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Kamali A, Ferguson D, Dowless H, Ortiz N, Mukhopadhyay R, Schember C, Lunsford R, Hutchinson J, Scherer M, Crandall J, Bauer H, Yu A, Kimura A. Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020-December 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:S41-S48. [PMID: 38561639 PMCID: PMC10986826 DOI: 10.3201/eid3013.230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an environmental gram-negative bacterium that causes invasive disease in rare cases. During 2020-2022, an outbreak of 21 invasive Serratia infections occurred in a prison in California, USA. Most (95%) patients had a history of recent injection drug use (IDU). We performed whole-genome sequencing and found isolates from 8 patients and 2 pieces of IDU equipment were closely related. We also identified social interactions among patients. We recovered S. marcescens from multiple environmental samples throughout the prison, including personal containers storing Cell Block 64 (CB64), a quaternary ammonium disinfectant solution. CB64 preparation and storage conditions were suboptimal for S. marcescens disinfection. The outbreak was likely caused by contaminated CB64 and propagated by shared IDU equipment and social connections. Ensuring appropriate preparation, storage, and availability of disinfectants and enacting interventions to counteract disease spread through IDU can reduce risks for invasive Serratia infections in California prisons.
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Zajdel RA, Patterson EJ. Does the immigrant health advantage extend to incarcerated immigrants? SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101620. [PMID: 38361524 PMCID: PMC10867572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
•Existing immigrant health research does not include institutionalized populations.•The immigrant health advantage does not extend to all incarcerated immigrant groups.•Differences in health exist by race/ethnicity, U.S. citizenship, and health outcome.•The incarcerated immigrant population has unique health profiles and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Zajdel
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evelyn J. Patterson
- Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Valera P, Ali ZS, Cunningham D, McLaughlin C, Acevedo S. Exploring Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Knowledge in Incarcerated Men. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221107192. [PMID: 35796098 PMCID: PMC9274424 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
People who are incarcerated have a disproportionately high risk of contracting
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While there is no known cure for HIV, there
are biomedical approaches that can successfully manage the virus and prevent its
transmission. A total of 267 men who are incarcerated completed a
cross-sectional survey focused on cancer health, HIV prevention, and mental
health in three state prisons. The mean age was 39 years. The majority had an
annual income of US$10,000 or less, self-identified as heterosexual, not
married, had children, did not have any military status, and identified as
African American/Black. Less than 4% indicated that they had heard about
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), and only 3% had heard of Post-Exposure
Prophylaxis (PEP). PrEP and PEP effectively prevent HIV infection, but little
attention has focused on increasing the knowledge and awareness of these HIV
prevention interventions in the incarcerated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valera
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.,The Community Health Justice Lab, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Zaire S Ali
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Diamond Cunningham
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
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Pettus-Davis C, Kennedy SC, Veeh CA. Incarcerated individuals' experiences of COVID-19 in the United States. Int J Prison Health 2021; 17:335-350. [PMID: 33760428 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-11-2020-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to examine steps taken by correctional staff to prevent COVID-19 from spreading through correctional facilities and explores strategies used by incarcerated individuals to reduce their own risk of contracting COVID-19 during confinement. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Data were drawn from interviews with 327 individuals incarcerated after March 16, 2020, in Midwest1, Midwest2 and Southeast state using a questionnaire developed for this purpose. All study participants were actively involved in a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral health reentry intervention and the human subjects board approved the supplement of this study on COVID-19; interviews were conducted from April 15 to November 19, 2020. FINDINGS Overall, 9.89% of participants contracted COVID-19. Most (68.50%) individuals learned about COVID-19 from television compared to official correctional facility announcements (32.42%). Participants wore face masks (85.02%), washed hands (84.40%) and practiced physical distancing when possible (66.36%). Participants reported that facilities suspended visitation (89.60%) and volunteers (82.57%), provided face masks (83.18%), sanitized (68.20%), conducted temperature checks (55.35%) and released individuals early (7.34%). SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Longitudinal observational study on the implementation and effectiveness of public health guidelines in prisons and jails may identify best practices for containing the infectious disease. Maximizing transparent communications, as well as COVID-19 prevention and mitigation efforts, are critical to achieving universal best practices for virus containment and amplifying public health. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Data presented indicate the early adoption of many Centers for Disease Control guidelines by individuals and correctional facilities, although broad variation existed. Data support the identification of containment strategies for feasible implementation in a range of correctional spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie C Kennedy
- Institute for Justice Research and Development, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Graf GHJ, Chihuri S, Blow M, Li G. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Justice System Contact: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-021030. [PMID: 33328338 PMCID: PMC7786827 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Given the wide-ranging health impacts of justice system involvement, we examined evidence for the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and justice system contact in the United States. OBJECTIVE To synthesize epidemiological evidence for the association between ACEs and justice system contact. DATA SOURCES We searched 5 databases for studies conducted through January 2020. The search term used for each database was as follows: ("aces" OR "childhood adversities") AND ("delinquency" OR "crime" OR "juvenile" OR criminal* OR offend*). STUDY SELECTION We included all observational studies assessing the association between ACEs and justice system contact conducted in the United States. DATA EXTRACTION Data extracted from each eligible study included information about the study design, study population, sample size, exposure and outcome measures, and key findings. Study quality was assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for nonrandomized trials. RESULTS In total, 10 of 11 studies reviewed were conducted in juvenile population groups. Elevated ACE scores were associated with increased risk of juvenile justice system contact. Estimates of the adjusted odds ratio of justice system contact per 1-point increase in ACE score ranged from 0.91 to 1.68. Results were consistent across multiple types of justice system contact and across geographic regions. LIMITATIONS Most studies reviewed were conducted in juvenile justice-involved populations with follow-up limited to adolescence or early adulthood. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are positively associated with juvenile justice system contact in a dose-response fashion. ACE prevention programs may help reduce juvenile justice system contacts and improve child and adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanford Chihuri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Guohua Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
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Young S, González RA, Wolff K, Xenitidis K, Mutch L, Malet-Lambert I, Gudjonsson GH. Substance and Alcohol Misuse, Drug Pathways, and Offending Behaviors in Association With ADHD in Prison Inmates. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1905-1913. [PMID: 28135882 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716688532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study is to quantify the extent of specific polysubstance use, drug transitions to current substances, and describe the association with alcohol use disorders among inmates with ADHD. We also examined health risk behaviors and patterns of offending in relation with ADHD. Method: A total of 387 male British prison inmates were screened and interviewed via the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA-2). Results: Male prisoners with ADHD endorse more methadone and amphetamine use. There was a significantly higher linear trend among those with ADHD for the number of substances ever used. ADHD was positively associated with increasing levels of alcohol use disorder severity, and with alcohol dependence. Transition along the pathways of substance misuse and persistence of drug misuse was better explained by the presence of conduct disorder/antisocial personality traits. Conclusion: Higher rates of alcohol dependence and stimulant-cocaine misuse suggest these inmates have maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as self-medication behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Imperial College London, UK.,West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Rafael A González
- Imperial College London, UK.,University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Butkus R, Rapp K, Cooney TG, Engel LS. Envisioning a Better U.S. Health Care System for All: Reducing Barriers to Care and Addressing Social Determinants of Health. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172:S50-S59. [PMID: 31958803 DOI: 10.7326/m19-2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The American College of Physicians (ACP) has long advocated for universal access to high-quality health care in the United States. Yet, it is essential that the U.S. health system goes beyond ensuring coverage, efficient delivery systems, and affordability. Reductions in nonfinancial barriers to care and improvements in social determinants of health are also necessary. This ACP position paper calls for ending discrimination based on personal characteristics; correcting workforce shortages, including the undersupply of primary care physicians; and understanding and ameliorating social determinants of health. The ACP calls for increased efforts to address urgent public health threats, including injuries and deaths from firearms; environmental hazards; climate change; maternal mortality; substance use disorders; and the health risks associated with nicotine, tobacco use, and electronic nicotine delivery systems in order to achieve ACP's vision for a better U.S. health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Butkus
- American College of Physicians, Washington, DC (R.B., K.R.)
| | - Katherine Rapp
- American College of Physicians, Washington, DC (R.B., K.R.)
| | - Thomas G Cooney
- Oregon Health & Science University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon (T.G.C.)
| | - Lee S Engel
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (L.S.E.)
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Harawa NT, Brewer R, Buckman V, Ramani S, Khanna A, Fujimoto K, Schneider JA. HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infection, and Substance Use Continuum of Care Interventions Among Criminal Justice-Involved Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health 2019; 108:e1-e9. [PMID: 30383433 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) experience high rates of both HIV and incarceration relative to other groups, the various stages of criminal justice involvement may serve as important intervention points for addressing HIV and related conditions in this group. Although systematic reviews of HIV interventions targeting MSM in general and BMSM in particular exist, no review has explored the range and impact of HIV, sexually transmitted infection (STI), and substance use prevention and care continuum interventions focused on criminal justice-involved (CJI) populations. OBJECTIVES To describe the range and impact of published HIV, STI, and related substance use interventions for US-based CJI populations and to understand their relevance for BMSM. SEARCH METHODS We conducted systematic searches in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, covering the period preceding December 1, 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected articles in scientific publications involving quantitative findings for studies of US-based interventions that focused on CJI individuals, with outcomes related to sexual or substance use risk behaviors, HIV, or STIs. We excluded studies if they provided no demographic information, had minimal representation of the population of interest (< 30 African American or Black male or transgender participants), had study populations limited to those aged younger than 18 years, or were limited to evaluations of preexisting programs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We abstracted data from these articles on study design; years covered; study location; participant number, demographics, and sexual orientation (if available); criminal justice setting or type; health condition; targeted outcomes; and key findings. We scored studies by using the Downs and Black quality and bias assessment. We conducted linear regression to examine changes in study quality by publication year. MAIN RESULTS Fifty-eight articles met inclusion criteria, including 8 (13.8%) modeling or cost-effectiveness studies and 13 (22.4%) randomized controlled trials. Just 3 studies (5.2%) focused on sexual or gender minorities, with only 1 focused on BMSM. In most studies (n = 36; 62.1%), however, more than 50% of participants were Black. The most common intervention addressed screening, including 20 empirical studies and 7 modeling studies. Education-focused interventions were also common (n = 15) and usually employed didactic rather than skill-building approaches. They were more likely to demonstrate increases in HIV testing, knowledge, and condom-use intentions than reductions in sex- and drug-risk behaviors. Screening programs consistently indicated cost-effectiveness, including with BMSM. Care continuum interventions for people living with HIV showed mixed results; just 3 involved randomized controlled trials, and these interventions did not show significant differences compared with control conditions. A minority of programs targeted non-custody-based CJI populations, despite their constituting a majority of the CJI population at any given time. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Screening CJI populations for HIV and other STIs is effective and cost-efficient and holds promise for reducing HIV in BMSM. Education-based and care provision interventions also hold promise for addressing HIV, STIs, mental health, and substance use in CJI populations. Additional empirical and modeling studies and results specific to sexual minorities are needed; their paucity represents a disparity in how HIV is addressed. Public Health Implications. HIV and STI screening programs focused on CJI populations should be a priority for reducing HIV risk and numbers of undiagnosed infections among BMSM. Funding agencies and public health leaders should prioritize research to improve the knowledge base regarding which care continuum intervention approaches are most effective for BMSM with criminal justice involvement. Developments in modeling approaches could allow researchers to simulate the impacts and costs of criminal justice involvement-related interventions that might otherwise be cost, time, or ethically prohibitive to study empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina T Harawa
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Russell Brewer
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Victoria Buckman
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Santhoshini Ramani
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Aditya Khanna
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Kayo Fujimoto
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - John A Schneider
- Nina T. Harawa is with the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. At the time of the study, Russell Brewer was with the HIV/STI Portfolio, Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans. Victoria Buckman is with The Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Santhoshini Ramani, Aditya Khanna, and John A. Schneider are with the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Kayo Fujimoto is with the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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SAYYAH M, RAHIM F, KAYEDANI GA, SHIRBANDI K, SAKI-MALEHI A. Global View of HIV Prevalence in Prisons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:217-226. [PMID: 31205875 PMCID: PMC6556176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of HIV, as well as cross-countries comparison in people who are in prison. METHODS We systematically assessed published studies reporting HIV prevalence among prisoners in the world. We searched international datasets banks, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Cumulative Index to Nursing and ISI web of science along with local databases and included original articles reporting data on the prevalence of HIV from 1980 to 2017. RESULTS We included 72 studies that reported HIV prevalence for 2,275,930 adult male and female prisoners. The pooled estimate of HIV prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI 3.2%-3.6%); however, the prevalence of HIV across individual studies varied considerably (ranging from 0 in Bosnia and Herzegovina to More than 20% in Iran, Zambia, Spain) and statistical heterogeneity was substantial (I2=0.99, Q=121; P<0.0001). The prevalence of HIV among prisoners in the continents Asia, Africa, North America and Europe was estimated as 3.0% (95% CI 3.3%-4.3 %), 6% (95% CI -0.0%-2.0%), 4% (95% CI 3.0%-4.0%), 5.0% (95% CI 0.0%-11%), respectively. CONCLUSION Protecting prisoners' health protects general public health. Successful HIV preventive measures in prisons include provision of HIV education and information; clean needles and syringes; drug treatment; and condoms. Governments have a moral and ethical obligation to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in prisons and to provide compassionate care, treatment and support for those infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi SAYYAH
- Education Development Center (EDC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher RAHIM
- Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Gholam Abbas KAYEDANI
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kiarash SHIRBANDI
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal SAKI-MALEHI
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Nowotny KM, Frankeberger J, Rodriguez VE, Valdez A, Cepeda A. Behavioral, Psychological, Gender, and Health Service Correlates to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection among Young Adult Mexican-American Women Living in a Disadvantaged Community. Behav Med 2019; 45:52-61. [PMID: 29558260 PMCID: PMC6148393 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2018.1447906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Despite this, there has been limited research on the correlates to HSV-2 among disadvantaged and marginalized women, particularly among Latinas. Data for the present analysis include 125 young adult Mexican-American women enrolled in a longitudinal study in a disadvantaged urban community in San Antonio, Texas. The current rate of tested HSV-2 infection is 56.8%. Our findings suggest strong comorbidity of genital herpes with injecting heroin use, Hepatitis C, sexual violence, incarceration, and mental illness. Contributing to this population's nexus of risk are the low rates of health service utilization among those infected with HSV-2. Integration between behavioral health and primary care, including access to preventative services, are essential for improving the health of Latinas living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- a Department of Sociology , University of Miami , Coral Gables , FL , USA
| | - Jessica Frankeberger
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Victoria E Rodriguez
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Avelardo Valdez
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Alice Cepeda
- b Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Wildeman C, Goldman AW, Turney K. Parental Incarceration and Child Health in the United States. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:146-156. [PMID: 29635444 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass incarceration has profoundly restructured the life courses of not only marginalized adult men for whom this event is now so prevalent but also their families. We examined research published from 2000 to 2017 on the consequences of parental incarceration for child health in the United States. In addition to focusing on specific health outcomes, we also considered broader indicators of child well-being because there has been little research on the association between parental incarceration and objectively measured child health outcomes. Our findings support 4 conclusions. First, paternal incarceration is negatively associated-possibly causally so-with a range of child health and well-being indicators. Second, although some research has suggested a negative association between maternal incarceration and child health, the evidence on this front is mixed. Third, although the evidence for average effects of paternal incarceration on child health and well-being is strong, research has also suggested that some key factors moderate the association between paternal incarceration and child health and well-being. Finally, because of the unequal concentration of parental incarceration and the negative consequences this event has for children, mass incarceration has increased both intracountry inequality in child health in the United States and intercountry inequality in child health between the United States and other developed democracies. In light of these important findings, investment in data infrastructure-with emphasis on data sets that include reliable measures of parental incarceration and child health and data sets that facilitate causal inferences-is needed to understand the child health effects of parental incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Alyssa W Goldman
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kristin Turney
- Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Chacowry Pala K, Baggio S, Tran NT, Girardin F, Wolff H, Gétaz L. Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections: a cross-sectional study in a Swiss prison. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:539. [PMID: 30373535 PMCID: PMC6206665 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Incarcerated people carry a high burden of infection, including blood-borne diseases (BBDs). It is also known that one million people contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) every day worldwide, which represents a global public health challenge. However, data regarding the prevalence of STIs and the risk factors among incarcerated populations are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of BBDs and STIs among detainees in the largest pre-trial prison in Switzerland. Methods In a cross-sectional study conducted at the Champ-Dollon pre-trial prison, 273 male detainees answered a standardized questionnaire and were screened for syphilis, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), HIV, and hepatitis C (HCV). Prevalence rates and associations of BBDs and STIs with risk factors were computed. Results Most participants (90.9%) were migrants from outside Western Europe, and 5.9% were injecting drug users. HCV was diagnosed among 6.2% of participants (antibody prevalence). The prevalence of HCV was higher among injecting drug users (81.2%) than non-injectors (1.6%). The prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and HSV-2 was 0.4%, 1.1%, and 22.4%, respectively. HCV was associated with a history of injecting drug use and HSV-2 with a lower education level and being older than 26 years. Conclusions This study showed the infection prevalence of 2–9 times higher among detainees than in the Swiss community. It also illustrated that these infections are associated with sociodemographic and risk factors. Therefore, the prison environment offers an opportunity to strengthen infectious disease control programs targeting specific subgroups of at-risk people. Such programs would benefit both the prison population and broader society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Chacowry Pala
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Chemin de Champ-Dollon 22, 1241 Puplinge, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Chemin de Champ-Dollon 22, 1241 Puplinge, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Chemin de Champ-Dollon 22, 1241 Puplinge, Geneva, Switzerland.,Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - François Girardin
- Medical Direction and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Chemin de Champ-Dollon 22, 1241 Puplinge, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Chemin de Champ-Dollon 22, 1241 Puplinge, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Khan MR, Scheidell JD, Golin CE, Friedman SR, Adimora AA, Lejuez CW, Hu H, Quinn K, Wohl DA. Dissolution of Committed Partnerships during Incarceration and STI/HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behavior after Prison Release among African American Men. J Urban Health 2018; 95:479-487. [PMID: 30073599 PMCID: PMC6095753 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration is strongly associated with post-release STI/HIV risk. One pathway linking incarceration and STI/HIV risk may be incarceration-related dissolution of protective network ties. Among African American men released from prison who were in committed partnerships with women at the time of incarceration (N = 207), we measured the association between committed partnership dissolution during incarceration and STI/HIV risk in the 4 weeks after release. Over one-quarter (28%) experienced incarceration-related partnership dissolution. In adjusted analyses, incarceration-related partnership dissolution was strongly associated with post-release binge drinking (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI); 1.4-15.5). Those who experienced incarceration-related partnership dissolution were much more likely to engage in multiple/concurrent partnerships or sex trade defined as buying or selling sex (64%) than those who returned to the partner (12%; AOR 20.1, 95% CI 3.4-175.6). Policies that promote maintenance of relationships during incarceration may be important for protecting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Khan
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joy D Scheidell
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol E Golin
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel R Friedman
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Division of Infectious Disease, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carl W Lejuez
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelly Quinn
- Division of Comparative Effectiveness and Decision Science, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Wohl
- Division of Infectious Disease, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Harawa NT, Guentzel-Frank H, McCuller WJ, Williams JK, Millet G, Belcher L, Joseph HA, Bluthenthal RN. Efficacy of a Small-Group Intervention for Post-Incarcerated Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW). J Urban Health 2018; 95. [PMID: 29541962 PMCID: PMC5906387 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-0227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a six-session behavioral intervention designed to reduce frequency of condomless sex and numbers of sex partners among recently incarcerated, bisexual Black men. One hundred participants were assigned to the small-group intervention, Men in Life Environments (MILE), and 112 were assigned to the control condition. Among those assigned to MILE, 69% attended at least one session, 88% of whom attended all sessions. At 3-months' follow-up, large reductions in risk behaviors were reported by both groups. Means for episodes of condomless sex in the previous 3 months declined from 27.7 to 8.0 for the intervention and 25.6 to 6.7 for the control group. Reductions were not greater for the intervention than those of the control group. Regression to the mean, respondent burden, and implementation issues, such as moving from office-based to field-based survey administration at follow-up, may have contributed to the large declines reported by both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina T Harawa
- College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,, Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | - William Jason McCuller
- College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John K Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Belcher
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather A Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ricky N Bluthenthal
- Institute for Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Spaulding AC, Drobeniuc A, Frew PM, Lemon TL, Anderson EJ, Cerwonka C, Bowden C, Freshley J, del Rio C. Jail, an unappreciated medical home: Assessing the feasibility of a strengths-based case management intervention to improve the care retention of HIV-infected persons once released from jail. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191643. [PMID: 29601591 PMCID: PMC5877830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Linkage to and retention in care for US persons living with HIV (PLWH) after release from jail usually declines. We know of no rigorously evaluated behavioral interventions that can improve this. We hypothesized that a strengths-based case management intervention that we developed for PLWH leaving jail would increase linkage/retention in care (indicated by receipt of laboratory draws) and a suppressed HIV viral load (VL) in the year following release. Methods and findings We conducted a quasi-experimental feasibility study of our intervention for PLWH jailed in Atlanta. We recruited 113 PLWH in jail starting in 2014. “SUCCESS” (Sustained, Unbroken Connection to Care, Entry Services, and Suppression) began in jail and continued post-release. Subjects who started the intervention but subsequently began long-term incarcerations were excluded from further analysis. Persons who were retained in the intervention group were compared to contemporaneously incarcerated PLWH who did not receive the intervention. Identities were submitted to an enhanced HIV/AIDS reporting system (eHARS) at the state health department to capture all laboratories drawn. Both community engagement and care upon jail return were assessed equally. For 44 intervention participants released to Atlanta, 50% of care occurred on subsequent jail stays, as documented with EventFlow software. Forty-five receiving usual services only were recruited for comparison. By examining records of jail reentries, half of participants and 60% of controls recidivated (range: 1–8 returns). All but 6 participants in the intervention and 9 subjects in the comparison arm had ≥1 laboratory recorded in eHARS post-release. Among the intervention group, 52% were retained in care (i.e., had two laboratory studies, > = 3 months apart), versus 40% among the comparison group (OR = 1.60, 95% CI (0.71, 3.81)). Both arms showed improved viral load suppression. Conclusions There was a trend towards increased retention for PLWH released from jail after SUCCESS, compared to usual services. Measuring linkage at all venues, including jail-based clinics, fully captured engagement for this frequently recidivating population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02185742
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Spaulding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Drobeniuc
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Frew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Lemon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emeli J. Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colin Cerwonka
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chava Bowden
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Freshley
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlos del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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18
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Mirzazadeh A, Shokoohi M, Navadeh S, Danesh A, Jain J, Sedaghat A, Farnia M, Haghdoost A. Underreporting in HIV-related high-risk behaviors: comparing the results of multiple data collection methods in a behavioral survey of prisoners in Iran. THE PRISON JOURNAL 2018; 98:213-228. [PMID: 30078913 PMCID: PMC6075723 DOI: 10.1177/0032885517753163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We explored the potentials of using three indirect methods including crosswise, proxy respondent method, and network scale-up (NSU) in comparison to direct questioning in collecting sensitive and socially stigmatized HIV-related risk behaviors information from prisoners (N=265). Participants reported more sexual contact in prison for their friends than they did for themselves (10.6% vs. 3.8% in men, 13.7% vs. 0% in women). In men, NSU provided lower estimates than direct questioning, while in women NSU estimates were higher. Different data collection methods provide different estimates, and collectively offer a more comprehensive picture of HIV-related risk behaviors in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirzazadeh
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California; San Francisco, CA USA
- Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shokoohi
- Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Soodabeh Navadeh
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California; San Francisco, CA USA
- Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Danesh
- Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jennifer Jain
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Abbas Sedaghat
- HIV National Program, Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Farnia
- Health and Treatment Office of Iranian Prisons Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Haghdoost
- Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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19
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Rosen RK, Kuo C, Gobin RL, Peabody M, Wechsberg W, Zlotnick C, Johnson JE. How Qualitative Methods Contribute to Intervention Adaptation: An HIV Risk Reduction Example. QUALITATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 5:2-15. [PMID: 35747561 DOI: 10.1037/qup0000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes how to use qualitative data for adapting an existing behavioral intervention to a new population using a specific illustration-the adaptation of the Women's CoOp HIV intervention to the needs of women prisoners who have experienced interpersonal violence. We describe and illustrate how we conducted each step in the adaptation process, including (1) choosing a well-matched intervention to adapt, (2) setting specific goals for the adaptation, (3) writing a focus group agenda that will collect the data you need for the adaptation, (4) recruiting participants and conducting the focus groups, (5) using debriefs to assess the data as you gather them, (6) coding, (7) analysis, (8) using the qualitative data to guide the intervention adaptation, (9) conducting additional groups and making final revisions, and (10) pilot testing the intervention. These steps provide an effective model for how to collect and analyze qualitative data that support behavioral intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle K Rosen
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, and Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Caroline Kuo
- Brown University School of Public Health and University of Cape Town
| | | | | | - Wendee Wechsberg
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- University of Cape Town; Brown University; and Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jennifer E Johnson
- Brown University and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
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20
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Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD. Racial disparities in health conditions among prisoners compared with the general population. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:487-496. [PMID: 28824953 PMCID: PMC5558461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper compares black-white health disparities among prisoners to disparities in the noninstitutionalized community to provide a more complete portrait of the nation’s heath. We use data from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities and the 2002 and 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for incarcerated and noninstitutionalized adult (aged 18–65) men and women, respectively. Health disparities between black and white male prisoners based on self-reported prevalence are similar to disparities in the general population for hypertension and diabetes but significantly reduced for kidney problems and stroke. Health disparities between black and white female prisoners are similar to disparities in the general population for obesity but significantly reduced for hypertension, diabetes, heart problems, kidney problems, and stroke. Our study reveals that prisoners report far worse health profiles than non-prisoners but there is differential health selection into prison for whites and blacks, and population health estimates for adult black men in particular underreport the true health burden for U.S. adults. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating prison populations in demographic and public health analyses. Inmates have poorer health overall than the noninstitutionalized population, but more so for white women demonstrating a differential health selection into prison. Health problems increase when inmates are included in national health statistics, especially for black men. U.S. health statistics may underestimate the health of the nation with potential consequences for understanding racial health disparities. Properly characterizing population health and health disparities requires the inclusion of incarcerated adults in mainstream epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Nowotny
- University of Miami, Department of Sociology 5202 University Drive, Merrick Building, Rm 120, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Richard G. Rogers
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Sociology & Institute of Behavioral Science, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0483 USA
| | - Jason D. Boardman
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Sociology & Institute of Behavioral Science, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0483 USA
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21
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Bose S. Demographic and spatial disparity in HIV prevalence among incarcerated population in the US: A state-level analysis. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:278-286. [PMID: 28776462 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417724586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore empirically the presence of any spatial and demographic disparity in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection rate among the prison inmates across 48 states in the US and compare the results for 2000 and 2010. HIV infection is a severe health issue for incarcerated populations in the US. In 2010, the rate of diagnosed HIV infection among inmates in state and federal prisons was five times more than the nonincarcerated population. The National Prisoner Statistics database was used to find the demographic disparities in HIV prevalence rate based on incarceration rate, gender, race/ethnicity, the proportion of non-US citizens, and proportion of population below 18 years. State-level spatial mapping, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Moran's I statistic (univariate and bivariate) were computed based on these demographic characteristics using QGIS and Geoda software. There was a statistically significant pattern of spatial disparity in overall, male and female HIV infection rates across the state prisoners, with South and South-Eastern states facing a higher risk of infection. There was also statistically significant bivariate spatial association of HIV infection rate with the covariates: whites (negative), blacks (positive), non-US citizen (positive), and prisoners under age 18 years (positive) for both 2000 and 2010. There was a statistically significant higher HIV infection rate among the female prisoners in comparison to the male prisoners. It is of prime importance to examine the state-level disparities in HIV infection rate based on place and demographics. This is because evaluating the spatial pattern will help in accessing the relevant local information and provide federal agencies with better knowledge to target interventions and prevention programs toward the subgroup of the population at higher risk and help in controlling and reducing HIV infection prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimoyee Bose
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Lindbom SJA, Larsson M, Agardh A. The naked truth about HIV and risk taking in Swedish prisons: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182237. [PMID: 28759572 PMCID: PMC5536296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This qualitative study explores former prison inmates' perceptions and attitudes towards HIV risk inside Swedish prisons. METHOD In 2014, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with former male prisoners to gain a deeper understanding of situations perceived to be associated with risk of HIV transmission. The material gathered from the interviews was analyzed by manifest and latent qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The findings revealed that risky behavioral practices, such as sharing needles, unprotected sexual activity, and lack of openness about HIV status represented potential health threats with regard to the risk of HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the study indicates that educational interventions regarding HIV and the transmission routes are required for HIV prevention in Swedish prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid J. A. Lindbom
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Markus Larsson
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anette Agardh
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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23
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Augusto Â, Augusto O, Taquimo A, Nhachigule C, Siyawadya N, Tembe N, Bhatt N, Mbofana F, Gudo ES. First description of HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence in HIV-infected inmates in Mozambique. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1498-1502. [PMID: 28240367 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
No study has yet been conducted to estimate the burden of co-infection of HIV and HTLV-1/2 in inmates in sub-Saharan Africa. To investigate prevalence of co-infection in inmates in Mozambique, a total of 2140 inmates were screened for HIV, of which 515 were HIV seropositive. All HIV seropositive inmates were further screened for HTLV infection, and eight (1.55%) were co-infected. Co-infection was higher in females (3.45% [2/58; CI: 0.42-11.91]) as compared to males (1.35% [6/445; CI: 0.55-3.06]). Early screening of HTLV in prisons is urgently needed in Mozambique in order to improve the care provided to incarcerated individuals, including initiation of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Augusto
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Orvalho Augusto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Atija Taquimo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carina Nhachigule
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Narcisa Siyawadya
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Tembe
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Mbofana
- Direcção Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Eduardo Samo Gudo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
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Abstract
Infectious disease has a major impact on the health outcomes of underserved populations and is reported at significantly higher rates among these populations compared with the general population. Overcoming barriers and obstacles to health care access is key to addressing the disparity regarding the prevalence of infectious disease. Enhancing cultural competency and educating practitioners about underserved populations' basic health needs; optimizing health insurance for the underserved; increasing community resources; and improving access to comprehensive, continuous, compassionate, and coordinated health care are strategies for diminishing the burden of infectious disease in underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Neil Grief
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - John Paul Miller
- Bakersfield Memorial Family Medicine Residency Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, 420 34th Street, Bakersfield, CA 93301, USA
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Valera P, Chang Y, Lian Z. HIV risk inside U.S. prisons: a systematic review of risk reduction interventions conducted in U.S. prisons. AIDS Care 2016; 29:943-952. [PMID: 28027663 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1271102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV prevalence in correctional populations is approximately five times that of the general adult population. This systematic review examines the broad question of HIV prevention and interventions to reduce inmate HIV-related risk behaviors in U.S. federal and state prisons. We conducted a systematic review of multiple databases and Google Scholar to identify behavioral, biomedical, social, and policy studies related to HIV among U.S. prison populations from 1980-2014. Studies were excluded if they did not focus on HIV, prison inmates, if they were conducted outside of the U.S., if they involved juvenile offenders, or if they included post-release outcomes. Twenty-seven articles met the study criteria. Evidence suggests that research related to the HIV care continuum, risk behaviors, gender, prevention (e.g., peer education), and policy are key topics to enhance HIV prevention interventions in the criminal justice system. This review provides a prison-specific overview of HIV in U.S. correctional populations and highlight effective interventions, including inmate peer education. There is an urgent need to continue to implement HIV prevention interventions across all prisons and improve the quality of life among those at heightened risk of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valera
- a Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research , Orangeburg , NY , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , New York School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Yvonne Chang
- c Department of Sociology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Zi Lian
- d Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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26
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Knighton JS, Stevens-Watkins D, Oser C, Fisher S, Mahaffey CC, Crowell C, Leukefeld C. Perceived Risk of HIV Infection Among Drug-Using African American Male Prisoners: One Year After Community Re-entry. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1610-1618. [PMID: 27484149 PMCID: PMC5055417 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1191510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans represent 13% of the U.S. population but 46% of people living with HIV and nearly 40% of state and federal prisoners. Disproportionate rates of HIV among African American males involved in the criminal justice system have been associated with risk factors, including: contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), substance misuse, and inconsistent condom use. However, many African American males may not perceive an elevated risk of HIV upon re-entering the community. OBJECTIVE The current study examines correlates of perceived HIV risk among incarcerated African American drug-using males about one year after release from prison. METHODS Derived from a larger Health Services Utilization study, interviewing (N = 661) incarcerated men at baseline with a 92% follow-up rate approximately one year after community re-entry, the current study is a secondary data analyses from self-identified African American men (N = 250). After list-wise deletion, the total N = 221 for the final study results. RESULTS An ordered logistic regression model examining perceived risk of HIV as the dependent variable found age, cocaine use before sex, and condom use were significant correlates in the model. Alcohol use before sex mediated the relationship between cocaine use before sex and perceived HIV risk. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest men in this study are engaged in HIV risk behaviors and risk perception varies. Implications for individual-level, community-level and policy interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carrie Oser
- a University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
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27
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Condom use and incarceration among STI clinic attendees in the Deep South. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:971. [PMID: 27624443 PMCID: PMC5022228 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Incarceration history is associated with lower rates of condom use and increased HIV risk. Less is known about duration of incarceration and multiple incarcerations’ impact on condom use post-release. Methods In the current study, we surveyed 1,416 adults in Mississippi about their incarceration history and sexual risk behaviors. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to test associations between duration of incarceration, multiple incarcerations, socio-demographic factors, substance use, sexual behavior, and event level condom use at last sex. Results After adjusting for covariates, having been incarcerated for at least 6 months two or more times remained significantly associated with condomless sex. Conclusions This study found a strong, independent relationship between condom use and multiple, long-term incarceration events among patients in an urban STI clinic in the Deep South. The results suggest that duration of incarceration and multiple incarcerations have significant effects on sexual risk behaviors, underscoring the deleterious impact of long prison or jail sentences on population health. Our findings also suggest that correctional health care professionals and post-release providers might consider offering comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services and those providing community care should consider screening for previous incarceration as a marker of risk.
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Muñoz JP, Farnworth L, Dieleman C. Harnessing the Power of Occupation to Meet the Needs of People in Criminal Justice Settings. Occup Ther Int 2016; 23:221-8. [DOI: 10.1002/oti.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Boutwell AE, Freedman J. Coverage expansion and the criminal justice-involved population: implications for plans and service connectivity. Health Aff (Millwood) 2016; 33:482-6. [PMID: 24590949 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
People who have served time in US prisons and jails have high rates of undiagnosed chronic and infectious diseases, behavioral health conditions, and trauma. Because a large portion of this population are young men-a demographic previously underrepresented in Medicaid rolls-who have been uninsured, Medicaid payers and the managed care plans they contract with have little experience serving this population. To meet the Affordable Care Act's policy objectives of cost-efficient and effective care through improved and expanded access, health plans need to understand the epidemiology and care-seeking patterns of this population. Plans also need to develop outreach, communications, and engagement strategies and create service models designed to address these individuals' health care needs. Corrections departments and health plans should exchange information about the medical histories of people entering and leaving prisons and jails, promote models of peer support, and advocate for suspension rather than termination of Medicaid benefits during incarceration, so inmates can quickly regain coverage once they are released.
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Sinisgalli E, Silvestri C, Bravi S, Ceccherini V, Tanini T, Bonaccorsi G, Stasi C, Voller F. Infectious diseases in the Tuscan detention setting: data from the Health Agency of Tuscany. Public Health 2016; 141:264-267. [PMID: 27126919 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Sinisgalli
- Department of Health Science, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Vega Ceccherini
- Department of Health Science, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tanini
- Department of Health Science, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Bonaccorsi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Stasi
- Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Fabio Voller
- Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
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Beckwith CG, Kurth AE, Bazerman LB, Patry EJ, Cates A, Tran L, Noska A, Kuo I. A pilot study of rapid hepatitis C virus testing in the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016; 38:130-7. [PMID: 25736438 PMCID: PMC4750523 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correctional population bears a heavy burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection necessitating expansion of HCV testing and treatment opportunities. Rapid HCV testing provides point-of-care antibody results and may be ideal for correctional facilities, particularly jails, where persons are often incarcerated for short periods of time, yet feasibility has not been established. METHODS We conducted a pilot study of a rapid HCV testing algorithm among short-term inmates with unknown HCV status. Participants completed a questionnaire, viewed an informational video and underwent rapid HCV testing and confirmatory testing, when indicated. Persons with chronic infection were referred to community care after release. Baseline characteristics, risk behaviors, test results and linkage were examined by descriptive analyses. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty-two inmates were enrolled and 249 completed all study activities. Twenty-five participants (10%) had reactive rapid tests and 23 (92%) completed confirmatory testing. 15/23 (65%) had detectable HCV RNA, but only 4 linked to care after release. Persons with reactive HCV tests were more likely to be White (P = 0.01) and to have ever injected (P < 0.0001) and/or recently injected (P < 0.0001) drugs. CONCLUSIONS Rapid HCV testing within jails is feasible, identifies previously unrecognized cases of HCV infection, and implementation should be considered. Low rates of linkage to care after release remain a barrier to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt G. Beckwith
- The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alice Cates
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liem Tran
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amanda Noska
- The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
| | - Irene Kuo
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Understanding the Syndemic Connections Between HIV and Incarceration Among African American Men, Especially African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34004-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schnittker J, Uggen C, Shannon SKS, McElrath SM. The Institutional Effects of Incarceration: Spillovers From Criminal Justice to Health Care. Milbank Q 2015; 93:516-60. [PMID: 26350929 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
POLICY POINTS The steady increase in incarceration is related to the quality and functioning of the health care system. US states that incarcerate a larger number of people show declines in overall access to and quality of care, rooted in high levels of uninsurance and relatively poor health of former inmates. Providing health care to former inmates would ease the difficulties of inmates and their families. It might also prevent broader adverse spillovers to the health care system. The health care system and the criminal justice system are related in real but underappreciated ways. CONTEXT This study examines the spillover effects of growth in state-level incarceration rates on the functioning and quality of the US health care system. METHODS Our multilevel approach first explored cross-sectional individual-level data on health care behavior merged to aggregate state-level data regarding incarceration. We then conducted an entirely aggregate-level analysis to address between-state heterogeneity and trends over time in health care access and utilization. FINDINGS We found that individuals residing in states with a larger number of former prison inmates have diminished access to care, less access to specialists, less trust in physicians, and less satisfaction with the care they receive. These spillover effects are deep in that they affect even those least likely to be personally affected by incarceration, including the insured, those over 50, women, non-Hispanic whites, and those with incomes far exceeding the federal poverty threshold. These patterns likely reflect the burden of uncompensated care among former inmates, who have both a greater than average need for care and higher than average levels of uninsurance. State-level analyses solidify these claims. Increases in the number of former inmates are associated simultaneously with increases in the percentage of uninsured within a state and increases in emergency room use per capita, both net of controls for between-state heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses establish an intersection between systems of care and corrections, linked by inadequate financial and administrative mechanisms for delivering services to former inmates.
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Buisker TR, Dufour MSK, Myers JJ. Recall of Nadir CD4 Cell Count and Most Recent HIV Viral Load Among HIV-Infected, Socially Marginalized Adults. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:2108-16. [PMID: 25711297 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lower nadir CD4 cell counts and higher HIV viral loads are associated with increased risks of adverse events in the progression of HIV disease. In cases where medical records are inaccessible or incomplete, little evidence is available regarding whether nadir CDR cell count or HIV viral load is reliably reported in any patient population. We compare survey data collected from 207 HIV-infected individuals detained in San Francisco jails to data collected from electronic medical records (EMR) kept by the jails and community health providers. The sensitivity of self-reported nadir CD4 cell count less than 200 was 82 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 68, 88], and the sensitivity of reporting an undetectable most recent HIV viral load was 93 % (95 % CI 84, 97). This suggests that in a highly socially marginalized population, nadir CD4 cell count and most recent HIV viral load are recalled accurately when compared to EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Buisker
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California - San Francisco, 550 16th St., 3rd Floor, UCSF Mailcode 0886, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Mi-Suk Kang Dufour
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California - San Francisco, 550 16th St., 3rd Floor, UCSF Mailcode 0886, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Janet J Myers
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California - San Francisco, 550 16th St., 3rd Floor, UCSF Mailcode 0886, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Hoang HL, Khan MN, Berger S, Moreau D, Nickel P, Woods D, Jaipaul J, Pyne D, Moreland B, Singh A, Ahmed R. Assessment of HIV Knowledge in Correctional Facility Health Care Workers: A Pilot Study of an Educational Intervention. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2015; 15:276-85. [PMID: 26316522 DOI: 10.1177/2325957415600797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV rates are disproportionately higher in the incarcerated compared to the general population. Unfortunately, HIV sero-positive inmates report perceived discrimination and missed antiretroviral doses. Correctional facility nursing competency in HIV management may mitigate these concerns. Using validated knowledge instruments, the authors measured baseline HIV knowledge in correctional facility nurses from 3 correctional facilities in Alberta, Canada, and quantified changes after a targeted educational workshop. Basic HIV knowledge increased significantly, whereas perceived need for further HIV education significantly decreased postintervention. This study demonstrates that correctional facility nurses may not receive ideal HIV education during employment and that targeted HIV workshops can significantly increase knowledge and confidence when caring for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Hoang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Sara Berger
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Danusia Moreau
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pamela Nickel
- HIV Northern Alberta Program, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dan Woods
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joy Jaipaul
- Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Diane Pyne
- Health Care Operations, Edmonton Remand Center, Alberta Health Services
| | - Barbara Moreland
- Edmonton Young Offender Center, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ameeta Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rabia Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Iroh PA, Mayo H, Nijhawan AE. The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e5-16. [PMID: 25973818 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic literature review of the data on HIV testing, engagement in care, and treatment in incarcerated persons, and estimated the care cascade in this group. We identified 2706 titles in MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies indexed to January 13, 2015, and included 92 for analysis. We summarized HIV testing results by type (blinded, opt-out, voluntary); reviewed studies on HIV care engagement, treatment, and virological suppression; and synthesized these results into an HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration. The HIV care cascade following diagnosis increased during incarceration and declined substantially after release, often to levels lower than before incarceration. Incarceration provides an opportunity to address HIV care in hard-to-reach individuals, though new interventions are needed to improve postrelease care continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess A Iroh
- Princess A. Iroh and Ank E. Nijhawan are with Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Helen Mayo is with Health Sciences Digital Library and Learning Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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El Bcheraoui C, Zhang X, Welty LJ, Abram KM, Teplin LA, Sutton MY. HIV Knowledge Among a Longitudinal Cohort of Juvenile Detainees in an Urban Setting. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2015; 21:112-24. [PMID: 25788607 PMCID: PMC5704944 DOI: 10.1177/1078345815572596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated HIV knowledge change among a cohort of juvenile detainees. Participants completed an HIV knowledge survey at baseline and up to 4 more times over 6 years. The authors calculated knowledge scores; the time serial trend of scores was modeled using generalized estimating equations. A baseline survey was completed by 798 participants, ages 14 to 18 years; mean HIV knowledge scores ranged from 11.4 to 14.1 (maximum score = 18). Males had significantly lower HIV knowledge scores than females at baseline only. Over time, Hispanic participants had significantly lower scores than non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White participants. Overall, HIV knowledge increased but was still suboptimal 5 years after baseline. These findings suggest the need to develop and strengthen HIV prevention education programs in youth detention settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel El Bcheraoui
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Applied Sciences, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leah J Welty
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA The Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen M Abram
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda A Teplin
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madeline Y Sutton
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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González RA, Vélez-Pastrana MC, Ruiz Varcárcel JJ, Levin FR, Albizu-García CE. Childhood ADHD symptoms are associated with lifetime and current illicit substance-use disorders and in-site health risk behaviors in a representative sample of Latino prison inmates. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:301-12. [PMID: 23212598 PMCID: PMC3641170 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712461690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore retrospective childhood ADHD symptomatology, psychiatric comorbidity, rates of substance-use disorders (SUD), as well as their association with high-risk health behaviors in prison and adverse health outcomes. METHOD A randomly selected representative sample of inmates in the Puerto Rico correctional system (N = 1,179) was assessed with the Spanish-language Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS); the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) modules for lifetime/current major depression disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and SUD; the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS; posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]); and self-reports of in-site high-risk behaviors. RESULTS Wald χ(2) tests revealed significant associations of ADHD with MDD and PTSD, as well as increased risk for overdosing and intravenous drug use in prison. A logistic regression model adjusted for mood and anxiety comorbidity predicted lifetime SUD diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.38; 95% confidence interval = [1.15, 4.94]). CONCLUSION Our results provide further evidence on the association of drug dependence and ADHD symptoms, and their overrepresentation among prison inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. González
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR,Corresponding author. 26 Troy Court, High Street Kensington, London, UK, W8RD7 Tel.: +1 (787) 758 2525 ext. 4218, Fax: +1 (787) 767 4146, (R. González)
| | | | - José J. Ruiz Varcárcel
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| | - Frances R. Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen E. Albizu-García
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
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Kreager DA, Schaefer DR, Bouchard M, Haynie DL, Wakefield S, Young J, Zajac G. TOWARD A CRIMINOLOGY OF INMATE NETWORKS. JUSTICE QUARTERLY : JQ 2015; 33:1000-1028. [PMID: 27616815 PMCID: PMC5014440 DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2015.1016090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mid-twentieth century witnessed a surge of American prison ethnographies focused on inmate society and the social structures that guide inmate life. Ironically, this literature virtually froze in the 1980s just as the country entered a period of unprecedented prison expansion, and has only recently begun to thaw. In this manuscript, we develop a rationale for returning inmate society to the forefront of criminological inquiry, and suggest that network science provides an ideal framework for achieving this end. In so doing, we show that a network perspective extends prison ethnographies by allowing quantitative assessment of prison culture and illuminating basic characteristics of prison social structure that are essential for improving inmate safety, health, and community reentry outcomes. We conclude by demonstrating the feasibility and promise of inmate network research with findings from a recent small-scale study of a maximum-security prison work unit.
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Pearson FS, Shafer MS, Dembo R, Del Mar Vega-Debién G, Pankow J, Duvall JL, Belenko S, Frisman LK, Visher CA, Pich M, Patterson Y. Efficacy of a process improvement intervention on delivery of HIV services to offenders: a multisite trial. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:2385-91. [PMID: 25322311 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested a modified Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) process improvement model to implement improved HIV services (prevention, testing, and linkage to treatment) for offenders under correctional supervision. METHODS As part of the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies, Phase 2, the HIV Services and Treatment Implementation in Corrections study conducted 14 cluster-randomized trials in 2011 to 2013 at 9 US sites, where one correctional facility received training in HIV services and coaching in a modified NIATx model and the other received only HIV training. The outcome measure was the odds of successful delivery of an HIV service. RESULTS The results were significant at the .05 level, and the point estimate for the odds ratio was 2.14. Although overall the results were heterogeneous, the experiments that focused on implementing HIV prevention interventions had a 95% confidence interval that exceeded the no-difference point. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that a modified NIATx process improvement model can effectively implement improved rates of delivery of some types of HIV services in correctional environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Pearson
- Frank S. Pearson is with the Center for the Integration of Research and Practice, National Development and Research Institutes Inc, New York, NY. Michael S. Shafer is with the Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy, School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Richard Dembo is with the Department of Criminology, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa. Graciela del Mar Vega-Debién is with the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan. Jennifer Pankow is with the Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. Jamieson L. Duvall is with the Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Steven Belenko and Michele Pich are with the Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. Linda K. Frisman and Yvonne Patterson are with the School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, West Hartford. Christy A. Visher is with the Center for Drug and Health Studies, University of Delaware, Newark
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Brawner BM. A multilevel understanding of HIV/AIDS disease burden among African American women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2014; 43:633-643. [PMID: 25139057 DOI: 10.1111/1552-6909.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Disproportionate HIV/AIDS rates among African American women have been examined extensively, primarily from an individual-centered focus. Beyond individual behaviors, factors such as the hyperincarceration of African American men and geographically concentrated disadvantage may better explain inequitable disease burden. In this article I propose a conceptual model of individual, social, and structural factors that influence HIV transmission among African American women. The model can be used to develop comprehensive assessments and guide prevention programs in African American communities.
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Levy ME, Wilton L, Phillips G, Glick SN, Kuo I, Brewer RA, Elliott A, Watson C, Magnus M. Understanding structural barriers to accessing HIV testing and prevention services among black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in the United States. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:972-96. [PMID: 24531769 PMCID: PMC4509742 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-014-0719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural-level factors have contributed to the substantial disproportionate rates of HIV among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in the United States. Despite insufficient HIV testing patterns, however, there is a void in research investigating the relationship between structural factors and access to HIV testing and prevention services among BMSM. Building on previous scholarly work and incorporating a dynamic social systems conceptual framework, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on structural barriers to HIV testing and prevention services among BMSM across four domains: healthcare, stigma and discrimination, incarceration, and poverty. We found that BMSM experience inadequate access to culturally competent services, stigma and discrimination that impede access to services, a deficiency of services in correctional institutions, and limited services in areas where BMSM live. Structural interventions that eliminate barriers to HIV testing and prevention services and provide BMSM with core skills to navigate complex systems are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Levy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, 950 New Hampshire Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA,
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Goldstein MM. Health information privacy and health information technology in the US correctional setting. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:803-9. [PMID: 24625160 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electronic health records and electronic health information exchange are essential to improving quality of care, reducing medical errors and health disparities, and advancing the delivery of patient-centered medical care. In the US correctional setting, these goals are critical because of the high numbers of Americans affected, yet the use of health information technology is quite limited. In this article, I describe the legal environment surrounding health information sharing in corrections by focusing on 2 key federal privacy laws: the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the federal Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records laws. In addition, I review stakeholder concerns and describe possible ways forward that enable electronic exchange while ensuring protection of inmate information and legal compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Goldstein
- Melissa M. Goldstein is with the Department of Health Policy, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC
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Cocoros N, Nettle E, Church D, Bourassa L, Sherwin V, Cranston K, Carr R, Fukuda HD, DeMaria A. Screening for Hepatitis C as a Prevention Enhancement (SHAPE) for HIV: an integration pilot initiative in a Massachusetts County correctional facility. Public Health Rep 2014; 129 Suppl 1:5-11. [PMID: 24385643 DOI: 10.1177/00333549141291s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) and the Barnstable County Sheriff's Department (BCSD) in Massachusetts initiated a pilot program in July 2009 offering education and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing to inmates and detainees, concurrent with routine HIV testing. The initiative was implemented to assess the feasibility of integrating HCV screening into an HIV screening program in a correctional setting and the efficacy of linking HCV antibody-positive inmates to clinical care upon release. METHODS Through the Screening for Hepatitis C as a Prevention Enhancement initiative, HCV and HIV testing were offered to inmates and detainees shortly after admission, and by request at any time during incarceration. In preparation for release, referrals were made to community-based medical providers for HCV follow-up care. Data from BCSD were compared with routine surveillance data received by MDPH. Confirmatory HCV test results received by April 15, 2012, were considered indicators of appropriate post-release clinical care. RESULTS From July 2009 through December 2011, 22% (n=596) and 25% (n=667) of 2,716 inmates/detainees accepted HCV and HIV testing, respectively. Of those tested for HCV antibody, 20.5% (n=122) were positive. Of those tested for HIV antibody, 0.8% (n=5) were positive. Of the inmates who tested HCV positive at BCSD and had been released, 37.8% were identified as receiving post-release medical care. CONCLUSIONS We determined that integration of HCV education and screening into correctional facilities is feasible and reveals high rates of HCV infection. Although this model presupposes programmatic infrastructure, elements of the service design and integration could inform a range of correctional programs. Effective linkage to care, while substantial, was not routine based on our analysis, and may require additional resources given its cost and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Cocoros
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Eduardo Nettle
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Daniel Church
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Lori Bourassa
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | | | - Kevin Cranston
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Robert Carr
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - H Dawn Fukuda
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
| | - Alfred DeMaria
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Infectious Disease, Jamaica Plain, MA
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de Arimatéia da Cruz J, Rich LE. Competing imperatives? Moral and public health duties of preventing and treating infectious disease in prisons. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2014; 11:105-108. [PMID: 24464404 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-014-9508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Rich JD, Chandler R, Williams BA, Dumont D, Wang EA, Taxman FS, Allen SA, Clarke JG, Greifinger RB, Wildeman C, Osher FC, Rosenberg S, Haney C, Mauer M, Western B. How health care reform can transform the health of criminal justice-involved individuals. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33:462-7. [PMID: 24590946 PMCID: PMC4034754 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Provisions of the Affordable Care Act offer new opportunities to apply a public health and medical perspective to the complex relationship between involvement in the criminal justice system and the existence of fundamental health disparities. Incarceration can cause harm to individual and community health, but prisons and jails also hold enormous potential to play an active and beneficial role in the health care system and, ultimately, to improving health. Traditionally, incarcerated populations have been incorrectly viewed as isolated and self-contained communities with only peripheral importance to the public health at large. This misconception has resulted in missed opportunities to positively affect the health of both the individuals and the imprisoned community as a whole and potentially to mitigate risk behaviors that may contribute to incarceration. Both community and correctional health care professionals can capitalize on these opportunities by working together to advocate for the health of the criminal justice-involved population and their communities. We present a set of recommendations for the improvement of both correctional health care, such as improving systems of external oversight and quality management, and access to community-based care, including establishing strategies for postrelease care and medical record transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah D. Rich
- Professor of medicine and epidemiology at Brown University and director and cofounder of the Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights at the Miriam Hospital, in Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Redonna Chandler
- Acting director of the Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brie A. Williams
- Associate professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, in the Division of Geriatrics and is medical director at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Geriatrics Clinic
| | - Dora Dumont
- Senior epidemiologist at the Rhode Island Department of Health, in Providence. She was a research associate at the Miriam Hospital when this research was conducted
| | - Emily A. Wang
- Assistant professor of general medicine at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Faye S. Taxman
- Professor in the Criminology, Law, and Society Department and runs the Center for Advancing Excellence at George Mason University, in Manassas, Virginia
| | - Scott A. Allen
- Clinical professor of medicine at Riverside School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside
| | - Jennifer G. Clarke
- Attending physician at the Center for Primary Care and Prevention at Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, in Pawtucket
| | - Robert B. Greifinger
- Adjunct professor of health and criminal justice at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, in New York City
| | | | - Fred C. Osher
- Director of health services and systems policy at the Council of State Governments Justice Center, in Johns Island, South Carolina
| | - Steven Rosenberg
- President of Community Oriented Correctional Health Services, in Oakland, California
| | - Craig Haney
- Professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz
| | - Marc Mauer
- Executive director of the Sentencing Project, in Washington, D.C
| | - Bruce Western
- Professor of sociology at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Lyons T, Osunkoya E, Anguh I, Adefuye A, Balogun J. HIV prevention and education in state prison systems: an update. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 20:105-15. [PMID: 24532813 DOI: 10.1177/1078345813518630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence rate of HIV infection in jails and prisons is approximately 5 times the rate in the U.S. general population. The authors surveyed state prison officials to assess HIV testing and HIV prevention policies--specifically voluntary testing, group HIV prevention counseling, and peer education--in the 50 states and to determine whether those policies are associated with the characteristics of the state and its prison population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lyons
- 1HIV/AIDS Research and Policy Institute, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chaple M, Sacks S, McKendrick K, Marsch LA, Belenko S, Leukefeld C, Prendergast M, French M. Feasibility of a computerized intervention for offenders with substance use disorders: a research note. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 10:105-127. [PMID: 24634641 PMCID: PMC3945711 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-013-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite evidence that treatment is effective in reducing recidivism among inmates with substance use problems, scarce resources mean that few of those in need of treatment actually receive it. Computerized substance abuse interventions could be used to expand access to treatment in prisons without placing an undue burden on resources. The major aim of the study was to compare treatment conditions in terms of their service utilization, skills acquisition, and treatment satisfaction. METHODS The study recruited men and women with substance use disorders from 10 prisons in 4 states. In an open label clinical trial, 494 subjects were randomly assigned either to the Experimental condition, a computerized drug treatment intervention, the Therapeutic Education System (TES; n = 249), or to the Control condition, Standard Care (n = 245). Chi-square tests compared groups on categorical variables and independent samples t tests were used for interval level continuous variables. RESULTS Initial evidence demonstrated: (1) comparable group rates of session attendance and high rates of TES module completion for experimental subjects; (2) comparable group gains in the development of coping skills; and (3) a more favorable view of TES than of Standard Care. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show that a computerized intervention, such as TES, can be implemented successfully in prison. Given the barriers to the delivery of substance abuse treatment typically encountered in correctional settings, computerized interventions have the potential to fill a significant treatment gap and are particularly well suited to inmates with mild to moderate substance use disorders who often are not treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chaple
- Center for the Integration of Research & Practice (CIRP), National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), 71 W 23 Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Stanley Sacks
- Center for the Integration of Research & Practice (CIRP), National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), 71 W 23 Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Karen McKendrick
- Center for the Integration of Research & Practice (CIRP), National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), 71 W 23 Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Lisa A. Marsch
- Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1404 USA
| | - Steven Belenko
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Gladfelter Hall, 5th Fl, 1115 Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Carl Leukefeld
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 111 Medical Behavioral Science Bldg 0086, Lexington, KY 40536-0086 USA
| | - Michael Prendergast
- Criminal Justice Research Group, Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 11075 Santa Monica Blvd, Suite 100, Los Angeles, 90025 USA
| | - Michael French
- Economics, Health Administration & Policy Program, and Health Economics Research Group, University of Miami, 5202 University Dr, Merrick Bldg, Rm 121F, POB 248162, Coral Gables, FL 33124-2030 USA
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50
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Belenko S, Visher C, Copenhaver M, Hiller M, Melnick G, O’Connell D, Pearson F, Fletcher B. A cluster randomized trial of utilizing a local change team approach to improve the delivery of HIV services in correctional settings: study protocol. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2013; 1:8. [PMID: 25530933 PMCID: PMC4270366 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7899-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons held in correctional facilities are at high risk for HIV infection and their prevalence of HIV is substantially higher than in the general population. Thus, the need for proper surveillance and care of this high risk population is a paramount public health issue. This study aims to evaluate an organization-level intervention strategy for improving HIV services for persons in prison or jail. METHODS/DESIGN HIV Services and Treatment Implementation in Corrections (HIV-STIC) is using a cluster randomized trial design to test an organization-level intervention designed to implement improvements in preventing, detecting, and treating HIV for persons under correctional supervision. Matched pairs of prison or jail facilities were randomized using a SAS algorithm. Facility staff members in both Experimental and Control conditions involved in HIV service delivery are recruited to receive training on HIV infection, the HIV services continuum, and relevant web-based resources. Staff members in both conditions are tasked to implement improvements in HIV prevention, testing, or treatment in their facility. In the Control condition facilities, staff participants use existing techniques for implementing improvement in a selected area of HIV services. In contrast, the Experimental condition staff participants work as a Local Change Team (LCT) with external coaching and use a structured process improvement approach to improve a selected part of the HIV services continuum. The intervention period is 10 months during which data are obtained using survey instruments administered to staff members and aggregate services delivery data. The study is being implemented in 13 pairs of correctional facilities across nine states in the US. Experimental sites are hypothesized to show improvements in both staff attitudes toward HIV services and the number and quality of HIV services provided for inmates. DISCUSSION The current study examines a range of process and outcome data relevant to the implementation of a Change Team approach across diverse correctional settings in the United States. This initial study represents an important step toward a national best practices approach to implementing change in U.S. correctional settings and could serve as an exemplar for designing similar implementation studies.
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