1
|
Karbeah J, Murray CR, Nakamura C, Brahmbhatt H, Cattaneo E, Frye H, Shen E, Kavalieratos D, Johnson KA. Racism in Pediatric Serious Illness and Palliative Care: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Research. J Pain Symptom Manage 2024:S0885-3924(24)01040-6. [PMID: 39362386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Racial disparities in health outcomes have historically impacted Black and Native American children with serious illness, yet little is known about how racism shapes the healthcare experiences of these families. To improve care experiences for this population, we must understand the myriad of ways that racism may impact their experiences with serious illness. OBJECTIVES (1) To assess the extent to which the experiences of Black and Native American families have been captured in existing serious illness and palliative care literature and (2) explore how experiences of racism uniquely impact this population. METHODS We conducted a scoping review and qualitative meta-synthesis of peer-reviewed articles from 1980-2022 that included Black and/or Native American parents' or caregivers' experiences of serious illness care. We abstracted study characteristics, and forms of racism mentioned. RESULTS Searches yielded 2762 articles, of which 6 were reviewed based on inclusion criteria. Three key themes emerged from the literature on the experiences of Black families navigating pediatric serious illness that highlight how parents navigate their future after a serious illness diagnosis; how relationships and support networks change after diagnosis; and the challenges associated with navigating grief and suffering after a diagnosis. Institutionalized racism and interpersonal racism were the most identified forms of racism experienced by Black families. None of the articles identified included Native American families. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the pressing need for further qualitative research to explore the lived experiences of racially minoritized families-especially studies focusing on the experiences of Native American families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J'Mag Karbeah
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Camille R Murray
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Division of Health Policy and Management, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Corelle Nakamura
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Hailey Frye
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Erin Shen
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dio Kavalieratos
- Emory University, Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Khaliah A Johnson
- Emory University, Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Russo LN, Arreola J, Montiel G, Torres G, Leal F, Guerra N, Borelli JL. Examining Interpersonal Traumas Across Low Income Latinx Mother-Youth Dyads: Associations Between Maternal Child Abuse Exposure and Racial Discrimination with Mother and Youth Psychopathology. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1176-1189. [PMID: 36534303 PMCID: PMC11362375 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Child abuse has intergenerational consequences for psychopathology, however, there remains a paucity of research regarding how these experiences affect Latinx families, particularly those at risk for additional negative life events, such as racial discrimination. This study aims to contribute to this gap in the literature by examining the impact maternal child abuse exposure has on youth and maternal psychopathology, as well as whether these associations are moderated by racial discrimination, in a sample of 224 Latinx mother-youth dyads. Hierarchical regressions revealed small but significant maternal child abuse exposure x racial discrimination interactions for youth depression and anxiety, but not maternal depression or anxiety, which were solely positively associated with maternal child abuse exposure. Findings highlight the multifarious, and at times convergent, nature of trauma and oppression among Latinx families, as well as the impact across generations. Future work is needed to further elucidate developmental pathways of intergenerational trauma in understudied populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyric N Russo
- University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, 92697, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Jose Arreola
- University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, 92697, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Gina Torres
- Latino Health Access, Santa Ana, CA, United States
| | | | - Nancy Guerra
- University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, 92697, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- University of California, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, 92697, Irvine, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murry VM. Seizing the moments and lessons learned from the global response to COVID-19 pandemic: Creating a platform to shape the scientific and public discourse of research on adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39351879 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 response offers a model to guide research and preventive interventions targeting adolescents, their families, and communities. My 2022 SRA Presidential Address posed: What if the COVID-19 Response Served as a Guidepost for Future Research on Adolescence? Solution versus Problem-Focused Agenda. Several "pandemics" were already underway, emerging from historic and contemporary events that threaten the safety and survival of human lives. The Multi-Transgenerational Life Course Theoretical model was selected to demonstrate pathways through which the transmission of generational exposure to crisis and trauma impact adolescents' developmental trajectories. Recommendations to inform and guide an adolescent research rapid response agenda are proposed minds to advance equity and social justice can become realities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velma McBride Murry
- Department of Health Policy, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mutambudzi M, Boakye K, Green O, Heffernan K. Chronic Work Discrimination, Allostatic Load, and HbA1c in Older Workers. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2024; 64:gnae094. [PMID: 39086193 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Work discrimination is an important public health problem with consequences for health. This study examined the effect of chronic work discrimination on 4-year changes in HbA1c, as a reflection of glucose control and type 2 diabetes risk in older workers and assessed whether allostatic load (AL) affected the strength of this association. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used Health and Retirement Study data (2010-2016, n = 3,246). Conditional change multinomial logistic regression examined the association between chronic work discrimination, high AL (4 or more out of 8 high-risk biomarkers), and HbA1c, while accounting for relevant covariates. RESULTS Black participants had the highest rates of baseline (22.7%) and follow-up (28%) HbA1c levels, AL (38%), and chronic work discrimination (39%; p < .01). Severe chronic work discrimination was associated with elevated HbA1c (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 2.43). AL was associated with elevated HbA1c (RRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.14). Relative to White participants, Hispanic (RRR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.16, RRR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.051, 3.12), and Black (RRR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.82, 3.23; RRR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.97, 4.56) participants had an increased risk of intermediate and elevated HbA1c, respectively. Among those with long job tenure (≥5 years), both moderate (RRR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.96) and severe (RRR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.15, 3.12) chronic work discrimination was associated with elevated HbA1c. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic work discrimination was associated with HbA1c; however, no moderating effects of AL were observed. Findings underscore a need for organizational and public health measures to establish strong anti-discrimination laws in the workplace to improve the work environment of older workers and reduce diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mutambudzi
- Department of Public Health, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kelvin Boakye
- Department of Public Health, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Olutoyin Green
- College of Arts & Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Heffernan
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu C, Kawachi I. A triple trust penalty? The majority-minority gap in subjective wellbeing. Soc Sci Med 2024; 361:117371. [PMID: 39366152 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a social capital perspective to the majority-minority gap in wellbeing. We explore the role of social trust and test specifically whether racial and ethnic minorities may experience a triple trust penalty. First is a level penalty, where minorities exhibit lower levels of trust, potentially adversely affecting their wellbeing. Second, there may be a return penalty, where minorities may experience a diminished return from being trustful. Third, there may be a protection penalty, where minorities experience reduced benefits from residing in a high-trust context. Our empirical analyses are based on data from multiple waves of the European Social Survey (Round 4-10, 2008-2020) with over 300,000 individuals from 38 European countries. Our analyses indicate support for the level penalty, but we found no evidence for the return or protection penalties. Specifically, we show that racial and ethnic minorities' lower levels of trust can have harmful impacts on their happiness and life satisfaction. However, an increase in trust yields greater wellbeing among racial and ethnic minorities, and residing in a high-trust context also appears to have a more substantial impact on the well-being of racial and ethnic minorities as compared to their counterparts. The results suggest that promoting trust can effectively narrow the wellbeing gap among various racial groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary Wu
- Department of Sociology and Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Shaojun C, Akintunde TY, Okagbue EF, Isangha SO, Musa TH. Life course and mental health: a thematic and systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1329079. [PMID: 39309150 PMCID: PMC11412817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study explored the influence of the life course on mental health by identifying key trends, seminal works, and themes in existing research. Additionally, it highlights the major discussions at the intersection of life course and mental health. Methods Documents were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), to systematically analyze themes on mental health outcomes across the life course. The analysis was based on key bibliometric tools, including VOSviewer 1.6.11, R Studio software, and GraphPad Prism 9 to analyze the evolution and impact of scholarly contributions in this domain. Results The accumulated body of research concerning the life course's impact on mental health, which began to emerge around 1990 displayed a consistently upward trend. Predominant contributions originate from developed nations and frequently look into the psychosocial determinants of mental health over life course. Life course and mental health studies have been extensively infused with biopsychosocial frameworks that consider the role of genetic makeup, neurodevelopment, cognition, affect, sociocultural dynamics, and interpersonal relationships. Life course theory application in mental health highlight the substantive effects of accumulated adversities, notably social determinants of health, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and their implications for subsequent mental health outcomes. Conclusion The nexus of life course and mental health outcomes demands further scholarly interrogation, particularly within underserved regions, to strengthen protective mechanisms for vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Sociology, School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Shaojun
- Department of Sociology, School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tosin Yinka Akintunde
- Department of Sociology, School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Ekene Francis Okagbue
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stanley Oloji Isangha
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Taha Hussein Musa
- School of Medicine, Dafur University College, Nyala, Sudan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Dafur University College, Nyala, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruggiero CF, Trexberg KM, Moore AM, Savage JS. Applying the Family Stress Model to responsive feeding and early obesity prevention. Appetite 2024; 200:107515. [PMID: 38797237 PMCID: PMC11227407 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity during early childhood may lead to adverse health outcomes during later childhood and into adulthood, especially in families experiencing economic hardship. Families experiencing economic hardship may also experience food insecurity, which can impact child development and responsive feeding, an important target for obesity prevention in early life. The Family Stress Model suggests that stress, particularly economic hardship, can negatively impact parents' mental health, parenting, and quality of family relationships. This review proposes a conceptual model that expands upon the original Family Stress Model by including parent-child dyadic interactions during feeding (i.e., responsive feeding) as well as the coparenting relationship around feeding. Our conceptual model integrates responsive feeding into the Family Stress Model and includes the impact of food insecurity on feeding and child health outcomes. Such models that consider multiple influences on child development have implications for the design of effective interventions to promote healthy growth for entire families. Future directions in this research will empirically test the model and explore early intervention strategies that aim to promote responsive feeding, nutrition security, and health within families. Continuing interdisciplinary research between the fields of nutrition and family development will be key to addressing the complex interplay of family stressors, parent responsiveness, and childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara F Ruggiero
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Trexberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 119 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Amy M Moore
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 129 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simmons T, Quattlebaum M, Martin P, Wilson DK. Strength-based strategies for addressing racial stressors in African American families: lessons learned from developing the LEADS health promotion intervention. J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s10865-024-00509-y. [PMID: 39126610 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing the real-life impact of racial stress on physical and psychological health is vital for creating impactful health promotion interventions among African American families. Despite the known link between racial stress and poor physical health outcomes, no existing intervention to date has targeted stress management strategies to buffer racial stress and build positive health behaviors among African American families. The current study outlines the lessons learned throughout the development of the Linking Exercise for Advancing Daily Stress (LEADS) Management and Resilience program, a 10-week family-based health promotion, stress management, and resilience intervention that aimed to improve physical activity, healthy eating, and well-being among African American adolescents and parents. We highlight the evolution of the LEADS intervention from a health promotion and stress management intervention to a culturally salient health promotion, stress management, and resilience intervention utilizing community-based participatory research strategies. This paper chronicles our systematic journey in making those changes and the lessons we learned along the way. We provide specific recommendations and implications for future health promotion interventions developed for African American families. Overall, we argue for a research orientation that respects cultural and racial contexts, embraces diversity within research teams and self-reflection, recognizes the heterogeneity among African American populations, and applies strength-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Simmons
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mary Quattlebaum
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pamela Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dawn K Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Castelin S, Jacquez F, Burlew AK, Cunningham SR. Dual Pandemics: Race-Related COVID Stress and Mental Health Outcomes in Black Individuals. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:2141-2153. [PMID: 37378805 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Black individuals have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due in part to historically rooted stressors that lie at the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and racism. We used secondary data from The Association of Black Psychologists' multi-state needs assessment of 2480 Black adults to examine the link between race-related COVID stress (RRCS) and mental health outcomes. We also examined the moderating roles of everyday discrimination, cultural mistrust, Black activism, Black identity, and spirituality/religiosity in these associations. T-tests revealed that several demographic and cultural factors are associated with RRCS endorsement. A series of regression analyses showed that endorsement of RRCS is associated with higher psychological distress and lower well-being, above and beyond several sociodemographic characteristics. While traditional cultural protective factors did not buffer against the effects of RRCS on mental health, cultural mistrust strengthened the positive association between RRCS and psychological distress; nonetheless, the association of cultural mistrusts with psychological distress was only seen in those who endorsed RRCS. We provide recommendations for policymakers, clinicians, and researchers to consider the impact of RRCS when addressing Black mental health and well-being in the age of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Castelin
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Farrah Jacquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Kathleen Burlew
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moula Z, Zanting A, Kumar S. 'I sound different, I look different, I am different': Protecting and promoting the sense of authenticity of ethnically minoritised medical students. CLINICAL TEACHER 2024; 21:e13750. [PMID: 38432686 DOI: 10.1111/tct.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being authentic can improve students' well-being and enhance the medical student-patient communication and patient safety. However, the underrepresentation of ethnically minoritised students in medical education can result in identity suppression, interfering with students' ability to succeed academically and professionally. METHODS We conducted interviews with 20 ethnically minoritised medical students, which were analysed thematically, to explore the following: What facilitates and prevents students from being their authentic self during medical school? What learning and teaching strategies can enable students to be or become their authentic self? FINDINGS Experiences of discrimination, microaggressions and/or racism were the main barriers to authenticity, leading to fear of being discriminated again if students expressed their true self. Lack of diversity, cultural awareness and staff representation were also fundamental barriers. Being authentic was often perceived as contradictory to being professional and a risk that could damage students' reputation. However, when students could express their true self, they felt happier, safer and developed a stronger sense of belonging. DISCUSSION To enhance authenticity, students need to see better staff representation, role models they can relate and aspire to, such as Black professors. Equity/Diversity/Inclusion/Belonging (EDIB) training needs to become embedded throughout the curriculum and be delivered by facilitators with lived experiences. Other strategies to promote students' authenticity included mentoring, better signposting to complaints procedure and well-being resources and implementation of 'zero tolerance' policies. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies on the concept of authenticity in medical education and the first study focusing on ethnically minoritised students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moula
- Medical Education Innovation and Research Centre (MEdIC), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Albertine Zanting
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sonia Kumar
- Medical Education Innovation and Research Centre (MEdIC), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Havers L, Bhui K, Shuai R, Fonagy P, Fazel M, Morgan C, Fancourt D, McCrone P, Smuk M, Hosang GM, Shakoor S. A cross-sectional investigation into the role of intersectionality as a moderator of the relation between youth adversity and adolescent depression/anxiety symptoms in the community. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1304-1315. [PMID: 38769710 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents exposed to adversity show higher levels of depression and anxiety, with the strongest links seen in socially/societally disadvantaged individuals (e.g., females, low socioeconomic status [SES]), as well as neurodivergent individuals. The intersection of these characteristics may be important for the differential distribution of adversity and mental health problems, though limited findings pertain to the extent to which intersectional effects moderate this association. METHODS Combined depression/anxiety symptoms were measured using the emotional problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 13-14-year-olds in Cornwall, United Kingdom in 2017-2019. In a cross-sectional design (N = 11,707), multiple group structural equation modeling was used to estimate the effects of youth adversity on depression/anxiety symptoms across eight intersectionality profiles (based on gender [female/male], SES [lower/higher], and traits of hyperactivity/inattention [high/low]). Moderation effects of these characteristics and their intersections were estimated. RESULTS Youth adversity was associated with higher levels of depression/anxiety (compared to an absence of youth adversity), across intersectional profiles. This effect was moderated by gender (stronger in males; β = 0.22 [0.11, 0.36]), and SES (stronger in higher SES; β = 0.26 [0.14,0.40]); with indications of moderation attributable to the intersection between gender and hyperactivity/inattention (β = 0.21 [-0.02,0.44]). CONCLUSIONS Youth adversity is associated with heightened depression/anxiety across intersectional profiles in 13-14-year-olds. The stronger effects observed for males, and for higher SES, may be interpreted in terms of structural privilege. Preliminary findings suggest that vulnerability and resilience to the effects of youth adversity may partially depend on specific intersectional effects. Importantly, the current results invite further investigation in this emerging line of inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Havers
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Department of Psychiatry, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, and Wadham College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health and East London NHS Foundation Trusts, Oxford, London, UK
- World Psychiatric Association Collaborating Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruichong Shuai
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mina Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Melanie Smuk
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Georgina M Hosang
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sania Shakoor
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sekher TV, Pai M, Muhammad T. Subjective social status and socio-demographic correlates of perceived discrimination among older adults in India. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:617. [PMID: 39030500 PMCID: PMC11265011 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering India's diversity, marked by differences in caste, class, ethnicity, religion, region, and language, discrimination can take on varying forms across social-structural locations. We examined the association between subjective social status (SSS) and perceived discrimination, and assessed the sociodemographic correlates of perceived discrimination among older persons in India. METHODS Data come from the 2017-18 wave 1 of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) with a sample of 30,253 adults 60 years or older. SSS was examined using the Macarthur scale with a ladder technique. Perceived discrimination was evaluated with the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the odds of reporting discrimination by its types and attributions. RESULTS 39% of older adults reported low SSS, whereas 7.3% reported high SSS. Older adults with low SSS had significantly higher odds of experiencing some discrimination than those with high SSS. Compared to high-SSS peers, low-SSS individuals attributed age, gender, caste, financial, and health status as reasons for discrimination. Older women attributed gender as a reason for discrimination. Caste was reported as a reason for discrimination by rural but not urban dwellers. Relative to northerners, those from southern India reported age, financial, and health statuses as reasons for discrimination. CONCLUSIONS That low-SSS older adults reported age, gender, caste, financial status, and health status as reasons for discrimination and that this association persisted after considering objective indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) is suggestive of SSS as independently consequential for perceived discrimination. These findings are useful for care providers and practitioners as they encourage older patients -- especially those with low SSS who may feel stigmatized -- to seek care, comply with care regimen, and engage in behaviors that protect and promote health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Sekher
- Department of Family and Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Manacy Pai
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - T Muhammad
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rivera LM, Nicole Young D. Revisiting Black Americans' self-protective strategies: The effect of negative intelligence feedback on implicit (vs. explicit) self-esteem. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 30:577-586. [PMID: 36972089 PMCID: PMC10522795 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Black Americans use identity-based self-protective strategies to maintain their explicit self-esteem after a threat to their intelligence. This effect is consistent with the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, which suggests that self-protective strategies operate during a propositional process that results in no change in explicit self-esteem. However, the APE model also suggests that implicit self-esteem may be sensitive to an intelligence threat because it increases the accessibility of automatically activated evaluations about Black Americans, namely the stereotype that their group is unintelligent. These hypotheses are tested across two experiments. METHOD Black American participants across both experiments (Experiment 1: N = 57; 40 females, Mage = 21.60; Experiment 2: N = 79; 64 females, Mage = 24.86) completed an intelligence test, then were randomly assigned to receive either negative feedback about their performance or no-feedback. Participants then completed measures of implicit and explicit self-esteem. Participants in Experiment 2 also completed a measure of subjective identity centrality. RESULTS In support of the hypotheses, Black American participants across both experiments who received negative performance feedback on an intelligence test exhibited lower implicit self-esteem compared to those who did not receive feedback. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that this effect emerged only among strongly identified Black American participants. Finally, and consistent with past research, explicit self-esteem was unaffected by negative performance feedback among all participants. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates the boundary conditions of Black Americans' adoption of identity-based self-protective strategies to protect their implicit versus explicit self-esteem following an intelligence threat. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Williams DP, Wiley CR, Birenbaum J, Fishback GM, Speller LF, Koenig J, Jarczok M, Kapuku G, Reyes Del Paso GA, Hill LK, Thayer JF. Racial differences in baroreflex function: Implications for the cardiovascular conundrum. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 43:100403. [PMID: 38882590 PMCID: PMC11177048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Study objective African Americans (AAs) show early signs of vascular dysfunction paired with elevated blood pressure (BP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR), which is thought to underlie their increased rates of cardiovascular health complications relative to European Americans (EAs). AAs paradoxically have higher cardiac vagal tone, indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), which is cardio-protective. This paradox has been termed the Cardiovascular Conundrum. The physiological mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not well understood. We examined race differences in baroreflex function, which might be an important mechanism underlying the Cardiovascular Conundrum. Design Participants completed a 5-minute baseline period where resting cardiac metrics were assessed. Setting Laboratory. Participants 130 college-aged individuals (54 women, 57 AAs). Main outcome measures Baroreflex function was indexed as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS; the magnitude of changes in cardiovascular activity in accordance with BP changes) and effectiveness (BEI; the ratio of BP changes that elicit changes in cardiovascular activity) in the cardiac, vascular, and myocardial limbs. Results and conclusions Results showed AAs to have higher HRV and cardiac BRS in comparison to EAs, suggesting the baroreflex is more sensitive to correcting the heart period for changes in BP among AAs compared to EAs. However, AAs showed lower vascular BEI relative to EAs, suggesting less effective control of TPR. In sum, lower BEI in the vascular branch might be an important mechanism underlying the Cardiovascular Conundrum (i.e., higher HRV and BP) and by extension, health disparities in cardiovascular diseases between AAs and EAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Cameron R Wiley
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Julia Birenbaum
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Grace M Fishback
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Lassiter F Speller
- Department of Psychology and Political Science, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- University of Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Marc Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gaston Kapuku
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - LaBarron K Hill
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee B, Jeong S, Veloria C, Dlugolenski E, Falcon L. Explaining Substance Use among Puerto Rican Older Adults: Impact of Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Social Activities. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1595-1603. [PMID: 38898584 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2367988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Background: Despite Puerto Ricans having one of the highest rates of substance use among Hispanic groups in the United States, limited research has focused on the impact of perceived discrimination and stress on substance use among older adults. Individuals who experience stressful events are inclined to engage in harmful behaviors as a coping mechanism. Objectives: Based on the propositions of the General Strain Theory, the current study explores the relationship between perceived discrimination, perceived stress, social activities, and the use of alcohol and cigarettes. Methods: Baseline data from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study collected in 2014 was used to conduct a logistic regression analysis. Results: The findings reveal that while perceived discrimination is significantly linked to both types of substance use, social activities may serve as a protective factor for cigarette use. Conclusion/Importance: Our study findings emphasize the need to examine perceived discrimination as a stressor impacting the health and well-being of Puerto Ricans in later adulthood. Policy implications for reducing substance use and directions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Lee
- Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seokjin Jeong
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Carmen Veloria
- Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric Dlugolenski
- Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, USA
| | - Luis Falcon
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arnold TD, Polenick CA, Maust DT, Blow FC. Interpersonal discrimination and depressive symptoms among older Black and African American adults. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304168. [PMID: 38843241 PMCID: PMC11156267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To examine the association between recent experiences of discrimination and depressive symptom presentation and severity among a U.S. sample of older Black and African American adults. A cross-sectional survey of 124 Black and African American adults aged 50 and older in the United States was conducted assessing interpersonal discrimination and depressive symptoms. The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire assessed four forms of interpersonal discrimination. A measure of heightened vigilance to bias assessed anticipatory coping with discrimination experiences. Past-month affective and somatic symptoms of depression were assessed using the Depressive and Somatic Symptoms Scale. All forms of interpersonal racial discrimination were positively associated with greater affective symptom severity. Being avoided, devalued, and threatened or actively physically harmed were associated with greater somatic symptom severity. Vigilant coping was positively associated with affective symptom severity but not somatic symptom severity. Racial discrimination is linked to depression severity among older Black and African American and varies by symptom. This study helps inform work on processes linking discrimination with poorer psychological outcomes and will allow for more effective interventions and prevention efforts that are tailored to older minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomorrow D. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Courtney A. Polenick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Donovan T. Maust
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Frederic C. Blow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wickrama T, Merten MJ, Terrell A. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Recent Adults: Mental Health and Race. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:399-409. [PMID: 38938967 PMCID: PMC11199472 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has linked childhood exposure to family dysfunction and violence with long-term health outcomes, including mental health and later exposure to violence. However, fewer studies have modeled depressive symptoms (stemming from childhood adversity) as a key linking variable with later intimate partner violence (IPV) - particularly among diverse youth. The present study investigated (a) the direct effect of adverse childhood events (ACEs) on intimate partner violence, (b) the indirect effect of ACEs on intimate partner violence through depressive symptoms, and (c) the moderation of these associations by race. Method: Data were drawn from 702 participants (80% female) 18 years of age from panel data collected in 2019 from the 18 & Life Project. Participants self-reported adverse childhood experiences, intimate partner violence, and depressive symptoms using multiple items for each measure. Additional demographic variables assessed included gender, race, and sexual orientation. Structural equation modeling using Mplus Version 8 software was used to test hypothesized associations. Results: While results indicate a direct association between ACEs and IPV. Evidence for an indirect link through depressive symptoms was only found for White youth. The findings of this study provide evidence for the persistent long-term influence of ACEs on mental health and relationship experiences in later life. Conclusions: Our results suggest a need for early family and community-level interventions to protect children from exposure to early adverse experiences in order to protect their mental health and ensure successful relationship experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thulitha Wickrama
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 330 Carolyn Pope Edwards Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Michael J. Merten
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 330 Carolyn Pope Edwards Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Amanda Terrell
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, 118 Home Economics Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reeves AN, Lewis TT, Hood MM, Thurston RC, Avis NE, Burnett-Bowie SAM, Cortés YI, Neal-Perry G, Harlow SD. Does everyday discrimination account for the increased risk of vasomotor symptoms in Black women?: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause 2024; 31:484-493. [PMID: 38595299 PMCID: PMC11126360 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), including hot flashes and night sweats, are hallmark symptoms of the menopause transition. Previous research has documented greater frequency, duration, and severity of VMS in Black women compared with women from other racial/ethnic groups, even after accounting for other factors. This analysis examined the association between discrimination and VMS and the extent to which discrimination accounts for the disproportionate burden of VMS in Black women. METHODS Using available discrimination and VMS data from the SWAN cohort study (n = 2,377, 48% White, 32% Black, 6% Japanese, 4% Chinese, and 9% Hispanic women) followed approximately yearly in midlife from premenopause (42-52 y) through postmenopause (~20 y), we assessed concurrent associations between discrimination and VMS frequency in the past 2 weeks using weighted generalized mixed models. We also assessed associations between chronic discrimination across first four visits and VMS trajectories from premenopause to postmenopause using weighted multinomial logistic regression. Models were adjusted for known risk factors for VMS. RESULTS Higher levels of discrimination were associated with concurrent reporting of any (odds ratio [OR], 1.57 [1.31-1.89]) and frequent (≥6 d) VMS (OR, 1.55 [1.21-1.99]). After adjustment, associations remained significant for any (OR, 1.30 [1.09-1.54]) but not frequent VMS. For any VMS trajectories, chronic discrimination was associated with "continuously high" (OR, 1.69 [1.03-2.77]) and "high pre-FMP-decline post-FMP" (OR, 1.70 [1.01-2.88]) versus "FMP-onset low" trajectories. After adjusting for discrimination, odds of reporting any, frequent, and of being in the "continuously high" any VMS trajectory remained elevated for Black versus White women. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination is associated with greater concurrent risk of any (but not frequent) VMS, and chronic discrimination is associated with a continuously high reporting of any VMS over time, independent of known risk factors. Adjusting for discrimination attenuates but does not eliminate the increased risk of VMS for Black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
- Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Michelle M Hood
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Rebecca C. Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Nancy E. Avis
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Genevieve Neal-Perry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill
| | - Siobán D. Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kahhale I, Farrise K, Das A, McPhee J, Galán CA, Park A. Recognizing the Impact of Racism-Based Traumatic Stress on Youth: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:S0890-8567(24)00242-9. [PMID: 38734405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaela Farrise
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | | | - Jeanne McPhee
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chardée A Galán
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
De Leon AN, Dvorak RD, Perrotte JK, Klaver SJ, Peterson R, Magri TD, Burr EK, Leary AV, Aguilar B. The role of sociocultural factors on alcohol self-efficacy and protective drinking behaviors among Hispanic/Latinx young adults. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2024; 29:553-577. [PMID: 38714915 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2024.2345916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hispanic/Latinx drinkers have been found to experience more adverse alcohol-related consequences than any other racial/ethnic group. Due to this, researchers have looked at the connection between drinking and cultural factors, alongside discrimination, to further analyze what sociocultural factors lead to negative outcomes when drinking. DESIGN Researchers used a sample of Hispanic/Latinx young adult drinkers (n = 710) with an average age of 22.43 (SD = 6.69), recruited through social media and assessed on several factors, including protective behavioral strategies (PBS), alcohol use severity, bicultural self-efficacy, discrimination, acculturation, and enculturation. RESULTS Utilizing an observed variable path analysis, results showed perceived discrimination to have a significant effect on all variables in the model (bicultural self-efficacy, acculturation, enculturation, PBS self-efficacy, PBS use, and alcohol use severity). Acculturation was positively associated with PBS self-efficacy, while enculturation was positively associated with PBS use. PBS self-efficacy was positively correlated with PBS use and negatively associated with alcohol use severity. There was a significant total indirect effect from perceived discrimination to alcohol use severity through various paths (i.e. PBS self-efficacy, acculturation, and bicultural self-efficacy), with the strongest path to occur through PBS self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Findings showcase the risk and protective effects of various sociocultural factors on drinking behaviors among young adults. PBS self-efficacy was found to have robust protective effects against alcohol use severity. Future research should continue to investigate these sociocultural and behavioral factors in order to develop efforts to mitigate hazardous alcohol use among Hispanic/Latinx young adult drinkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ardhys N De Leon
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Samantha J Klaver
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Roselyn Peterson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tatiana D Magri
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Emily K Burr
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Angelina V Leary
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bradley Aguilar
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Benner AD, Chen S, Fernandez CC, Hayward MD. The Potential for Using a Shortened Version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale in Population Research with Young Adults: A Construct Validation Investigation. SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 2024; 53:804-838. [PMID: 38813255 PMCID: PMC11136476 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Discrimination is associated with numerous psychological health outcomes over the life course. The nine-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is one of the most widely used measures of discrimination; however, this nine-item measure may not be feasible in large-scale population health surveys where a shortened discrimination measure would be advantageous. The current study examined the construct validity of a combined two-item discrimination measure adapted from the EDS by Add Health (N = 14,839) as compared to the full nine-item EDS and a two-item EDS scale (parallel to the adapted combined measure) used in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; N = 1,111) and National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) studies (N = 1,055). Results identified convergence among the EDS scales, with high item-total correlations, convergent validity, and criterion validity for psychological outcomes, thus providing evidence for the construct validity of the two-item combined scale. Taken together, the findings provide support for using this reduced scale in studies where the full EDS scale is not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aprile D. Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Celeste C. Fernandez
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark D. Hayward
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Perez C, D'Anna-Hernandez KL. Effects of sociocultural stressors on maternal responsivity and the infant behavioral and neuroendocrine response to stress in families of Mexican descent. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 163:106979. [PMID: 38308963 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Maternal stress is consistently linked to alterations in maternal behavior and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes. As the Latino population grows in the U.S., it is increasingly important to understand how culturally relevant factors affect this relationship. This study aimed to address the role of sociocultural stressors on maternal sensitivity and markers of infant emotional regulation and the neuroendocrine response to stress in mother/infant dyads of Mexican descent. Pregnant women of Mexican descent (n = 115) were recruited during early pregnancy and followed until their infants were 6 months old. Mothers completed measures of sociocultural stressors (acculturative stress and discrimination) at pre and postnatal time points. At 6 months, dyads underwent the Still Face procedure. Mothers were observed for behaviors exhibiting maternal responsivity, while negative vocalizations were observed in infants. Salivary cortisol was also collected from infants. Maternal responsivity was a salient risk factor for alterations in infant emotional regulation and cortisol activity. Postnatal experiences of discrimination were also negatively associated with infant negative affect. This work highlights maternal responsivity and points to a potential role for experiences of discrimination in the response to stress in the mother/child dyad that may have consequences for the development of emotional regulation in infants of Mexican descent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Perez
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly L D'Anna-Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Albdour M, Templin T, Zilioli S, Hong JS, Lumley MA. Current and Cumulative Stress Experiences: A Model for Arab American Young Adults. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2024; 30:364-377. [PMID: 36217725 DOI: 10.1177/10783903221110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of multiple stressors on immigrant young adults' endocrine functioning and health outcomes has not been comprehensively investigated. AIMS This study tested a theoretical model of cumulative and current stressor effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among Arab American young adults. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 160 participants, ages 18 to 24 years, from an urban university in the Midwest. Cumulative stress was assessed by self-report measures of childhood adversity, bullying victimization, and perceived ethnic discrimination. Current perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) while cortisol levels were measured in participants' hair. Structural equation modeling tested the effects of cumulative and current stress on cortisol and HRQL. RESULTS Cumulative stress was negatively associated with HRQL (standardized path coefficient = -.51, p < .05). Interestingly, however, cumulative stress was inversely associated with hair cortisol level (standardized path coefficient = -.51, p < .05). Current stress was positively associated with cortisol level (standardized path coefficient = .43, p < .05) and negatively associated with the mental HRQL (standardized path coefficient < -.37, p < .05). CONCLUSION Cumulative stress exhibited a different effect on HPA functioning from current perceived stress. Mental health was significantly impaired by both cumulative and current perceived stress. Implications for mental health nursing practice and research among Arab Americans are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Albdour
- Maha Albdour, PhD, APHN-BC, RN, College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Templin
- Thomas Templin, PhD, College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Samuele Zilioli, PhD, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- Jun Sung Hong, PhD, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark A Lumley
- Mark A. Lumley, PhD, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Juster RP, Rutherford C, Keyes K, Hatzenbuehler ML. Associations Between Structural Stigma and Allostatic Load Among Sexual Minorities: Results From a Population-Based Study. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:157-168. [PMID: 38345315 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structural forms of stigma and discrimination are associated with adverse health outcomes across numerous stigmatized groups, including lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. However, the biological consequences of structural stigma among LGB populations are understudied. To begin to address this gap, we assessed associations between indicators of structural stigma (i.e., state-level policies) targeting LGB individuals and allostatic load (AL) indices representing physiological dysregulations. METHODS Pooled data from the continuous 2001-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were analyzed (LGB: n = 864; heterosexual: n = 20,310). Ten state-level LGB-related policies (e.g., employment nondiscrimination protections, same-sex marriage) were used to operationalize structural stigma. A sex-specific AL index representing 11 immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular biomarkers was estimated. Multilevel models were used to examine associations between structural stigma and AL, net of nine individual-level characteristics (e.g., education, race/ethnicity, age, and health behaviors). RESULTS Sexual minority men living in states with low levels of structural stigma experienced significantly lower AL ( β = -0.45, p = .02) compared with sexual minority men living in states with high structural stigma (i.e., fewer protective policies). There was no significant association between structural stigma and AL among sexual minority women. CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating direct associations between structural stigma and indices of physiological dysregulation, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of how the social environment can "get under the skin and skull" for sexual minority men in the United States. Future research should explore whether these mechanisms generalize to other marginalized groups exposed to structural stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Paul Juster
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Addiction (Juster), University of Montreal; Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute (Juster), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University (Rutherford, Keyes), New York, New York; and Department of Psychology, Harvard University (Hatzenbuehler), Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Volpe VV, Tobin CST, Bernard DL, Muhigaba PB, Ross JM. Necessary, burdensome, or threatening? Awareness of Black-White disparities in health care access and self-rated health for Black and White Americans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2024; 94:550-559. [PMID: 38546558 PMCID: PMC11436479 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Awareness of racial health care inequities is one prerequisite to eliminating them. Although extant research has described awareness of racial health care inequities in the United States, the health impacts of such awareness on communities that are most impacted by these inequities remains unknown. Therefore, we examined associations between awareness of Black-White racial health care inequities and self-rated health for Black and White adults in the United States. We used survey data from non-Hispanic Black and White participants (N = 6,449) who responded to the national American Health Values Survey (2015-2016) to test associations between awareness of Black-White inequities in health care and self-rated health. Accurate awareness of health care inequities was associated with 47% higher odds of poorer self-rated health for Black individuals. Inaccurate awareness was associated with 36% higher odds of poorer self-rated health for White individuals. Accurate awareness may be adaptive, yet place an additional burden on Black individuals. Inaccurate awareness may harm White individuals' health. Health care system changes and alleviation of racism-related stress may be preventive supports for the health of Black individuals. Accurate awareness should be a goal for White individuals, not only to prevent health risks, but to also facilitate structural change for racial equity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney S. Thomas Tobin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Julia M. Ross
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Franklin JB, Leewiwatanakul B, Taylor AD, Baller EB, Zwiebel SJ. Consultation-Liaison Case Conference: Overcoming Bias in the Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 2024; 65:195-203. [PMID: 37717789 PMCID: PMC10947773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of a 34-year-old Black patient with no significant psychiatric history who presented with catatonia and psychotic symptoms following a recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection, whose diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 encephalitis was delayed by premature attribution of his symptoms to a primary psychiatric etiology. Top experts in the consultation-liaison field provide guidance for this commonly encountered clinical case based on their experience and a review of the available literature. Key teaching topics include the diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 encephalitis, cognitive bias, and racial bias. Specifically, this case illustrates the role of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist in identifying medical conditions that may overlap with psychiatric presentations and in advocating for marginalized patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Bruce Leewiwatanakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adrienne D Taylor
- Division of Medical Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Erica B Baller
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samantha J Zwiebel
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rahal D, Huynh VW, Irwin MR, McCreath H, Fuligni AJ. Everyday discrimination, emotion, and daily interactions during adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:141-158. [PMID: 38058247 PMCID: PMC11298793 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined whether everyday discrimination relates to the frequency of adolescents' positive and negative daily social interactions and whether these associations are driven by anger and positive emotion. Adolescents (N = 334) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study, in which they completed surveys regarding everyday discrimination, anger, and positive emotion, as well as 15 daily reports of conflict and getting along with friends and family. Higher everyday discrimination was related to more daily conflicts and fewer experiences of getting along with other people. Longitudinal models also provided preliminary evidence that everyday discrimination was associated with daily conflicts 4 years later indirectly through anger. Overall, results suggest everyday discrimination relates to adolescents' daily experiences, potentially through differences in emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rahal
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Psychology, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Virginia W. Huynh
- California State University at Northridge, Department of Child and Adolescent Development, Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Heather McCreath
- University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrew J. Fuligni
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tong M, Hurtado A, Deshpande R, Pietrzak RH, He C, Kaplan C, Kaplan S, Akhtar S, Feder A, Feingold JH, Ripp JA, Peccoralo LA. Psychological Burden of Systemic Racism-Related Distress in New York City Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Gen Intern Med 2024; 39:450-459. [PMID: 37845586 PMCID: PMC10897117 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship among systemic racism, psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and/or post-traumatic stress disorders), and burnout in healthcare workers (HCWs). OBJECTIVE To determine whether distress related to awareness of systemic racism contributes to psychological symptoms and/or burnout in HCWs. We explored whether this form of racism-related distress may moderate the relationship between race, ethnicity, psychological symptoms, and burnout. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 19, 2020, through January 11, 2021. Statistical analysis was conducted from May 3, 2022, to June 15, 2022. PARTICIPANTS Frontline HCWs at an urban tertiary care hospital in New York City. MAIN MEASURES Distress related to awareness of systemic racism (SR) and racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes (RD), psychological symptoms, and burnout. KEY RESULTS Two thousand one of 4654 HCWs completed the survey (response rate 43.0%). Most HCWs reported experiencing distress related to awareness of systemic racism (1329 [66.4%]) and to racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes (1137 [56.8%]). Non-Hispanic Black participants (SR odds ratio (OR) 2.84, p < .001; RD OR 2.34, p < .001), women (SR OR 1.35, p = .01; RD OR 1.67, p < .001), and those with history of mental illness (SR OR 2.13, p < .001; RD OR 1.66, p < .001) were more likely to report SR- and RD-related distress, respectively. HCWs who experienced "quite-a-bit to extreme" SR-related distress were more likely to screen positive for psychological symptoms (OR 5.90, p < .001) and burnout (OR 2.26, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that distress related to awareness of systemic racism, not race/ethnicity, was associated with experiencing psychological symptoms and burnout in HCWs. As the medical community continues to critically examine the role of systemic racism in healthcare, our work is a first step in characterizing its toll on the psychological well-being of HCWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Tong
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alicia Hurtado
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Richa Deshpande
- Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Celestine He
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carly Kaplan
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sabrina Kaplan
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Saadia Akhtar
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordyn H Feingold
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ripp
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren A Peccoralo
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mattingly DT, Mezuk B, Elliott MR, Fleischer NL. Discrimination and Tobacco Use Outcomes Among US Adults: Effect Modification by Race/Ethnicity. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:395-405. [PMID: 36696079 PMCID: PMC11186478 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial/ethnic discrimination (hereafter, discrimination) is associated with tobacco use. However, little is known about the relationship between discrimination and dual/polytobacco use and tobacco use disorder (TUD), including how these relationships vary by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data on adults 18 and older come from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 35,881). Past-year discrimination was measured using the Experiences of Discrimination scale. Past 30-day exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use was measured as the mutually exclusive use of any combination of four types of tobacco products: cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, other combustibles (i.e., cigars and pipe), and smokeless tobacco. Past-year TUD was defined according to DSM-5 criteria. Associations between discrimination and exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use and discrimination and TUD were estimated using multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression, respectively. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity (i.e., Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, another race/ethnicity) to assess effect modification. RESULTS Adults who used tobacco and who had TUD was 24.2% and 19.2%, respectively. More discrimination was associated with higher odds of exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use as well as TUD. Models stratified by race/ethnicity suggest that discrimination was associated with dual/polytobacco use among NH Black adults (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.002-1.11) and NH White adults (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.13-1.22). While more discrimination was associated with TUD among all racial/ethnic groups, the relationship was the strongest for NH White adults. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination was associated with more severe tobacco use outcomes among multiple racial/ethnic groups, but associations were the strongest for NH White adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Campo Redondo M, Andrade G. Nightmare experiences and perceived ethnic discrimination amongst female university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. J Sleep Res 2024:e14148. [PMID: 38233953 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Perceived ethnic discrimination is known to be associated with anxiety and depression, and in turn, anxiety and depression are known to be associated with nightmare frequency and distress. This elicits a question: is perceived ethnic discrimination associated with nightmare frequency and distress? In this study, 179 female university students from the United Arab Emirates were assessed to answer that question. Results showed that while anxiety and depression were related to nightmare experiences, perceived ethnic discrimination was a stronger predictor of nightmare experiences. We posit two explanations for this finding: one based on psychoanalytical insights, and the other based on the Disposition-Stress model with neurobiological correlates. No significant differences were found across ethnicity when it comes to nightmare experiences or perceived ethnic discrimination. This is an encouraging sign of optimal societal integration in the United Arab Emirates.
Collapse
|
31
|
Smolski AR, Schulman MD. Navigating Farm Stress: Traumatic and Resilient Dimensions of the Black Agrarian Frame. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:55-65. [PMID: 37962329 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2023.2280090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The current period of economic and social instability in the farm economy has generated renewed interest in the framing processes used by farmers to interpret and ascribe blame for the distress they have experienced. Studies show that agrarian frames are differentiated into types based on farmers' historical and contemporary racialized experiences. To investigate the role that agrarian frames play in navigating farm stress, we conducted a thematic analysis using data from interviews with 15 Black farmers from three Southern states. The results identify a Black Agrarian frame with two dimensions: traumatic and resilient. The traumatic dimension provides a system-blame narrative that highlights financial risk driven by institutions and racism as a core factor in farm stress. The resilient dimension describes collective action as a key coping strategy linked to understanding the farm as a multi-faceted asset. In conclusion, research on differentiated agrarian frames is an important component towards understanding how diverse populations navigate farm stress and the development of culturally appropriate resources for addressing it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Smolski
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Schulman
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaur A, Charles ST, Molina KM, Almeida DM. Adding Insult to Injury: Everyday Discrimination Moderates Stressor-Related Negative Affect. Behav Med 2024; 50:26-36. [PMID: 35834177 PMCID: PMC9839892 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2092441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the effects of discrimination on emotional well-being have often overlooked (a) differential effects of both everyday and lifetime discrimination and (b) how both types of discrimination may exacerbate stressor-related affect-even when daily stressors are unrelated to discrimination. The current study examined the effects of daily stressors not attributed to discrimination (i.e., nondiscrimination-related daily stressors) on daily negative and positive affect in the presence of either form of discrimination (everyday and lifetime). Participants who completed the second wave of the Survey of Midlife Development in the US (MIDUS-II) and the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE-II) answered questionnaires about everyday and lifetime discrimination. Later, they completed daily phone interviews across 8 consecutive days, asking about the nondiscrimination-related daily stressors and the positive and negative affect they had experienced that day. Multilevel model analyses revealed that everyday discrimination was associated with decreased daily positive affect and lifetime discrimination was associated with increased daily negative affect. Moreover, higher frequency of everyday discrimination exacerbated the within-person effects of nondiscriminatory daily stressors on negative affect. Results underscore the importance of considering both independent and synergistic effects of discrimination on daily emotional well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Susan T. Charles
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Kristine M. Molina
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - David M. Almeida
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Arcos D, Russo LN, Kazmierski KFM, Zhou E, Montiel GI, Bracho A, Mejia N, Borelli JL. A Relationship-Based Resilience Program for Promotores: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Waitlist Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e51427. [PMID: 38113093 PMCID: PMC10762607 DOI: 10.2196/51427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community service providers (CSPs) play an integral role in the health care of low-income Hispanic or Latinx (HL) communities. CSPs have high-stress frontline jobs and share the high-risk demographics of their communities. Relational savoring (RS) has been associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity and psychosocial benefits, with particular promise among HL participants. In this study, we aim to identify RS's potential in promoting CSPs' cardiometabolic health and, in so doing, having broader impacts on the community they serve. OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled waitlist study aims to examine the effect of an RS intervention on (1) CSPs' cardiometabolic health (cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes) and (2) CSPs' threats to leaving the workforce. METHODS We will recruit a sample of 80 CSPs from community health agencies serving low-income HL populations. Participating CSPs will be randomized into an experimental or a waitlist control. Participants will complete 1 or 2 baseline assessment batteries (before the intervention), depending on the assigned group, and then complete 2 more assessment batteries following the 4-week RS intervention (after the intervention and at a 3-mo follow-up). The RS intervention consists of guided reflections on positive moments of connection with others. Electrocardiogram data will be obtained from a wearable device (Polar Verity Sense or Movisens) to measure heart rate variability. The primary outcome is cardiometabolic health, consisting of cardiometabolic risk (obtained from heart rate variability) and cardiometabolic health behaviors. The secondary outcomes include CSPs' threats to leaving the workforce (assessed via psychological well-being), intervention acceptability, and CSPs' delivery of cardiometabolic health programming to the community (exploratory). Analyses of covariance will be used to examine the effects of RS on cardiometabolic health and on CSPs' threats to leaving the workforce, comparing outcomes at baseline, postintervention, and at follow-up across participants in the experimental versus waitlist group. RESULTS The study has been approved by the University of California, Irvine, Institutional Review Board and is currently in the data collection phase. By May 2023, 37 HL CSPs have been recruited: 34 have completed the baseline assessment, 28 have completed the 4 intervention sessions, 27 have completed the posttreatment assessment, and 10 have completed all assessments (including the 3-mo follow-up). CONCLUSIONS This study will provide valuable information on the potential of RS to support cardiometabolic health in HL CSPs and, indirectly, in the communities they serve. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05560893; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05560893. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/51427.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arcos
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lyric N Russo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kelly F M Kazmierski
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Elayne Zhou
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nancy Mejia
- Latino Health Access, Santa Ana, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ahmed N, Islam NS. The Health Implications of Perceived Anti-Muslim Discrimination Among South Asian Muslim Americans. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100139. [PMID: 37928060 PMCID: PMC10624581 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Anti-Muslim discrimination in the U.S. has increased exponentially since 2001, but the impact of anti-Muslim discrimination has yet to be fully examined because of limited data available on this topic and population. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the association between perceived anti-Muslim discrimination and health risk behaviors, with depressive symptoms as a potential mediator, among South Asian Muslim Americans and (2) examine the association between other forms of perceived discrimination and health risk behaviors, with depressive symptoms as a potential mediator, among South Asian Muslim Americans. Methods Data were collected using an online survey, which was disseminated on subscriber e-mail lists for organizations that serve South Asian or Muslim communities. Participants were asked about perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Mplus 8. Results Societal anti-Muslim discrimination had a positive association with depressive symptoms (0.19, p<0.05), as did interpersonal anti-Muslim discrimination (0.20, p<0.05) and other forms of discrimination (0.22, p<0.05). None of the discrimination scales were associated with dietary patterns, tobacco use, or alcohol consumption. Conclusions Study results demonstrated a link between discrimination and depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to examine associations with other adverse health outcomes and potential buffers against discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Ahmed
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nadia S. Islam
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ryu S, Hirschtick JL, Allgood KL, Orellana R, Fleischer NL. Racial discrimination in healthcare settings and mental health among a population-based sample of racial and ethnic minoritized adults with COVID-19 in Michigan. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102529. [PMID: 38116267 PMCID: PMC10728443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened existing racial health disparities and racial discrimination in healthcare; however, little is known about how racial discrimination in healthcare settings is related to mental health during the pandemic. Using a population-based probability sample of racial and ethnic minoritized adults with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Michigan, we examined how measures of perceived racial discrimination in (1) seeking healthcare for COVID-19 (n = 1,210) and (2) receiving testing/treatment for COVID-19 (n = 1,364) were associated with binary variables of depressive and anxiety symptoms. We conducted a modified Poisson regression analysis with robust standard errors to estimate associations between each measure of racial discrimination and each mental health outcome separately, adjusting for demographic and socio-economic variables, health insurance, and pre-existing physical and psychiatric conditions. 7.3 % and 8.7 % of adults reported racial discrimination in seeking healthcare for COVID-19 and in getting testing/treatment for COVID-19, respectively. Although the overall prevalence of racial discrimination in healthcare settings was low, experiences of racial discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms. Adults who experienced racial discrimination in seeking healthcare had 1.74 times higher prevalence of reporting depressive symptoms (95 % CI:1.21-2.52) than those who did not. Moreover, adults who experienced racial discrimination in getting testing/treatment had 1.86 times higher prevalence of reporting depressive symptoms (95 % CI:1.36-2.53) than those who did not. Neither measure of racial discrimination was associated with anxiety symptoms in the adjusted models. There is a need for promoting anti-racial discrimination policies, educational programs, and awareness efforts in healthcare settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Ryu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jana L. Hirschtick
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Kristi L. Allgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Orellana
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing MI, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rice TM, Jenkins AI, Smith SM, Alexander C, McGregor CM. Racial Discrimination and Romantic Relationship Dynamics among Black Americans: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF FAMILY THEORY & REVIEW 2023; 15:793-821. [PMID: 38558571 PMCID: PMC10977962 DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing research, the links between racial discrimination and Black Americans' romantic relationship dynamics remain unclear. Guided by models of mundane extreme environmental stress (Peters & Massey, 1983), sociocultural family stress (McNeil Smith & Landor, 2018), and Black marital outcomes (Bryant et al., 2010), we conducted a systematic review of the literature examining racial discrimination and relationship dynamics among Black Americans in same-race and interracial romantic relationships. Synthesizing findings from 32 published empirical articles, we find support for manifestations of each component of MEES in Black intimate life. We uncover evidence that racial discrimination is associated with compromised relationship functioning for Black Americans. Several psychosocial resources were also identified as either buffering these associations or posing drawbacks/limitations for Black Americans. We discuss notable gaps in the literature and directions for future research including intersectional investigations, broader examination of the MEES context, and de-centering whiteness among studies of interracial relationship dynamics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Dickens H, Bruehl S, Rao U, Myers H, Goodin B, Huber FA, Nag S, Carter C, Karlson C, Kinney KL, Morris MC. Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Pathways Linking Adversity and Discrimination to Daily Pain in African-American Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2718-2730. [PMID: 36352344 PMCID: PMC10166769 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to ruminate, magnify, and experience helplessness in the face of pain - known as pain catastrophizing - is a strong predictor of pain outcomes and is associated with adversity. The ability to maintain functioning despite adversity - referred to as resilience - also influences pain outcomes. Understanding the extent to which pain catastrophizing and resilience influence relations between adversity and daily pain in healthy African-American adults could improve pain risk assessment and mitigate racial disparities in the transition from acute to chronic pain. This study included 160 African-American adults (98 women). Outcome measures included daily pain intensity (sensory, affective) and pain impact on daily function (pain interference). Adversity measures included childhood trauma exposure, family adversity, chronic burden from recent stressors, and ongoing perceived stress. A measure of lifetime racial discrimination was also included. Composite scores were created to capture early-life adversity (childhood trauma, family adversity) versus recent-life adversity (perceived stress, chronic burden). Increased pain catastrophizing was correlated with increased adversity (early and recent), racial discrimination, pain intensity, and pain interference. Decreased pain resilience was correlated with increased recent-life adversity (not early-life adversity or racial discrimination) and correlated with increased pain intensity (not pain-related interference). Bootstrapped multiple mediation models revealed that relationships between all adversity/discrimination and pain outcomes were mediated by pain catastrophizing. Pain resilience, however, was not a significant mediator in these models. These findings highlight opportunities for early interventions to reduce cognitive-affective-behavioral risk factors for persisting daily pain among African-American adults with greater adversity exposure by targeting pain catastrophizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Dickens
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of CA - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Hector Myers
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Burel Goodin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Felicitas A Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Subodh Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chelsea Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia Karlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kerry L Kinney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Matthew C Morris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Patel A, Lebron VM, Pabalan A, Schueler SA, El-Bayoumi J, Onumah C, Borum ML. Engaging the community on colorectal cancer screening: Additional factors identified by African Americans as potential barriers during focus groups. J Natl Med Assoc 2023; 115:580-583. [PMID: 37852880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African-Americans have the highest rate of colorectal cancer deaths. Adherence to colorectal cancer screening guidelines can improve outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate physician trust and barriers to screening utilizing a unique bi-directional learning focus group involving African-American adults and health care learners. METHODS A focus group of African-American adults from a community church and university health care learners was conducted to identify colon cancer screening barriers. Health care learners were medical students, resident physicians and gastroenterology fellows. Pre-focus group surveys, including the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale (WFPTS) and a colon cancer screening knowledge survey, were administered. Audio recording of the focus group was transcribed with subsequent thematic analysis. A post-focus group survey evaluated the colorectal cancer screening barriers identified during the focus group. Analysis of pre- and post- focus group surveys was performed using Fisher Exact test with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS The focus group consisted of 18 members (7 African-American community members, 11 non-African American health care learners). WFPTS revealed that 83% (86% community members, 82% health care learners; p = 1.0) strongly agree / agree that their physician would advocate for their health. 77% (86% community members, 73% health care learners; p = 1.0) strongly agree / agree that they trusted their physician. 100% recognized that colon cancer screening is recommended. The focus group identified lack of awareness (81%), colonoscopy preparation (81%), trust in physician (60%), lack of insurance coverage (56%), transportation (56%), colonoscopy wait time (50%), insufficient physician discussion (50%) and fear of procedure or cancer (35%) as screening barriers. Post-focus group surveys revealed that community members more frequently identified racial disparity in health care (p = 0.0474), physician respect toward patients (p = 0.0128) and insufficient physician discussion (p = 0.0006) as screening barriers. CONCLUSIONS Focus group discussion identified multiple barriers for colorectal cancer screening. Notably, differences in the perceptions of African-American community members and non-African-American health care learners about racial disparity in health care, physician respect toward patients and insufficient physician discussion were revealed. The integration of bi-directional focus group learning can be considered as a potential strategy to assist in the development of focused screening interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Patel
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Valeria Martinez Lebron
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ana Pabalan
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Samuel A Schueler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jehan El-Bayoumi
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chavon Onumah
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marie L Borum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Knorr DA, Fox MM. Maternal grandmothers buffer the effects of ethnic discrimination among pregnant Latina mothers. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 6:e7. [PMID: 38516370 PMCID: PMC10955360 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethnic discrimination during pregnancy is linked to maternal psychological distress, adverse birth outcomes and increased offspring morbidity and mortality. An evolutionary perspective reframes offspring health issues as a risk to maternal fitness. We argue that kin may be evolutionarily motivated to buffer psychosocial stressors for the mother during pregnancy. Previously, we found that the relationship of a pregnant woman with her own mother (fetus' maternal grandmother) had a positive association on maternal prenatal psychology, above and beyond her relationship with her fetus' father. Here, we ask if grandmothers buffer mothers' prenatal psychological distress from ethnic discrimination. Using self-report data collected from 216 pregnant Latina women living in Southern California, we found discrimination to be significantly, positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in linear regression models. Maternal grandmother communication attenuated the association of discrimination and all three psychological distress measures, adjusting for the mother's relationship with the father. Maternal grandmother emotional support similarly significantly moderated the relationship of discrimination with depression and anxiety. We did not observe any significant interactions for paternal grandmother relationships. Geographic proximity was not a significant stress buffer. Results suggest the important role maternal grandmothers play in perinatal mental health, and that these benefits exist uncoupled from geographic proximity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delaney A. Knorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Molly M. Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Singh S, Melendez K, Sezginis N. Examining the effect of discrimination and stigma on utilization of mental health services among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2398-2405. [PMID: 34519631 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1970561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though onset of three-quarters of mental disorders occurs by age 25, few young adults seek help for their mental health needs. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship of discrimination and stigma of mental illness on the help-seeking behavior for mental health among college students. METHOD Undergraduate students (N = 557) at a Midwestern university were surveyed online. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was conducted using STATA15. RESULTS College students reporting higher discrimination were more likely to seek help for mental health services (OR = 1.04, CI = 1.01-1.06), after controlling for all covariates. Students with higher personal stigma reported lower odds of help-seeking behavior (OR = 89, CI = .80-.97). Students with higher perceived public stigma did not have an independent significant association on help-seeking behavior initially, but full model revealed a significantly association (OR = 1.02, CI = .99-1.05). CONCLUSION Developing targeted interventions addressing discrimination and stigma of mental illness is critical among college students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Singh
- School of Population Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Krizia Melendez
- School of Population Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Nilgun Sezginis
- School of Population Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xu X, Spinrad TL, Xiao SX, Xu J, Eisenberg N, Laible DJ, Berger RH, Carlo G. White children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black peers: The role of children's effortful control and parents' implicit racial attitudes. Child Dev 2023; 94:1581-1594. [PMID: 37221916 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
White children's effortful control (EC), parents' implicit racial attitudes, and their interaction were examined as predictors of children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black recipients. Data were collected from 171 White children (55% male, Mage = 7.13 years, SD = 0.92) and their parent in 2017. Prosocial behavior toward White peers was predicted by children's higher EC. When predicting prosocial behavior toward Black peers and prosocial disparity (the difference between White and Black recipients), parents' implicit racial attitudes moderated the relation between children's EC and children's prosocial behavior. Specifically, children's EC was positively associated with prosocial behavior toward Black peers (and negatively related to inequity in prosocial behavior) only when parents exhibited less implicit racial bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Tracy L Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sonya Xinyue Xiao
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jingyi Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Deborah J Laible
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca H Berger
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- Department of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Allen JD, Kunicki ZJ, Greaney ML. Mental Health of Brazilian Immigrant Women: The Role of Discrimination, Social Support, and Community Strengths. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:1016-1024. [PMID: 37191876 PMCID: PMC10185951 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mental health status of Brazilians living in the U.S. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of depression to guide the development of culturally relevant community-based mental health interventions. An online survey was conducted between July and August 2020 among a sample of Brazilian women living in the U.S. (age 18 and over, born in Brazil, English or Portuguese speaking) recruited through Brazilian social media pages and community organizations. The survey assessed depression using the Center for Epidemiological Study Depression Scale (CES-D-10), the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS), and community strengths (CS). We first assessed the correlation between CES-D-10 scores and EDS, OSSS, and CS. We found that half of the participants (52.2%) had CES-D-10 scores of 10 or greater, indicating the presence of depressive symptomatology. In a multivariable model controlling for significant covariates (age, time lived in U.S.), EDS was positively associated with CES-D-10 scores (β = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45, 0.83), while OSSS was negatively associated with CES-D-10 scores (β = -0.53, 95% C I= -0.80, -0.27). No statistically significant relationship was observed between CES-D-10 and CS scores. In this sample of Brazilian immigrant women, depressive symptomatology was highly prevalent, and experiences of discrimination were associated with increased symptoms of depression. There is a need to understand and address mental health in Brazilian immigrant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Allen
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, 574 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Zachary J Kunicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Boulevard Box G-BH, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mary L Greaney
- Department of Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, 25 West Independence Way, Kingston, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bravo AJ, Wedell E, Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Looby A, Dickter CL, Schepis TS. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among young adult college students: Prevalence rates and associations with mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2062-2073. [PMID: 34398695 PMCID: PMC8847537 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1954012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective/Participants: In a large, diverse sample of college students (N = 2,230), this online study investigated racial/ethnic differences on type of discriminatory event experienced and perceived stress, and whether discrimination-related stress was associated with mental health symptoms. Methods: Prevalence of lifetime/past year discriminatory events was assessed and frequency of discrimination-related stress was compared across racial/ethnic groups. Correlations between discrimination-related stress and mental health symptoms were also examined. Results: All racial/ethnic groups reported experiencing all types of discriminatory events, though prevalence was lowest for White students. Racial/ethnic minority (i.e., Asian, Black, Latinx) students reported greater discrimination-related perceived stress compared to White, non-Hispanics. Across all racial/ethnic groups, discrimination-related stress was positively associated with negative mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety/depressive symptoms). Conclusions: These results highlight the need to continue efforts to reduce discriminatory experiences of racial/ethnic minority students and to incorporate antiracism interventions in universities to mitigate the pervasive negative experiences of minority students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Wedell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Volpe VV, Benson GP, Czoty L, Daniel C. Not Just Time on Social Media: Experiences of Online Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Worse Sleep Quality for Black, Latinx, Asian, and Multi-racial Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2312-2319. [PMID: 36125705 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality in young adulthood sets the stage for long-term health. Racial/ethnic sleep disparities between White college-attending young adults and college-attending young adults of color exist. The stress of experiencing racial/ethnic discrimination makes it difficult for college-attending young adults of color to get good quality sleep. Yet it remains unclear if experiencing online racial/ethnic discrimination also has consequences for sleep quality, and if this association may vary by frequency of social media use. To investigate the role of racial/ethnic discrimination on sleep quality, we conducted an online survey of 154 college-attending young adults (Mage = 19.51) who identified as Black (42.2%), Latinx (16.9%), Asian (20.8%), or Bi-/multi-racial (20.1%) from a predominantly White university. Results indicated that more exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with worse sleep quality for young adults of color. Results suggest that online racial/ethnic discrimination has a similar negative impact on sleep quality regardless of the frequency of social media use. Increased attention to negative race-related experiences online as one potential risk factor for poor long-term health for young adults of color is needed, regardless of how many hours they spend on social media. Structural interventions, screening for stress due to exposure to online racial/ethnic discrimination, and facilitating opportunities to prepare for this exposure may be an important priority for sleep health and reduction of racial/ethnic health disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Volpe
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - G Perusi Benson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Larsan Czoty
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Christiana Daniel
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jones DM, Masyn KE, Spears CA. Associations among discrimination, psychological functioning, and substance use among US Black adults aged 18-28: Moderation by racial attribution and sex. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 153:209080. [PMID: 37230392 PMCID: PMC10526892 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discrimination is associated with poor mental health and substance use among Black Americans, but research is needed on mediators and moderators of these relationships. This study tested whether: 1) discrimination is associated with current alcohol, tobacco (cigarette or e-cigarette), and cannabis use among US Black emerging adults; 2) psychological distress (PD) and positive well-being (PW) are mediators of discrimination-substance use relationships; and 3) these relationships are moderated by sex and attributions to discrimination (racial vs. nonracial). METHODS Using data from a 2017 US nationally representative survey, we conducted bivariate and multiple-group moderated mediation analyses among 1118 Black American adults aged 18-28. The study assessed discrimination and attribution to discrimination using the Everyday Discrimination scale, past 30-day PD with the Kessler-6 scale, and past 30-day PW with the Mental Health Continuum Short Form. We utilized probit regression for all structural equation models and adjusted final models for age. RESULTS Discrimination was positively associated with past 30-day cannabis and tobacco use directly and indirectly through PD in the overall model. Among males who reported race as the sole/main attribution to discrimination, discrimination was positively associated with alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use through PD. Among females who reported race as the sole/main attribution to discrimination, discrimination was positively associated with cannabis use through PD. Discrimination was positively associated with tobacco use among those who reported nonracial attributions to discrimination and with alcohol use among those whose attribution was not assessed. Discrimination was positively associated with PD among those who reported race as a secondary attribution to discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination specifically attributed to race may contribute to greater PD and in turn alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use among Black emerging adults, especially males. Future substance use prevention and treatment efforts targeted to Black American emerging adults may benefit from addressing racial discrimination and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Jones
- Center for the Study of Tobacco, Department Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Box #820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Katherine E Masyn
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St., Suite 471, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Claire A Spears
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St., Suite 612, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Montiel Ishino FA, Villalobos K, Williams F. A multivariable model of barriers to COVID-19 vaccination: Using cross sectional data from a nationally distributed survey in the United States. Prev Med 2023; 175:107709. [PMID: 37739183 PMCID: PMC10662532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discrimination has had longstanding effects on mental and physiological health, which became more evident and synergized during the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of discrimination on vaccination for COVID-19 during the pandemic, however, is not well understood. As such, we examined the relationship of everyday discrimination on COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS Using a multivariate logistic regression on data collected from a nationally distributed survey in the United States (US), we examined the relationship of discrimination measured by the Everyday Discrimination Scale on self-reported COVID-19 vaccination while adjusting for US nativity, as well as sociodemographic (i.e., age; gender; sexual orientation; race, and ethnicity) and socioeconomic (i.e., educational attainment; employment status; household income) factors. RESULTS We found that participants reporting monthly to weekly discrimination and multiple times a week to daily discrimination had decreased odds of reporting COVID-19 vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.68-0.90; and AOR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.62-0.91, respectively) compared to those that reported no discrimination experienced. Educational attainment of high school equivalent or above, employment as an essential worker, and household-annual income of $50,000 or greater were significant socioeconomic factors. Age, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity had mixed associations with COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination overall remained a significant barrier to vaccination, while nativity was not significant when accounting for socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors. Discrimination must become a public health priority in addressing disparities in health and access and barriers that may affect preventive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Montiel Ishino
- Division of Intramural Research, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kevin Villalobos
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faustine Williams
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nweze N, Davids J, Fang X, Holding A, Koestner R. The Impact of Language on the Mental Health of Black Quebecers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2327-2337. [PMID: 36745264 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quebec's English-speaking Black community finds itself at the intersection of racial and linguistic discrimination, which presents challenges to mental wellness. The present study aims to add necessary detail to the conversations surrounding racism and mental health in Canada while including language as a determinant of health and intersecting element affecting the wellbeing of English-speaking Black Quebecers. We recruited 531 Black adults who are currently living in Quebec to complete a survey on various community-relevant items, including their mental and physical health, their experiences of discrimination, and barriers to accessing mental healthcare. Our analyses revealed that English-speaking participants experience more discrimination across all types and report more barriers to mental healthcare and lower mental health than their French-speaking counterparts. Furthermore, we found that language also had a mediated effect on mental health through discrimination and barriers to mental healthcare. Our study adds to the sparse race-based and intersectional literature about Black people in Canada and substantiates a mechanism by which language affects mental health by exposing Black Quebecers to more discrimination and thus higher barriers to care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Davids
- Black Community Resource Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Black Community Resource Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dark HE, Huang A, Cordon J, Deal JA, Palta P, Windham BG, Barnes LL, Kucharska-Newton A, Mosley T, Gottesman RF, Sims M, Griswold M, Rentería MA, Manly JJ, Walker KA. The association of perceived discrimination with dementia risk in Black older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4346-4356. [PMID: 37218405 PMCID: PMC10734390 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-Hispanic Black, compared to non-Hispanic White, older adults are at increased risk for dementia. This may be due partly to greater exposure to psychosocial stressors, such as discrimination; however, few studies have examined this association. METHODS We examined the association of perceived discrimination (e.g., everyday, lifetime, and discrimination burden) with dementia risk in 1583 Black adults co-enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Perceived discrimination (defined continuously and using tertiles) was assessed at JHS Exam 1 (2000-2004; mean age ± SD:66.2 ± 5.5) and related to dementia risk through ARIC visit 6 (2017) using covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Associations of perceived everyday, lifetime, and burden of discrimination with dementia risk were not supported in age-adjusted models or demographic- and cardiovascular health-adjusted models. Results were similar across sex, income, and education. DISCUSSION In this sample, associations between perceived discrimination and dementia risk were not supported. HIGHLIGHTS In Black older adults perceived discrimination not associated with dementia risk. Younger age and greater education linked to greater perceived discrimination. Older age and less education among factors associated with dementia risk. Factors increasing exposure to discrimination (education) are also neuroprotective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Dark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Alison Huang
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing & Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jenifer Cordon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Jennifer A. Deal
- Cochlear Center for Hearing & Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - B. Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Department of Neurological Sciences at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Anna Kucharska-Newton
- University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Thomas Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Michael Griswold
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Miguel Arce Rentería
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Keenan A. Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Taggart T, Sawyer S, Andreou A, Kershaw T, Milburn NG. "But I Live Here Too": Social-structural stressors, racial discrimination, and resiliency among urban dwelling black emerging adult men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:48-59. [PMID: 37042933 PMCID: PMC10523859 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
For many Black emerging adult men in the United States, social-structural stressors rooted in racial discrimination are daily experiences that place them at greater risk for poor health. Emerging adulthood is a critical life course period marked by greater experimentation with health risk behaviors. Although Black men's health vulnerabilities during this period are connected to their social-structural environments, investigations of these factors among noncollege sampled Black men remain limited. We conduced thirty semi-structured in-depth interviews to examine associations between social-structural challenges and social-structural resources for resiliency. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using Dedoose web-based qualitative software. Through open coding, emergent concepts were connected across interviews and major themes were identified. We found three core social-structural stressors: (1) Racial profiling, (2) neighborhood violence, and (3) lack of economic opportunities, and three resilience factors: (1) Positive social networks, (2) community-based resources, and (3) safe environments that foster a sense of community. Collectively, these findings provide insight into developing structural- and community-level interventions tailored to bolster resiliency across multiple levels and counteract the social-structural challenges that young Black men face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Taggart
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Simone Sawyer
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University
| | | | - Trace Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Norweeta G. Milburn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Muñoz E, Yan J, Tse HW, Zavala D, López BG, Kim SY. Prospective Effects of Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Control Among Mexican-Origin Women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1294-1304. [PMID: 36881689 PMCID: PMC10394994 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive control predicts functional independence and cognitive health outcomes, but is yet to be known the extent to which social stress, like discrimination, may diminish cognitive control capacities in Mexican-origin women. We evaluated the prospective associations between everyday and ethnic discrimination on cognitive control and examined the mediating effects of depressive symptoms on these links. We further examined the extent to which associations varied by age and financial strain. METHODS We used data from 596 Mexican-origin women (average age = 38.89, standard deviation = 5.74) who participated in a 3-wave longitudinal study spanning 8 years (from 2012 to 2020). Participants completed measures of everyday and ethnic discrimination at Wave 1, depressive symptoms in Waves 1 and 2, and completed computer-based tasks of cognitive control at Wave 3. Self-reported assessments of financial strain were completed at Wave 2. Moderated mediation structural equation models were implemented to test hypotheses. RESULTS Depressive symptoms significantly mediated the prospective association between everyday/ethnic discrimination to cognitive control. Higher levels of everyday and ethnic discrimination at baseline were associated with more depressive symptoms at Wave 2, which were then related to poorer cognitive control (i.e., longer reaction time in congruent and/or incongruent trials) at Wave 3. There was no significant moderation of age. Among those with low financial strain, higher levels of everyday discrimination were related to faster response times. DISCUSSION Results revealed the long-term consequences of experiences with discrimination on cognitive control that operate through increased depressive symptoms and that may have some subtle differential effects across levels of financial strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Muñoz
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jinjin Yan
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Hin Wing Tse
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daisy Zavala
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Belem G López
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|