (n = 42,182) attending public schools in 2018. METHODS Dichotomous measures of general handgun carrying and taking a handgun to school within the past 12 months were modeled as dependent variables. Self-reports of hours slept on an average school night were used to construct multiple indicators of sleep duration (ordinal, dichotomous, and hourly dummy variable series) to predict general handgun carrying and taking a handgun to school in logistic regression models when accounting for several covariates. RESULTS Adjusting for model covariates, youth who reported sleeping four or fewer hours at night had 40% greater odds of general handgun carrying than youth who reported sleeping eight or more hours. Likewise, youth who reported sleeping four or fewer hours at night had 85% greater odds of taking a handgun to school than youth who reported sleeping eight or more hours. Youth who reported sleeping five, six, or seven hours were no more likely to report handgun-carrying behaviors than youth who reported sleeping eight or more hours. CONCLUSIONS Among youth in Florida, severe deficits in sleep are associated with general handgun carrying as well as taking a handgun to school. More modest sleep deficits are not associated with these behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Charles Meldrum
- Florida International University, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11200 SW 8th Street, PCA-364B, Miami, FL 33199.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, 501 W. Cesar Chavez Blvd., San Antonio, TX 78207
| | - Kristen Zgoba
- Florida International University, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11200 SW 8th Street, PCA-257, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, 501 W. Cesar Chavez Blvd., San Antonio, TX 78207
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dong B, Morrison CN, Branas CC, Richmond TS, Wiebe DJ. As Violence Unfolds: A Space-Time Study of Situational Triggers of Violent Victimization among Urban Youth. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 36:119-152. [PMID: 32863562 PMCID: PMC7453844 DOI: 10.1007/s10940-019-09419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study clarifies three important issues regarding situational or opportunity theories of victimization: 1) whether engaging in risk activities triggers violent assault during specific, often fleeting moments, 2) how environmental settings along individuals' daily paths affect their risk of violent assault, and 3) whether situational triggers have differential effects on violent assault during the day versus night. METHODS Using an innovative GIS-assisted interview technique, 298 young male violent assault victims in Philadelphia, PA described their activity paths over the course of the day of being assaulted. Case-crossover analyses compared each subject's exposure status at the time of assault with his own statuses earlier in the day (stratified by daytime and nighttime). RESULTS Being at an outdoor/public space, conducting unstructured activities, and absence of guardians increase the likelihood of violent victimization at a fine spatial-temporal scale at both daytime and nighttime. Yet, the presence of friends and environmental characteristics have differential effects on violent victimization at daytime versus nighttime. Moreover, individual risk activities appeared to exhibit better predictive performance than did environmental characteristics in our space-time situational analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the value of documenting how individuals navigate their daily activity space, and ultimately advances our understanding of youth violence from a real-time, real-life standpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beidi Dong
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, 354 Enterprise Hall, 4400 University Drive, MS 4F4, Fairfax, VA 22030
| | | | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Therese S Richmond
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Douglas J Wiebe
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carter PM, Mouch CA, Goldstick JE, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Resnicow K, Cunningham RM. Rates and correlates of risky firearm behaviors among adolescents and young adults treated in an urban emergency department. Prev Med 2020; 130:105891. [PMID: 31726077 PMCID: PMC7182087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm violence is a leading cause of death for urban adolescents and young adults (A/YAs). Little is known about patterns of risky firearm behaviors (RFBs) that may increase firearm-related fatality and non-fatal injury risk. To inform prevention efforts, we examined the rates and correlates of RFBs, including firearm carriage in risky situations (e.g., while drunk/high), discharge in risky situations (e.g., fleeing police), and firearm aggression (e.g., firearm threats/use against a partner/non-partner), among a sample of A/YAs (age-16-29) seeking medical or injury related care (7/2017-6/2018) at a Level-1 urban Emergency Department (ED). In total, 1312 A/YAs completed the survey (mean-age 23.2; 29.6%-male; 50.5%-Black; 56.3%-public assistance), with 102 (7.8%) engaging in RFBs. Among those engaging in RFBs, 42% reported firearm ownership, 68.6% firearm carriage in high-risk situations, 39.2% firearm discharge in risky situations, and 41.2% reported partner/non-partner firearm aggression. Regression identified RFBs correlates, including older age (AOR = 1.09), male sex (AOR = 1.63), Black race/ethnicity (AOR = 2.01), substance misuse (AOR = 2.75), attitudes favoring firearm use/retaliation (AOR = 1.38), peer firearm ownership/carriage (AOR = 3.26), higher levels of community violence exposure (AOR = 1.05), and active parole/probation (AOR 2.38). Higher coping skills were protective for RFBs (AOR = 0.83). Overall, we found that A/YAs seeking urban ED treatment reported elevated RFB rates, emphasizing the need for novel prevention initiatives, especially those incorporating tailored content addressing substance use, retaliatory violence, and peer delinquency/norms, while enhancing self-efficacy for avoiding RFBs and providing access to external resources within a resiliency-based framework. Such prevention approaches may be a critical step towards addressing the public health problem of firearm violence. Primary Funding Sources: NIH/NIDA K23DA039341; NIH/NCATS UL1TR000433.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Charles A Mouch
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America.
| | - Jason E Goldstick
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America.
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan, Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; University of Michigan, Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Ken Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior & Health, Education, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States of America; Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Department of Health Behavior & Health, Education, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America; Hurley Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Carter PM, Zeoli AM, Goyal MK. Evidence to Assess Potential Policy-Oriented Solutions for Reducing Adolescent Firearm Carriage. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-2334. [PMID: 31792167 PMCID: PMC7199512 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Carter
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April M. Zeoli
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Monika K. Goyal
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhai ZW, Hoff RA, Magruder CF, Steinberg MA, Wampler J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN. Weapon-carrying is associated with more permissive gambling attitudes and perceptions and at-risk/problem gambling in adolescents. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:508-521. [PMID: 31505965 PMCID: PMC7044628 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A recent call to action highlighted the need to understand the relationship between problem gambling, violence, and health/functioning. As weapon-carrying and gambling behaviors are prevalent in adolescents, this study systematically examined relationships between weapon-carrying status and measures of problem gambling severity and gambling perceptions and attitudes, as well as how weapon-carrying status moderated relationships between problem gambling severity and measures of health/functioning and gambling behavior. METHODS Participants were 2,301 Connecticut high-school adolescents. χ2 and logistic regression models were conducted. RESULTS Weapon-carriers reported greater problem gambling severity, more permissive gambling perceptions, greater parental approval of gambling, and more family gambling concerns, compared to non-weapon-carriers. At-risk/problem gambling was more strongly associated with family, peers, and adult gambling partners among non-weapon-carriers (vs. weapon-carriers) and with machine gambling among weapon-carriers (vs. non-weapon-carriers). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Greater problem gambling severity and more permissive gambling perceptions and perceived parental approval of gambling in weapon-carrying adolescents suggest that parent-child relationships are important to be considered in prevention efforts. The moderated relationship by weapon-carrying status between problem gambling severity and gambling partners suggests a problem gambling risk group that may be less linked to gambling with traditional social support groups, and this group may benefit from targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | - Rani A. Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy Wampler
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Problem Gambling Services, Middletown, CT, USA
| | | | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,The Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA,The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding author: Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Phone: +1 203 974 7356; Fax: +1 203 974 7366; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Oliphant SN, Mouch CA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Hargarten S, Jay J, Hemenway D, Zimmerman M, Carter PM. A scoping review of patterns, motives, and risk and protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. J Behav Med 2019; 42:763-810. [PMID: 31367939 PMCID: PMC7182091 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm carriage is a key risk factor for interpersonal firearm violence, a leading cause of adolescent (age < 18) mortality. However, the epidemiology of adolescent firearm carriage has not been well characterized. This scoping review examined four databases (PubMed; Scopus; EMBASE; Criminal Justice Abstracts) to summarize research on patterns, motives, and underlying risk/protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. Of 6156 unique titles, 53 peer-reviewed articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. These studies mostly examined urban Black youth, finding that adolescents typically carry firearms intermittently throughout adolescence and primarily for self-defense/protection. Seven future research priorities were identified, including: (1) examining adolescent carriage across age, gender, and racial/ethnic subgroups; (2) improving on methodological limitations of prior research, including disaggregating firearm from other weapon carriage and using more rigorous methodology (e.g., random/systematic sampling; broader population samples); (3) conducting longitudinal analyses that establish temporal causality for patterns, motives, and risk/protective factors; (4) capitalizing on m-health to develop more nuanced characterizations of underlying motives; (5) increasing the study of precursors for first-time carriage; (6) examining risk and protective factors beyond the individual-level; and, (7) enhancing the theoretical foundation for firearm carriage within future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Oliphant
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, 735 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Charles A Mouch
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg, F-262, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research, Center University of Washington, 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Stephen Hargarten
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan Jay
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 3rd & 4th Floors, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Hemenway
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 3rd & 4th Floors, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marc Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, Univ. of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, Univ. of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Baiden P, Tadeo SK, Graaf G, Respress BN. Examining the Association between Weapon Carrying on School Property and Suicide Attempt among Adolescents in the United States. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 34:570-582. [PMID: 31264533 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2019.1635945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicidal behaviors among adolescents in the United States are the second leading cause of death and has been steadily increasing over the years. Although access to and possession of a weapon may facilitate the transition from suicidal ideation to a suicide attempt, few studies have examined the association between weapon carrying and suicide attempts among adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the association between weapon carrying on school property and suicide attempt among adolescents. Data for this study came from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. A sample of 14,547 adolescents aged 14-18 years old (50.5% female) was analyzed using logistic regression. Of the 14,547 adolescents, 4% carried a weapon on school property, and 7.7% attempted suicide during the past 12 months. In the multivariate logistic regression, adolescents who reported carrying a weapon on school property had more than double the odds of attempting suicide when compared to their counterparts who did not carry a weapon on school property. Other significant predictors of suicide attempt include sexual minority, history of forced sexual intercourse, school bullying and cyberbullying victimization, feeling sad or hopeless, and substance use. Examining the association between weapon carrying and suicide attempt among adolescents would contribute to early identification of adolescents who are likely to engage in suicidal behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
| | - Savarra K Tadeo
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
| | - Genevieve Graaf
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
| | - Brandon N Respress
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ssewanyana D, van Baar A, Mwangala PN, Newton CR, Abubakar A. Inter-relatedness of underlying factors for injury and violence among adolescents in rural coastal Kenya: A qualitative study. Health Psychol Open 2019; 6:2055102919849399. [PMID: 31205735 PMCID: PMC6537266 DOI: 10.1177/2055102919849399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilized a socio-ecological model to explore views from 85 young people and 10
local stakeholders on forms and underlying factors for unintentional injury,
violence, self-harm, and suicidal behavior of adolescents in Kilifi County,
Kenya. Young people took part in 11 focus group discussions, whereas 10 in-depth
interviews were conducted with the local stakeholders. Road traffic accidents,
falls, fights, sexual and gender-based violence, theft, and vandalism were
viewed as common. There was an overlap of risk factors, especially at intra- and
interpersonal levels (gender, poverty, substance use, parenting behavior, school
drop-out). Some broader-level risk factors were insecure neighborhoods and risky
sources of livelihood. Research is needed to quantify burden and to pilot
feasible injury prevention interventions in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ssewanyana
- Kenya Medical Research Institute
(KEMRI), Kenya
- Utrecht University, The
Netherlands
- Derrick Ssewanyana, Centre for Geographic
Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Box 230,
Kilifi 80108, Kenya.
| | | | | | - Charles R Newton
- Kenya Medical Research Institute
(KEMRI), Kenya
- Pwani University, Kenya
- University of Oxford, UK
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute
(KEMRI), Kenya
- Utrecht University, The
Netherlands
- Pwani University, Kenya
- Aga Khan University, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Whaley AL. The massacre mentality and school rampage shootings in the United States: Separating culture from psychopathology. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Trends and Correlates of Youth Violence-Prevention Program Participation, 2002-2016. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:680-688. [PMID: 30905485 PMCID: PMC6612902 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent participation in violence-prevention programming is critical in addressing the nation's elevated rates of youth fighting and violence. However, little is known about the secular trends and correlates of violence-prevention program participation in the U.S. Using national data, the authors examined the year-by-year trends and correlates of participation among American adolescents over a 15-year span. METHODS National trend data (2002-2016) were analyzed on non-Hispanic black/African American (n=35,216), Hispanic (n=45,780), and non-Hispanic white (n=153,087) youth aged 12-17years from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2018. Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's trend analysis guidelines, the authors conducted logistic regression analyses with survey year specified as an independent variable and youth violence-prevention program participation specified as the dependent variable, while controlling for sociodemographic factors and other key correlates. RESULTS Youth participation in violence-prevention programs decreased significantly from 16.7% in 2002 to 11.7% in 2016, a 29% relative decrease in participation. A significant declining trend in participation over time was found across all sociodemographic subgroups examined and among youth reporting the use of violence and no use of violence in the past year. Participation among black/African American youth was significantly greater than Hispanic youth who, in turn, had significantlyhigher participation rates than white youth. CONCLUSIONS Youth participation in violence-prevention programming has decreased in recent years, with particularly large declines observed among younger adolescents (aged 12-14 years), youth in higher-income households, and youth reporting no past-year use of violence.
Collapse
|
38
|
de Looze M, Elgar FJ, Currie C, Kolip P, Stevens GWJM. Gender Inequality and Sex Differences in Physical Fighting, Physical Activity, and Injury Among Adolescents Across 36 Countries. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:657-663. [PMID: 30850313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sex differences in adolescent health are widely documented, but social explanations for these sex differences are scarce. This study examines whether societal gender inequality (i.e., men's and women's unequal share in political participation, decision-making power, economic participation, and command over resources) relates to sex differences in adolescent physical fighting, physical activity, and injuries. METHODS National-level data on gender inequality (i.e., the United Nations Development Program's Gender Inequality Index) were linked to health data from 71,255 15-year-olds from 36 countries in the 2009-2010 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study. Using multilevel logistic regression analyses, we tested the association between gender inequality and sex differences in health while controlling for country wealth (gross domestic product per capita). RESULTS In all countries, boys reported more physical fighting, physical activity, and injuries than girls, but the magnitude of these sex differences varied greatly between countries. Societal gender inequality positively related to sex differences in all three outcomes. In more gender unequal countries, boys reported higher levels of fighting and physical activity compared with boys in more gender equal countries. In girls, scores were consistently low for these outcomes; however, injury was more common in countries with less gender inequality. CONCLUSIONS Societal gender inequality appears to relate to sex differences in some adolescent health behaviors and may contribute to the establishment of sex differences in morbidity and mortality. To reduce inequalities in the health of future generations, public health policy should target social and cultural factors that shape perceived gender norms in young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha de Looze
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J Elgar
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit & WHO Collaborating Centre for International Child and Adolescent Health Policy, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Kolip
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gonneke W J M Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hong JS, Ryou B, Wei HS, Allen-Meares P, Espelage DL. Identifying protective factors that potentially buffer the association between peer victimization and weapon-carrying behavior among US adolescents. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034319843964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore whether protective factors, such as ease of communication with parents, siblings, and best friends; parental awareness of student’s friends and activities; higher numbers of best friends; positive perceptions of school climate; and teachers’ opinion of student’s academic performance, would buffer the link between peer victimization and weapon-carrying behavior among US adolescents. Data were derived from the 2009–2010 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study in the US. A total of 12,642 US adolescents were included in the study sample. Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and ordinary least squares regression. Partially supporting our hypothesis, we found that only mother’s awareness of students’ friends and activities ameliorated the effect of peer victimization on weapon-carrying behavior. In other words, bullied adolescents whose mothers were aware of their friends and activities were less likely to carry weapons. Mothers’ awareness of their child’s friends, behaviors, and activities is an important form of parental monitoring, and their involvement may protect their children from weapon-carrying behavior after experiencing victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- Wayne State University, USA
- Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Bee Ryou
- Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Longitudinal Heterogeneity in Handgun-Carrying Behavior Among Urban American Youth: Intervention Priorities at Different Life Stages. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:502-508. [PMID: 30455034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine longitudinal patterns of handgun-carrying behavior among urban American youth and identify modifiable risk factors associated with distinct carrying patterns that should be targeted at different life stages. METHODS Using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we estimated longitudinal trajectories of handgun carrying among urban Americans, who carried a handgun at least once between 1997 and 2011 (N = 1,574). Multinomial logistic regression analyses examined risk factors associated with handgun-carrying trajectory groups during late adolescence (ages 16-20), emerging adulthood (ages 20-24), and young established adulthood (ages 24-28). RESULTS Group-based trajectory analyses identified four groups: Declining (35.0%, N = 560), bell-shaped (35.5%; N = 561), late-initiating (19.6%; N = 303), and high-persistent (9.9%; N = 150). During late adolescence, lower risks of mental health problems, hard drug use, police arrest, and presence of a gang in the neighborhood or school differentiated the late-initiating group from the other higher risk groups. During emerging and young established adulthood, higher risks of alcohol use, police arrest, and presence of a gang in the neighborhood or school were associated with trajectory groups with higher likelihood of handgun carrying than the declining group. CONCLUSIONS There are more than one profile of adolescents and young adults who carry handguns. Preventive interventions should have distinct priorities that address different patterns of handgun-carrying behavior at different life stages.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lu Y, Avellaneda F, Torres ED, Rothman EF, Temple JR. Adolescent Cyberbullying and Weapon Carrying: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2019; 22:173-179. [PMID: 30614736 PMCID: PMC6444915 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2018.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between weapon carrying and cyberbullying (i.e., perpetration, victimization, and perpetration/victimization) and explore the relationship directions. Four waves of data were used from an ongoing longitudinal study. Participants were 1,042 adolescents, including 55.9 percent female, 31.7 percent Hispanic, 30.3 percent white, 26.6 percent African American, and 11.4 percent other, with a mean age of 15.1 years at baseline. Logistic regressions identified cross-sectional associations between weapon carrying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization, but not for perpetration/victimization. Compared with their noninvolved counterparts, cyberbullying perpetrator were 1.97 times more likely to carry a weapon 1 year later and cyberbullying perpetrator/victims were 2.65 times more likely to carry a weapon one year later. Youth who had carried a weapon were 1.97 times more likely to be cyberbullying victims 1 year later and 1.70 times more likely to be a victim 2 years later, compared with their nonweapon-carrying counterparts. The findings highlight the importance of intervention programs targeting both cyberbullying perpetration and weapon carriage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Flor Avellaneda
- University of Houston Graduate College of Social Work, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth D. Torres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Emily F. Rothman
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeff R. Temple
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Physical Fighting and Associated Factors among Adolescents Aged 13-15 Years in Six Western Pacific Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111427. [PMID: 29160819 PMCID: PMC5708066 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth violence is an important public health challenge around the world, yet the literature on this problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been limited. The present study aims to examine the prevalence of adolescent physical fighting (defined as having been involved in at least one physical fight during the past 12 months) in selected LMICs, and its relations with potential risk factors. We included 6377 school-going adolescents aged 13–15 years from six Western Pacific (WP) countries that had recently conducted a Global School-based Student Health Survey. Information was gathered through a self-administered anonymous closed-ended questionnaire. The prevalence of adolescent physical fighting varied across countries, ranging from 34.5% in Kiribati to 63.3% in Samoa. The prevalence was higher in boys than in girls, and lower at age 15 than 13–14 years. Physical fighting was significantly associated (pooled odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)) with smoking (1.78, 1.53–2.06), drinking (1.57, 1.33–1.85), drug use (1.72, 1.33–2.23), and missing school (1.72, 1.51–1.95). The association with physical fighting increased with increasing number of joint adverse behaviors (increased from 1.99 (1.73–2.29) for one risk behavior to 4.95 (4.03–6.07) for at least 3 risk behaviors, versus having none of the 4 risk behaviors). The high prevalence of physical fighting and the associations with risk behaviors emphasize the need for comprehensive prevention programs to reduce youth violence and associated risk behaviors.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lawrence EM, Mollborn S, Hummer RA. Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health. Soc Sci Med 2017; 193:23-32. [PMID: 28992538 PMCID: PMC5659920 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Research has long established the importance of individual health behaviors such as cigarette smoking for adult morbidity and mortality. However, we know little about how health behaviors cluster into health lifestyles among adolescents and young adults in the United States, or in turn, how such health lifestyles are associated with young adult health outcomes. This study establishes health lifestyles as distinct group phenomena at three developmental time points in a single cohort: late adolescence (ages 15-17), early adulthood (ages 20-24), and young adulthood (ages 26-31). We then identify the associations between these health lifestyles and young adult health outcomes. We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents followed into adulthood, and latent class analysis and regression models. We uncover diverse health lifestyles among adolescents, early adults, and young adults; however, few individuals engaged in a consistently salubrious lifestyle at any developmental stage. People with less healthy lifestyles also tended to exhibit poorer health in young adulthood. Our results showed that young adult health lifestyles were significantly associated with young adult cardiovascular risk. Moreover, health lifestyles in each of the three developmental stages were associated with young adult self-rated health, and accounting for lifestyles in later stages explained some of these associations. Overall, this study suggests a portrait of problematic health lifestyles among a nationally representative cohort of young Americans, with associated patterns of relatively poor physical health among those with poor health lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Lawrence
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.
| | - Stefanie Mollborn
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Robert A Hummer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States; Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Access to a Loaded Gun Without Adult Permission and School-Based Bullying. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:329-334. [PMID: 28652055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gun access and bullying are risk factors for sustaining or perpetrating violence among adolescents. Our knowledge of gun access among bullied students is limited. METHODS We used data on students, aged 12-18 years, from the 2011 and 2013 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey to assess the association between self-reported bullying victimization (traditional and cyber) and access to a loaded gun without adult permission. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from multivariable Poisson regression using the Taylor series after controlling for student age, sex, family income, public/private school, and race. RESULTS Of 10,704 participants, 4.2% (95% CI: 3.8%-4.6%) reported gun access. Compared with nonbullied students, those who reported traditional bullying (PR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.4), cyberbullying (PR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6-4.9), and both (PR = 5.9; 95% CI: 4.6-7.7) were more likely to also report gun access. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who experience bullying, particularly those who report both traditional bullying and cyberbullying, are more likely to report access to a loaded gun without adult permission. These findings highlight the importance of developing interventions focused on these modifiable risk factors for preventing self-directed or interpersonal violence among youth.
Collapse
|
45
|
Goldstick JE, Carter PM, Walton MA, Dahlberg LL, Sumner SA, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Development of the SaFETy Score: A Clinical Screening Tool for Predicting Future Firearm Violence Risk. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166:707-714. [PMID: 28395357 PMCID: PMC5697901 DOI: 10.7326/m16-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal firearm violence among youth is a substantial public health problem, and emergency department (ED) physicians require a clinical screening tool to identify high-risk youth. OBJECTIVE To derive a clinically feasible risk index for firearm violence. DESIGN 24-month prospective cohort study. SETTING Urban, level 1 ED. PARTICIPANTS Substance-using youths, aged 14 to 24 years, seeking ED care for an assault-related injury and a proportionately sampled group of non-assault-injured youth enrolled from September 2009 through December 2011. MEASUREMENTS Firearm violence (victimization/perpetration) and validated questionnaire items. RESULTS A total of 599 youths were enrolled, and presence/absence of future firearm violence during follow-up could be ascertained in 483 (52.2% were positive). The sample was randomly split into training (75%) and post-score-construction validation (25%) sets. Using elastic-net penalized logistic regression, 118 baseline predictors were jointly analyzed; the most predictive variables fell predominantly into 4 domains: violence victimization, community exposure, peer influences, and fighting. By selection of 1 item from each domain, the 10-point SaFETy (Serious fighting, Friend weapon carrying, community Environment, and firearm Threats) score was derived. SaFETy was associated with firearm violence in the validation set (odds ratio [OR], 1.47 [95% CI, 1.23 to 1.79]); this association remained (OR, 1.44 [CI, 1.20 to 1.76]) after adjustment for reason for ED visit. In 5 risk strata observed in the training data, firearm violence rates in the validation set were 18.2% (2 of 11), 40.0% (18 of 45), 55.8% (24 of 43), 81.3% (13 of 16), and 100.0% (6 of 6), respectively. LIMITATIONS The study was conducted in a single ED and involved substance-using youths. SaFETy was not externally validated. CONCLUSION The SaFETy score is a 4-item score based on clinically feasible questionnaire items and is associated with firearm violence. Although broader validation is required, SaFETy shows potential to guide resource allocation for prevention of firearm violence. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute on Drug Abuse R01024646.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Goldstick
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Patrick M Carter
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Maureen A Walton
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Linda L Dahlberg
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Steven A Sumner
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- From University of Michigan School of Medicine and University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fraga S, Ramos E, Barros H. Depressive Symptoms and Involvement in Physical Fighting among Portuguese Adolescents. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2017; 42:e77-e85. [PMID: 28340124 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, authors present findings on the relationship between depressive symptoms and involvement in physical fighting in late adolescence. Participants were 1,380 Portuguese adolescents initially recruited in 2003 to the EPITeen cohort. Depressive symptoms were assessed at 13 and 17 years of age using Beck Depressive Inventory II (BDI). Physical fighting was recorded at the age of 17. For girls, there was a significant association between depressive symptoms and physical fighting for those who scored BDI >13 at 17 years old and remained statistically significant after adjustment. For boys, those who scored >13 in both study waves presented higher crude odds to engage in fights that were attenuated after adjusting for grade retention. Depressive symptoms were significantly related to physical fighting involvement during adolescence, for both genders. However, whereas for female adolescents the association was significant when relevant symptoms and fighting occurred in the same period, for male adolescents such symptoms must have persisted from 13 to 17 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fraga
- Social Epidemiology Group, EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135/139, Porto, 4050-600 Portugal. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- Social Epidemiology Group, EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135/139, Porto, 4050-600 Portugal. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- Social Epidemiology Group, EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135/139, Porto, 4050-600 Portugal. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Orpinas P, Nahapetyan L, Truszczynski N. Low and Increasing Trajectories of Perpetration of Physical Dating Violence: 7-Year Associations with Suicidal Ideation, Weapons, and Substance Use. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:970-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Wallace LN. Armed Kids, Armed Adults? Weapon Carrying From Adolescence to Adulthood. YOUTH VIOLENCE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE 2017; 15:84-98. [PMID: 28018135 PMCID: PMC5175205 DOI: 10.1177/1541204015585363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While much existing research has examined either juvenile or adult weapon carrying, this study assesses whether carrying a weapon to school as a juvenile is predictive of bringing a handgun to school or work in adulthood. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results show a decline in weapon carrying behavior over time. However, youth who report school weapon carrying in adolescence are much more likely to report carrying a handgun to school or work in adulthood. Findings also demonstrate that victimization, rather than offending behavior, is predictive of adulthood handgun carrying at school and work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey N. Wallace
- Department of Criminal Justice, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Family characteristics and health-related behaviours influence physical fighting involvement in late adolescence: a study from 13 to 17 years of age. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
50
|
Vaughn MG, Nelson EJ, Salas-Wright CP, DeLisi M, Qian Z. Handgun carrying among White youth increasing in the United States: New evidence from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2002-2013. Prev Med 2016; 88:127-33. [PMID: 27063946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine trends and correlates of handgun carrying among adolescents ages 12-17 in the United States. Data was derived from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) involving non-Hispanic White, African American, and Hispanic respondents ages 12-17 (n=197,313) and spanning the years 2002-2013. Logistic regression was used to examine significance of trend year and correlates of previous 12-month handgun carrying. The overall self-reported prevalence of handgun carrying was 3.4%. The prevalence of handgun carrying during 2004-2005 was significantly higher for African-Americans (4.39%) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (3.03%). However, by 2012-2013, non-Hispanic Whites (4.08%) completely diverged and reported carrying handguns significantly more than both African-American (2.96%) and Hispanic (2.82%) youth. Male gender and a number of externalizing behaviors were significant correlates of handgun carrying; however, we also found evidence of differential correlates with regard to such factors as drug selling, parental affirmation, and income by race/ethnicity. To our knowledge, this is the largest study of handgun carrying among youth in the United States. Findings indicate that although at historically low levels handgun carrying is on the rise but only among non-Hispanic Whites. Differential correlates among racial/ethnic groups suggest prevention programming and policies may need modifications depending on group and geographic locale targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, 3550 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103, United States.
| | - Erik J Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - Christopher P Salas-Wright
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd D3500, Austin, TX 78712-0358, United States.
| | - Matt DeLisi
- Criminal Justice Studies, Iowa State University, 203A East Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1070, United States.
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|