1
|
Tian B, Xu LL, Jiang LD, Lin X, Shen J, Shen H, Su KJ, Gong R, Qiu C, Luo Z, Yao JH, Wang ZQ, Xiao HM, Zhang LS, Deng HW. Identification of the serum metabolites associated with cow milk consumption in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:537-549. [PMID: 38918932 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2366223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Cow milk consumption (CMC) and downstream alterations of serum metabolites are commonly considered important factors regulating human health status. Foods may lead to metabolic changes directly or indirectly through remodelling gut microbiota (GM). We sought to identify the metabolic alterations in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women with habitual CMC and explore if the GM mediates the CMC-metabolite associations. 346 Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women participants were recruited in this study. Fixed effects regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to reveal alterations of serum metabolic features in different CMC groups. Spearman correlation coefficient was computed to detect metabolome-metagenome association. 36 CMC-associated metabolites including palmitic acid (FA(16:0)), 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesterin-3-one (7alphaC4), citrulline were identified by both fixed effects regression (FDR < 0.05) and PLS-DA (VIP score > 2). Some significant metabolite-GM associations were observed, including FA(16:0) with gut species Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides sp.D2. These findings would further prompt our understanding of the effect of cow milk on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Dong Jiang
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kuan-Jui Su
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rui Gong
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, China
- Department of Cadre Ward Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhe Luo
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jia-Heng Yao
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Qi Wang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu H, Wei J, Wang S, Chen L, Zhang J, Wang N, Tan X. Dietary pattern modifies the risk of MASLD through metabolomic signature. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101133. [PMID: 39081700 PMCID: PMC11286987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The EAT-Lancet Commission in 2019 advocated a plant-centric diet for health and environmental benefits, but its relation to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is unclear. We aimed to discover the metabolite profile linked to the EAT-Lancet diet and its association with MASLD risk, considering genetic predisposition. Methods We analyzed data from 105,752 UK Biobank participants with detailed dietary and metabolomic information. We constructed an EAT-Lancet diet index and derived a corresponding metabolomic signature through elastic net regression. A weighted polygenic risk score for MASLD was computed from associated risk variants. The Cox proportional hazards model was employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the risk of MASLD (defined as hospital admission or death). Results During a median follow-up period of 11.6 years, 1,138 cases of MASLD were documented. Participants in the highest group for the EAT-Lancet diet index had a multivariable HR of 0.79 (95% CI 0.66-0.95) for MASLD compared to the lowest group. The diet's impact was unaffected by genetic predisposition to MASLD (p = 0.42). Moreover, a robust correlation was found between the metabolomic signature and the EAT-Lancet diet index (Pearson r = 0.29; p <0.0001). Participants in the highest group for the metabolomic signature had a multivariable HR of 0.46 (95% CI 0.37-0.58) for MASLD, in comparison to those in the lowest group. Conclusions Higher intake of the EAT-Lancet diet and its associated metabolite signature are both linked to a reduced risk of MASLD, independently of traditional risk factors. Impact and implications Our analysis leveraging the UK Biobank study showed higher adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was associated with a reduced risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). We identified a unique metabolite signature comprising 81 metabolites associated with the EAT-Lancet diet, potentially underlying the diet's protective mechanism against MASLD. These findings suggest the EAT-Lancet diet may offer substantial protective benefits against MASLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhang Wu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Wei
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzalez JT. Are all sugars equal? Role of the food source in physiological responses to sugars with an emphasis on fruit and fruit juice. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1435-1451. [PMID: 38492022 PMCID: PMC11329689 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
High (free) sugar intakes can increase self-reported energy intake and are associated with unfavourable cardiometabolic health. However, sugar source may modulate the effects of sugars due to several mechanisms including the food matrix. The aim of this review was to assess the current state of evidence in relation to food source effects on the physiological responses to dietary sugars in humans relevant to cardiometabolic health. An additional aim was to review potential mechanisms by which food sources may influence such responses. Evidence from meta-analyses of controlled intervention trials was used to establish the balance of evidence relating to the addition of sugars to the diet from sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, honey and whole fruit on cardiometabolic outcomes. Subsequently, studies which have directly compared whole fruit with fruit juices, or variants of fruit juices, were discussed. In summary, the sources of sugars can impact physiological responses, with differences in glycaemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, and acute appetite. Longer-term effects and mechanisms require further work, but initial evidence implicates physical structure, energy density, fibre, potassium and polyphenol content, as explanations for some of the observed responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huttasch M, Roden M, Kahl S. Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? Metabolism 2024; 157:155937. [PMID: 38782182 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) closely associates with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention and bariatric surgery aiming at substantial weight loss are cornerstones of MASLD treatment by improving histological outcomes and reducing risks of comorbidities. Originally developed as antihyperglycemic drugs, incretin (co-)agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors also reduce steatosis and cardiorenovascular events. Certain incretin agonists effectively improve histological features of MASLD, but not fibrosis. Of note, beneficial effects on MASLD may not necessarily require weight loss. Despite moderate weight gain, one PPARγ agonist improved adipose tissue and MASLD with certain benefit on fibrosis in post-hoc analyses. Likewise, the first THRβ-agonist was recently provisionally approved because of significant improvements of MASLD and fibrosis. We here discuss liver-related and metabolic effects induced by different MASLD treatments and their association with weight loss. Therefore, we compare results from clinical trials on drugs acting via weight loss (incretin (co)agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors) with those exerting no weight loss (pioglitazone; resmetirom). Furthermore, other drugs in development directly targeting hepatic lipid metabolism (lipogenesis inhibitors, FGF21 analogs) are addressed. Although THRβ-agonism may effectively improve hepatic outcomes, MASLD treatment concepts should consider all cardiometabolic risk factors for effective reduction of morbidity and mortality in the affected people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Huttasch
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kahl
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fridén M, Warensjö Lemming E, Lind L, Vessby J, Rosqvist F, Risérus U. Substitutions of saturated fat intakes with other macronutrients and foods and risk of NAFLD cirrhosis and all-cause hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:187-195. [PMID: 38797249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term trials have shown a reduction in liver fat when saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are substituted with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or with low-glycemic carbohydrates. However, few cohort studies have been conducted to investigate the associations of replacing SFA and SFA-rich foods with different macronutrients and foods in more severe stages of liver disease; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between the substitution of SFA and SFA-rich foods with other macronutrients and foods and NAFLD cirrhosis and HCC in a middle-aged to elderly Swedish population of n = 77,059 males and females. METHODS Time-to-event analyses were performed to investigate associations between the food and macronutrient substitutions and NAFLD cirrhosis and HCC. Multivariable Cox regression models were constructed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical isocaloric and equal-mass substitutions were performed using the leave-one-out method. Prespecified nutrient and food substitutions of interest were SFA with carbohydrates, SFA with fiber, SFA with PUFA, butter with margarine and vegetable oils, unprocessed red meat with fish, and milk with fermented milk. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 24 y, 566 cases of NAFLD cirrhosis and 205 cases of HCC were registered. Overall, dietary substitutions showed no clear associations with either NAFLD cirrhosis or HCC. Substituting SFA with carbohydrates showed an HR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.02) for HCC and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.11) for NAFLD cirrhosis. Substituting milk with fermented milk showed an HR of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.01) for HCC and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.03) for NAFLD cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS No clear associations were observed between diet and NAFLD cirrhosis or HCC. Although accompanied by low precision, possible lowered risks of HCC by substituting SFA with carbohydrates or milk with fermented milk might be of interest, but needs replication in other cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Warensjö Lemming
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosqvist F, Cedernaes J, Martínez Mora A, Fridén M, Johansson HE, Iggman D, Larsson A, Ahlström H, Kullberg J, Risérus U. Overfeeding polyunsaturated fat compared with saturated fat does not differentially influence lean tissue accumulation in individuals with overweight: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:121-128. [PMID: 38636844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids may influence lean tissue volume and skeletal muscle function. We previously reported in young lean participants that overfeeding PUFA compared with SFA induced greater lean tissue accumulation despite similar weight gain. OBJECTIVES In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, we aimed to investigate if the differential effects of overfeeding SFA and PUFA on lean tissue accumulation could be replicated in individuals with overweight and identify potential determinants. Further, using substitution models, we investigated associations between SFA and PUFA concentrations with lean tissue volume in a large population-based sample (UK Biobank). METHODS Sixty-one males and females with overweight [BMI (kg/m2): 27.3 (interquartile range (IQR), 25.4-29.3); age: 43 (IQR, 36-48)] were overfed SFA (palm oil) or n-6 (ω-6) PUFA (sunflower oil) for 8 wk. Lean tissue was assessed by MRI. We had access to n = 13,849 participants with data on diet, covariates, and MRI measurements of lean tissue, as well as 9119 participants with data on circulating fatty acids in the UK Biobank. RESULTS Body weight gain mean (SD) was similar in PUFA (2.01 ± 1.90 kg) and SFA (2.31 ± 1.38 kg) groups. Lean tissue increased to a similar extent [0.54 ± 0.93 L and 0.67 ± 1.21 L for PUFA and SFA groups, respectively, with a difference between groups of 0.07 (-0.21, 0.35)]. We observed no differential effects on circulating amino acids, myostatin, or IL-15 and no clear determinants of lean tissue accumulation. Similar nonsignificant results for SFA and PUFA were observed in UK Biobank, but circulating fatty acids demonstrated ambiguous and sex-dependent associations. CONCLUSIONS Overfeeding SFA or PUFA does not differentially affect lean tissue accumulation during 8 wk in individuals with overweight. A lack of dietary fat type-specific effects on lean tissue is supported by specified substitution models in a large population-based cohort consuming their habitual diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier as NCT02211612.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Hans-Erik Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Iggman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden; Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Del Carmen Fernández-Fígares Jiménez M. Plant foods, healthy plant-based diets, and type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:929-948. [PMID: 37550262 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic chronic disease in which insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production lead to elevated blood glucose levels. The prevalence of T2D is growing worldwide, mainly due to obesity and the adoption of Western diets. Replacing animal foods with healthy plant foods is associated with a lower risk of T2D in prospective studies. In randomized controlled trials, the consumption of healthy plant foods in place of animal foods led to cardiometabolic improvements in patients with T2D or who were at high risk of the disease. Dietary patterns that limit or exclude animal foods and focus on healthy plant foods (eg, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes), known as healthy, plant-based diets, are consistently associated with a lower risk of T2D in cohort studies. The aim of this review is to examine the differential effects of plant foods and animal foods on T2D risk and to describe the existing literature about the role of healthy, plant-based diets, particularly healthy vegan diets, in T2D prevention and management. The evidence from cohort studies and randomized controlled trials will be reported, in addition to the potential biological mechanisms that seem to be involved.
Collapse
|
8
|
Park H, Lee Y, Hwang J, Lee Y. Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016-2020. Nutrition 2024; 122:112374. [PMID: 38430845 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and the risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults. METHODS The study consisted of 22 688 Korean adults ≥19 y of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2020. The NOVA classification categorizes foods according to the nature, extent, and purpose of industrial processing. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and a modified waist circumference cut-off for Korean adults. We estimated the usual percent total food intake from UPFs. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between UPFs and risk for MetS, adjusted for age, sex, education level, income level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total energy intake. We further analyzed the association of UPFs with each component of MetS. RESULTS The median usual percent total food intake from UPFs was 22%, and the midpoint of intake ranged from 3% (quartile 1) to 48% (quartile 4). The group with the highest UPF consumption had a 19% higher risk for developing MetS than the lowest quartile of UPF consumption (odds ratio [OR],1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.33; Ptrend = 0.006). In analysis of the relationship between UPF intake and MetS components, a higher UPF was associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26; Ptrend = 0.037) and abdominal obesity (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33; Ptrend = 0.001), but had no significant association with other components (hyperglycemia, hypertriacylglycerolmia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Higher UPF contribution to total daily food intake is associated with an increased risk for MetS, particularly with a higher risk for hypertension and abdominal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jinah Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dallio M, Sangineto M, Romeo M, Cipullo M, Coppola A, Mammone S, Di Gioia G, Masarone M, Persico M, Serviddio G, Federico A. The influence of acute lifestyle changes on NAFLD evolution in a multicentre cohort: a matter of body composition. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:33. [PMID: 38802382 PMCID: PMC11130147 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy lifestyles represent a key element fueling Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) onset and worsening. We aimed to evaluate the effects of forced acute lifestyle changes on NAFLD evolution. METHODS 187 NAFLD patients were followed two years pre- and two years during the lockdown social restrictions in three Italian medical centers. For each patient, biochemical, clinical, non-invasive liver fibrosis, nutritional, and body composition data were collected. RESULTS An increase in fats and carbohydrate intake associated with impaired weekly physical activity during the lockdown was demonstrated as well as an increase in body mass index and waist-hip-ratio (p < 0.0001 for all). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and transaminases worsened during the lockdown (glucose: p = 0.0007; p < 0.0001 for the others). Moreover, NAFLD fibrosis score, liver stiffness, and controlled attenuation parameter were also impaired during the same period (p < 0.0001 for all). The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) evidenced an increase of fat mass (FM), and a reduction of free fat mass (FFM) and body cell mass (BCM) (p < 0.0001 for all). The lockdown overall hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and Milan-out HCC occurrence revealed Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.398, 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.16-5, p = 0.02, and HR:5.931, CI:2-17.6, p = 0.008 respectively. A liver disease stage and comorbidities independent association between both the assessed outcomes and body composition analysis in terms of mean values and variation (T1-T2 Δ) was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The acute lifestyle changes impacted NAFLD evolution via body composition modifications negatively influencing the HCC occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Moris Sangineto
- University Center for Research and Treatment of Liver Diseases (C.U.R.E.), Liver Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Romeo
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Marina Cipullo
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annachiara Coppola
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Mammone
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- University Center for Research and Treatment of Liver Diseases (C.U.R.E.), Liver Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- University Center for Research and Treatment of Liver Diseases (C.U.R.E.), Liver Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santamarina AB, Sertorio MN, Mennitti LV, Souza EAD, Souza DVD, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP. Hepatic Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diet Associated with Different Lipid Sources: Insights into Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity, and Epigenetic Markers in a mouse Model of Obesity. J Nutr 2024; 154:1517-1531. [PMID: 38484979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet (LCHF) models have been widely explored as alternatives for treating obesity and promoting weight loss. Their effect is attributed to the change in energy substrate that stimulates ketogenic pathways that can metabolically overload the liver. However, little has been studied about the impact of lipid sources prioritized in the LCHF diet. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the impact of different fat sources in the LCHF diet on markers of liver injury, oxidative stress, and epigenetics in obesity. METHODS Adult male mice were initially induced to obesity by a high-fat and high-sugar diet for 10 wk. Subsequently, they underwent a weight-loss treatment intervention involving an LCHF diet with various sources of fats, including saturated, omega-3 (ω-3) (n-3), omega-6 (ω-6) (n-6), and omega-9 (ω-9) (n-9). At the end of the treatment, markers of liver injury, oxidative stress, and epigenetics were evaluated. RESULTS The LCHF diet was effective in inducing weight loss. However, unsaturated lipid sources (omegas) exhibited superior outcomes. Specifically, the ω-9 group displayed diminished oxidative stress concentrations and decreased markers of liver injury. The ω-3 group demonstrated efficacy in modulating epigenetic markers, thereby reducing oxidative stress, mutagenicity, and markers of liver injury. Correlation tests demonstrated that there was an interaction between the activity of antioxidants and epigenetic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that LCHF diets associated with ω-3 and ω-9 have the potential for weight loss and liver health recovery in obesity through antioxidant and epigenetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Boveto Santamarina
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Nascimento Sertorio
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Vales Mennitti
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esther Alves de Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor de Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakamura M. Lipotoxicity as a therapeutic target in obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 27:12568. [PMID: 38706718 PMCID: PMC11066298 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2024.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Unhealthy sources of fats, ultra-processed foods with added sugars, and a sedentary lifestyle make humans more susceptible to developing overweight and obesity. While lipids constitute an integral component of the organism, excessive and abnormal lipid accumulation that exceeds the storage capacity of lipid droplets disrupts the intracellular composition of fatty acids and results in the release of deleterious lipid species, thereby giving rise to a pathological state termed lipotoxicity. This condition induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and cell death. Recent advances in omics technologies and analytical methodologies and clinical research have provided novel insights into the mechanisms of lipotoxicity, including gut dysbiosis, epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications, dysfunction of lipid droplets, post-translational modifications, and altered membrane lipid composition. In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the development of lipotoxicity and lipotoxic cardiometabolic disease in obesity, with a particular focus on lipotoxic and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schepp M, Freuer D, Wawro N, Peters A, Heier M, Teupser D, Meisinger C, Linseisen J. Association of the habitual dietary intake with the fatty liver index and effect modification by metabotypes in the population-based KORA-Fit study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:99. [PMID: 38575962 PMCID: PMC10993479 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging threat for public health with diet being a major risk factor in disease development and progression. However, the effects of habitual food consumption on fatty liver are still inconclusive as well as the proposed role of the individuals' metabolic profiles. Therefore, the aim of our study is to examine the associations between diet and NAFLD with an emphasis on the influence of specific metabotypes in the general population. METHODS A total of 689 participants (304 men and 385 women) of the KORA-Fit (S4) survey, a follow-up study of the population-based KORA cohort study running in the Region of Augsburg, Germany, were included in this analysis. Dietary information was derived from repeated 24-h food lists and a food frequency questionnaire. The intake of energy and energy-providing nutrients were calculated using the national food composition database. The presence of fatty liver was quantified by the fatty liver index (FLI), and metabotypes were calculated using K-means clustering. Multivariable linear regression models were used for the analysis of habitual food groups and FLI; for the evaluation of macronutrients, energy substitution models were applied. RESULTS A higher consumption of nuts and whole grains, and a better diet quality (according to Alternate Healthy Eating Index and Mediterranean Diet Score) were associated with lower FLI values, while the intake of soft drinks, meat, fish and eggs were associated with a higher FLI. The isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a decreased FLI, while substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids and protein showed increased FLI. Statistically significant interactions with the metabotype were observed for most food groups. CONCLUSION The consumption of plant-based food groups, including nuts and whole grains, and diet quality, were associated with lower FLI values, whereas the intake of soft drinks and products of animal origin (meat, fish, eggs) were associated with a higher FLI. The observed statistically significant interactions with the metabotype for most food groups could help to develop targeted prevention strategies on a population-based level if confirmed in independent prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schepp
- University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, EpidemiologyAugsburg, Germany.
| | - D Freuer
- University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, EpidemiologyAugsburg, Germany
| | - N Wawro
- University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, EpidemiologyAugsburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Heier
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- KORA Study Centre, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - D Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Meisinger
- University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, EpidemiologyAugsburg, Germany
| | - J Linseisen
- University of Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, EpidemiologyAugsburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dhokte S, Czaja K. Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Hidden Culprit for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1015. [PMID: 38613048 PMCID: PMC11013274 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The heightened metabolic activity of VAT encourages the circulation of free fatty acid (FFA) molecules, which induce insulin resistance in surrounding tissues. Individuals most vulnerable to this preferential fat deposition are older males with ancestral ties to Asian countries because genetics and sex hormones are pivotal factors for VAT accumulation. However, interventions in one's diet and lifestyle have the potential to strategically discourage the growth of VAT. This illuminates the possibility that the expansion of VAT and, subsequently, the risk of T2D development are preventable. Therefore, by reducing the amount of VAT accumulated in an individual and preventing it from building up, one can effectively control and prevent the development of T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Laamanen SE, Eloranta AM, Haapala EA, Sallinen T, Schwab U, Lakka TA. Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:623-637. [PMID: 38127151 PMCID: PMC10899368 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the associations of overall diet quality and dietary factors with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in a general population of children. METHODS We studied 194 girls and 209 boys aged 6-8 years participating in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Food consumption was assessed by 4-day food records and diet quality was quantified by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, as well as lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed with high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage. RESULTS FCHEI was directly associated with the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) (PUFA/SFA), the ratio of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (PUFA/MUFA), the ratio of PUFA to total fatty acids (FA) (PUFA%), the ratio of omega-3-fatty acids to total FA (omega-3 FA%), and inversely associated with the ratio of MUFA to total FA (MUFA%), alanine, glycine, histidine and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consumption of vegetable oils and vegetable-oil-based margarine (≥ 60% fat) was directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, PUFA%, the ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (omega-6 FA%), and inversely associated with SFA, MUFA, SFA to total FA (SFA%), MUFA%, alanine and VLDL particle size. Consumption of high-fiber grain products directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, omega-3 FA%, omega-6 FA%, PUFA% and inversely associated with SFA and SFA%. Fish consumption directly related to omega-3 FA and omega-3 FA%. Consumption of sugary products was directly associated with histidine and VLDL particle size. Vegetable, fruit, and berry consumption had direct associations with VLDL particle size and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1. Consumption of low fat (< 1%) milk was directly associated with phenylalanine. A higher consumption of high-fat (≥ 1%) milk was associated with lower serum MUFA/SFA and higher SFA%. Sausage consumption was directly related to SFA% and histidine. Red meat consumption was inversely associated with glycine. CONCLUSIONS Better diet quality, higher in intake of dietary sources of unsaturated fat and fiber, and lower in sugary product intake were associated with more favorable levels of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism independent of adiposity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776, registered March 3, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E Laamanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taisa Sallinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Costello E, Goodrich JA, Patterson WB, Walker DI, Chen J(C, Baumert BO, Rock S, Gilliland FD, Goran MI, Chen Z, Alderete TL, Conti DV, Chatzi L. Proteomic and Metabolomic Signatures of Diet Quality in Young Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:429. [PMID: 38337712 PMCID: PMC10857402 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The assessment of "omics" signatures may contribute to personalized medicine and precision nutrition. However, the existing literature is still limited in the homogeneity of participants' characteristics and in limited assessments of integrated omics layers. Our objective was to use post-prandial metabolomics and fasting proteomics to identify biological pathways and functions associated with diet quality in a population of primarily Hispanic young adults. We conducted protein and metabolite-wide association studies and functional pathway analyses to assess the relationships between a priori diet indices, Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, and proteins (n = 346) and untargeted metabolites (n = 23,173), using data from the MetaAIR study (n = 154, 61% Hispanic). Analyses were performed for each diet quality index separately, adjusting for demographics and BMI. Five proteins (ACY1, ADH4, AGXT, GSTA1, F7) and six metabolites (undecylenic acid, betaine, hyodeoxycholic acid, stearidonic acid, iprovalicarb, pyracarbolid) were associated with both diets (p < 0.05), though none were significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Overlapping proteins are involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism and in hemostasis, while overlapping metabolites include amino acid derivatives, bile acids, fatty acids, and pesticides. Enriched biological pathways were involved in macronutrient metabolism, immune function, and oxidative stress. These findings in young Hispanic adults contribute to efforts to develop precision nutrition and medicine for diverse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Costello
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Jesse A. Goodrich
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - William B. Patterson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (W.B.P.); (T.L.A.)
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Jiawen (Carmen) Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Sarah Rock
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (W.B.P.); (T.L.A.)
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.G.); (J.C.); (B.O.B.); (S.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.I.G.); (Z.C.); (D.V.C.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ozen E, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG. Association between body composition and cardiometabolic disease risk: role of dietary fat intake and APOLIPOPROTEIN E genotype on this relationship. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38253522 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Excess body weight is associated with increased mortality and risk of developing CVD. Body fat distribution is now considered a better indicator of disease risk than BMI, with central adiposity associated with dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Dietary modification is unquestionably important in the prevention of obesity and CVD, with the type but not the amount of dietary fat emerging as an important determinant of both diseases. Although reducing SFA intake via replacement with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) is a key public health strategy for CVD prevention, variability in the lipid lowering response has been observed. This narrative review aims to investigate the link between adiposity and CVD risk, and the role of dietary fat composition and APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype on this relationship. In the absence of weight loss, replacing dietary SFA with UFA reduces central adiposity and anthropometric measures, and is linked with lower total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, differences in study populations and body composition techniques need to be taken into consideration. To date, only a limited number of studies have determined the role of APOE on body composition and CVD risk, but findings are inconsistent. Both APOE2 and APOE4 alleles have been correlated with adiposity related markers, and an APOE genotype-BMI interaction has been reported on fasting lipids. However, studies are often performed retrospectively leading to small sample sizes within the genotype groups. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between APOE genotype, adiposity and circulating CVD risk markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozen
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hamamah S, Iatcu OC, Covasa M. Nutrition at the Intersection between Gut Microbiota Eubiosis and Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:269. [PMID: 38257161 PMCID: PMC10820857 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence has shown that the effects of nutrition on both these parameters is not mutually exclusive and that changes in gut microbiota and related metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may influence systemic inflammation and signaling pathways that contribute to pathophysiological processes associated with T2DM. With this background, our review highlights the effects of macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, on T2DM, specifically through their alterations in gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce. Additionally, we describe the influences of common food groups, which incorporate varying combinations of these macronutrients and micronutrients, on both microbiota and metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes mellitus. Overall, nutrition is one of the first line modifiable therapies in the management of T2DM and a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence its pathophysiology provides opportunities for optimizing dietary interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Oana C. Iatcu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tauriainen MM, Csader S, Lankinen M, Lo KK, Chen C, Lahtinen O, El-Nezamy H, Laakso M, Schwab U. PNPLA3 Genotype and Dietary Fat Modify Concentrations of Plasma and Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Nutrients 2024; 16:261. [PMID: 38257154 PMCID: PMC10819939 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The GG genotype of the Patatin-like phosphatase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), dietary fat, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are linked with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We studied the impact of the quality of dietary fat on plasma (p) and fecal (f) SCFA and p-BCAA in men homozygous for the PNPLA3 rs738409 variant (I148M). Eighty-eight randomly assigned men (age 67.8 ± 4.3 years, body mass index 27.1 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated in a 12-week diet intervention. The recommended diet (RD) group followed the National and Nordic nutrition recommendations for fat intake. The average diet (AD) group followed the average fat intake in Finland. The intervention resulted in a decrease in total p-SCFAs and iso-butyric acid in the RD group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.002). Valeric acid (p-VA) increased in participants with the GG genotype regardless of the diet (RD, 3.6 ± 0.6 to 7.0 ± 0.6 µmol/g, p = 0.005 and AD, 3.8 ± 0.3 to 9.7 ± 8.5 µmol/g, p = 0.015). Also, genotype relation to p-VA was seen statistically significantly in the RD group (CC: 3.7 ± 0.4 to 4.2 ± 1.7 µmol/g and GG: 3.6 ± 0.6 to 7.0 ± 0.6 µmol/g, p = 0.0026 for time and p = 0.004 for time and genotype). P-VA, unlike any other SCFA, correlated positively with plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = 0.240, p = 0.025). Total p-BCAAs concentration changed in the AD group comparing PNPLA3 CC and GG genotypes (CC: 612 ± 184 to 532 ± 149 µmol/g and GG: 587 ± 182 to 590 ± 130 µmol/g, p = 0.015 for time). Valine decreased in the RD group (p = 0.009), and leucine decreased in the AD group (p = 0.043). RD decreased total fecal SCFA, acetic acid (f-AA), and butyric acid (f-BA) in those with CC genotype (p = 0.006, 0.013 and 0.005, respectively). Our results suggest that the PNPLA3 genotype modifies the effect of dietary fat modification for p-VA, total f-SCFA, f-AA and f-BA, and total p-BCAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milla-Maria Tauriainen
- Department of Medicine, Endoscopy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland (M.L.); (H.E.-N.); (U.S.)
| | - Susanne Csader
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland (M.L.); (H.E.-N.); (U.S.)
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland (M.L.); (H.E.-N.); (U.S.)
| | - Kwun Kwan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Congjia Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Olli Lahtinen
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Hani El-Nezamy
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland (M.L.); (H.E.-N.); (U.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (K.K.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland (M.L.); (H.E.-N.); (U.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim OY, Song J. Important roles of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in regulating cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric issues in metabolic-related dementia. Life Sci 2024; 337:122356. [PMID: 38123015 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Retterstøl K, Rosqvist F. Fat and fatty acids - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:9980. [PMID: 38327998 PMCID: PMC10845901 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Two de novo NNR2022 systematic reviews (SRs) as well as 21 qualified SRs (qSRs) were available. A literature search yielded an additional ~70 SRs, meta-analyses and biomarker papers. Diets lower in total fat are associated with reductions in body weight and blood pressure compared with diets higher in total fat in adults. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acid (SFA) with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) improves blood lipid profile, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), improves glucose-insulin homeostasis and may decrease the risk of total mortality. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) decrease triglycerides and are associated with lower risk of CVD. Dietary PUFAs, both n-3 and n-6, may be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that the type of dietary fat is associated with blood pressure, risk of hypertension or musculoskeletal health. Higher intake of total PUFA is associated with lower mortality from any cancer. Long-chain n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, whereas biomarker levels of n-6 PUFA are associated with lower risk of any cancer. Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA during pregnancy increases length of gestation and child birth weight and reduces the risk of preterm delivery, but there is inconclusive evidence to suggest that it may influence child neurodevelopment, growth or development of allergic disease. In studies with higher versus lower dietary cholesterol intake levels, total blood cholesterol increased or were unaffected by the dietary cholesterol, resulting in inconclusive results. Trans fatty acid (TFA), regardless of source, impairs blood lipid profile compared to unsaturated fat. In observational studies, TFA is positively associated with CVD and total mortality but whether associations differ by source is inconclusive. Ruminant TFA, as well as biomarker levels of odd-chain fatty acids, might be associated with lower risk of T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grinshpan LS, Eilat-Adar S, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Kariv R, Gillon-Keren M, Zelber-Sagi S. Ultra-processed food consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A systematic review. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100964. [PMID: 38234408 PMCID: PMC10792654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated with the development of various diet-related non-communicable diseases, especially obesity and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to systematically review the association between UPF consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its leading risk factors; metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR). Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane (March 2023), and references of the identified articles were checked. The search keywords were defined through an exploratory investigation in addition to MeSH and similarly controlled vocabulary thesauruses. Observational and interventional studies were included. Studies that focused only on specific groups of processed foods or overlapping dietary patterns were excluded. The quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools for observational studies and Cochrane's risk of bias 2 tool for randomized-control trials. A narrative synthesis was employed to report the results. Results Fifteen studies were included, with a total of 52,885 participants, one randomized-controlled trial, and fourteen observational studies (nine cross-sectional and five prospective). The review has shown a significant association between UPF consumption and NAFLD in three studies out of six, MetS in five out of eight, and IR in one out of three. All large-scale prospective cohorts that studied NAFLD or MetS outcomes demonstrated a positive association. In contrast, studies that did not demonstrate significant associations were mostly cross-sectional and small. The evidence for an association with IR was insufficient and conflicting. Conclusion The included studies are few, observational, and based upon self-reported dietary assessment tools. However, current evidence indicates that UPF is not only associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes but may also be a risk factor for NAFLD and MetS. UPF is a worldwide concern deserving further longitudinal research. Impact and implications Overconsumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) may lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not well established. The present systematic review shows that UPF may be associated with NAFLD, although more large prospective studies are needed. These findings emphasize the importance of minimizing the consumption of UPF to prevent NAFLD and other metabolic diseases among the general adult population. This systematic review and further prospective studies, epidemiological or interventional, can help physicians provide patients with evidence-based nutritional recommendations and will support policymakers in restricting the marketing of UPF as well as promoting affordable, healthy, and minimally processed foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sol Grinshpan
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Dana Ivancovsky-Wajcman
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Gillon-Keren
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Sciences, Kibbutzim College of Education Technology and the Arts, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu C, Huang R, Li R, Ning N, He Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Ma Y, Jin L. Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diet with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:4763. [PMID: 38004162 PMCID: PMC10674227 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This observational cross-sectional study was designed to explore the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and a low-fat diet (LFD) on metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). METHODS This study involved 3961 adults. The associations between LCD/LFD scores and MAFLD were evaluated utilizing a multivariable logistic regression model. Additionally, a leave-one-out model was applied to assess the effect of isocaloric substitution of specific macronutrients. RESULTS Participants within the highest tertile of healthy LCD scores (0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.89) or with a healthy LFD score (0.64; 95%CI, 0.48-0.86) faced a lower MAFLD risk. Furthermore, compared with tertile 1, individuals with unhealthy LFD scores in terile 2 or tertile 3 had 49% (95%CI, 1.17-1.90) and 77% (95%CI, 1.19-2.63) higher risk levels for MAFLD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Healthy LCD and healthy LFD are protective against MAFLD, while unhealthy LFD can increase the risk of MAFLD. Both the quantity and quality of macronutrients might have significant influences on MAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (R.H.); (N.N.)
| | - Runhong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ning Ning
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (R.H.); (N.N.)
| | - Yue He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingxin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (R.H.); (N.N.)
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (C.H.); (R.L.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fridén M, Mora AM, Lind L, Risérus U, Kullberg J, Rosqvist F. Diet composition, nutrient substitutions and circulating fatty acids in relation to ectopic and visceral fat depots. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1922-1931. [PMID: 37633021 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Short-term randomized trials have demonstrated that replacing saturated fat (SFA) with polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) causes a reduction or prevention of liver fat accumulation, but population-based studies on diet and body fat distribution are limited. We investigated cross-sectional associations between diet, circulating fatty acids and liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and other fat depots using different energy-adjustment models. METHODS Sex-stratified analyses of n = 9119 (for serum fatty acids) to 13 849 (for nutrients) participants in UK Biobank were conducted. Fat depots were assessed by MRI, circulating fatty acids by NMR spectroscopy and diet by repeated 24-h recalls. Liver fat, VAT and IMAT were primary outcomes; total adipose tissue (TAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) were secondary outcomes. Three a priori defined models were constructed: the all-components model, standard model and leave-one-out model (main model including specified nutrient substitutions). Imiomics (MRI-derived) was used to confirm and visualize associations. RESULTS In women, substituting carbohydrates and free sugars with saturated fat (SFA) was positively associated with liver fat (β (95% CI) = 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) and β (95% CI) = 0.20 (0.05-0.35), respectively) and IMAT (β (95% CI) = 0.07 (0.00, 0.14) and β (95% CI) = 0.08 (0.02, 0.13), respectively), whereas substituting animal fat with plant fat was inversely associated with IMAT, ASAT and TAT. In the all-components and standard models, SFA and animal fat were positively associated with liver fat, IMAT and VAT whereas plant fat was inversely associated with IMAT in women. Few associations were observed in men. Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were inversely associated with liver fat, IMAT and VAT in both men and women, whereas SFA and monounsaturated fatty acids were positively associated. CONCLUSIONS Type of dietary fat may be an important determinant of ectopic fat in humans consuming their habitual diet. Plant fat and PUFA should be preferred over animal fat and SFA. This is corroborated by circulating fatty acids and overall consistent through different energy adjustment models. TWITTER SUMMARY In UK Biobank, intake of saturated- and animal fat were positively whereas biomarkers of polyunsaturated fat were inversely associated with liver-, visceral- and intermuscular fat. Type of dietary fat may be a determinant of ectopic fat, a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrés Martínez Mora
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lytrivi M, Gomes Da Silveira Cauduro C, Kibanda J, Kristanto P, Paesmans M, Cnop M. Impact of saturated compared with unsaturated dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function and glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:739-753. [PMID: 37500058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the dietary fat type on type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) on insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β-cell function, and glucose tolerance, as surrogate endpoints for T2D. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that replaced ≥5% of total energy intake provided by SFA with MUFA or PUFA and reported indexes of insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and/or glucose tolerance. We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) up to 9 January, 2023. Eligible interventions had to be isocaloric, with no significant difference in other macronutrients. Data were synthesized using random-effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS Of 6355 records identified, 10 parallel and 20 crossover trials with 1586 participants were included. The mean age of the participants was 42 years, 47% were male, mean body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) was 26.8, median baseline fasting glucose was 5.13 mmol/L, and the median duration of interventions was 5 weeks. Replacing SFA with MUFA or PUFA had no significant effects on insulin sensitivity [standardized mean difference (SMD) SFA compared with MUFA: 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.06 to 0.09, I2 = 0% and SMD SFA compared with PUFA: 0, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.14, I2 = 0%]. Replacing SFA with MUFA did not significantly impact the β-cell function, evaluated by the disposition index (mean difference: -12, 95% CI: -158 to 133, I2=0%). Evidence on glucose tolerance (SFA compared with MUFA or PUFA) and on β-cell function when SFA were replaced with PUFA was scant. CONCLUSIONS Short-term substitution of saturated with unsaturated fat does not significantly affect insulin sensitivity nor β-cell function (the latter in the SFA compared with MUFA comparison). Future studies are needed to elucidate longer term effects of dietary fat saturation on glucose homeostasis. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020178382.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lytrivi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Carolina Gomes Da Silveira Cauduro
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Radiotherapy Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jésabelle Kibanda
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shannon CE, Ní Chathail MB, Mullin SM, Meehan A, McGillicuddy FC, Roche HM. Precision nutrition for targeting pathophysiology of cardiometabolic phenotypes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:921-936. [PMID: 37402955 PMCID: PMC10492734 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogenous disease accompanied by a broad spectrum of cardiometabolic risk profiles. Traditional paradigms for dietary weight management do not address biological heterogeneity between individuals and have catastrophically failed to combat the global pandemic of obesity-related diseases. Nutritional strategies that extend beyond basic weight management to instead target patient-specific pathophysiology are warranted. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the tissue-level pathophysiological processes that drive patient heterogeneity to shape distinct cardiometabolic phenotypes in obesity. Specifically, we discuss how divergent physiology and postprandial phenotypes can reveal key metabolic defects within adipose, liver, or skeletal muscle, as well as the integrative involvement of the gut microbiome and the innate immune system. Finally, we highlight potential precision nutritional approaches to target these pathways and discuss recent translational evidence concerning the efficacy of such tailored dietary interventions for different obesity phenotypes, to optimise cardiometabolic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Shannon
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, and Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Méabh B Ní Chathail
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, and Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Mullin
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, and Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Andrew Meehan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, and Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jia M, Xu T, Xu YJ, Liu Y. Dietary fatty acids activate or deactivate brown and beige fat. Life Sci 2023; 330:121978. [PMID: 37516433 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat have been documented to rapidly consume fatty acids (FAs) rather than deposit of lipid, and they have high capacity to dissipate energy via nonshivering thermogenesis, making BAT and beige fat potential organs to fight obesity and related chronic diseases. As the main substrate for thermogenesis and the basic constituent unit of triacylglycerol, FAs could modify BAT and remodel white adipose tissue (WAT) to beige fat. However, there are few comprehensive review covering the link between dietary FAs and thermogenic adipocyte..In this review, we described the metabolism of thermogenic adipose upon activation and comprehensively summarized publications on the dietary FAs that activate or deactivate BAT and beige fat. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA), α-linolenic acid (α-ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), oleic acid (OA), long-chain saturated fatty acid (LC-SFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). in addition, the influences on BAT function, WAT remodeling, and lipid metabolism, as well as delineated the possible mechanisms are also reviewed. Characterizing thermogenic or obesogenic dietary FAs may offer novel insight into dietary oil and nutritional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Food & Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Food & Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang M, Shao J, Zhang X, Liu Z, Tang T, Chen G, Xia S, Zhao K, Kang Z, Sun W, Jia X, Wang J, Lai S. miR-383-5p Regulates Preadipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation by Targeting RAD51AP1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14025. [PMID: 37762324 PMCID: PMC10531573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major health problem worldwide, and increasing evidence supports the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in its pathogenesis. Recently, we found that miR-383-5p_1 is highly expressed in the perirenal fat of high-fat-fed rabbits, but it is not yet known whether miR-383-5p is involved in lipid metabolism. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing technology to screen 1642 known differentially expressed genes between miR-383-5p mimic groups and miR-383-5p negative control groups. Gene Ontology Resource (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were enriched in the pathway related to lipid metabolism, and glycine biosynthesis, the NOD receptor signal pathway and nonalcoholic fatty liver were significantly enriched. Afterwards, our research results indicated that miR-383-5p can promote the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit preadipocytes, and there is a direct targeting relationship with RAD51AP1. Mechanistically, miR-383-5p directly interacts with the lipid metabolism and participates in adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by targeting RAD51AP1. In conclusion, our data highlight a physiological role for miRNA in lipid metabolism and suggest the miR-383-5p/RAD51AP1 axis may represent a potential mechanism for controlling lipid accumulation in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meigui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiahao Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheliang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tao Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guanhe Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siqi Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kaisen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhe Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
He F, Jiang H, Peng C, Wang T, Xiao R, Chen M, Song N, Du Z, Wang H, Ding X, Shao Y, Fang J, Zang Y, Hua R, Li J, Ding K. Hepatic glucuronyl C5-epimerase combats obesity by stabilising GDF15. J Hepatol 2023; 79:605-617. [PMID: 37217020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disturbed hepatic metabolism frequently results in excessive lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue. However, the specific role of the liver-adipose axis in maintaining lipid homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanism, has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of hepatic glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Glce) in the progression of obesity. METHODS We determined the association between the expression of hepatic Glce and body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. Obesity models were established in hepatic Glce-knockout and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to understand the effect of Glce on obesity development. The role of Glce in the progression of disrupted hepatokine secretion was examined via secretome analysis. RESULTS Hepatic Glce expression was inversely correlated with BMI in obese patients. Moreover, Glce level was found to be decreased in the liver of a HFD murine model. Hepatic Glce deficiency led to impaired thermogenesis in adipose tissue and exacerbated HFD-induced obesity. Interestingly, decreased level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was observed in the culture medium of Glce-knockout mouse hepatocytes. Treatment with recombinant GDF15 obstructed obesity progression derived from the absence of hepatic Glce, similar to the effect of Glce or its inactive mutant overexpressed both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, liver Glce deficiency led to diminished production and increased degradation of mature GDF15, resulting in reduced hepatic GDF15 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic Glce deficiency facilitated obesity development, and decreased Glce expression further reduced hepatic secretion of GDF15, thereby perturbing lipid homeostasis in vivo. Therefore, the novel Glce-GDF15 axis plays an important role in maintaining energy balance and may act as a potential target for combating obesity. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Evidence suggests that GDF15 plays a key role in hepatic metabolism; however, the molecular mechanism for regulating its expression and secretion is largely unknown. Our work observes that hepatic Glce, as a key Golgi-localised epimerase, may work on the maturation and post-translational regulation of GDF15. Hepatic Glce deficiency reduces the production of mature GDF15 protein and facilitates its ubiquitination, resulting in the aggravation of obesity development. This study sheds light on the new function and mechanism of the Glce-GDF15 axis in lipid metabolism and provides a potential therapeutic target against obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Xiao
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nixue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyun Du
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yikai Shao
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Fang
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
| | - Kan Ding
- Carbohydrate Drug Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Annevelink CE, Sapp PA, Petersen KS, Shearer GC, Kris-Etherton PM. Diet-derived and diet-related endogenously produced palmitic acid: Effects on metabolic regulation and cardiovascular disease risk. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:577-586. [PMID: 37666689 PMCID: PMC10822025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Palmitic acid is the predominant dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the US diet. Plasma palmitic acid is derived from dietary fat and also endogenously from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and lipolysis. DNL is affected by excess energy intake resulting in overweight and obesity, and the macronutrient profile of the diet. A low-fat diet (higher carbohydrate and/or protein) promotes palmitic acid synthesis in adipocytes and the liver. A high-fat diet is another source of palmitic acid that is taken up by adipose tissue, liver, heart and skeletal muscle via lipolytic mechanisms. Moreover, overweight/obesity and accompanying insulin resistance increase non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) production. Palmitic acid may affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk via mechanisms beyond increasing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), notably synthesis of ceramides and possibly through branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) from palmitic acid. Ceramides are positively associated with incident CVD, whereas the role of FAHFAs is uncertain. Given the new evidence about dietary regulation of palmitic acid metabolism there is interest in learning more about how diet modulates circulating palmitic acid concentrations and, hence, potentially CVD risk. This is important because of the heightened interest in low carbohydrate (carbohydrate controlled) and high carbohydrate (low-fat) diets coupled with the ongoing overweight/obesity epidemic, all of which can increase plasma palmitic acid levels by different mechanisms. Consequently, learning more about palmitic acid biochemistry, trafficking and how its metabolites affect CVD risk will inform future dietary guidance to further lower the burden of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Annevelink
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philip A Sapp
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Greg C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gravesteijn E, Mensink RP, Plat J. The effects of long-term almond consumption on whole-body insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose responses, and 48 h continuous glucose concentrations in males and females with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2661-2672. [PMID: 37258943 PMCID: PMC10421771 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Findings concerning the effects of almond consumption on glucose metabolism are inconsistent which might relate to body weight gain. The effects of long-term almond consumption on glucose metabolism are investigated in a free-living setting without detailed dietary instructions in males and females with overweight/obesity and prediabetes. METHODS Forty-three participants volunteered in this randomized, cross-over trial with a 5-months control and intervention period and a 2-months wash-out. In the intervention period participants daily consumed 50 g whole almonds. At the end of both periods insulin sensitivity was assessed by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and postprandial glucose responses, and 48 h continuous glucose concentrations were measured. RESULTS Almond consumption significantly decreased insulin sensitivity (P = 0.002), and increased postprandial glucose concentrations (P = 0.019), as well as fasting insulin concentrations (P = 0.003) as compared to the control period. The AUCs for 24 h glucose concentrations were not significantly different between control and intervention (P = 0.066). Almond consumption also significantly increased BMI (P = 0.002), and waist circumference (P = 0.013), supported by the concurrent increased energy intake (P = 0.031). The effects on glucose metabolism could only partly be explained by the observed weight gain as the almond effect remained after correcting for BMI changes. CONCLUSIONS In participants with prediabetes, long-term almond consumption showed adverse effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. As almonds seemed not to have fully replaced other food items, it might be necessary to provide more supporting guidelines on how to incorporate energy-dense nuts into healthy diets to prevent type 2 diabetes development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered in February 2018 as NCT03419702.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elske Gravesteijn
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gholami F, Karimi Z, Samadi M, Sovied N, Yekaninejad MS, Keshavarz SA, Javdan G, Bahrampour N, Wong A, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. The association between dietary pattern and visceral adiposity index, triglyceride-glucose index, inflammation, and body composition among Iranian overweight and obese women. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13162. [PMID: 37574495 PMCID: PMC10423716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns, derived through latent class analysis (LCA), with visceral adiposity index (VAI), Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), inflammation biomarkers, and body composition in overweight and obese Iranian women. For this cross-sectional study, dietary exposure was assessed using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were derived through LCA. Binary logistic was performed to test the associations of dietary patterns with VAI, TyG, inflammation biomarkers, and body composition. Health centers in Tehran, Iran. 376 obese and overweight women, aged > 18 years. Two dietary patterns were identified using LCA modeling: healthy and unhealthy. Women in the unhealthy class were characterized by higher consumption of fast food, sweetened beverages, grains, unhealthy oils, butter and margarine, and snacks. Compared with the healthy class, the unhealthy class was associated with an increased risk of higher fasting blood sugar (FBS) (OR = 6.07; 95% CI: 1.33-27.74, P value = 0.02), c-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.05-2.80; P value = 0.02), and lower fat free mass index (FFMI) (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35-0.88, P value = 0.01), after adjusting for confounders. We found that adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with decreased FFMI and increased FBS and CRP using LCA, but not with the rest of the variables. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the veracity of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Samadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Sovied
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeid Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamali Javdan
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Niki Bahrampour
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Espina S, Casas-Deza D, Bernal-Monterde V, Domper-Arnal MJ, García-Mateo S, Lué A. Evaluation and Management of Nutritional Consequences of Chronic Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:3487. [PMID: 37571424 PMCID: PMC10421025 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are the major predisposing conditions for the development of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty. Recently, the mechanism of the onset of these complications has been better established. Regardless of the etiology of the underlying liver disease, the clinical manifestations are common. The main consequences are impaired dietary intake, altered macro- and micronutrient metabolism, energy metabolism disturbances, an increase in energy expenditure, nutrient malabsorption, sarcopenia, frailty, and osteopathy. These complications have direct effects on clinical outcomes, survival, and quality of life. The nutritional status should be assessed systematically and periodically during follow-up in these patients. Maintaining and preserving an adequate nutritional status is crucial and should be a mainstay of treatment. Although general nutritional interventions have been established, special considerations are needed in specific settings such as decompensated cirrhosis, alcohol-related liver disease, and metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. In this review, we summarize the physiopathology and factors that impact the nutritional status of liver disease. We review how to assess malnutrition and sarcopenia and how to prevent and manage these complications in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espina
- Gastroenterology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.E.); (D.C.-D.); (V.B.-M.)
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
| | - Diego Casas-Deza
- Gastroenterology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.E.); (D.C.-D.); (V.B.-M.)
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
| | - Vanesa Bernal-Monterde
- Gastroenterology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.E.); (D.C.-D.); (V.B.-M.)
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
| | - María José Domper-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Lué
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.D.-A.); (S.G.-M.)
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gagnon E, Manikpurage HD, Mitchell PL, Girard A, Gobeil É, Bourgault J, Bégin F, Marette A, Thériault S, Arsenault BJ. Large-scale metabolomic profiling and incident non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. iScience 2023; 26:107127. [PMID: 37456853 PMCID: PMC10339047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disease with no specific drug therapy. High-throughput metabolomics present an unprecedented opportunity to identify biomarkers and potentially causal risk factors for NAFLD. Here, we determined the impact of 21 circulating metabolites, 17 lipids, and 132 lipoprotein particle characteristics on NAFLD combining prospective observational and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in 121,032 UK Biobank participants. We identified several metabolic factors associated with NAFLD risk in observational and MR analyses including triglyceride-rich and high-density lipoprotein particles composition, as well as the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids. This study, is one of the largest to investigate incident NAFLD, provides concordant observational and genetic evidence that therapies aimed at reducing circulating triglycerides and increasing large HDL particles, as well as interventions aimed at increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid content may warrant further investigation into NAFLD prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gagnon
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Hasanga D. Manikpurage
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Patricia L. Mitchell
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Arnaud Girard
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Émilie Gobeil
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Jérôme Bourgault
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Frédéric Bégin
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - André Marette
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec (QC), Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Crummett LT, Aslam MH. Diabetes websites lack information on dietary causes, risk factors, and preventions for type 2 diabetes. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1159024. [PMID: 37521964 PMCID: PMC10373935 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1159024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing public health burden throughout the world. Many people looking for information on how to prevent T2D will search on diabetes websites. Multiple dietary factors have a significant association with T2D risk, such as high intake of added sugars, refined carbohydrates, saturated fat, and red meat or processed meat; and decreased intake of dietary fiber, and fruits/vegetables. Despite this dietary information being available in the scientific literature, it is unclear whether this information is available in gray literature (websites). Objective In this study, we evaluate the use of specific terms from diabetes websites that are significantly associated with causes/risk factors and preventions for T2D from three term categories: (A) dietary factors, (B) nondietary nongenetic (lifestyle-associated) factors, and (C) genetic (non-modifiable) factors. We also evaluate the effect of website type (business, government, nonprofit) on term usage among websites. Methods We used web scraping and coding tools to quantify the use of specific terms from 73 diabetes websites. To determine the effect of term category and website type on the usage of specific terms among 73 websites, a repeated measures general linear model was performed. Results We found that dietary risk factors that are significantly associated with T2D (e.g., sugar, processed carbohydrates, dietary fat, fruits/vegetables, fiber, processed meat/red meat) were mentioned in significantly fewer websites than either nondietary nongenetic factors (e.g., obesity, physical activity, dyslipidemia, blood pressure) or genetic factors (age, family history, ethnicity). Among websites that provided "eat healthy" guidance, one third provided zero dietary factors associated with type 2 diabetes, and only 30% provided more than two specific dietary factors associates with type 2 diabetes. We also observed that mean percent usage of all terms associated with T2D causes/risk factors and preventions was significantly lower among government websites compared to business websites and nonprofit websites. Conclusion Diabetes websites need to increase their usage of dietary factors when discussing causes/risk factors and preventions for T2D; as dietary factors are modifiable and strongly associated with all nondietary nongenetic risk factors, in addition to T2D risk.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zeinalabedini M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. How is healthy eating index-2015 related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1201010. [PMID: 37305085 PMCID: PMC10248502 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality and disability among diabetes. The aim of this study is to evaluate how healthy eating index-2015 related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 490 patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran, Iran. The healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) used as a diet quality indicator. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Four indicators of CVD risk factor [Castelli risk index-1 and 2 (CRI-II), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cholesterol index (CI), and lipid accumulation of plasma (LAP)] were calculated. The anthropometric indices [a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and body roundness index (BRI)] were computed. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, it is evident that participants in the highest tertile of HEI had a lower odds ratio of BRI (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.95; p-trend = 0.03) and AIP (OR:0.56; 95% CI: 0.34-0.94; p-trend = 0.02). Also, HEI and CRI had a marginally significant negative relation (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-1; p-trend = 0.05) in crude model, after adjusting the signification disappeared. Conclusion In conclusion, our finding shows that more adherence to HEI reduces about 50% of the odds of AIP, BRI among diabetic patients. Further, large-scale cohort studies in Iran need to confirm these findings, including diabetic patients of various racial, ethnic backgrounds, body composition and different components of HEI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Zeinalabedini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ağagündüz D, Icer MA, Yesildemir O, Koçak T, Kocyigit E, Capasso R. The roles of dietary lipids and lipidomics in gut-brain axis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Transl Med 2023; 21:240. [PMID: 37009872 PMCID: PMC10068184 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the main types of Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by dysfunctional pancreatic β-cells and/or peripheral insulin resistance, resulting in impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Genetic, metabolic, multiple lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors are known as related to high T2DM risk. Dietary lipids and lipid metabolism are significant metabolic modulators in T2DM and T2DM-related complications. Besides, accumulated evidence suggests that altered gut microbiota which plays an important role in the metabolic health of the host contributes significantly to T2DM involving impaired or improved glucose and lipid metabolism. At this point, dietary lipids may affect host physiology and health via interaction with the gut microbiota. Besides, increasing evidence in the literature suggests that lipidomics as novel parameters detected with holistic analytical techniques have important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM, through various mechanisms of action including gut-brain axis modulation. A better understanding of the roles of some nutrients and lipidomics in T2DM through gut microbiota interactions will help develop new strategies for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. However, this issue has not yet been entirely discussed in the literature. The present review provides up-to-date knowledge on the roles of dietary lipids and lipidomics in gut-brain axis in T2DM and some nutritional strategies in T2DM considering lipids- lipidomics and gut microbiota interactions are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, 06490, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Arif Icer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, 05100, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Yesildemir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Koçak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, 06490, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Kocyigit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Carbohydrate Intakes below Recommendations with a High Intake of Fat Are associated with Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023:S2212-2672(23)00098-9. [PMID: 36841355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than one-third of adults in the United States have metabolic syndrome, and dietary carbohydrate intake may modify the likelihood of developing this condition. Currently, there is a lack of consistent evidence demonstrating the relationship between carbohydrate intake that falls below recommendations and metabolic syndrome. Not accounting for the differences in fatty acid classes of these dietary patterns may be a reason for inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between a carbohydrate intake below recommendations and metabolic syndrome stratified by fat quantity and fatty acid classes in a nationally representative sample of US adults. DESIGN This cross-sectional study acquired data on food and nutrient intake and markers of metabolic syndrome from respondents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING This study included 19,078 respondents who were aged 20 years or older, had reliable and complete data on food and nutrient intake and markers of metabolic syndrome, and were not pregnant or breastfeeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome was prevalence of metabolic syndrome. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Usual dietary intake was estimated using the National Cancer Institute's usual intake methodology. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relative odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome between those who had a carbohydrate intake below recommendations and those who met carbohydrate recommendations. RESULTS Those who had a carbohydrate intake below recommendations had 1.067 (95% CI 1.063 to 1.071) times greater odds of having metabolic syndrome compared with those who met carbohydrate recommendations (P < 0.001). High intake of fat of any class was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome (total fat: 1.271, 95% CI 1.256 to 1.286; saturated fatty acid: 1.072, 95% CI 1.060 to 1.085; monounsaturated fatty acid: 1.317, 95% CI 1.300 to 1.333; polyunsaturated fatty acid: 1.056, 95% CI 1.047 to 1.066; P < 0.001 for all comparisons) in those who had a carbohydrate intake below recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome were higher among individuals who had a carbohydrate intake below recommendations compared with individuals who met carbohydrate recommendations.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tian A, Sun Z, Zhang M, Li J, Pan X, Chen P. Associations between dietary fatty acid patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in typical dietary population: A UK biobank study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1117626. [PMID: 36824175 PMCID: PMC9942598 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1117626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Dietary fatty acid composition is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Few evidence had identified a clear role of dietary fatty acid composition of typical diet in NAFLD. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD in populations with typical diets and to explore the effect of fatty acid composition in dietary patterns on NAFLD. Methods Principal component analysis was used to identify 4 dietary patterns in UK Biobank participants. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD. Mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the extent to which the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD was explained by dietary fatty acid combinations, as surrogated by serum fatty acids measured by nuclear magnetic resonance. Results A dietary fatty acid pattern (DFP1) characterized by "PUFA enriched vegetarian" was negatively associated with NAFLD risk. Serum fatty acids were significantly associated with DFP1 and NAFLD. Mediation analysis showed SFA (27.8%, p < 0.001), PUFA (25.1%, p < 0.001), ω-6 PUFA (14.3%, p < 0.001), LA (15.6%, p < 0.001) and DHA (10%, p < 0.001) had a significant indirect effect on the association between DFP1 and NAFLD. A dietary pattern characterized by "PUFA enriched carnivore" (DFP2) was not associated with NAFLD risk. Conclusion A "PUFA enriched vegetarian" dietary pattern with increased LA and DHA, may be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of NAFLD, while a "PUFA enriched carnivore" dietary pattern may not be harmful to NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aowen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zewen Sun
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingchen Pan
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Peng Chen, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nagase Y, Satoh T, Shigetome K, Tokumaru N, Matsumoto E, Yamada KD, Imafuku T, Watanabe H, Maruyama T, Ogata Y, Yoshida M, Saruwatari J, Oniki K. Serum Fatty Acid Composition Balance by Fuzzy C-Means Method in Individuals with or without Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040809. [PMID: 36839168 PMCID: PMC9960614 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating fatty acid composition is assumed to play an important role in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the association between the overall balance of serum fatty acid composition and MAFLD prevalence. This cross-sectional study involved 400 Japanese individuals recruited from a health-screening program. We measured fatty acids in serum lipids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The serum fatty acid composition balance was evaluated using fuzzy c-means clustering, which assigns individual data points to multiple clusters and calculates the percentage of data points belonging to multiple clusters, and serum fatty acid mass%. The participants were classified into four characteristic subclasses (i.e., Clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4), and the specific serum fatty acid composition balance (i.e., Cluster 4) was associated with a higher MAFLD prevalence. We suggest that the fuzzy c-means method can be used to determine the circulating fatty acid composition balance and highlight the importance of focusing on this balance when examining the relationship between MAFLD and serum fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nagase
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takao Satoh
- Kumamoto Industrial Research Institute, Kumamoto 862-0901, Japan
| | - Keiichi Shigetome
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Naoto Tokumaru
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Erika Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazunori D. Yamada
- Unprecedented-Scale Data Analytics Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imafuku
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogata
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto 861-8520, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto 861-8520, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (K.O.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4545 (J.S.); +81-96-371-4512 (K.O.)
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (K.O.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4545 (J.S.); +81-96-371-4512 (K.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Semmler G, Datz C, Trauner M. Eating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:S244-S260. [PMID: 36517001 PMCID: PMC10029946 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and dietary interventions are a central component in the pathophysiology, but also a cornerstone in the management of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Summarizing our rapidly advancing understanding of how our diet influences our metabolism and focusing on specific effects on the liver, we provide a comprehensive overview of dietary concepts to counteract the increasing burden of NAFLD. Specifically, we emphasize the importance of dietary calorie restriction independently of the macronutrient composition together with adherence to a Mediterranean diet low in added fructose and processed meat that seems to exert favorable effects beyond calorie restriction. Also, we discuss intermittent fasting as a type of diet specifically tailored to decrease liver fat content and increase ketogenesis, awaiting future study results in NAFLD. Finally, personalized dietary recommendations could be powerful tools to increase the effectiveness of dietary interventions in patients with NAFLD considering the genetic background and the microbiome, among others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Semmler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Oberndorf, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Basset-Sagarminaga J, Roumans KHM, Havekes B, Mensink RP, Peters HPF, Zock PL, de Mutsert R, Borén J, Lindeboom L, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Replacing Foods with a High-Glycemic Index and High in Saturated Fat by Alternatives with a Low Glycemic Index and Low Saturated Fat Reduces Hepatic Fat, Even in Isocaloric and Macronutrient Matched Conditions. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030735. [PMID: 36771441 PMCID: PMC9920748 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines aim to limit the dietary glycemic index (GI) and intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Several studies have shown favorable effects of low-GI or low-SFA diets on intrahepatic lipid content (IHL), but these studies were performed under overfeeding conditions or extreme differences in GI or SFA to maximize the contrast between diets. By combining changes in GI and SFA, we can mimic how people can improve their diet in a realistic setting. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect on liver fat content and substrate metabolism of both reducing GI and replacing SFA with polyunsaturated fat in practically realistic amounts under isocaloric conditions. DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized crossover study, thirteen overweight participants consumed two diets, one high in GI and SFA (high GI/SFA) and one low in GI and SFA (low GI/SFA) with identical macronutrient composition, for two weeks each. Diets were equal in caloric content, consisted of habitual food items, and had a macronutrient composition that can be easily achieved in daily life. At the end of each intervention, IHL content/composition and liver glycogen were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, fasted and postprandial hepatic de novo lipogenesis and glycemic and metabolic responses were investigated. RESULTS IHL was significantly lower (-28%) after the two-week low-GI/SFA diet (2.4 ± 0.5% 95% CI [1.4, 3.4]) than after the two-week high-GI/SFA diet (3.3 ± 0.6% 95% CI [1.9, 4.7], p < 0.05). Although hepatic glycogen content, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hepatic lipid composition, and substrate oxidation during the night were similar between the two diets, the glycemic response to the low-GI/SFA diet was reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Changes in macronutrient quality can already have drastic effects on liver fat content and postprandial glycemia after two weeks and even when energy content and the percentage of total fat and carbohydrate remains unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Basset-Sagarminaga
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kay H. M. Roumans
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry P. F. Peters
- Unilever Food Innovation Center, Plantage 14, 6708 WJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Zock
- Unilever Food Innovation Center, Plantage 14, 6708 WJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 428, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fatty Acids as Potent Modulators of Autophagy Activity in White Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020255. [PMID: 36830623 PMCID: PMC9953325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet is one of the causative factors of obesity. The dietary profile of fatty acids is also an important variable in developing obesity, as saturated fatty acids are more obesogenic than monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overweight and obesity are inseparably connected with the excess of adipose tissue in the body, characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells, which increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Changes observed within hypertrophic adipocytes result in elevated oxidative stress, unfolded protein accumulation, and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. One of the processes involved in preservation of cellular homeostasis is autophagy, which is defined as an intracellular lysosome-dependent degradation system that serves to recycle available macromolecules and eliminate damaged organelles. In obesity, activation of autophagy is increased and the process appears to be regulated by different types of dietary fatty acids. This review describes the role of autophagy in adipose tissue and summarizes the current understanding of the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in autophagy modulation in adipocytes.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kotlyarov S. Immune and metabolic cross-links in the pathogenesis of comorbid non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:597-615. [PMID: 36742172 PMCID: PMC9896611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a steady growth of interest in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with negative epidemiological data on the prevalence of the disease and its clinical significance. NAFLD is closely related to the metabolic syndrome and these relationships are the subject of active research. A growing body of evidence shows cross-linkages between metabolic abnormalities and the innate immune system in the development and progression of NAFLD. These links are bidirectional and largely still unclear, but a better understanding of them will improve the quality of diagnosis and management of patients. In addition, lipid metabolic disorders and the innate immune system link NAFLD with other diseases, such as atherosclerosis, which is of great clinical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan 390026, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alfadda AA, Almaghamsi AM, Sherbeeni SM, Alqutub AN, Aldosary AS, Isnani AC, Al-Daghri N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Gul R. Alterations in circulating lipidomic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1030661. [PMID: 36911526 PMCID: PMC9999296 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexist and drive detrimental effects in a synergistic manner. This study was designed to understand the changes in circulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with T2DM with or without NAFLD. Methods: Four hundred thirty-four T2DM patients aged 18-60 years were included in this study. Fatty liver was assessed by FibroScan. The comprehensive metabolic lipid profiling of serum samples was assessed by using high-throughput proton NMR metabolomics. Results: Our data revealed a significant association between steatosis and serum total lipids in VLDL and LDL lipoprotein subclasses, while total lipids in HDL subclasses were negatively associated. A significant positive association was found between steatosis and concentration of lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in VLDL and LDL subclasses, while HDL subclasses were negatively associated. Furthermore, a significant, association was observed between fibrosis and concentrations of lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in very small VLDL, large, and very large HDL subclasses. Subgroup analysis revealed a decrease in the concentrations of lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and other lipid biomolecules in patients using antilipemic medications. Conclusion: The metabolomics results provide evidence that patients with T2DM with higher steatosis grades have altered lipid metabolomics compared to patients without steatosis. Increased lipid, phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentration of VLDL and LDL subclasses are associated with steatosis in patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assim A Alfadda
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Adel N Alqutub
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Aldosary
- Department of Medical Imaging Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arthur C Isnani
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rukhsana Gul
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kowalski C, Dustin D, Johnson LK, Belury MA, Conrad Z. Fat Intake Modifies the Association between Restricted Carbohydrate Diets and Prevalent Cardiometabolic Diseases among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2018. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100019. [PMID: 37181133 PMCID: PMC10100922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), which include heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, account for over one-third of the mortality burden in the United States annually. Nearly one-half of all deaths from CMD are attributable to suboptimal diet quality, and many Americans are turning to special diets for general health improvement. Among the most popular of these diets restrict daily carbohydrate intake to <45% of energy, yet their association with CMD is not well understood. Objectives This study evaluated the association between restricted carbohydrate diets and prevalent CMD, stratified by fat intake. Methods Dietary and CMD data were retrieved from 19,078 participants aged ≥20 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2018. The National Cancer Institute methodology was used to assess usual dietary intake. Results Compared to participants that met recommendations for all macronutrients, those that consumed restricted carbohydrate diets were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.16) times as likely to have CMD; and those that met recommendations for carbohydrates, but not all macronutrients, were 1.02 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.03) times as likely to have CMD. Higher intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fat were associated with greater prevalence of CMD in restricted and recommended carbohydrate intake groups. Higher intake of monounsaturated fat was associated with lower prevalence of CMD among participants that met carbohydrate, but not all macronutrient, recommendations. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first nationally representative study to evaluate the relationship between carbohydrate restriction and CMD, stratifying by fat intake. Greater efforts are needed to understand longitudinal relationships between carbohydrate restriction and CMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Kowalski
- College of Arts & Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Dakota Dustin
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Martha A. Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zach Conrad
- Department of Kinesiology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
We are what we eat: The role of lipids in metabolic diseases. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role, both structurally and functionally, for the correct functioning of the organism. In the last two decades, they have evolved from molecules involved only in energy storage to compounds that play an important role as components of cell membranes and signaling molecules that regulate cell homeostasis. For this reason, their interest as compounds involved in human health has been gaining weight. Indeed, lipids derived from dietary sources and endogenous biosynthesis are relevant for the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. There exist pathological conditions that are characterized by alterations in lipid metabolism. This is particularly true for metabolic diseases, such as liver steatosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The main issue to be considered is lipid homeostasis. A precise control of fat homeostasis is required for a correct regulation of metabolic pathways and safe and efficient energy storage in adipocytes. When this fails, a deregulation occurs in the maintenance of systemic metabolism. This happens because an increased concentrations of lipids impair cellular homeostasis and disrupt tissue function, giving rise to lipotoxicity. Fat accumulation results in many alterations in the physiology of the affected organs, mainly in metabolic tissues. These alterations include the activation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased inflammation, accumulation of bioactive molecules and modification of gene expression. In this chapter, we review the main metabolic diseases in which alterations in lipid homeostasis are involved and discuss their pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
47
|
Cossiga V, Cazzagon N, Montalti R, Ciminnisi S, Attanasio MR, Pezzato F, Giacchetto M, Guarino M, Calvaruso V, Floreani A, Morisco F. The unhealthy lifestyle in primary biliary cholangitis: An enemy to fight. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 55:778-784. [PMID: 36593159 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Metabolic dysfunctions, particularly hyperlipidemia, are a common finding in Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). In presence of metabolic components of fatty-liver-disease (MAFLD), the liver fibrosis progression risk is higher. The aim of this study was to evaluate lifestyle of PBC patients compared to controls. METHODS In a prospective, multicenter study 107 PBC patients were enrolled; among these, 54 subjects were age-and sex-matched with 54 controls with a propensity-score-matching-analysis. Eating habits and physical activity were evaluated, respectively, with a food-frequency-questionnaire and with a short pre-validated-questionnaire. The adherence to Mediterranean diet was assessed with the alternate Mediterranean diet score. RESULTS The total fat intake was higher in controls than in PBC (p=0.004), unless above the national recommendations in both groups. Moreover, in PBC monounsaturated-fat and polyunsaturated-fatty-acid intakes and the adherence to Mediterranean diet were significantly lower than in controls (p<0.001, p=0.005 and p<0.001 respectively). Regarding physical activity, PBC subjects had a sedentary behavior as well as controls. CONCLUSIONS The lifestyle of both PBC and controls is at high risk of developing MAFLD. Therefore, hepatologists should regularly evaluate eating habits and physical activity in PBC patients and promote a lifestyle change to reduce liver disease progression risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cossiga
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Nora Cazzagon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Montalti
- Department of Public Health, Division of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Ciminnisi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Attanasio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Giacchetto
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Guarino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Calvaruso
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Filomena Morisco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu H, Lin X, Gong R, Shen H, Qu Z, Zhao Q, Shen J, Xiao H, Deng H. Identification and Functional Characterization of Metabolites for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Early Postmenopausal Chinese Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:2346-2355. [PMID: 35352111 PMCID: PMC9799191 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is a crucial component of the sarcopenia phenotypes. In the present study, we aim to identify the specific metabolites associated with SMM variation and their functional mechanisms of decreased SMM in early postmenopausal women. We performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis in 430 early postmenopausal women to identify specific metabolite associated with skeletal muscle mass indexes (SMIes). Then, the potential causal effect of specific metabolite on SMM variation was accessed by one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Finally, in vitro experiments and transcriptomics bioinformatics analysis were conducted to explore the impact and potential functional mechanisms of specific metabolite on SMM variation. We detected 65 metabolites significantly associated with at least one SMI (variable importance in projection > 1.5 by partial least squares regression and p < .05 in multiple linear regression analysis). Remarkably, stearic acid (SA) was negatively associated with all SMIes, and subsequent MR analyses showed that increased serum SA level had a causal effect on decreased SMM (p < .05). Further in vitro experiments showed that SA could repress myoblast's differentiation at mRNA, protein, and phenotype levels. By combining transcriptome bioinformatics analysis, our study supports that SA may inhibit myoblast differentiation and myotube development by regulating the migration, adhesion, and fusion of myoblasts. This metabolomics study revealed specific metabolic profiles associated with decreased SMM in postmenopausal women, first highlighted the importance of SA in regulating SMM variation, and illustrated its potential mechanism on decreased SMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhihao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Xiao
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences, and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Deng
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rosqvist F, Fridén M, Vessby J, Rorsman F, Lind L, Risérus U. Circulating fatty acids from high-throughput metabolomics platforms as potential biomarkers of dietary fatty acids. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2637-2643. [PMID: 36308982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some fatty acids, i.e. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), from metabolomics platforms based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) or liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) are suggested to reflect dietary exposure. NMR and LC-MS are both relatively fast and cheap, however few studies have investigated their validity. Linoleic acid (LA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), measured using gas chromatography (GC), are established biomarkers of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA intake, respectively. OBJECTIVE To examine if circulating fatty acids derived from two commonly applied metabolomics platforms (using NMR and LC-MS) provide similar information compared to GC in two pooled population-based cohorts, one patient cohort, and in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS Spearman rank correlations were conducted between LA and DHA in cholesteryl esters (CE) from GC and whole serum/plasma LA and DHA from the metabolomics platforms in a pooled population-based cohort of men and women (n ˜ 1100) (primary analysis). Secondary correlation analyses included fatty acid classes such as n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and total PUFA. Additionally, correlations were investigated for LA, DHA and the five fatty acid classes in phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerols (TAG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in a RCT of n = 60 as well as in a population with biopsy-verified non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 59). Misclassification was examined using cross-tabulation and visualized using alluvial plots. RESULTS Moderate to strong correlations (r = 0.51-0.81) were observed for LA and DHA in multiple lipid fractions in all cohorts using the NMR platform. For the pooled cohort, LA (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and DHA (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001) assessed in CE were strongly correlated with LA and DHA derived using NMR. Nearly half (49%) were correctly classified into their respective quartiles. Using LC-MS, only DHA (r = 0.44, P < 0.0001) demonstrated moderate correlations with DHA from GC. CONCLUSIONS Unless fatty acid data from GC analysis is available or feasible, NMR-based technology might be a better option than a LC-MS-based platform, at least for certain PUFA. This should be taken into account in future studies aiming to use circulating fatty acids as dietary biomarkers for the investigation of diet-disease relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leiu KH, Poppitt SD, Miles-Chan JL, Sequeira IR. Fatty Pancreas and Cardiometabolic Risk: Response of Ectopic Fat to Lifestyle and Surgical Interventions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224873. [PMID: 36432559 PMCID: PMC9693202 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic fat accumulation in non-adipose organs, such as the pancreas and liver, is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. While clinical trials have focused on interventions to decrease body weight and liver fat, ameliorating pancreatic fat can be crucial but successful intervention strategies are not yet defined. We identified twenty-two published studies which quantified pancreatic fat during dietary, physical activity, and/or bariatric surgery interventions targeted at body weight and adipose mass loss alongside their subsequent effect on metabolic outcomes. Thirteen studies reported a significant decrease in body weight, utilising weight-loss diets (n = 2), very low-energy diets (VLED) (n = 2), isocaloric diets (n = 1), a combination of diet and physical activity (n = 2), and bariatric surgery (n = 5) including a comparison with VLED (n = 1). Surgical intervention achieved the largest decrease in pancreatic fat (range: -18.2% to -67.2%) vs. a combination of weight-loss diets, isocaloric diets, and/or VLED (range: -10.2% to -42.3%) vs. diet and physical activity combined (range: -0.6% to -3.9%), with a concurrent decrease in metabolic outcomes. While surgical intervention purportedly is the most effective strategy to decrease pancreas fat content and improve cardiometabolic health, the procedure is invasive and may not be accessible to most individuals. Given that dietary intervention is the cornerstone for the prevention of adverse metabolic health, the alternative approaches appear to be the use of weight-loss diets or VLED meal replacements, which are shown to decrease pancreatic fat and associated cardiometabolic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kok Hong Leiu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE) for Food and Nutrition, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ivana R. Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-09-6301162
| |
Collapse
|