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Wang F, Li Z, Chen S, Feng Y, Luo X, Khaliq H, Lei Z, Sun T. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemiological indicators and spatiotemporal analysis in China from 2004 to 2019. Acta Trop 2024; 258:107335. [PMID: 39067840 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are systemic infections caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. These diseases are endemic in many parts of China, occurring periodically throughout the year. Epidemiological features, temporal trends, and spatial distribution of these fevers were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 with data collected by China's Public Health Science Data Center from 2004 to 2019. Charts were generated to depict their incidence across provinces, years, age groups, and occupations. Spatial clustering was assessed using ArcGIS 10.5 and Moran's I index. SaTScan 9.5 was employed to analyze their spatiotemporal distribution. From 2004 to 2019, China reported 197,623 cases of typhoid fever, resulting in 72 deaths, and 84,583 cases of paratyphoid fever, with 17 fatalities, showing a yearly reduction. Epidemic zones for these diseases are primarily in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and other southwestern regions, affecting predominantly peasants and students. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable. Due to the epidemic nature of these diseases, they can occur year-round, with peaks in the summer months. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of their epidemiological characteristics and geographic distribution in China, emphasizing the need for authorities to improve living conditions, implement preventive measures, and develop effective treatments and vaccines in these high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ze Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youyu Feng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Disease, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Oldrini D, Di Benedetto R, Carducci M, De Simone D, Massai L, Alfini R, Galli B, Brunelli B, Przedpelski A, Barbieri JT, Rossi O, Giannelli C, Rappuoli R, Berti F, Micoli F. Testing a Recombinant Form of Tetanus Toxoid as a Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 38140177 PMCID: PMC10747096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines play a major role in the prevention of infectious diseases worldwide, with significant impact on global health, enabling the polysaccharides to induce immunogenicity in infants and immunological memory. Tetanus toxoid (TT), a chemically detoxified bacterial toxin, is among the few carrier proteins used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines. The recombinant full-length 8MTT was engineered in E. coli with eight individual amino acid mutations to inactivate three toxin functions. Previous studies in mice showed that 8MTT elicits a strong IgG response, confers protection, and can be used as a carrier protein. Here, we compared 8MTT to traditional carrier proteins TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), using different polysaccharides as models: Group A Streptococcus cell-wall carbohydrate (GAC), Salmonella Typhi Vi, and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, and Y. The persistency of the antibodies induced, the ability of the glycoconjugates to elicit booster response after re-injection at a later time point, the eventual carrier-induced epitopic suppression, and immune interference in multicomponent formulations were also evaluated. Overall, immunogenicity responses obtained with 8MTT glycoconjugates were compared to those obtained with corresponding TT and, in some cases, were higher than those induced by CRM197 glycoconjugates. Our results support the use of 8MTT as a good alternative carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, with advantages in terms of manufacturability compared to TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniele De Simone
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Barbara Galli
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Amanda Przedpelski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
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3
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MacLennan CA, Stanaway J, Grow S, Vannice K, Steele AD. Salmonella Combination Vaccines: Moving Beyond Typhoid. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S58-S66. [PMID: 37274529 PMCID: PMC10236507 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now a robust pipeline of licensed and World Health Organization (WHO)-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines with a steady progression of national introductions. However, typhoid fever is responsible for less than half the total global burden of Salmonella disease, and even less among children aged <5 years. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is the dominant clinical presentation of Salmonella in Africa, and over a quarter of enteric fever in Asia is due to paratyphoid A. In this article, we explore the case for combination Salmonella vaccines, review the current pipeline of these vaccines, and discuss key considerations for their development, including geographies of use, age of administration, and pathways to licensure. While a trivalent typhoid/nontyphoidal Salmonella vaccine is attractive for Africa, and a bivalent enteric fever vaccine for Asia, a quadrivalent vaccine covering the 4 main disease-causing serovars of Salmonella enterica would provide a single vaccine option for global Salmonella coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calman A MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Stanaway
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Grow
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Jossi SE, Arcuri M, Alshayea A, Persaud RR, Marcial-Juárez E, Palmieri E, Di Benedetto R, Pérez-Toledo M, Pillaye J, Channell WM, Schager AE, Lamerton RE, Cook CN, Goodall M, Haneda T, Bäumler AJ, Jackson-Jones LH, Toellner KM, MacLennan CA, Henderson IR, Micoli F, Cunningham AF. Vi polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines afford similar early, IgM or IgG-independent control of infection but boosting with conjugated Vi vaccines sustains the efficacy of immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139329. [PMID: 37033932 PMCID: PMC10076549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination with Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or protein-Vi typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) can protect adults against Salmonella Typhi infections. TCVs offer better protection than Vi-PS in infants and may offer better protection in adults. Potential reasons for why TCV may be superior in adults are not fully understood. Methods and results Here, we immunized wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in IgG or IgM with Vi-PS or TCVs (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid or CRM197) for up to seven months, with and without subsequent challenge with Vi-expressing Salmonella Typhimurium. Unexpectedly, IgM or IgG alone were similarly able to reduce bacterial burdens in tissues, and this was observed in response to conjugated or unconjugated Vi vaccines and was independent of antibody being of high affinity. Only in the longer-term after immunization (>5 months) were differences observed in tissue bacterial burdens of mice immunized with Vi-PS or TCV. These differences related to the maintenance of antibody responses at higher levels in mice boosted with TCV, with the rate of fall in IgG titres induced to Vi-PS being greater than for TCV. Discussion Therefore, Vi-specific IgM or IgG are independently capable of protecting from infection and any superior protection from vaccination with TCV in adults may relate to responses being able to persist better rather than from differences in the antibody isotypes induced. These findings suggest that enhancing our understanding of how responses to vaccines are maintained may inform on how to maximize protection afforded by conjugate vaccines against encapsulated pathogens such as S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Arcuri
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby R. Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health SRL, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Will M. Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E. Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N. Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lucy H. Jackson-Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Thuluva S, Paradkar V, Matur R, Turaga K, Gv SR. A multicenter, single-blind, randomized, phase-2/3 study to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a single intramuscular dose of biological E's Vi-capsular polysaccharide-CRM 197 conjugate typhoid vaccine (TyphiBEV TM) in healthy infants, children, and adults in comparison with a licensed comparator. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2043103. [PMID: 35333702 PMCID: PMC9196756 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2043103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current scenario of typhoid fever warrants early prevention with typhoid conjugate vaccines in susceptible populations to provide lifelong protection. We conducted a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, Phase 2/3 study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of Biological E’s Typhoid Vi-CRM197 conjugate vaccine (TyphiBEVTM) compared to Vi-TT conjugate vaccine manufactured by Bharat Biotech International Limited (Typbar-TCV; licensed comparator) in healthy infants, children, and adults from India. The study’s primary objective was to assess the non-inferiority of TyphiBEVTM in terms of the difference in the proportion of subjects seroconverted with a seroconversion threshold value of ≥2.0 µg/mL against Typbar-TCV. A total of 622 healthy subjects (311 each in both vaccine groups) were randomized and received the single dose of the study vaccine. The TyphiBEVTM group demonstrated noninferiority compared to the Typbar-TCV group at Day 42. The lower 2-sided 95% confidence interval limit of the group difference was −.34%, which met the non-inferiority criteria of ≥10.0%. The geometric mean concentration (24.79 µg/mL vs. 26.58 µg/mL) and proportion of subjects who achieved ≥4-fold increase in antiVi IgG antibody concentrations (96.95% vs. 97.64%) at Day 42 were comparable between the TyphiBEVTM and Typbar-TCV vaccine groups. No apparent difference was observed in the safety profile between both vaccine groups. All adverse events reported were mild or moderate in intensity in all age subsets. This data demonstrates that TyphiBEVTM is non-inferior to TypbarTCV in terms of immunogenicity, and the overall safety and reactogenicity in healthy infants, children, and adults studied from India was comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Thuluva
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vikram Paradkar
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Matur
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kishore Turaga
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subba Reddy Gv
- Clinical Development Department, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
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Carlos JC, Tadesse BT, Borja-Tabora C, Alberto E, Ylade MC, Sil A, Kim DR, Ahn HS, Yang JS, Lee JY, Kim MS, Park J, Kwon SY, Kim H, Yang SY, Ryu JH, Park H, Shin JH, Lee Y, Kim JH, Mojares ZR, Wartel TA, Sahastrabuddhe S. A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Evaluate Immune Equivalence and Safety of Multidose and Single-dose Formulations of Vi-DT Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Filipino Individuals 6 Months to 45 Years of Age. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 24:100484. [PMID: 35664443 PMCID: PMC9160840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trial Design Phase 3, randomized, controlled, multicenter, equivalence trial. Methods Recruitment of participants occurred between 04Februray2020 and 15July2020 at four centers in the Philippines: University of the East - Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center Inc., Quezon City; University of Philippines Manila - National Institute of Health, Ermita Manila; Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Metro Manila, Philippines Study; and Medical Research Unit, Tropical Disease Foundation, Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants 1800 adults and children 6-months to 45-years of age. Interventions Participants received a single injection of multidose (MD) or single dose (SD) Vi-DT as test vaccines or meningococcal conjugate vaccine as a comparator. Objective To evaluate immune equivalence of SD and MD formulations of Vi-DT, and to assess the safety of both formulations compared with comparator vaccine. Outcome Measurement Blood draw for immunogenicity was performed at baseline prior to vaccine receipt and at four weeks after vaccination for a subset of participants to determine anti-Vi IgG geometric mean titers (GMT) and seroconversion rates. The primary outcome was comparison of anti Vi-IgG seroconversion and GMT between the two formulations of Vi-DT at 4 weeks following vaccine administration. Immune equivalence of MD and SD formulations was confirmed when the two-tailed 95% confidence interval (CI) of the GMT ratio is within [0.67, 1.5] at a two-sided significance level of 0.05. All participants were followed for safety events for six months after vaccine administration. Randomization Participants were randomized to receive SD Vi-DT, MD Vi-DT, or meningococcal conjugate vaccines in 2.5:2.5:1 allocation ratio. Blinding Study participants and observers were blinded to treatment assignment. Findings Immune equivalence of SD (n=252) and MD (n=247) formulations was confirmed by anti-Vi IgG GMT ratio of 1.14 (95%CI: 0.91, 1.43) with respective GMTs in the MD and SD groups of 640.62 IU/mL (95%CI: 546.39, 751.11) and 562.57 IU/mL (95%CI: 478.80, 661.00) (p=0.259). Similarly, anti-Vi IgG seroconversion rate difference between the two formulations of ‒0.43% (95%CI: -4.42, 3.56) confirmed immune equivalence with corresponding seroconversion rates of 98.38% (95%CI: 95.91, 99.37) and 98.81% (95%CI: 96.56, 99.59) in MD and SD Vi-DT formulations, respectively (p=0.722). Both formulations of Vi-DT had a satisfactory safety profile - all five serious adverse events reported during the study were unrelated to the investigational product. Interpretation The MD and SD formulations of Vi-DT elicited robust and equivalent immune responses following one dose vaccination, and both formulations demonstrated a favorable safety profile. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04204096. Funding This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1115556).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cadorna Carlos
- University of the East-Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Edison Alberto
- Medical Research Unit, Tropical Disease Foundation, Inc., Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Michelle C. Ylade
- University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Arijit Sil
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryun Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seon Ahn
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwook Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Kwon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- SK bioscience, Seongmam-si, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji-hwa Ryu
- SK bioscience, Seongmam-si, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokeun Park
- SK bioscience, Seongmam-si, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yoonyeong Lee
- SK bioscience, Seongmam-si, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T. Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kumar Rai G, Saluja T, Chaudhary S, Tamrakar D, Kanodia P, Giri BR, Shrestha R, Uranw S, Kim DR, Yang JS, Park IY, Kyung SE, Vemula S, Reddy E J, Kim B, Gupta BP, Jo SK, Ryu JH, Park HK, Shin JH, Lee Y, Kim H, Kim JH, Mojares ZR, Wartel TA, Sahastrabuddhe S. Safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:529-540. [PMID: 34942090 PMCID: PMC8942857 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretation Funding Translation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Shipra Chaudhary
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Dipesh Tamrakar
- Department of Community Medicine and Pharmacology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Piush Kanodia
- Department of Pediatrics, Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepalgunj, Nepal
| | - Bishnu Rath Giri
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Community Medicine and Pharmacology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Surendra Uranw
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Deok Ryun Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Yeon Park
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Kyung
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sridhar Vemula
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jagadeesh Reddy E
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sue Kyoung Jo
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hun Kim
- SK Bioscience, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Neyra C, Clénet D, Bright M, Kensinger R, Hauser S. Predictive modeling for assessing the long-term thermal stability of a new fully-liquid quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid conjugated vaccine. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121143. [PMID: 34600051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishing product stability is critical for pharmaceuticals. We used a modeling approach to predict the thermal stability of a fully-liquid quadrivalent meningococcal (serogroups A, C, W, Y) conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT; MenQuadfi®) at potential transportation and storage temperatures. Vaccine degradation was determined by measuring the rate of hydrolysis through an increase of free polysaccharide (de-conjugated or unconjugated polysaccharide) content during six months storage at 25 °C, 45 °C and 56 °C. A procedure combining advanced kinetics and statistics was used to screen and compare kinetic models describing observed free polysaccharide increase as a function of time and temperature for each serogroup. Statistical analyses were used to quantify prediction accuracy. A two-step kinetic model described the increase in free polysaccharide content for serogroup A; whereas, one-step kinetic models were found suitable to describe the other serogroups. The models were used to predict free polysaccharide increases for each serogroup during long-term storage under recommended conditions (2-8 °C), and during temperature excursions to 25 °C or 40 °C. In both cases, serogroup-specific simulations accurately predict the respective observed experimental data. Experimental data collected to 48 months at 5 °C were within 99% predictive bands. The models described here can be used with confidence to establish shelf-life for this fully-liquid quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine; as well as, monitor in real-time free polysaccharide increase for vaccines experiencing temperature excursions during shipment/storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Neyra
- Manufacturing Technology Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA.
| | - Didier Clénet
- Bioprocess R&D Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Marcia Bright
- Quality Control Stability, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA.
| | | | - Steven Hauser
- Manufacturing Technology Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA.
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9
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Vadrevu KM, Raju D, Rani S, Reddy S, Sarangi V, Ella R, Javvaji B, Mahantshetty NS, Battu S, Levine MM. Persisting antibody responses to Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Typbar TCV®) vaccine up to 7 years following primary vaccination of children < 2 years of age with, or without, a booster vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:6682-6690. [PMID: 34625288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum IgG anti-Vi titers attained by 327 children 6-23 months of age immunized with Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar TCV®), of whom 193/327 received a booster dose 2 years post-primary vaccination, were previously reported. METHODS Anti-Vi IgG in boosted and unboosted children 3, 5, and 7 years post-primary immunization were monitored using three different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): Vacczyme™ kit ELISA (all specimens); "Szu" ELISA (all specimens), and National Institute of Biological Standards NIBSC ELISA (subset). Endpoints analyzed included: persisting seroconversion (titer remaining ≥ 4-fold above baseline), geometric mean titer (GMT), geometric mean-fold rise post-vaccination, and percent exhibiting putative protective anti-Vi level (≥2 µgSzu/ml) using Szu method and National Institutes of Health IgG reference standard. In assessing the persistence of elevated anti-Vi titers stimulated by Typbar-TCV®, four subgroups were compared based on whether or not the initially enrolled children were boosted on day 720 and whether they provided serum on all key timepoints, or if they missed one or more timepoints: i) Among boosted participants, an "All Specimens Cohort" (ASC) comprised 86 children who provided sera on days 42, 720 (booster), 762 (42 days post-booster), 1095, 1825 and 2555, to define kinetics of the Vi antibody response in a fully compliant cohort of boosted children monitored over seven years; ii) Among non-boosted subjects, a compliant All Specimens Cohort of 25 children provided sera on days 0, 42, 720, 1095, 1825, and 2555; iii) Among boosted children, an "Any Available Specimen" (AAS) subgroup consisted of boosted children who provided sera on days 0, 42, and 720 days and also on one or more of days 762, 1095, 1825, or 2555 but not on all those time points; iv) Among the non-boosted subjects, there was also an Any Available Specimen subgroup of 47 children who provided sera on days 0 and 42, of whom 41 subsequently contributed sera on one or more of days 1095, 1825 and 2555. RESULTS Vacczyme™ GMTs among boosted ASC children (N = 86) increased significantly on day 762, and remained 32-fold, 14-fold, and 10-fold over baseline at 3, 5 and 7 years; among unboosted ASC children (N = 25), GMTs remained 21-fold, 8-fold and 5-fold over baseline, respectively. Post-primary vaccination, 72% and 44% of unboosted ASC subjects (N = 25) exhibited persisting seroconversion by Vacczyme™ at 5 and 7 years, respectively; the corresponding numbers for ASC boosted subjects were 84% and 71%. Amongst the four sub-groups, boosted subjects showed higher prevalence of persisting seroconversion at most time points with the gap widening by 7th year, though not statistically significant (except 3rd year). Tested by Szu and also NIBSC ELISAs, 92-100% of unboosted ASC children showed persisting seroconversion at 7 years with 100% also exceeding the Szu protective threshold. CONCLUSION To extend protection, administering a booster of Typbar TCV® to children ∼5 years after their primary dose, i.e., coinciding with school entry, may be advisable. Typbar TCV® is presently the only WHO pre-qualified Vi conjugate vaccine with reported efficacy, effectiveness, and long-term immunogenicity findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dugyala Raju
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandhya Rani
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siddharth Reddy
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vamshi Sarangi
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India.
| | | | | | | | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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10
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Ojha R, Prajapati VK. Cognizance of posttranslational modifications in vaccines: A way to enhanced immunogenicity. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8020-8034. [PMID: 34170014 PMCID: PMC8427110 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a significant advancement or preventative strategy for controlling the spread of various severe infectious and noninfectious diseases. The purpose of vaccination is to stimulate or activate the immune system by injecting antigens, i.e., either whole microorganisms or using the pathogen's antigenic part or macromolecules. Over time, researchers have made tremendous efforts to reduce vaccine side effects or failure by developing different strategies combining with immunoinformatic and molecular biology. These newly designed vaccines are composed of single or several antigenic molecules derived from a pathogenic organism. Although, whole‐cell vaccines are still in use against various diseases but due to their ineffectiveness, other vaccines like DNA‐based, RNA‐based, and protein‐based vaccines, with the addition of immunostimulatory agents, are in the limelight. Despite this, many researchers escape the most common fundamental phenomenon of protein posttranslational modifications during the development of vaccines, which regulates protein functional behavior, evokes immunogenicity and stability, etc. The negligence about post translational modification (PTM) during vaccine development may affect the vaccine's efficacy and immune responses. Therefore, it becomes imperative to consider these modifications of macromolecules before finalizing the antigenic vaccine construct. Here, we have discussed different types of posttranslational/transcriptional modifications that are usually considered during vaccine construct designing: Glycosylation, Acetylation, Sulfation, Methylation, Amidation, SUMOylation, Ubiquitylation, Lipidation, Formylation, and Phosphorylation. Based on the available research information, we firmly believe that considering these modifications will generate a potential and highly immunogenic antigenic molecule against communicable and noncommunicable diseases compared to the unmodified macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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11
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Steele AD, Carey ME, Kumar S, MacLennan CA, Ma LF, Diaz Z, Zaidi AKM. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines and Enteric Fever Control: Where to Next? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:S185-S190. [PMID: 32725223 PMCID: PMC7388705 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After the unprecedented success and acceleration of the global agenda towards typhoid fever control with a strong World Health Organization recommendation and the approval of funding from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi), for the use of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), we should turn our minds to the challenges that remain ahead. Despite the evidence showing the safety and clinical efficacy of TCV in endemic populations in developing countries, we should remain vigilant and explore hurdles for the full public health impact of TCV, including vaccine supply for the potential global demand, immunization strategies to optimize the effectiveness and long-term protection provided by the vaccines, potential use of TCV in outbreak settings, and scenarios for addressing chronic carriers. Finally, challenges face endemic countries with poor surveillance systems concerning awareness of the need for TCV and the extent of the issue across their populations, and how to target immunization strategies appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan E Carey
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Supriya Kumar
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lyou-Fu Ma
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zoey Diaz
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Kowarik M, Wetter M, Haeuptle MA, Braun M, Steffen M, Kemmler S, Ravenscroft N, De Benedetto G, Zuppiger M, Sirena D, Cescutti P, Wacker M. The development and characterization of an E. coli O25B bioconjugate vaccine. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:421-435. [PMID: 33730261 PMCID: PMC8260533 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) cause a wide range of clinical diseases such as bacteremia and urinary tract infections. The increase of multidrug resistant ExPEC strains is becoming a major concern for the treatment of these infections and E. coli has been identified as a critical priority pathogen by the WHO. Therefore, the development of vaccines has become increasingly important, with the surface lipopolysaccharide constituting a promising vaccine target. This study presents genetic and structural analysis of clinical urine isolates from Switzerland belonging to the serotype O25. Approximately 75% of these isolates were shown to correspond to the substructure O25B only recently described in an emerging clone of E. coli sequence type 131. To address the high occurrence of O25B in clinical isolates, an O25B glycoconjugate vaccine was prepared using an E. coli glycosylation system. The O antigen cluster was integrated into the genome of E. coli W3110, thereby generating an E. coli strain able to synthesize the O25B polysaccharide on a carrier lipid. The polysaccharide was enzymatically conjugated to specific asparagine side chains of the carrier protein exotoxin A (EPA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni. Detailed characterization of the O25B-EPA conjugate by use of physicochemical methods including NMR and GC-MS confirmed the O25B polysaccharide structure in the conjugate, opening up the possibility to develop a multivalent E. coli conjugate vaccine containing O25B-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kowarik
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Wetter
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Micha A Haeuptle
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Molecular Partners AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Braun
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Steffen
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kemmler
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Numab Therapeutics AG, Einsiedlerstrasse 34, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Gianluigi De Benedetto
- Dip. di Scienze della Vita, University di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Matthias Zuppiger
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sirena
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,GlycoEra AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dip. di Scienze della Vita, University di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Wacker
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Wacker Biotech Consulting AG, Heuelstrasse 22, 8800, Thalwil, Switzerland
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13
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Vashishtha VM, Kalra A. The need & the issues related to new-generation typhoid conjugate vaccines in India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 151:22-34. [PMID: 32134011 PMCID: PMC7055164 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1890_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The low- and middle-income countries bear the highest burden of typhoid fever in the world. India, along with other South Asian countries, has a significant incidence of typhoid fever among young children though there is a paucity of published data on community burden. In spite of the availability of Vi-polysaccharide (Vi-PS) and conjugated Vi-PS vaccines, these are not adequately utilized in India and in the neighbouring countries. To address many shortcomings of the unconjugated Vi-PS vaccines, typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) are developed by conjugating Vi-PS with different carrier proteins. Three such vaccines using tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein are already licensed in India. Several other Vi-PS conjugates are currently in various stages of development. The current review provides an update on the existing and upcoming new TCVs along with a detailed discussion on the various issues involved with their clinical use and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Kalra
- Department of Pediatrics, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Kumar P, Sunita, Dubey KK, Shukla P. Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2183:249-266. [PMID: 32959248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Microbiology, Karaganda Medical University, 40 Gogol Street, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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15
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Capeding MR, Sil A, Tadesse BT, Saluja T, Teshome S, Alberto E, Kim DR, Park EL, Park JY, Yang JS, Chinaworapong S, Park J, Jo SK, Chon Y, Yang SY, Ryu JH, Cheong I, Shim KY, Lee Y, Kim H, Lynch JA, Kim JH, Excler JL, Wartel TA, Sahastrabuddhe S. Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT conjugate vaccine among 6-23-month-old children: Phase II, randomized, dose-scheduling, observer-blind Study. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 27:100540. [PMID: 33150320 PMCID: PMC7599314 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid causes significant mortality among young children in resource-limited settings. Conjugate typhoid vaccines could significantly reduce typhoid-related child deaths, but only one WHO-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccine exists for young children. To address this gap, we investigated the safety, immunogenicity and dose-scheduling of Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 6-23 months. METHODS In this single center, observer blind, phase II trial, participants were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to receive one or two doses of Vi-DT or comparator vaccine. Anti-Vi IgG titer and geometric mean titers (GMT) were determined at 0, 4, 24 and 28 weeks. Data were analyzed using per-protocol and immunogenicity (a subset of intention-to-treat analysis) sets. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03527355). FINDINGS Between April and July 2018, 285 children were randomized; 114 received one or two doses of Vi-DT while 57 received comparator. 277 completed the study follow-up per protocol; 112 and 110 from single- and two-dose Vi-DT schedules, respectively and 55 from the placebo group were included in the per protocol analysis. Safety profile is satisfactory. Thirteen serious adverse events were reported during the 28-week follow-up, none of which were related to Vi-DT. The seroconversion rate four weeks after the first dose was 100% (95% CI 98·3-100) in Vi-DT recipients and 7·0% (95% CI 2·8-16·7) in comparator recipients (p<0·0001). Similarly, the seroconversion rate 4 weeks after the second dose was 98·2% (95% CI 93· 6-99·5) and 21·8% (95% CI 13·0-34·4) among Vi-DT and comparator groups, respectively (p<0·0001). Anti-Vi IgG GMT was significantly higher in Vi-DT than in control group at all post-vaccination visits (p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Both single and two doses of Vi-DT vaccine are safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic for infants and toddlers in a moderately endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arijit Sil
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Edison Alberto
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, The Philippines
| | - Deok Ryun Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ju Yeon Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jiwook Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue-Kyoung Jo
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hun Kim
- SK bioscience, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Julia A Lynch
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Antibodies and Protection in Systemic Salmonella Infections: Do We Still Have More Questions than Answers? Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00219-20. [PMID: 32601109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes grave systemic infections in humans and other animals and provides a paradigm for other diseases in which the bacteria have both intracellular and extracellular lifestyles. New generations of vaccines rely on the essential contribution of the antibody responses for their protection. The quality, antigen specificity, and functions associated with antibody responses to this pathogen have been elusive for a long time. Recent approaches that combine studies in humans and genetically manipulated experimental models and that exploit awareness of the location and within-host life cycle of the pathogen are shedding light on how humoral immunity to Salmonella operates. However, this area of research remains full of controversy and discrepancies. The overall scenario indicates that antibodies are essential for resistance against systemic Salmonella infections and can express the highest protective function when operating in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity. Antigen specificity, isotype profile, Fc-gamma receptor usage, and complement activation are all intertwined factors that still arcanely influence antibody-mediated protection to Salmonella.
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17
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Short Vi-polysaccharide abrogates T-independent immune response and hyporesponsiveness elicited by long Vi-CRM 197 conjugate vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24443-24449. [PMID: 32900928 PMCID: PMC7533886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005857117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our results suggest a rational way of designing and developing an improved typhoid conjugate vaccine and, by extension, to conjugate vaccines in general: first, modify a T-independent polysaccharide so that it no longer induces a T-independent response, then conjugate the polysaccharide to a suitable carrier protein restoring immunogenicity, thus creating a pure T-dependent antigen that induces a strongly boostable and long-lived response at an early age. Polysaccharide-protein conjugates have been developed to overcome the T-independent response, hyporesponsiveness to repeated vaccination, and poor immunogenicity in infants of polysaccharides. To address the impact of polysaccharide length, typhoid conjugates made with short- and long-chain fractions of Vi polysaccharide with average sizes of 9.5, 22.8, 42.7, 82.0, and 165 kDa were compared. Long-chain-conjugated Vi (165 kDa) induced a response in both wild-type and T cell-deficient mice, suggesting that it maintains a T-independent response. In marked contrast, short-chain Vi (9.5 to 42.7 kDa) conjugates induced a response in wild-type mice but not in T cell-deficient mice, suggesting that the response is dependent on T cell help. Mechanistically, this was explained in neonatal mice, in which long-chain, but not short-chain, Vi conjugate induced late apoptosis of Vi-specific B cells in spleen and early depletion of Vi-specific B cells in bone marrow, resulting in hyporesponsiveness and lack of long-term persistence of Vi-specific IgG in serum and IgG+ antibody-secreting cells in bone marrow. We conclude that while conjugation of long-chain Vi generates T-dependent antigens, the conjugates also retain T-independent properties, leading to detrimental effects on immune responses. The data reported here may explain some inconsistencies observed in clinical trials and help guide the design of effective conjugate vaccines.
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18
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Immunogenicity and Safety of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Indian Subjects: A Randomized, Active-controlled, Comparative Clinical Trial. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Syed KA, Saluja T, Cho H, Hsiao A, Shaikh H, Wartel TA, Mogasale V, Lynch J, Kim JH, Excler JL, Sahastrabuddhe S. Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:S141-S150. [PMID: 32725225 PMCID: PMC7388714 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi), the agent of typhoid fever, continues to be a challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. The major transmission route of S. typhi is fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water; thus, the ultimate measures for typhoid fever prevention and control include the provision of safe water, improved sanitation, and hygiene. Considering the increasing evidence of the global burden of typhoid, particularly among young children, and the long-term horizon for sustained, effective water and sanitation improvements in low-income settings, a growing consensus is to emphasize preventive vaccination. This review provides an overview of the licensed typhoid vaccines and vaccine candidates under development, and the challenges ahead for introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Ali Syed
- MSD-Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoun Cho
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amber Hsiao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - T Anh Wartel
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Julia Lynch
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Medise BE, Soedjatmiko S, Gunardi H, Sekartini R, Satari HI, Hadinegoro SR, Wirahmadi A, Puspita M, Sari RM, Yang JS, Sil A, Sahastrabuddhe S, Bachtiar NS. One-month follow up of a randomized clinical trial-phase II study in 6 to <24 months old Indonesian subjects: Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 93:102-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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21
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Lee EY, Park JY, Kim DR, Song M, Sahastrabuddhe S, Kim H, Chon Y, Yang JS. Comparison of anti-Vi IgG responses between two clinical studies of typhoid Vi conjugate vaccines (Vi-DT vs Vi-TT). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008171. [PMID: 32203521 PMCID: PMC7156108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a causative agent for typhoid fever and especially critical in developing countries. Although clinical studies for various typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) have been performed, there are no comparative data on the immune responses of vaccines due to lack of harmonization of the serological assay. Recently, Typbar-TCV (Vi-TT) was prequalified by WHO and recommended for vaccination in endemic areas. Forty-eight serum samples were selected from a recent Vi-DT phase 1 study based on age cohort and anti-Vi IgG levels using an in-house ELISA. Anti-Vi IgG titers of 48 sera were also determined by Vacczyme ELISA, used in a Vi-TT phase 3 trial. A good correlation between the two assays was observed when the anti-Vi IgG titer was determined using Vacczyme ELISA based on the Vi-IgGR1,2011, U.S. reference reagent (Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.991, P < 0.001) or Vacczyme ELISA calibrator (r = 0.991, P < 0.001). Based on the correlation, multiple linear regression model was developed to convert data of 281 sera (prior to vaccination and 28 days post first-dose) in the Vi-DT phase 1 study from in-house ELISA titers to Vacczyme ELISA values and then, compared with the Vi-TT results. Similar estimates of anti-Vi IgG GMT were observed after vaccination with the Vi-DT and Vi-TT vaccines [1626 EU/ml (95% CI: 1292–2047) vs 1293 EU/ml (95% CI: 1153–1449), respectively]. The method used here can be implemented to estimate and compare anti-Vi IgG levels between different clinical studies of TCVs. This approach enables comparison of the antibody responses among TCVs under development and may help facilitate licensing of new TCVs. Typhoid fever is an infectious and life-threatening disease in developing countries. Before 2017, Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines were licensed but these are not recommended in young children under 2-year-old. Vaccine manufacturers are developing typhoid Vi conjugate vaccines (TCVs) to improve immunogenicity. Typbar-TCV (Vi-TT) demonstrated its safety and immunogenicity in infants and recently, prequalified by WHO. Serum Vi-specific IgG antibody has been used to measure the immunogenicity of TCV in many clinical trials. However, due to lack of harmonized assay, comparison of the immunogenicity among various TCVs is not possible in the absence of head-to-head clinical trials. Recently, we evaluated immunogenicity of Vi-DT using an in-house ELISA in the clinical study. In this study, 48 sera were selected from Vi-DT phase 1 study and measured anti-Vi IgG using commercial Vacczyme ELISA kit, used in the phase 3 study of Vi-TT, to compare the immunogenicity between two vaccines. Based on the correlation between two assays, anti-Vi IgG of all participants in the Vi-DT study was converted to Vacczyme antibody value using statistical model and compared with results of Vi-TT phase 3 study. The antibody levels induced by two studies were similar in pre- and post-vaccinated sera. This approach enables to compare the antibody responses among TCVs under development and would facilitate licensing of new TCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Clinical Research Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Biostatistics & Data Management, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryun Kim
- Biostatistics & Data Management, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Clinical Research Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hun Kim
- SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chon
- Biostatistics & Data Management, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YC); (JSY)
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (JSY)
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22
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Jones C, An SJ, Yoon YK, Kothari S, Sahastrabuddhe S, Carbis R. Spectroscopic characterisation of a series of Salmonella Typhi Vi-diphtheria toxoid glycoconjugate antigens differing in polysaccharide-protein ratio. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113100. [PMID: 31991319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines consisting of the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) Vi capsular polysaccharide (PS) covalently attached to a suitable carrier protein have become available to support mass paediatric vaccination campaigns against typhoid. One developmental vaccine from the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) uses diphtheria toxoid (DTx) as the carrier protein. Several investigational conjugates with different PS:protein ratios were prepared, as previously reported by the IVI group, for physicochemical and immunochemical characterisation. We describe here the further spectroscopic characterisation of this series of glycoconjugate immunogen bulks using NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy. We have used several mathematical approaches to extract information from the spectroscopic data not previously applied to glycoconjugates. These complementary approaches provide information on (i) the integrity of the carrier protein, (ii) consistency between batches of vaccine components, (iii) the polysaccharide: protein ratio (iv) the O-acetylation of the Vi in the conjugate (v) the stability of the O-acetylation of the Vi, and (vi) the presence of residual process reagents in the bulk. The utility of the data analysis approaches is discussed. Together, these analytical methods provide important characterisation of Vi-DTx conjugates to support development and quality control of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - So Jung An
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sudeep Kothari
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rodney Carbis
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Jeon HJ, Pak GD, Im J, Owusu-Dabo E, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Gassama Sow A, Bassiahi Soura A, Gasmelseed N, Keddy KH, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Konings F, Aseffa A, Crump JA, Chon Y, Breiman RF, Park SE, Cruz Espinoza LM, Seo HJ, May J, Meyer CG, Andrews JR, Panzner U, von Kalckreuth V, Wierzba TF, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Dougan G, Levine MM, Hombach J, Kim JH, Clemens JD, Baker S, Marks F. Determining the Best Immunization Strategy for Protecting African Children Against Invasive Salmonella Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1824-1830. [PMID: 29746615 PMCID: PMC6260167 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization recently prequalified a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), recommending its use in persons ≥6 months to 45 years residing in typhoid fever (TF)-endemic areas. We now need to consider how TCVs can have the greatest impact in the most vulnerable populations. Methods The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was a blood culture-based surveillance of febrile patients from defined populations presenting at healthcare facilities in 10 African countries. TF and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease incidences were estimated for 0-10 year-olds in one-year age increments. Results Salmonella Typhi and iNTS were the most frequently isolated pathogens; 135 and 94 cases were identified, respectively. Analysis from three countries was excluded (incomplete person-years of observation (PYO) data). Thirty-seven of 123 TF cases (30.1%) and 71/90 iNTS disease cases (78.9%) occurred in children aged <5 years. No TF and 8/90 iNTS infections (8.9%) were observed in infants aged <9 months. The TF incidences (/100 000 PYO) for children aged <1 year and 1 to <2 years were 5 and 39, respectively; the highest incidence was 304 per 100 000 PYO in 4 to <5 year-olds. The iNTS disease incidence in the defined age groups ranged between 81 and 233 per 100 000 PYO, highest in 1 to <2 year-olds. TF and iNTS disease incidences were higher in West Africa. Conclusions High burden of TF detected in young children strengthens the need for TCV introduction. Given the concurrent iNTS disease burden, development of a trivalent vaccine against S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis may be timely in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Jin Jeon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Deok Pak
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Im
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.,Departments of Global and International Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Amy Gassama Sow
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar.,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Nagla Gasmelseed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.,Faculty of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen H Keddy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Konings
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - John A Crump
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yun Chon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Eun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Hye Jin Seo
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jürgen May
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany.,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California
| | - Ursula Panzner
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Myron M Levine
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka.,Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.,Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
The typhoidal Salmonellae were controlled in cities in North America and Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century by development of centralized water treatment systems. In the early 21st century, large urban centers where drinking water routinely mixes with human feces have the highest burden of typhoid fever. Although improving municipal drinking water quality is the most robust approach to reduce enteric fever burden, the high costs and managerial capacity that such systems require and decreasing per capita water availability requires new approaches to reach the highest risk communities. The spread of antimicrobial resistance threatens to increase the burden of enteric fever much sooner than the extension of safe reliable water service delivery can be implemented. Thus, vaccination is an important interim measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Luby
- Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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25
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Ravenscroft N, Braun M, Schneider J, Dreyer AM, Wetter M, Haeuptle MA, Kemmler S, Steffen M, Sirena D, Herwig S, Carranza P, Jones C, Pollard AJ, Wacker M, Kowarik M. Characterization and immunogenicity of a Shigella flexneri 2a O-antigen bioconjugate vaccine candidate. Glycobiology 2019; 29:669-680. [PMID: 31206156 PMCID: PMC6704370 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a major cause of diarrheal disease in developing countries and causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children. Vaccination represents a promising preventive measure to fight the burden of the disease, but despite enormous efforts, an efficacious vaccine is not available to date. The use of an innovative biosynthetic Escherichia coli glycosylation system substantially simplifies the production of a multivalent conjugate vaccine to prevent shigellosis. This bioconjugation approach has been used to produce the Shigella dysenteriae type O1 conjugate that has been successfully tested in a phase I clinical study in humans. In this report, we describe a similar approach for the production of an additional serotype required for a broadly protective shigellosis vaccine candidate. The Shigella flexneri 2a O-polysaccharide is conjugated to introduced asparagine residues of the carrier protein exotoxin A (EPA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by co-expression with the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase. The bioconjugate was purified, characterized using physicochemical methods and subjected to preclinical evaluation in rats. The bioconjugate elicited functional antibodies as shown by a bactericidal assay for S. flexneri 2a. This study confirms the applicability of bioconjugation for the S. flexneri 2a O-antigen, which provides an intrinsic advantage over chemical conjugates due to the simplicity of a single production step and ease of characterization of the homogenous monomeric conjugate formed. In addition, it shows that bioconjugates are able to raise functional antibodies against the polysaccharide antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Martin Braun
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Schneider
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anita M Dreyer
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wetter
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Micha A Haeuptle
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kemmler
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Steffen
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sirena
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Herwig
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Paula Carranza
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Claire Jones
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Wacker
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Wacker Biotech Consulting AG, Obere Hönggerstrasse 9a, 8103 Unterengstringen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kowarik
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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26
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O-acetylation of typhoid capsular polysaccharide confers polysaccharide rigidity and immunodominance by masking additional epitopes. Vaccine 2019; 37:3866-3875. [PMID: 31160100 PMCID: PMC6997886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding of anti-Vi mAb and polyclonal immune sera correlated with the level of O-acetylation. C. freundii Vi resists de-O-acetylation and is more viscous than S. Typhi Vi. Sera from human vaccine recipients contains IgG that recognizes the backbone of Vi. Simulations show O-acetyls are exposed on the surface of Vi and confer rigidity. MD gives conformational rationale for effect of O-acetylation on Vi antigenicity and viscosity.
In this work, we explore the effects of O-acetylation on the physical and immunological characteristics of the WHO International Standards of Vi polysaccharide (Vi) from both Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. We find that, although structurally identical according to NMR, the two Vi standards have differences with respect to susceptibility to de-O-acetylation and viscosity in water. Vi standards from both species have equivalent mass and O-acetylation-dependent binding to a mouse monoclonal antibody and to anti-Vi polyclonal antisera, including the WHO International Standard for human anti-typhoid capsular Vi PS IgG. This study also confirms that human anti-Vi sera binds to completely de-O-acetylated Vi. Molecular dynamics simulations provide conformational rationales for the known effect of de-O-acetylation both on the viscosity and antigenicity of the Vi, demonstrating that de-O-acetylation has a very marked effect on the conformation and dynamic behavior of the Vi, changing the capsular polysaccharide from a rigid helix into a more flexible coil, as well as enhancing the strong interaction of the polysaccharide with sodium ions. Partial de-O-acetylation of Vi revealed hidden epitopes that were recognized by human and sheep anti-Vi PS immune sera. These findings have significance for the manufacture and evaluation of Vi vaccines.
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27
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Das S, Chowdhury R, Pal A, Okamoto K, Das S. Salmonella Typhi outer membrane protein STIV is a potential candidate for vaccine development against typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Immunobiology 2019; 224:371-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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28
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Griffin TJ, Thanawastien A, Cartee RT, Mekalanos JJ, Killeen KP. In vitro characterization and preclinical immunogenicity of Typhax, a typhoid fever protein capsular matrix vaccine candidate. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1310-1316. [PMID: 31021700 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1599674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhax is an investigational typhoid fever vaccine candidate that was GMP manufactured applying Protein Capsular Matrix Vaccine (PCMV) technology. It consists of Vi polysaccharide antigen, derived from S. Typhi, non-covalently entrapped in a glutaraldehyde catalyzed cross-linked α-poly-L-lysine and CRM197 protein matrix. Analysis of Typhax determined the average molecular weight of the vaccine particles was approximately 6 x 106 Daltons, corresponding to particles containing 1-2 molecules of Vi polysaccharide and 10-20 molecules of CRM197 protein. The ratio of the concentration of Vi to CRM197 protein in Typhax is 2.4:1. Preclinical immunogenicity studies in mice demonstrated that Typhax was immunogenic and elicited a significant increase in anti-Vi IgG antibody titers following each immunization. The anti-Vi IgG antibody response elicited by Typhax in rabbits increased as the dose increased from 0.1 µg to 2.5 µg. Further, at the 2.5 and 10 µg dose levels, the anti-Vi IgG antibody titers increased after the second and third immunizations. At the 10 µg dose level, 100% of rabbits seroconverted. In the non-human primate (NHP) study, 100% seroconversion was observed at both 2.5 µg and 10 µg dose levels after the first immunization. A murine in vivo immunopotency study demonstrated that Typhax stored at 4°C was stable for at least 30 months. Collectively, the Typhax in vitro profile, preclinical immunogenicity studies, and rabbit toxicology study indicate that Typhax is a viable typhoid fever vaccine candidate for Phase 1 clinical trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Griffin
- a Matrivax Research & Development Corporation , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ann Thanawastien
- a Matrivax Research & Development Corporation , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Robert T Cartee
- a Matrivax Research & Development Corporation , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kevin P Killeen
- a Matrivax Research & Development Corporation , Boston , MA , USA
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29
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Bhat AH, Maity S, Giri K, Ambatipudi K. Protein glycosylation: Sweet or bitter for bacterial pathogens? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:82-102. [PMID: 30632429 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1547681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation systems in many bacteria are often associated with crucial biological processes like pathogenicity, immune evasion and host-pathogen interactions, implying the significance of protein-glycan linkage. Similarly, host protein glycosylation has been implicated in antimicrobial activity as well as in promoting growth of beneficial strains. In fact, few pathogens notably modulate host glycosylation machineries to facilitate their survival. To date, diverse chemical and biological strategies have been developed for conjugate vaccine production for disease control. Bioconjugate vaccines, largely being produced by glycoengineering using PglB (the N-oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni) in suitable bacterial hosts, have been highly promising with respect to their effectiveness in providing protective immunity and ease of production. Recently, a novel method of glycoconjugate vaccine production involving an O-oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL from Neisseria meningitidis, has been optimized. Nevertheless, many questions on defining antigenic determinants, glycosylation markers, species-specific differences in glycosylation machineries, etc. still remain unanswered, necessitating further exploration of the glycosylation systems of important pathogens. Hence, in this review, we will discuss the impact of bacterial protein glycosylation on its pathogenesis and the interaction of pathogens with host protein glycosylation, followed by a discussion on strategies used for bioconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Hussain Bhat
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Sudipa Maity
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kuldeep Giri
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
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30
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Capeding MR, Teshome S, Saluja T, Syed KA, Kim DR, Park JY, Yang JS, Kim YH, Park J, Jo SK, Chon Y, Kothari S, Yang SY, Ham DS, Ryu JH, Hwang HS, Mun JH, Lynch JA, Kim JH, Kim H, Excler JL, Sahastrabuddhe S. Safety and immunogenicity of a Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine: Phase I trial in Healthy Filipino adults and children. Vaccine 2018; 36:3794-3801. [PMID: 29776750 PMCID: PMC6005168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries where children aged 2-14 years bear the greatest burden. Vi polysaccharide is poorly immunogenic in children <2 years of age, and protection in adults is modest. The limitations of Vi polysaccharide vaccines can be overcome by conjugation of the Vi to a carrier protein. A typhoid conjugate vaccine composed of Vi polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT) has been developed. The Phase I study results are presented here. METHODS This was a randomized, observer-blinded Phase I study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT compared to Vi polysaccharide vaccine, conducted in Manila, Philippines. Participants enrolled in an age de-escalation manner (18-45, 6-17 and 2-5 years) were randomized between Test (Vi-DT, 25 µg) administered at 0 and 4 weeks and Comparator (Vi polysaccharide, Typhim Vi® and Vaxigrip®, Sanofi Pasteur) vaccines. RESULTS A total of 144 participants were enrolled (48 by age strata, 24 in Test and Comparator groups each). No serious adverse event was reported in either group. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events were mild or moderate in both groups with the exception of a 4-year old girl in Test group with grade 3 fever which resolved without sequelae. All participants in Test group seroconverted after first and second doses of Vi-DT while the proportions in the Comparator group were 97.1% and 97.2%, after first dose of Typhim Vi® and second dose of Vaxigrip®, respectively. Vi-DT showed 4-fold higher Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) compared to Typhim Vi® (adjusted for age strata, p < 0.001). No further increase of GMT was detected after the second dose of Vi-DT. Anti-DT IgG seroresponse rates were 81.2% and 84.5% post first and second Vi-DT doses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Vi-DT vaccine was safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic in participants aged 2-45 years. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT02645032.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Teshome
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tarun Saluja
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Deok Ryun Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hee Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwook Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue-Kyoung Jo
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeep Kothari
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia A Lynch
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- SK Chemicals, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Pieters Z, Saad NJ, Antillón M, Pitzer VE, Bilcke J. Case Fatality Rate of Enteric Fever in Endemic Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:628-638. [PMID: 29522159 PMCID: PMC6070077 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a febrile illness, occurring mostly in Asia and Africa, which can present as a severe and possibly fatal disease. Currently, a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1% is assumed when evaluating the global burden of enteric fever. Until now, no meta-analysis has been conducted to summarize mortality from enteric fever. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to aggregate all available evidence. We estimated an overall CFR of 2.49% (95% confidence interval, 1.65%-3.75%; n = 44), and a CFR in hospitalized patients of 4.45% (2.85%-6.88%; n = 21 of 44). There was considerably heterogeneity in estimates of the CFR from individual studies. Neither age nor antimicrobial resistance were significant prognostic factors, but limited data were available for these analyses. The combined estimate of the CFR for enteric fever is higher than previously estimated, and the evaluation of prognostic factors, including antimicrobial resistance, urgently requires more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Pieters
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Neil J Saad
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marina Antillón
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joke Bilcke
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
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Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030045. [PMID: 30042307 PMCID: PMC6160957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many low and middle-income countries poses a significant risk to human health. While currently available typhoid vaccines and therapeutics are efficacious, they have some limitations. One important limitation is the lack of controlling individuals who chronically carry S. Typhi. However, due to the strict host specificity of S. Typhi to humans, S. Typhi research is hampered. As a result, our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis is incomplete, thereby delaying the development and improvement of prevention and treatment strategies. Nonetheless, to better combat and contain S. Typhi, it is vital to develop a vaccine and therapy for controlling both acutely and chronically infected individuals. This review discusses how scientists are trying to combat typhoid fever, why it is so challenging to do so, which approaches show promise, and what we know about the pathogenesis of S. Typhi chronic infection.
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:9589208. [PMID: 30174699 PMCID: PMC6076975 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9589208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Unsafe water is a well-known risk for typhoid fever, but a pooled estimate of the population-level risk of typhoid fever resulting from exposure to unsafe water has not been quantified. An accurate estimation of the risk from unsafe water will be useful in demarcating high-risk populations, modeling typhoid disease burden, and targeting prevention and control activities. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies that measured the risk of typhoid fever associated with drinking unimproved water as per WHO-UNICEF's definition or drinking microbiologically unsafe water. The mean value for the pooled odds ratio from case-control studies was calculated using a random effects model. In addition to unimproved water and unsafe water, we also listed categories of other risk factors from the selected studies. Results The search of published studies from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2013 in PubMed, Embase, and World Health Organization databases provided 779 publications, of which 12 case-control studies presented the odds of having typhoid fever for those exposed to unimproved or unsafe versus improved drinking water sources. The odds of typhoid fever among those exposed to unimproved or unsafe water ranged from 1.06 to 9.26 with case weighted mean of 2.44 (95% CI: 1.65–3.59). Besides water-related risk, the studies also identified other risk factors related to socioeconomic aspects, type of food consumption, knowledge and awareness about typhoid fever, and hygiene practices. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, we have quantified the pooled risk of typhoid fever among people exposed to unimproved or unsafe water which is almost two and a half times more than people who were not exposed to unimproved or unsafe water. However, caution should be exercised in applying the findings from this study in modeling typhoid fever disease burden at country, regional, and global levels as improved water does not always equate to safe water.
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Walldorf JA, Date KA, Sreenivasan N, Harris JB, Hyde TB. Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23. [PMID: 29155670 PMCID: PMC5711321 DOI: 10.3201/eid2313.170550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Countries must be prepared to respond to public health threats associated with emergencies, such as natural disasters, sociopolitical conflicts, or uncontrolled disease outbreaks. Rapid vaccination of populations vulnerable to epidemic-prone vaccine-preventable diseases is a major component of emergency response. Emergency vaccination planning presents challenges, including how to predict resource needs, expand vaccine availability during global shortages, and address regulatory barriers to deliver new products. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supports countries to plan, implement, and evaluate emergency vaccination response. We describe work of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with global partners to support emergency vaccination against cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, and Ebola, diseases for which a new vaccine or vaccine formulation has played a major role in response. Lessons learned will help countries prepare for future emergencies. Integration of vaccination with emergency response augments global health security through reducing disease burden, saving lives, and preventing spread across international borders.
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Tritama E, Riani C, Rudiansyah I, Hidayat A, Kharisnaeni SA, Retnoningrum DS. Evaluation of alum-based adjuvant on the immunogenicity of salmonella enterica serovar typhi conjugates vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1524-1529. [PMID: 29359991 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1431599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of adjuvant in maintaining the long-term immune response to Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) was evaluated in. Two TCV products, Vi-DT and Vi-TT, were formulated in either aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) or aluminum hydroxide (AlOH) as adjuvants and TCV formulated in phosphate buffer saline were used as controls. In each case, a group of Balb/c mice was injected intramuscularly with two doses of the formulated vaccine at two-week intervals. The anti-Vi IgG responses were monitored by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and the levels of CD4+ T-cells expressing cytokine were characterized using intracellular cytokine staining. All mice immunized by TCV formulated in adjuvant elicited anti-Vi response to a higher level than the group receiving TCV formulated in PBS. The extent of adsorption of TCV in AlOH was greater than that in AlPO4, and this finding correlated well with the observation that the mice immunized with two doses of Vi-DT(AlOH) elicited anti-Vi IgG to a level higher than that seen with Vi-DT(AlPO4). The mice primed with Vi-TT(AlOH) produced lower anti-Vi IgG (25.901 GM) compared to those receiving Vi-TT(AlPO4) (49.219 GM). However, after the second injection, the former raised the antibody level significantly to 137.008 GM while the latter provided a value of only 104.966 GM. The groups of mice vaccinated by TCV formulated in AlOH expressed IL4 at higher levels than the other groups, which correlated positively with the high Anti-Vi IgG in these animals. In conclusion, AlOH could be recommended as an effective adjuvant for TCV to provide a long-term immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Tritama
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology Bandung , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia.,b Research and Development Division, PT. Bio Farma , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology Bandung , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Indra Rudiansyah
- b Research and Development Division, PT. Bio Farma , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Arip Hidayat
- b Research and Development Division, PT. Bio Farma , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia
| | | | - Debbie Sofie Retnoningrum
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology Bandung , Bandung , West Java , Indonesia
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Parker AR, Bradley C, Harding S, Sánchez-Ramón S, Jolles S, Kiani-Alikhan S. Measurement and interpretation of Salmonella typhi Vi IgG antibodies for the assessment of adaptive immunity. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:1-10. [PMID: 29800575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Response to polysaccharide vaccination can be an invaluable tool for assessing functionality of the adaptive immune system. Measurement of antibodies raised in response to Pneumovax®23 is the current gold standard test, but there are significant challenges and constraints in both the measurement and interpretation of the response. An alternative polysaccharide vaccine approach (Salmonella typhi Vi capsule (ViCPS)) has been suggested. In the present article, we review current evidence for the measurement of ViCPS antibodies in the diagnosis of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. In particular, we review emerging data suggesting their interpretation in combination with the response to Pneumovax®23 and comment upon the utility of these vaccines to assess humoral immune responses while receiving immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sorena Kiani-Alikhan
- Department of Immunology, Barts and The London National Health Service Trust, London, UK
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Zuckerman JN, Hatz C, Kantele A. Review of current typhoid fever vaccines, cross-protection against paratyphoid fever, and the European guidelines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 16:1029-1043. [PMID: 28856924 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1374861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid and paratyphoid fever remain a global health problem, which - in non-endemic countries - are mainly seen in travelers, particularly in VFRs (visiting friends and relatives), with occasional local outbreaks occurring. A rise in anti-microbial resistance emphasizes the role of preventive measures, especially vaccinations against typhoid and paratyphoid fever for travelers visiting endemic countries. Areas covered: This state-of-the-art review recapitulates the epidemiology and mechanisms of disease of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, depicts the perspective of non-endemic countries and travelers (VFRs), and collectively presents current European recommendations for typhoid fever vaccination. We provide a brief overview of available (and developmental) vaccines in Europe, present current data on cross-protection to S. Paratyphi, and aim to provide a background for typhoid vaccine decision-making in travelers. Expert commentary: European recommendations are not harmonized. Experts must assess vaccination of travelers based on current country-specific recommendations. Travel health practitioners should be aware of the issues surrounding vaccination of travelers and be motivated to increase awareness of typhoid and paratyphoid fever risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane N Zuckerman
- a Department of Infection and Immunity , Royal Free London Travel Health and Immunisation Clinic , London , UK
| | - Christoph Hatz
- b Department of Medicine and Diagnostics , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland.,c Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anu Kantele
- d Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,e Inflammation Center, Division of Infectious Diseases , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,f Unit of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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39
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Casadevall A. Antibody-based vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:74-80. [PMID: 29704764 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, antibody-mediated immunity was considered effective against toxins, extracellular pathogens and viruses, while control of intracellular pathogens was the domain of cellular immunity. However, numerous observations in recent decades have conclusively shown that antibody can protect against intracellular pathogens. This paradigmatic shift has tremendous implications for immunology and vaccine design. For immunology the observation that antibody can protect against intracellular pathogens has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of antibody action. For vaccine design the knowledge that humoral immunity can be effective in protection means that the knowledge acquired in more than a century of antibody studies can be applied to make new vaccines against this class of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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40
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An SJ, Scaria PV, Chen B, Barnafo E, Muratova O, Anderson C, Lambert L, Chae MH, Yang JS, Duffy PE. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against malaria transmission and typhoid fever. Vaccine 2018; 36:2978-2984. [PMID: 29681410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, such as polysaccharides, can be enhanced by conjugation to carriers. Our previous studies indicate that conjugation to Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi may also enhance immunogenicity of some protein carriers. We therefore explored the possibility of generating a bivalent vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and typhoid fever, which are co-endemic in many parts of the world, by conjugating Vi polysaccharide, an approved antigen in typhoid vaccine, to Pfs25, a malaria transmission blocking vaccine antigen in clinical trials. Vi-Pfs25 conjugates induced strong immune responses against both Vi and Pfs25 in mice, whereas the unconjugated antigens are poorly immunogenic. Functional assays of immune sera revealed potent transmission blocking activity mediated by anti-Pfs25 antibody and serum bactericidal activity due to anti-Vi antibody. Pfs25 conjugation to Vi modified the IgG isotype distribution of antisera, inducing a Th2 polarized immune response against Vi antigen. This conjugate may be further developed as a bivalent vaccine to concurrently target malaria and typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jung An
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Puthupparampil V Scaria
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Beth Chen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Emma Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Myung Hwa Chae
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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41
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Zhang GL, Ye XS. Synthetic Glycans and Glycomimetics: A Promising Alternative to Natural Polysaccharides. Chemistry 2018; 24:6696-6704. [PMID: 29282776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A large quantity of polysaccharide-derived conjugate vaccines have been developed to combat various pathogenic infections. Another prominent polysaccharide, heparin, is listed as an essential drug by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat thrombus. One of their common problems is that they all derive from natural polysaccharides. Specifically, capsular polysaccharides are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation and unfractionated heparin is extracted from animal tissues such as porcine mucosa. The quality of natural polysaccharides is inconsistent and traces of contamination would cause a disaster. By contrast, the use of chemical or chemoenzymatic methods could provide structurally homogeneous and quality-controlled glycans. To date, large numbers of polysaccharide fragments and their analogues have been synthesized and evaluated. Some of them even showed comparable activities to their corresponding natural polysaccharides. Here, the latest advances in these synthetic glycan analogues ranging from carbohydrate-based vaccines, heparin-related therapeutics and glycomimetics of polysaccharides are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of National and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 10091, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of National and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 10091, P. R. China
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Abstract
Throughout human history, pathogens transmitted through feces from person to person have caused substantial mortality. Over a century ago civil engineers in high income countries developed approaches to collect and remove feces from the environment that in communities with high incomes and strong governments markedly reduced the burden of enteric disease. These approaches, however, have not been successfully extended to impoverished communities in low income countries. Water/sanitation/hygiene professionals have attempted, with only limited success, to reduce fecal exposure and human disease in the absence of definitive civil engineering approaches. Medical professionals have worked to develop vaccines against some of the most important fecal oral pathogens. Each of these approaches needs further development and adaptation to optimally address the burden of fecally transmitted diseases in impoverished communities.
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Zhang GL, Wei MM, Song C, Ma YF, Zheng XJ, Xiong DC, Ye XS. Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of penta- to octa- saccharide fragments of Vi polysaccharide fromSalmonella typhi. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The penta- to octa-saccharide fragments of Vi polysaccharide were synthesized efficiently, and the hexasaccharide might be the minimum epitope of Vi antigen based on ELISA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Meng-Man Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- School of Life Sciences
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yu-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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Arcuri M, Di Benedetto R, Cunningham AF, Saul A, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. The influence of conjugation variables on the design and immunogenicity of a glycoconjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189100. [PMID: 29287062 PMCID: PMC5747453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there have been major efforts to develop glycoconjugate vaccines based on the Vi polysaccharide that will protect against Salmonella enterica Typhi infections, particularly typhoid fever, which remains a major public health concern in low-income countries. The design of glycoconjugate vaccines influences the immune responses they elicit. Here we systematically test the response in mice to Vi glycoconjugates that differ in Vi chain length (full-length and fragmented), carrier protein, conjugation chemistry, saccharide to protein ratio and size. We show that the length of Vi chains, but not the ultimate size of the conjugate, has an impact on the anti-Vi IgG immune response induced. Full-length Vi conjugates, independent of the carrier protein, induce peak IgG responses rapidly after just one immunization, and secondary immunization does not enhance the magnitude of these responses. Fragmented Vi linked to CRM197 and diphtheria toxoid, but not to tetanus toxoid, gives lower anti-Vi antibody responses after the first immunization than full-length Vi conjugates, but antibody titres are similar to those induced by full-length Vi conjugates following a second dose. The chemistry to conjugate Vi to the carrier protein, the linker used, and the saccharide to protein ratio do not significantly alter the response. We conclude that Vi length and carrier protein are the variables that influence the anti-Vi IgG response to immunization the most, while other parameters are of lesser importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Arcuri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
- University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R. Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - A. Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - C. A. MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F. Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
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45
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Salman M, St Michael F, Ali A, Jabbar A, Cairns C, Hayes AC, Rahman M, Iqbal M, Haque A, Cox AD. First characterization of immunogenic conjugates of Vi negative Salmonella Typhi O-specific polysaccharides with rEPA protein for vaccine development. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:27-33. [PMID: 28735760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious typhoid vaccines for young children will significantly reduce the disease burden in developing world. The Vi polysaccharide based conjugate vaccines (Vi-rEPA) against Salmonella Typhi Vi positive strains has shown high efficacy but may be ineffective against Vi negative S. Typhi. In this study, for the first time, we report the synthesis and evaluation of polysaccharide-protein conjugates of Vi negative S. Typhi as potential vaccine candidates. Four different conjugates were synthesized using recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and human serum albumin (HSA) as the carrier proteins, using either direct reductive amination or an intermediate linker molecule, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). Upon injection into mice, a significantly higher antibody titer was observed in mice administrated with conjugate-1 (OSP-HSA) (P=0.0001) and conjugate 2 (OSP-rEPA) (P≤0.0001) as compared to OSP alone. In contrast, the antibody titer elicited by conjugate 3 (OSPADH-HSA) and conjugate 4 (OSPADH-rEPA) were insignificant (P=0.1684 and P=0.3794, respectively). We conclude that reductive amination is the superior method to prepare the S. Typhi OSP glycoconjugate. Moreover, rEPA was a better carrier protein than HSA. Thus OSP-rEPA conjugate seems to be efficacious typhoid vaccines candidate, it may be evaluated further and recommended for the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salman
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada; Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - F St Michael
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Jabbar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - C Cairns
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A C Hayes
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Rahman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A Haque
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A D Cox
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.
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46
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Meiring JE, Gibani M. The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC): Vaccine effectiveness study designs: Accelerating the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines and reducing the global burden of enteric fever. Report from a meeting held on 26-27 October 2016, Oxford, UK. Vaccine 2017; 35:5081-5088. [PMID: 28802757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is estimated to cause between 11.9-26.9 million infections globally each year with 129,000-216,510 deaths. Access to improved water sources have reduced disease incidence in parts of the world but the use of efficacious vaccines is seen as an important public health tool for countries with a high disease burden. A new generation of Vi typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs), licensed for use in young children and expected to provide longer lasting protection than previous vaccines, are now available. The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has convened a working group to review the evidence on TCVs and produce an updated WHO position paper for all typhoid vaccines in 2018 that will inform Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance's future vaccine investment strategies for TCVs. The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC) has been formed through a $36.9 million funding program from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to accelerate the introduction of TCVs into Gavi-eligible countries. In October 2016, a meeting was held to initiate planning of TCV effectiveness studies that will provide the data required by policy makers and stakeholders to support decisions on TCV use in countries with a high typhoid burden. Discussion topics included (1) the latest evidence and data gaps in typhoid epidemiology; (2) WHO and Gavi methods and data requirements; (3) data on TCV efficacy; (4) cost effectiveness analysis for TCVs from mathematical models; (5) TCV delivery and effectiveness study design. Specifically, participants were asked to comment on study design in 3 sites for which population-based typhoid surveillance is underway. The conclusion of the meeting was that country-level decision making would best be informed by the respective selected sites in Africa and Asia vaccinating children aged from 9-months to 15-years-old, employing either an individual or cluster randomized design with design influenced by population characteristics, transmission dynamics, and statistical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Meiring
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Malick Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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47
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Garrido R, Soubal JP, Torres L, Ramírez U, Vérez V. NMR line-fitting quantification of polysaccharide N-acylurea-based modification in glycoconjugates of Salmonella Typhi Vi polysaccharide. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:720-723. [PMID: 28087987 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharides modification via carbodiimide reaction is one of the most applied methods for obtaining conjugated vaccines against Salmonella enterica. However, N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct generated in the process is a critical impurity in carbohydrate-based vaccines. A quantitative NMR method was developed for assessing the N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct impurity. The procedure was based on line-fitting facilities for processing the NMR signals on complex spectra. The method showed good linearity, accuracy and precision under inter-operator variation (relative standard deviation <5%). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine Garrido
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jean Pierre Soubal
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Leonid Torres
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ubel Ramírez
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vicente Vérez
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
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48
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A recombinant protein of Salmonella Typhi induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses including memory responses. Vaccine 2017; 35:4523-4531. [PMID: 28739115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram negative enteric bacteria, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the etiological agent of typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries. While a permanent solution to the problem would require improved sanitation, food and water hygiene, controlling the infection by vaccination is urgently required due to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains in multiple countries. The currently licensed vaccines are moderately efficacious with limited applicability, and no recommended vaccines exist for younger children. We had previously reported that a candidate vaccine based on recombinant outer membrane protein (rT2544) of S. Typhi is highly immunogenic and protective in mice. Here we show that rT2544-specific antiserum is capable of mediating bacterial lysis by the splenocytes through Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC). Increased populations of rT2544-specific IgA and IgG secreting plasma cells are found in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and peyer's patches. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses (CMIR) induced by rT2544 consist of Th1 cell differentiation and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which produce IFN-γ and are capable of destroying cells displaying T2544-derived antigens. rT2544 elicits pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) from Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic cells (BMDCs), while in vitro re-stimulation of rT2544-primed CD4+ T cells induces cell proliferation and generates higher amounts of Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, TNF-α and IL-2. Finally, the candidate vaccine induces immunological memory in the form of memory B and T lymphocytes. Taken together, the study further supports the potential of rT2544 as a novel and improved vaccine candidate against S. Typhi.
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Darton TC, Meiring JE, Tonks S, Khan MA, Khanam F, Shakya M, Thindwa D, Baker S, Basnyat B, Clemens JD, Dougan G, Dolecek C, Dunstan SJ, Gordon MA, Heyderman RS, Holt KE, Pitzer VE, Qadri F, Zaman K, Pollard AJ. The STRATAA study protocol: a programme to assess the burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal using prospective population census, passive surveillance, serological studies and healthcare utilisation surveys. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016283. [PMID: 28674145 PMCID: PMC5726077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A are estimated to account for 12-27 million febrile illness episodes worldwide annually. Determining the true burden of typhoidal Salmonellae infections is hindered by lack of population-based studies and adequate laboratory diagnostics.The Strategic Typhoid alliance across Africa and Asia study takes a systematic approach to measuring the age-stratified burden of clinical and subclinical disease caused by typhoidal Salmonellae infections at three high-incidence urban sites in Africa and Asia. We aim to explore the natural history of Salmonella transmission in endemic settings, addressing key uncertainties relating to the epidemiology of enteric fever identified through mathematical models, and enabling optimisation of vaccine strategies. METHODS/DESIGN Using census-defined denominator populations of ≥100 000 individuals at sites in Malawi, Bangladesh and Nepal, the primary outcome is to characterise the burden of enteric fever in these populations over a 24-month period. During passive surveillance, clinical and household data, and laboratory samples will be collected from febrile individuals. In parallel, healthcare utilisation and water, sanitation and hygiene surveys will be performed to characterise healthcare-seeking behaviour and assess potential routes of transmission. The rates of both undiagnosed and subclinical exposure to typhoidal Salmonellae (seroincidence), identification of chronic carriage and population seroprevalence of typhoid infection will be assessed through age-stratified serosurveys performed at each site. Secondary attack rates will be estimated among household contacts of acute enteric fever cases and possible chronic carriers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol has been ethically approved by the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee, the icddr,b Institutional Review Board, the Malawian National Health Sciences Research Committee and College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee and Nepal Health Research Council. The study is being conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Informed consent was obtained before study enrolment. Results will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN 12131979. ETHICS REFERENCES Oxford (Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee 39-15).Bangladesh (icddr,b Institutional Review Board PR-15119).Malawi (National Health Sciences Research Committee 15/5/1599).Nepal (Nepal Health Research Council 306/2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Darton
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - James E Meiring
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Tonks
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deus Thindwa
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Christiane Dolecek
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarah J Dunstan
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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50
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Gu XX, Plotkin SA, Edwards KM, Sette A, Mills KHG, Levy O, Sant AJ, Mo A, Alexander W, Lu KT, Taylor CE. Waning Immunity and Microbial Vaccines-Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00034-17. [PMID: 28490424 PMCID: PMC5498725 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the middle of the 20th century, vaccines have made a significant public health impact by controlling infectious diseases globally. Although long-term protection has been achieved with some vaccines, immunity wanes over time with others, resulting in outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases. Long-term protection against infectious agents that have a complex life cycle and antigenic variation remains a key challenge. Novel strategies to characterize the short- and long-term immune responses to vaccines and to induce immune responses that mimic natural infection have recently emerged. New technologies and approaches in vaccinology, such as adjuvants, delivery systems, and antigen formulations, have the potential to elicit more durable protection and fewer adverse reactions; together with in vitro systems, these technologies have the capacity to model and accelerate vaccine development. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) held a workshop on 19 September 2016 that focused on waning immunity to selected vaccines (for Bordetella pertussis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Neisseria meningitidis, influenza, mumps, and malaria), with an emphasis on identifying knowledge gaps, future research needs, and how this information can inform development of more effective vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Gu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Annie Mo
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Alexander
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina T Lu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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